Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology

11(1): 1-11, 2019; Article no.AJEE.52131 ISSN: 2456-690X

Wastewater Management of City

Kouakou Yao Salomon1*, Seyhi Brahima1, Gnamba Franck Maxime1, Kouassi N’guessan Martial1 and Kouame Nanan Audrey1

1Department of Geosciences, University Peleforo Gon Coulibaly of Korhogo, BP 1328 Korhogo, Cote d’Ivoire.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author KYS designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors SB and GFM managed the analyses of the study. Authors KNM and KNA managed the literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Article Information

DOI: 10.9734/AJEE/2019/v11i130126 Editor(s): (1). Dr. Wen-Cheng Liu, Department of Civil and Disaster Prevention Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan. Reviewers: (1). Hen Friman, H.I.T - Holon Institute of Technology, Israel. (2). Maria Antonietta Toscano, University of Catania, Italy. Complete Peer review History: https://sdiarticle4.com/review-history/52131

Received 12 August 2019 Accepted 26 October 2019 Original Research Article Published 06 November 2019

ABSTRACT

The present study was conducted to provide more information on wastewater management in developing country cities, particularly in Korhogo a city in the north of . Results showed that 23% of the residences discharge their wastewater either in rivers around the city, in pipes intended for storm water drainage, or on the way for laundry, crockery and/or bath water. 43% and 34% release their water through watertight and non-watertight facilities such as septic tanks and latrines, respectively. A factory evacuates its wastewater directly into the environment without any prior treatment. Only the Regional Hospital (CHR) has a lagoon system which is in a very advanced state of dysfunctioning. The city has a sludge treatment site that receives on average between 30 and 34 m3 per day, well below 100 m3 per day (sizing volume), leading to a significant algal development in the biological treatment basins and a fairly average yield of the plant below 55% at the end of treatment.

Keywords: Wastewater; Korhogo; treatment; disposal; sludge.

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*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected];

Salomon et al.; AJEE, 11(1): 1-11, 2019; Article no.AJEE.52131

1. INTRODUCTION 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

It is estimated that well over 80 per cent of 2.1 Presentation of Study Area wastewater worldwide (over 95 per cent in some Korhogo is the fourth largest city of Ivory Coast developing countries) is released directly into the (West Africa) in terms of population and economy. environment without treatment, resulting in Located in the north (Fig. 1), Korhogo (meaning increased water pollution in most rivers of the heritage in Senoufo people), is located about 635 world. In 2012, more than 800,000 deaths km from and 356 km from , worldwide were caused by contaminated water the political capital. The administrative center of and sanitation services that were almost non- , and Department, existent or inadequate [1,2]. Sanitation services Korhogo covers an area of 12640.4 km2, involve significant investments in infrastructure, between latitude 9°59' N and longitude 6°49' W. including collection and disposal networks, and The population of the Department of Korhogo wastewater treatment plants. Developed and was 536,851 in 2014 [9]. emerging countries have a lead on this issue, un contrary to developing countries regarding 2.2 Materials the construction sanitation infrastructures. In Côte d’Ivoire, several studies have been The material used for this study consists of a carried out on wastewater in some cities, survey, a map of the city with its neighborhoods, specifically in Abidjan, the economical capital results of CIAPOL (Ivorian anti-pollution center) [3,4,5,6,7]. Some studies have been carried out analyzes and camera for pictures. For physico- in the southern part of the country, including [8] chemical parameters, HACH Multiparameter has works on wastewater management in forest been used to determine temperature and pH, areas. To date, there are almost no study on fiberglass filter for suspended solids, OxiTop wastewater in the northern part of the country. Control OC 110 for BOD, HACH The aim of this study is to provide information spectroph otometer DR 2010 for COD, Total on wastewater management northern part of phosphorus, nitrates and nitrites and total Ivory Coast, especially in the city of Korhogo, nitrogen. A sowing on an agar was used to through the existing sewage disposal and identify and quantify microorsganism. Excel 2016 treatment. and Origin 8.5 have been used for data analyses.

