(BUTRINT) in the ARCHAIC and CLASSICAL PERIODS the Acropolis and Temple of Athena Polias
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Archaeology and Economy in the Ancient World, Bd. 39; Boundaries
Sacred places, territorial economy and cultural identity in northern Epirus (Chaonia) Nadia Aleotti – Anna Gamberini – Lorenzo Mancini* Until the late Classical period, Chaonia, the northernmost part of Epirus corresponding to nowadays southern Albania, is clearly differentiated in two cultural units: the coastal areas that borders with Thesprotia, falling from the end of the th7 century BC into the peiraia of Corcyra, and the ‘indigenous’ districts of the interior (fig. 1). If the belonging of the Chaonians to Greek culture and ethnicity could hardly be denied by present scholarship, the literary sources of Classical times regarded them as barbarians.1 This ‘peripheral’ connotation, even if depending on a sort of cultural and geographical prejudice, seems to find a parallel in the archaeological record concerning the sacred landscape.2 Earliest attestations of worship come from Butrint, part of the Archaic Corcyreanpeiraia , where an inscribed potsherd found in a votive deposit in 1938 points to the existence of a cult of Athena as early as the 6th century BC, possibly related to a monumental temple, located, according to a recent hypothesis, on the acropolis hill.3 Apart from this early case, the development of a full-fledged religious architecture among the native tribes can be traced as far back as the 4th century BC, occurring in most cases only in the Hellenistic age. It is the period when new fortified centres, featuring in some instances a real urban layout and a Hellenistic-like monumental equipment, make their appearance beside the traditional network of komai. The new centralised settlement pattern, with main centre-poleis (Phoinike and Antigonea) and their gravitating system of minor settlements bordering territories well defined also from a geomorphologic point of view, even if not unknown to the other Epirote ethne, seems to have been particularly familiar with the Chaonians,4 conditioning the spatial distribution of the cults as well. -
How 'Great' Was Alexander?
Historical Site of Mirhadi Hoseini http://m-hosseini.ir ……………………………………………………………………………………… IRANIAN HISTORY: POST-ACHAEMENIDS How ‘Great’ Was Alexander? By: Professor Ian Worthington1[1] (University of Missouri-Columbia) Why was Alexander II of Macedon called 'Great'? The answer seems relatively straightforward: from an early age he was an achiever, he conquered territories on a superhuman scale, he established an empire until his times unrivalled, and he died young, at the height of his power. Thus, at the youthful age of 20, in 336, he inherited the powerful empire of Macedon, which by then controlled Greece and had already started to make inroads into Asia. In 334 he invaded Persia, and within a decade he had defeated the Persians, subdued Egypt, and pushed on to Iran, Afghanistan and even India. As well as his vast conquests Alexander is credited with the spread of Greek culture and education in his empire, not to mention being responsible for the physical and cultural formation of the Hellenistic kingdoms — some would argue that the Hellenistic world was Alexander's legacy.[2[2]] He has also been viewed as a philosophical idealist, striving to create a unity of mankind by his so-called fusion of the races policy, in which he attempted to integrate Persians and Orientals into his administration and army. Thus, within a dozen years Alexander’s empire stretched from Greece in the west to India in the far east, and he was even worshipped as a god by many of his subjects while still alive. On the basis of his military conquests contemporary -
Oracle of Apollo Near Oroviai (Northern Evia Island, Greece) Viewed in Its Geοlogical and Geomorphological Context, Βull
Mariolakos, E., Nicolopoulos, E., Bantekas, I., Palyvos, N., 2010, Oracles on faults: a probable location of a “lost” oracle of Apollo near Oroviai (Northern Evia Island, Greece) viewed in its geοlogical and geomorphological context, Βull. Geol. Soc. of Greece, XLIII (2), 829-844. Δελτίο της Ελληνικής Γεωλογικής Εταιρίας, 2010 Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 2010 Πρακτικά 12ου Διεθνούς Συνεδρίου, Πάτρα, Μάιος 2010 Proceedings of the 12th International Congress, Patras, May, 2010 ORACLES ON FAULTS: A PROBABLE LOCATION OF A “LOST” ORACLE OF APOLLO NEAR OROVIAI (NORTHERN EUBOEA ISLAND, GREECE) VIEWED IN ITS GEOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CONTEXT I. Mariolakos1, V. Nikolopoulos2, I. Bantekas1, N. Palyvos3 1 University of Athens, Faculty of Geology, Dynamic, Tectonic and Applied Geology Department, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 157 84, Athens, Greece, [email protected], [email protected] 2 Ministry of Culture, 2nd Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, L. Syggrou 98-100, 117 41 Athens, Greece, [email protected] 3 Harokopio university, Department of Geography, El. Venizelou 70 (part-time) / Freelance Geologist, Navarinou 21, 152 32 Halandri, Athens, Greece, [email protected] Abstract At a newly discovered archaeological site at Aghios Taxiarches in Northern Euboea, two vo- tive inscribed stelae were found in 2001 together with hellenistic pottery next to ancient wall ruins on a steep and high rocky slope. Based on the inscriptions and the geographical location of the site we propose the hypothesis that this is quite probably the spot where the oracle of “Apollo Seli- nountios” (mentioned by Strabo) would stand in antiquity. The wall ruins of the site are found on a very steep bedrock escarpment of an active fault zone, next to a hanging valley, a high waterfall and a cave. -
