Kajian Perbandingan Kerukunan Umat Islam Dan Hindu Di Bali Dan Jawa Timur

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Kajian Perbandingan Kerukunan Umat Islam Dan Hindu Di Bali Dan Jawa Timur HARMONI ANTARA UMAT BERAGAMA DI INDONESIA: KAJIAN PERBANDINGAN KERUKUNAN UMAT ISLAM DAN HINDU DI BALI DAN JAWA TIMUR MOHAMAD ALI HISYAM AKADEMI PENGAJIAN ISLAM UniversityUNIVERSITI of MALAYA Malaya KUALA LUMPUR 2017 HARMONI ANTARA UMAT BERAGAMA DI INDONESIA: KAJIAN PERBANDINGAN KERUKUNAN UMAT ISLAM DAN HINDU DI BALI DAN JAWA TIMUR MOHAMAD ALI HISYAM TESIS INI DISERAHKAN SEBAGAI MEMENUHI KEPERLUAN BAGI IJAZAH DOKTOR FALSAFAH University of Malaya AKADEMI PENGAJIAN ISLAM UNIVERSITI MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR 2017 ABSTRAK Indonesia dikenal sebagai bangsa dengan kepelbagaian agama dan masyarakat yang multikultur. Fenomena ini meniscayakan adanya kerukunan antara umat beragama untuk menciptakan kehidupan sosial yang penuh kedamaian. Dalam kajian ini, pengkaji memperbahaskan tentang keharmonian antara umat Hindu dan Muslim di Bali dan Jawa Timur. Menarik untuk menggambarkan relasi Hindu- Muslim, kerana dibandingkan dengan hubungan antara Muslim dan agama semitik lain di Indonesia, interaksi Hindu-Muslim tampak lebih rukun hidup berdampingan tanpa konflik dan perseteruan. Penyelidikan ini memilih Bali dan Jawa Timur sebagai lokasi penyelidikan setidaknya kerana dua alasan. Pertama, Bali merupakan pusat masyarakat multikultur dan harmoni antara agama dengan majoriti penganut Hindu. Kedua, Jawa Timur dikenal sebagai provinsi (negeri) dengan identiti keislaman kuat dan majoriti berpenduduk Muslim. Oleh itu, kedua kawasan tersebut patut untuk diperbandingkan. Di Bali, penyelidikan ini mengambil tempat di Kampung Sindu Karangasem dan Kampung Gelgel Klungkung, manakala di Jawa Timur berfokus di Desa Sedaeng Pasuruan dan Desa Balun Lamongan. Penyelidikan ini adalah kajian sosiologi agama dan menggunakan pendekatan fenomenologi. Dengan kaidah kualitatif hasil kajian dipaparkan secara analitis-komparatif-deskriptif berasaskan kepada data-data literal Universityserta temuan empirik di lapangan. of Teori Malayayang digunapakai adalah teori interaksionisme simbolik, orientasi dominasi sosial serta fungsionalisme struktural. Data kajian bersumber dari referensi pustaka, survei melalui wawancara mendalam (in-depth interview) dan observasi lapangan. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab tiga pertanyaan: (1) bagaimana proses dan dinamika harmoni antara penganut Hindu dan Muslim di Bali dan Jawa Timur; (2) bagaimana dampak dari faktor majoriti dan minoriti dalam proses pembinaan kerukunan beragama itu; dan (3) ii bagaimana model harmoni antara komuniti Hindu dan Muslim di Bali dan Jawa Timur. Fakta yang ditemukan dari penyelidikan ini menunjukkan bahawa penganut muslim dan umat Hindu dalam membina kerukunan sangat dipengaruhi oleh khazanah sosial budaya, tradisi dan kearifan lokal di masing-masing tempat yang menyajikan pelbagai perbezaan dan keunikan. Terdapat sejumlah faktor dan unsur yang membuat relasi kerukunan Islam-Hindu di sebuah tempat menjadi khas dan tidak sama antara satu tempat dengan tempat yang lain. Penyelidikan ini menyimpulkan bahawa secara am proses kerukunan antara agama di keempat kawasan tersebut berlangsung dengan harmoni. Komuniti Muslim dan penganut Hindu dapat berinteraksi secara baik tanpa banyak menimbulkan konflik. Relasi antara keduanya dapat terwujud antara lain dengan menggunakan komunikasi- komunikasi simbolik yang tercakup dalam beberapa aspek seperti sosial, budaya dan adat istiadat. Dikotomi antara majoriti dan minoriti terbukti tidak memperlebar jarak identiti dan perbezaan di antara mereka, namun sebaliknya ianya menjadi faktor perekat persaudaraan antara umat beragama. Di samping itu, faktor karakter sosial yang plural dengan sisi-sisi keunikan di dalamnya memberikan pengaruh kepada terbentuknya model kerukunan beragama yang pelbagai di tengah masyarakat. Kajian ini menemukan setidaknya ada tiga model kerukunan dalam hubungan lintas agama di Bali dan Jawa Timur. Model tradisional, model rekonsiliasi konflik serta model partisipatoris. University of Malaya iii ABSTRACT As a nation, Indonesia remarkably represents religious diversity and multicultural society. This phenomenon entails harmony among religions, to create peaceful life among society. In this research, I attempt to explain harmony between Hindus and Muslim in Bali and East Java. It is interesting to portray Hindus-Muslim relationship, because, compared with Muslim’s relation to other Semitic believers in Indonesia, they have been living together without any conflicts or any religious tensions. This research takes Bali and East Java as object of the research at least because of two reasons. First, Bali symbolizes a center of multicultural society and interfaith harmony with the majority of Hindus, and second, East Java is well known as Islamic-identity-based