Fig. 1. Area of study

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2.3 Methods phosphomolybdic acid then reduction by ascorbic acid and finally measurement at 875 nm of Wastewater volume data are registered every molybdenum blue. day at the treatment plant since its functioning date. Sampling for physico-chemical and The detection of microorganisms indicating fecal microbiological analyses were done in July 2017 contamination in the laboratory was carried out and May 2018. The methods included a survey by the solid culture method. This technique (May 2018) on sewage disposal ways and requires a step of bacteria cultivation in order to existing wastewater treatment systems in be able to identify them. This step was carried Korhogo. Survey was carried out in the 28 out by sowing on an agar containing the nutrients neighborhoods of Korhogo (Cocody, Quartier 14, and selective substances necessary for the Mongaha...) at residences, schools, guest rooms, growth and identification of the desired bacteria. hospitals and health centers, and factories, with The identification and quantification of indicator a total sample of 1,331, as follows: 1191 micro-organisms was carried out by direct count residences, 63 establishments, 42 hotels and of bacterial colonies. guest rooms, 18 hospitals and health centers, and 17 factories. A visit to the pilot site located in Statistic software Origin 8.5 was used to treat the village of Djigbe in the northern outskirts of data throught variance analysis Anova (One way) the city, let quantification and characterization of to see influence between factors. treated wastewater based on data provided by 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the site services. Sampling and laboratory analysis carried out by CIAPOL. Analyzes 3.1 Wastewater Disposal concerning physico-chemical and biological parameters are summarized in Table 1 and Results of the survey show that autonomous described below. Water sampling was done at 3 sanitation is the mechanism used for sewage points: Inlet water from receiving tank, outlet disposal as in several cities in developing water from drying beds and treated effluent at countries as reported by Heinss et al. [10]. For discharge to environment point. Two types of example, in a city like Ouagadougou, which has measurement were carried out: in-situ about 2 million inhabitants, 97.5% of the measurements (temperature and pH) and population use non-collective sanitation facilities. laboratory measurements. Wastewater samples This kind of disposal is dominated by watertight to be analyzed were kept fresh and sent to the facilities (septic tanks 43%) while non-watertight laboratory. COD was determined by the facilities are represented at 34% for residences colorimetric method (HACH method) with a DR (Fig. 2). These non-watertight facilities would 2010 spectrophotometer after 1/10th samples pose a risk of microbiological contamination of dilution. groundwater, making the groundwater vulnerable

Suspended Solids were quantified using to pollution [11], especially since the depth of pressure filtration apparatus. Samples were some structures may reach 10 m. The potential filtered on a fiberglass filter. The filter is then contamination of the water table depends mainly dried in the oven at 105ºC and the mass of the on the type of soil and distance between the residue retained on the filter is determined by bottom of the pit and the level of the water table weighing. during high level periods of water table. A soil layer of 1.5m to 3.0m is recommended between Determination of biochemical oxygen demand the bottom of pit and groundwater table, and a (BOD) was done by using an OxiTop Control OC distance of 30m (at the surface) between latrines 110. Manipulation is simple, easily controllable and a source of drinking water is recommended and non-toxic because mercury-free. After 5 days, to limit exposure to chemical and biological values are directly read in mg/l BOD because the contamination [12]. This water pollution has been measured pressure is automatically converted. demonstrated by several studies in developing countries [13, 14]. It should also be noted that To determine total phosphorus, a thermal 23% of residential sample discharges their digestion of the sample in acid and oxidizing wastewater either into rivers around the city, or conditions was carried out, before colorimetric into drainage canal for storm water, or on the measurement of released o-PO4 released. way for laundry, crockery and/or bath water (Fig. Organic and inorganic phosphate compounds 3A). These habits would not only pose risks of are oxidized by addition of ammonium molybdate, surface water contamination, but also potential potassium antimonyl tartrate to form breeding sources for malaria vectors, or risk of

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water diseases. [15] In the World Health Report the development of several new neighborhoods published in 2002, WHO estimates that 3% of over the last decade and the demolition and deaths are due to lack of safe drinking water, reconstruction of many former houses. 55% of sanitation (body and living environment). A schools use septic tanks while some primary similar study was carried out in Abobo schools do not have any sanitation facility, Agnissankoi by [4], the result of which is largely forcing students to use the surrounding brush to composed by the use of 61% non-waterproof pits, meet their needs with all the attendant contrary to the present study, which is dominated disadvantages. In addition, it should be noted by waterproof pits. This could be explained by that 22% of the guest rooms visited still use pits.

Table 1. Parameters and analyses methods

Parameters Method reference Methods principles pH NFT-90-008 Electrochemical measurement with glass electrode. HACH multiparametric probe Temperature NFT-90-100 Measuring by a multiparametric probe HACH multiparametric probe Phosphates NF EN ISO -6878 Determination of phosphorus by the ammonium molybdate spectrometric method Ammonia NFT 90-015-2 Alkaline formation of an indophenol type and spectrometric measurement at 630 nm Nitrate ISO 7890-3 Sodium paranitro-salicylate formation, yellow color and spectrometer measurement at 415 nm Nitrite NF EN 26777 Acid formation of a purple colored complex and spectrometer measurement at 543 nm Suspended NF EN 872 Filtration on fiberglass and gravimetry materials Total phosphate NF EN ISO 6878 Decomposition and determination of phosphorus by the ammonium molybdate spectrometric method total nitrogen NF EN 25663 Nitrogen decomposition and determination COD ISO 15705 Determination of chemical oxygen demand using closed tube method BOD5 Oxitop method Mercury-free respirometric measurement COT NF EN 1484 Combustion oxidation and infrared spectrometry Fecal coliforms NF EN ISO 9308-1 Enumeration of fecal coliforms Helminthes eggs FAS method Use of sodium acetate-acetic acid-formaldehyde solution