The Influence of Achaemenid Persia on Fourth-Century and Early Hellenistic Greek Tyranny
THE INFLUENCE OF ACHAEMENID PERSIA ON FOURTH-CENTURY AND EARLY HELLENISTIC GREEK TYRANNY Miles Lester-Pearson A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2015 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11826 This item is protected by original copyright The influence of Achaemenid Persia on fourth-century and early Hellenistic Greek tyranny Miles Lester-Pearson This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of St Andrews Submitted February 2015 1. Candidate’s declarations: I, Miles Lester-Pearson, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 88,000 words in length, has been written by me, and that it is the record of work carried out by me, or principally by myself in collaboration with others as acknowledged, and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September 2010 and as a candidate for the degree of PhD in September 2011; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2010 and 2015. Date: Signature of Candidate: 2. Supervisor’s declaration: I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. -
Archaic Eretria
ARCHAIC ERETRIA This book presents for the first time a history of Eretria during the Archaic Era, the city’s most notable period of political importance. Keith Walker examines all the major elements of the city’s success. One of the key factors explored is Eretria’s role as a pioneer coloniser in both the Levant and the West— its early Aegean ‘island empire’ anticipates that of Athens by more than a century, and Eretrian shipping and trade was similarly widespread. We are shown how the strength of the navy conferred thalassocratic status on the city between 506 and 490 BC, and that the importance of its rowers (Eretria means ‘the rowing city’) probably explains the appearance of its democratic constitution. Walker dates this to the last decade of the sixth century; given the presence of Athenian political exiles there, this may well have provided a model for the later reforms of Kleisthenes in Athens. Eretria’s major, indeed dominant, role in the events of central Greece in the last half of the sixth century, and in the events of the Ionian Revolt to 490, is clearly demonstrated, and the tyranny of Diagoras (c. 538–509), perhaps the golden age of the city, is fully examined. Full documentation of literary, epigraphic and archaeological sources (most of which have previously been inaccessible to an English-speaking audience) is provided, creating a fascinating history and a valuable resource for the Greek historian. Keith Walker is a Research Associate in the Department of Classics, History and Religion at the University of New England, Armidale, Australia. -
The Lighting of God's Face During Solar Stands in The
Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 18, No 3, (2018), pp. 225-246 Copyright © 2018 MAA Open Access. Printed in Greece. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2543786 THE LIGHTING OF GOD’S FACE DURING SOLAR STANDS IN THE APOLLO TEMPLE DELPHI Vlachos, A.1, Liritzis, I.1 and Georgopoulos, A.2 1University of the Aegean, Dept of Mediterranean Studies, Lab of Archaeometry, 1 Demokratias Str, Rhodes 85132, Greece 2National Technical University of Athens, School of Rural & Surveying Engineering, Dept of Topography, Iroon Polytechniou 915773 Zografos, Athens, Greece Received: 01/07/2018 Accepted: 25/11/2018 Corresponding author: I. Liritzis ([email protected]) ABSTRACT The direction of solar light and how it relates with the Apollo Temple in Delphi is investigated. Following up earlier investigation of defining the time to delivering an oracle and the historical reported position of a golden Apollo statue in the rear of the main structure (opisthodomos, adyton or Temple‘s sanctum) the sun lighting the statue‘s face during selected solar stands is virtually constructed. Based on both ancient and con- temporary sources, an accurately-oriented 3D model of the Temple was created, which incorporated win- dows in the sanctum area. A light and shadow study followed to establish the movement of shadows and presence of sunlight around and inside the Temple, during the important days for the ancient cult. It is shown that the shining of God‘s golden statue would have been possible, through windows, giving a dis- tinct impression of Apollo‘s presence in Delphi especially during his absence in the three winter months to the hyperborean lands between winter solstice and spring equinox. -
