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National Meteorological Service Drought conditions and strategies for their management : Case of Côte d’Ivoire Mr Kouakou Bernard DJE Chief of Climatology Apply Meteorology Department SODEXAM / National Meteorological Service of Côte d’Ivoire E-mail: [email protected] OUTLINE INTRODUCTION I. DROUGHT MONITORING AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS II. DROUGHT VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT III. EMERGENCY RELIEF AND RESPONSE TO DROUGHT IV. NEED KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS ON MANAGEMENT OF DROUGHT V. NEEDS FOR PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION • Côte d’Ivoire is a country of forest and savannah. • The country udergoes rainfall variation observed several years ago, such as West and Central Africa. • This variation is reflected in a decrease of annual rainfall and a shift of onset seasons. • The high frequency of deficits of rainfall affects the ecosystem balance, related to specific climatic conditions and availability of water resources in the ground. • This situation is aggravated by the increase of population, who destroys vegetation for plantations or annual crops. • Drought problems are becoming therefore, a national concern. DROUGHT MONITORING AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS Rainfall decadal evolution 11 11 (1971- 10 10 Odienné Odienné Korhogo (1961- Korhogo 1980) 9 1970) 9 line Bondoukou line Bondoukou 8 8 1400 Bouaké Bouaké Man 1400 Man mm is in Yamoussoukro 7 Daloa mm is 7 Daloa Yamoussoukro Dimbokro Dimbokro the Gagnoa in the Gagnoa 6 6 South- Adiaké Center Abidjan Abidjan Adiaké interior Sassandra 5 5 Sassandra San Pédro San Pédro Tabou Tabou 4 4 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 11 11 (1991- 10 10 2000) Odienné Odienné Korhogo (1981- Korhogo 9 9 line 1990) 1400 Bondoukou Bondoukou 8 8 Bouaké line Bouaké mm is Man 1400 Man 7 Daloa Yamoussoukro 7 Daloa Yamoussoukro at the Dimbokro mm is Dimbokro coast Gagnoa Gagnoa 6 at the 6 and Abidjan Adiaké coast Abidjan Adiaké 5 Sassandra 5 Sassandra near San Pédro San Pédro Tabou Tabou Tabou 4 4 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 Drought monitoring The characterization of the drought in Côte d’Ivoire is using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) . SPI values are calculated for one, 3, 6 and 12 months, Referring to SPI classification system as proposed by McKee et al , (1993) , we consider that we are facing a phenomenon of drought when the index values fall below -0.99 . Duration of the drought sequence corresponds to the time during which the values of SPI remain below -0.99 . Pays • 1981-2000: 17% of regions were affected (strong • 1961-1978: 15%of regions were affected; Pourcentage des stations 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 recurrent of drought since 1981) 0 5 1961 1963 1965 Distribution of drought Distribution of 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 %Moderement sec %Moderement Années 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 Station EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS As part of the improvement of warning systems, National Meteorology Service ( SODEXAM / DMN) develops and distributes a 10 days bulletin "Special Risk of bushfires ." This bulletin is designed based on the 10 days monitoring index of Angstrom based on temperature and relative humidity, Objective: to provide a useful set of information to fight against bush fires that cause annual forest destruction, plantations , villages and loss of life, Destination: policy makers and all national institutions in charge of disasters Map of dekad 01, january 2009 LEGEND OBSERVATIONS Moderate risk No vigilance Vigilance in the use of fire for High risk agricultural works and other ODIENNE Extreme risk High vigilance in the use of fire KORHOGO Not evaluated No data BONDOUKOU BOUAKE MAN YAMOUSSOUKRO DALOA DIMBOKRO GAGNOA SASSANDRA ABIDJAN ADIAKE SAN PEDRO TABOU Analysis of rainfall profiles Objective : to track on a daily scale, rainfall variations from normal. When the rainfall deficit becomes persistent in the month , drought notices are issued for national agencies ( ONPC, ANADER ). Spatial monitoring NDVI index is followed at dekad (10 days) scale to track the dryness of the vegetation at national level DROUGHT VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT $US 500,000,000. around estimated at lost is producer inthe world. The the first is d’Ivoire Côte With 1.5million T/year, 1972-1973 and 1982-1983. during the Drop ofcocoa yieldabout 21% and27% Cocoa yield variation comparedtotheprevious yield Cocoa yieldvariation Variation du rendement de cacao (%) -50,0 -40,0 -30,0 -20,0 -10,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 0,0 1950-1951 1952-1953 1954-1955 1956-1957 1958-1959 1960-1961 1962-1963 1964-1965 (Nina) Variation (en %) par rapport à la campagne précédente 1966-1967 1968-1969 (Nino) 1970-1971 1972-1973 (Nino) 1974-1975 (Nina) 1976-1977 1978-1979 1980-1981 1982-1983 (Nino) 1984-1985 1986-1987 1988-1989 1990-1991 1992-1993 (Nino) 1994-1995 1996-1997 (Nino) 1998-1999 Social impact • Movement of farmers towards forest regions to practise their agricultural activities. • High concentration of population in these regions, source of many conflicts between natives and farmers. • Rural rights problem : adoption of the law No. 98-750 of december 23rd 1998 on national rural rights in Cote d’Ivoire. Movement of farmers from the old loop of cocoa to forest areas since 1970s. Old loop of cocoa in 1960s EMERGENCY RELIEF AND RESPONSE TO DROUGHT LEGAL REGULATIONS There is no institutional and legal dispositions concerning especially drought. The problem of drought is taken into account in general political management of environment and forest, energy, water and, regulations texts that follow. However, since ratification of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) by Côte d’Ivoire, the implementation of institutional and legal texts in what concerns drought and dersertificationisinprogress. NEED KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS ON MANAGEMENT OF DROUGHT Because of the variability of drought, the following recommendations concerning the prevention and management of drought situations can be made: To develop integrated method for monitoring and evaluating drought; To strengthen national capacities for collecting and processing data on natural disasters such as drought. CONCLUSION • The effects of drought have weakened the Ivorian economy, especially droughts of 1983, 1998 and 2010. • Joint efforts at national and regional level should be undertaken to monitor the drought and mitigate its negative effects. .
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    « Chez nous, (…) c’est nous d’abord ! Ensuite, les autres s’alignent…" « Risques et Opportunités perçus pour la cohésion sociale et Gouvernance locale dans la Région du Haut-Sassandra » « Chez nous, (…) c’est nous d’abord ! Ensuite, les autres s’alignent…" « Risques et Opportunités perçus pour la cohésion sociale et Gouvernance locale dans la Région du Haut-Sassandra » Mai 2019 Cette étude a été réalisée grâce à l’appui de l’Agence Japonaise de Coopération Internationale. Le contenu de ce rapport ne reflète pas l’opinion officielle de l’Agence Japonaise de Coopération Internationale. La responsabilité des informations et points de vue exprimés dans ce dernier incombe entièrement aux personnes consultées et aux auteurs. Crédit des photos dans ce rapport : Copyright INDIGO Côte d’Ivoire Tous droits réservés. ISBN 978-2-901934-02-8 EAN 9782901934028 Copyright : Indigo Côte d’Ivoire et Interpeace 2019. Tous droits réservés. Publié en Mai 2019 Les polices typographiques utilisées dans ce rapport sont Suisse International, Suisse Works et Suisse Neue, par Swiss Typefaces qui sponsorise généreusement Interpeace. www.swisstypefaces.com Quai Perdonnet 19 1800 Vevey Switzerland La reproduction de courts extraits de ce rapport est autorisée sans autorisation écrite for- melle, à condition que la source originale soit correctement référencée, incluant le titre du rapport, l’auteur et l’année de publication. L’autorisation d’utiliser des parties de ce rapport, en entier ou en partie, peut être accordée par écrit. En aucun cas le contenu ne peut être altéré ou modifié, incluant les légendes et citations. Ceci est une publication d’Indigo Côte d’Ivoire et d’Interpeace.