Fig. 2. Sewage disposal in Korhogo

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A

B

Fig. 3. Wastewater from houses directly discharged into environment

Most hospitals and health centers use septic any treatment. Results of statistical analysis tanks except the CHR (Regional Hospital Center), are shown in Table 2. F=29.55. DF=14. of which waters are discharged in two ways: Prob=0.0000162<0.05. Means difference is stormwater is discharged into the pipes of significant. This means that wastewater Physicians residences, then transported to the disposal ways in Korhogo city depends on the dump just behind the university Peleforo Gon activities of the installations (residence, school, Coulibaly while the floodwaters are collected guest room etc….). either in septic tanks or taken to INFAS (Institute of Nursing Training and Health Officer), which is 3.2 Wastewater Treatment equipped with a lagoon treatment system. This system, built by the International Committee of 3.2.1 Existing wastewater treatment systems Red Cross (ICRC), is now in a state of very advanced dysfunctionning. For factories, 2 of It exists in Korhogo 2 sites where wastewater them spills their wastewater directly into the treatment is carried out: CHR and pilot site for environment without any treatment (Fig. 3B). It is the wastewater treatment. Lagoon treatment about a factory of oil production (cotraf) and, system used by these sites consists of three the company in charge of drinking water steps (Fig. 4): production (sodeci). The wastewater from oil production process and sludge from - The reception pool: This is the first phase of sedimentation tanks respectively, are directly treatment after the deposit, following the discharged into environment without applying degreasing process, which consists of

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filtering the wastewater from these coarse and below 1000 L from November to March. solid waste through a grid. The grid is These periods correspond to the rainy and dry maintained manually. seasons of this locality, respectively. This increase in rainy times would be due to the fact - The liquid solid separation phase: Most of that in several concessions rainwater is collected the treatment takes place in this phase. and carried directly into septic tanks. This would Through a drying bed containing the sludge, cause these pits to fill up quickly. Results of there is a small infiltration of the wastewater statistical analysis are shown in Table 3. F=1.17. into the biological treatment tanks through DF=29. Prob=0.3711>0.05. Means difference is underground pipes. Solid particles are stored not significant. This means that volume of on the surface of the drying bed for the pilot wastewater received at the treatment plant does site. Unlike the pilot site, at the CHR site, the not depend on the month. It may depend on the coarse elements decant to form a mud that use and the quantity of water in each installation. will be recovered later and then transported to the pilot site. Monthly volume means are between 628 m3 and 1289.67 m3. Consequently, daily volume means 3 3 - Biological treatment phase: Water from the are between 20.93 m and 42.99 m which is 3 previous stage passes through an anaerobic clearly below the target of 100 m per day and and aerobic basin that is supposed to treat corresponding to approximately 0.10 to 0.21 the organic fraction of pollution. L/jr/hab. These values are comprised between 0.05L/jr/hab and 2.05L/jr/hab, the specific 3.2.2 Quantity of wastewater production of urban areas in developing countries [10], and remains significantly lower The discharge of self-contained sanitation than the daily production of African capitals, facilities in West African countries is either specifically that of Ouagadougou, which is 3 manually by manual "professionals" or by family estimated to be around 1600 m /day [18]. In members of the owner of the dump, or Dakar and Yaounde, the sludge collected and 3 mechanically by private (mostly) and public transported is estimated at 1500 m /day and 3 enterprises [16,17]. The town of Korhogo is 1200 m /day respectively [19,20]. The daily home to the pilot sewage treatment plant, built wastewater volume received which is under the 3 with the objective of treating 100 m3 of design volume (100 m /day) may cause some wastewater per day. The monthly volume of dysfunctionning in the treatment process, wastewater received at this pilot station varies especially leading to an increasing of retention widely (Fig. 5). However, these volumes are time and causing an algal development seen at between 1000 and 2000 L from April to October the visit period.