Report of the First Season 'Dimal in Illyria' 2010
Report of the first season ‘Dimal in Illyria’ 2010 N. Fenn, M. Heinzelmann, I. Klenner, B. Muka 1) Introduction The ancient site of Dimal (or Dimallon) in central Albania is the subject of a joint research project lead by the Institute of Archaeology of the University of Cologne, the Department of Archaeology in Tirana and the University of Applied Sciences Cologne. With the support of the RheinEnergie-Stiftung a first season of the project took place from September 15th until October 19th. During this period a geodetic network was established, large-scale geophysical prospections and terrestrial laser scans were carried out. At certain points of interest an intensive survey and stratigraphical sondages have been executed. The data collected by these methods are in the process of being integrated in a GIS. 2) Location The ancient site of Dimal is situated in the central-Albanian highland, about midway between the modern towns of Berat and Fier. (Fig. 1) West of the Albanian Alps and south of the plain Myzeqe, there is a north-south running hi ghland called Mallakastra, in which we know of several Illyrian hill-top settlements. Dimal is one of them, located on a big plateau, which provides around 9 ha of flat land to settle (Fig. 2). On the eastern part, there is an isolated smaller plateau (2 ha), which is 50 m higher than the rest of the surrounding area with the highest point at 445 m above sea level (Fig. 3). Two modern villages lie at the foot of the mountain, Bistrovica Fig. 1 - Map of Albania REPORT OF THE FIRST SEASON ‘DIMAL IN ILLYRIA’ 2010 Fig. -
Albanian Borders at the Margins of Europe Gilles De Rapper
The High Wall and the Narrow Gate: Albanian Borders at the Margins of Europe Gilles de Rapper To cite this version: Gilles de Rapper. The High Wall and the Narrow Gate: Albanian Borders at the Margins of Eu- rope. 10th biennial EASA conference, ”Experiencing diversity and mutuality”, Aug 2008, Ljubljana, Slovenia. halshs-00343516 HAL Id: halshs-00343516 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00343516 Submitted on 1 Dec 2008 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Paper presented at the 10th biennial EASA conference, Experiencing diversity and mutuality, Ljubljana, 26-29 August, 2008 (Workshop 047, “The New Europe: The Politics of Recognition, Inclusion and Exclusion”). THE HIGH WALL AND THE NARROW GATE: ALBANIAN BORDERS AT THE MARGINS OF EUROPE Gilles de Rapper My paper is an attempt to understand the impact of changes in the borderland between Greece and Albanian after 1991. More precisely, I would like to relate the recent success of some “ideas” about the ancient past of the area with the state of social relations between Albanians and Greeks as experienced by local inhabitants of the borderland. Established in 1913 as a boundary between two national states, the Greek-Albanian border came to separate two geopolitical camps during the Cold War and became an external border of Europe in 1981 when Greece joined the European Community. -
An Analysis of Foreign Policy Motivation in the Peloponnesian War
Review of International Studies (2001), 27, 69–90 Copyright © British International Studies Association ‘Chiefly for fear, next for honour, and lastly for profit’: an analysis of foreign policy motivation in the Peloponnesian War WILLIAM O. CHITTICK AND ANNETTE FREYBERG-INAN Abstract. This article applies a three-dimensional framework for the analysis of the role of motivation in foreign policy decision-making to the foreign policy decisions of individuals and cities in Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War. First, the authors briefly intro- duce their framework for analysis. Using the speeches in Thucydides to explicate the motives and goals of individuals and cities, the authors then trace the relationships between the motivational dispositions of foreign policy actors and their foreign policy behaviour. In so doing, they demonstrate both the relevance of a concern with individual motivation for foreign policy analysis and the usefulness of their analytical framework for studying the impact of the relevant motives. The authors also show how ideological statements can be ana- lysed to determine the relative salience of individual motives and collective goals, suggesting a relationship between ideological reasoning and motivational imbalance which can adversely affect the policymaking process. In conclusion, they briefly assess the theoretical and norma- tive as well as practical policy implications of their observations. Introduction The study of foreign policy entails the analysis of human reactions to the threats, challenges, and opportunities presented by the international environment. However, foreign policy decision-makers do not react directly to situations or events. Instead, they react according to the ways in which they perceive and interpret those situations and events. -
Światowit. Volume LVII. World Archaeology