province with the majority of Muslim. Both areas are comparatively fascinating. In Bali, this research was located in Kampung Sindu Karangasem and Kampung Gelgel Klungkung, while in East Java it was located in Desa Sedaeng Tengger Pasuruan and Desa Balum Lamongan. Since it is religious and sociological study, this research uses phenomenological approach and qualitative method for analyzing data. It explores data (literal and empirical) analytically, comparatively, and descriptively. In doing so, this research applies symbolic interaction theory, social dominant orientation, and structural functionalism, by linking literary research, in-depth interview, and field Universityobservation. This research aims to answer of three Malaya questions: (1) how is the process and the dynamic of harmonious life between Hindus and Muslim in Bali and East Java; (2) how is the impact of minority and majority relationship in the process of building harmony; and (3) how is the harmonious model of Hindus and Muslim harmony in Bali and East Java. Findings of this research conclude that Hindus and Muslim society, on their process of building interreligious relationship, were inherently influenced by social culture, tradition, and local wisdom. There are iv several factors which approve Hindus-Muslim relationship in a certain place to be unique and distinctive. Otherwise, this research assumes that in general the process of interreligious harmony in Bali and East Java was attained in harmony: Hindus and Muslim society have relatively interacted each other without any conflicts. They constructed this harmonious relationship through symbolic communication within social, cultural and traditional accounts. They have inadmissibly evaded majority-minority relation to narrow cultural gaps and strengthen religious brotherhood among them. Indeed, diversity and plurality have become social characters that enhance interreligious harmony. This research ends with at least three models of interreligious relationship: traditional, conflict reconciliation, and participatory model. University of Malaya v PENGHARGAAN Alhamdulillah haqqa hamdih, segala puji hanya milik Allah Jalla wa ‘Alaa. Shalawat dan salam semoga terlimpah kepada Rasulillah Muhammad SAW yang tekun menuntun manusia menemukan cahaya tamadun. Rakaman ribuan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah berjasa memberikan pelbagai sokongan. Terkhusus kepada Prof. Madya Dr. Wan Zailan Kamarudin Wan Ali, penyelia yang telah mencurahkan bimbingan dan arahan demi kesempurnaan tesis ini, para pensyarah dan staff di Jabatan Akidah dan Pemikiran Islam, terutamanya Dr. Mohammad Hilmi bin Syed Abdul Rahman (Ketua Jabatan), tak lupa pula kepada Kak Fisha dan Kak Azah atas bantuannya menyelesaikan urusan-urusan administrasi. Penghargaan tiada hingga pengkaji haturkan kepada Ayahbunda, Hj. Muslihah Syafiuddin dan Alm. H. Thabrani Jauzin. Semoga Allah panjangkan dan berkahi umur beliau dan semoga arwahnya dicucuri nikmat kubur dan dijadikan ahli surga. Tak lupa kepada Ibu mentua, Hj. Luluk Aisyah atas bimbingan dan nasihatnya. Terkasih kepada istri, Rida Umamah atas kesabaran, kesetiaan, motivasi dan sokongan rasa kasih yang tak letih dan tanpa pamrih. Anak-anakku, Ajmal Afwel Mawla, Jibryl Nourel Awfa dan Nuzul Mumtazel Wafa atas kebersamaan dan waktu yang telah tersita. Semua sahabat dan kerabat di Indonesia dan Malaysia atas persahabatan serta perhatian. Semoga Allah balas semuanyaUniversitydengan pembalasan yang sempurna. of‘Alaa Malaya kulli haal, Tesis ini sungguh jauh dari kesempurnaan. Segala kritik, saranan dan cadangan dari semua pihak sentiasa diharapkan. Kebenaran dan kesempurnaan hanya milik Allah. Kesilapan dan kelemahan adalah tanggungjawab pengkaji semata. Mohamad Ali Hisyam vi KANDUNGAN PERAKUAN KEASLIAN PENULISAN i ABSTRAK ii ABSTRACT iv PENGHARGAAN vi KANDUNGAN vii PANDUAN TRANSLITERASI xiii SENARAI JADUAL xv SENARAI LAMPIRAN xvii BAB 1 : PENGENALAN 1 1.1 Latar Belakang Kajian 1 1.2 Persoalan Kajian 18 1.3 Objektif Kajian 18 1.4 Skop Kajian 19 1.5 Kepentingan Kajian 21 1.6 Struktur Kajian 23 BABUniversity 2 : KAJIAN LEPAS, KERANGKA of TEORI MalayaDAN METODOLOGI KAJIAN 26 2.1. Kajian Lepas 27 2.2. Landasan Kajian 46 2.2.1. Interaksionisme Simbolik 47 vii 2.2.2. Dominasi Sosial 51 2.2.3. Integrasi Sosial 57 2.3. Kerangka Teori 60 2.4. Metodologi Kajian 69 BAB 3 : PROFIL LOKASI PENYELIDIKAN 74 3.1. Profil Kampung Sindu 75 3.1.1. Demografi 75 3.1.2. Pertanian 79 3.1.3. Kependudukan 81 3.1.4. Pendidikan 82 3.1.5. Keberagamaan 84 3.1.6. Sosial Budaya 87 3.2. Kampung Gelgel Klungkung 88 3.2.1. Demografi 88 University3.2.2. Sosial Budaya of Malaya 91 3.2.3. Kependudukan 95 3.2.4. Ekonomi 98 3.2.5. Keberagamaan 101 3.2.6. Pendidikan 104 viii 3.3. Profil Desa Balun 107 3.3.1. Demografi 107 3.3.2. Keberagamaan 109 3.3.3. Sosial Budaya 111 3.3.4. Pendidikan 114 3.4. Profil Desa Sedaeng
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