Table 2. Anova statistical analysis results of wastewater disposal ways

Sample size Mean Standard deviation SE of mean Residences 3 397 120,53 69,59 Schools 3 21 12,16 7,02 Guest rooms 3 14 16,09 9,29 Hospitals and health centers 3 6 9,54 5,51 Factories 3 5,67 8,14 4,70

DF Sum of squares Mean square F value Prob>F Model 4 356838,27 89209,57 29,56 1,62E-05 Error 10 30182,67 3018,27 Total 14 387020,93

R-square Coeff var Root MSE Data mean 0,92 0,62 54,94 88,73

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Fig. 4. CHR lagoon wastewater treatment plant

Fig. 5. Monthly treated wastewater volume (pilot site)

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Table 3. Anova statistical analysis results of wastewater volumes

Sample size Mean Standard deviation SE of mean January 2 844 21.21 15 February 2 803.5 64.35 45.5 March 3 628 421.37 243.28 April 3 988.67 412.60 238.21 May 3 945.33 282.58 163.15 June 3 1289.67 382.55 220.86 July 3 1269 93.26 53.84 August 3 1266.67 610.22 352.31 September 2 1084 8.48 6 October 2 1165.5 320.32 226.5 November 2 747.5 38.89 27.5 December 2 818.5 270.82 191.5

DF Sum of squares Mean square F Value Prob>F Model 11 1.49E+06 135869.74 1.17 0.3711 Error 18 2.09E+06 116235.26 Total 29 3.59E+06

R-square Coeff var Root MSE Data mean 0.41669 0.33994 340.93292 1002.93333

3.2.3 Determination of sewage treatment phosphate contain from a sludge fraction to the plant performance and characterization liquid fraction which could explain the important of treated effluent development of algae in aerobic basin. Table 3 clearly shows that the treated effluent values are Chemical parameters (BOD, COD, MES, total almost at the limit or far exceed the limit values. nitrogen and total phosphorus) were used to The abatement rates, which were 74%, 88%, characterize the treated effluent in accordance 57% and 98% respectively for BOD, COD, Total with [21,22] regulations (UE and Senegalese). Nitrogen and MES fell to 47%, 21%, 54% and The yield of the work was calculated at the exit of 54%. This could be due to the low volume the drying bed in accordance with the regulation received, below the design volume (100 m3/day) [23], about discharges and emissions from resulting in a long retention time in the anaerobic installations classified for environmental and aerobic basins, and would encourage a protection. Results in Table 4 show that received significant proliferation of algae which use wastewater have 1154, 27,6, 764, 214 mg/L as phosphate in presence leading to a decrease in concentration respectively for MES, total phosphate concentration in treated effluent (from phosphate, COD and BOD. 32.8 to 13.9 mg/L). Chemical parameters such as nitrites, nitrates and ammonia have values These values are inferior to values of Zagtouli that increase at the exit of drying bed to 110, 16 wastewater treatment plant in [24] Kone’s works and 12 times, respectively, compared to values which values are 1125, 39,5, 1950, 785 mg/L. In of inlet wastewater at receiving tank and then the other hand, concentration in treated effluent decrease at the exit of the aerobic basin. The with 113, 604, 513, 121, and 13.9 mg/L, as phenomena of release which leads to the concentration for respectively BOD, COD, MES, increasing of phosphate concentration may total nitrogen and total phosphate, are generally cause also the increasing of these parameters over the limit values of the 3 regulations. concentrations. For microbiological parameters such as total coliforms, fecal coliforms and The results show efficiency above 88% for COD Escherichia Coli, yields range from 88 to 96% at and MES, 57% and 74% respectively for total the exit of the drying bed and 99% at the exit of nitrogen and BOD at the exit of drying bed. At drying bed. It can be retained that treatment plant this stage the values of these parameters are efficiency is around 50% for chemical parameters below the limit values, except for total phosphate (BOD, COD, MES, Total nitrogen and Total with an increasing of concentration from 27.6 to phosphate) and about 99% for microbiological 32.8 mg/L. This could be due to a release of parameters at the end of treatment.

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Table 4. Treatment plant performance

Unit European union Senegal Ivory Coast E1 E2 Efficiency % Treated Efficiency % regulation regulation regulation effluent Temperature - - - 29.9 29.2 - 28.6 - pH - - - 7.9 6.75 - 8.93 - Nitrite mg/L - - - 0.017 1.86 - 0.016 5.9 Nitrate mg/L - - - 45 712 - 43 4.4 Ammonium mg/L - - - 6 72 - 46 -667 BOD mg/L 50 80 150 214 56 74 113 47 COD mg/L 250 200 500 764 92 88 604 21 Suspended solids mg/L 87,5 50 150 1154 22 98 513 54 Total nitrogen mg/L 10 30 50 266 114 57 121 54 Total phosphorus mg/L 1 10 15 27,6 32,8 - 13.9 50 Total coliforms ufc/100ml - - - 112.104 6.104 96 7.103 99.4 Fecal coliforms ufc/100ml - - - 75.104 3.104 92 11.102 99.8 Escherichia coli ufc/100ml - - - 19.104 15.103 88 103 99.5

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