Światowit II LV WIATOWIT S ´ VOLUME LVII WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY Swiatowit okl.indd 2-3 30/10/19 22:33 Światowit XIII-XIV A/B_Spis tresci A 07/11/2018 21:48 Page I Editorial Board / Rada Naukowa: Kazimierz Lewartowski (Chairman, Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, Poland), Serenella Ensoli (University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Italy), Włodzimierz Godlewski (Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, Poland), Joanna Kalaga ŚŚwiatowitwiatowit (Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, Poland), Mikola Kryvaltsevich (Department of Archaeology, Institute of History, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Belarus), Andrey aannualnnual ofof thethe iinstitutenstitute ofof aarchaeologyrchaeology Mazurkevich (Department of Archaeology of Eastern Europe and Siberia, The State Hermitage ofof thethe uuniversityniversity ofof wwarsawarsaw Museum, Russia), Aliki Moustaka (Department of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thesaloniki, Greece), Wojciech Nowakowski (Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, ocznikocznik nstytutunstytutu rcheologiircheologii Poland), Andreas Rau (Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology, Schleswig, Germany), rr ii aa Jutta Stroszeck (German Archaeological Institute at Athens, Greece), Karol Szymczak (Institute uuniwersytetuniwersytetu wwarszawskiegoarszawskiego of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, Poland) Volume Reviewers / Receznzenci tomu: Jacek Andrzejowski (State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw, Poland), Monika Dolińska (National Museum in Warsaw, Poland), Arkadiusz -
Baseline Assessment Report of the Lake Ohrid Region – Albania Annex
TOWARDS STRENGTHENED GOVERNANCE OF THE SHARED TRANSBOUNDARY NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE LAKE OHRID REGION Baseline Assessment report of the Lake Ohrid region – Albania (available online at http://whc.unesco.org/en/lake-ohrid-region) Annex XXIII Bibliography on cultural values and heritage, agriculture and tourism aspects of the Lake Ohrid region prepared by Luisa de Marco, Maxim Makartsev and Claudia Spinello on behalf of ICOMOS. January 2016 BIBLIOGRAPHY1 2015 The present bibliography focusses mainly on the cultural values and heritage, agriculture and tourism aspects of the Lake Ohrid region (LOR). It should be read in conjunction to the Baseline Assessment report prepared in a joint collaboration between ICOMOS and IUCN (available online at http://whc.unesco.org/en/lake-ohrid-region) The bibliography includes all the relevant titles from the digital catalogue of the Albanian National Library for the geographic terms connected to LOR. The bibliography includes all the relevant titles from the systematic catalogue since 1989 to date, for the categories 9-908; 91-913 (4/9) (902. Archeology; 903. Prehistory. Prehistoric remains, antiquities. 904. Cultural remains of the historic times. 908. Regional studies. Studies of a place. 91. Geography. The exploration of the land and of specific places. Travels. Regional geography). It also includes the relevant titles found on www.scholar.google.com with summaries if they are provided or if the text is available. Three bibliographies for archaeology and ancient history of Albania were used: Bep Jubani’s (1945-1971); Faik Drini’s (1972-1983); V. Treska’s (1995-2000). A bibliography for the years 1984-1994 (authors: M.Korkuti, Z. -
Spellbinding Sicily, Italy
Spellbinding Sicily, Italy May 16 - May 26, 2022 - 11 Days; Group Land Package: $2,375 Group Air will be available with the travel agent 330 days prior to departure CSSC Travel Trip Leader: Lou Patalano; Cell # 805-663-8779 or email: [email protected] 4* Hotels accommodations; 3-nights in Palermo; 1-night in Agrigento; 2-nights in Ragusa; 3-nights Taormina Riviera; 16 Meals included: All Breakfasts, 3 Lunches and 4 Dinners Daily Itineraries, Designed to Create Special Experiences / Memories Expert Italian Local Guides with Insider Knowledge Throughout the Trip Personal Headsets Throughout the Tour Preferential Access & Entrance Fees; Expert Group Guides at UNESCO World Heritage Sites Meals Full of Local Sicilian Flavors pared with Local Wine Deluxe Touring Motor Coach for Fully Air-Conditioned with Free Wi-Fi A Few of the Trip’s Experiences: • Exclusive Private Group Tour of a Sicilian Noble Family Palace, Escorted by a Sicilian Princess • Gondola/Jeep/Guided Hike to a Crater’s Rim to Explore Mount Etna, the Largest Volcano in Europe • Special Wine Tasting in the Sicilia Mount Etna Region • Sicilian Specialties at Local Market, such as Arancine (fried rice balls), Torta Setteveli (seven veils cake) • Guided Walking Tour of Palermo’s Old Town, and Learn What Caused the Locals to Dub the Fontana Pretoria, the “Fountain of Shame” • Marvel at the Mosaics in Palatine Chapel, the Royal Chapel in the Norman Palace, the seat of the Norman Kings of Sicily and in the Cathedral in Monreale with its breathtaking interior covered with golden glittering