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The Seed of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.): Nutritional Quality and Potential Functionality for Human Health and Nutrition

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The Seed of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.): Nutritional Quality and Potential Functionality for Human Health and Nutrition nutrients Review The Seed of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): Nutritional Quality and Potential Functionality for Human Health and Nutrition Barbara Farinon * , Romina Molinari , Lara Costantini and Nicolò Merendino * Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Tuscia University, Largo dell’Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; [email protected] (R.M.); [email protected] (L.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (B.F.); [email protected] (N.M.) Received: 25 May 2020; Accepted: 23 June 2020; Published: 29 June 2020 Abstract: Hempseeds, the edible fruits of the Cannabis sativa L. plant, were initially considered a by-product of the hemp technical fibre industry. Nowadays, following the restorationing of the cultivation of C. sativa L. plants containing an amount of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) <0.3% or 0.2% (industrial hemp) there is a growing interest for the hempseeds production due to their high nutritional value and functional features. The goal of this review is to examine the scientific literature concerning the nutritional and functional properties of hempseeds. Furthermore, we revised the scientific literature regarding the potential use of hempseeds and their derivatives as a dietary supplement for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory and chronic-degenerative diseases on animal models and humans too. In the first part of the work, we provide information regarding the genetic, biochemical, and legislative aspects of this plant that are, in our opinion essential to understand the difference between “industrial” and “drug-type” hemp. In the final part of the review, the employment of hempseeds by the food industry as livestock feed supplement and as ingredient to enrich or fortify daily foods has also revised. Overall, this review intends to encourage further and comprehensive investigations about the adoption of hempseeds in the functional foods field. Keywords: THC; Cannabis sativa L. legislation; hempseed oil; hempseed proteins; hempseed minerals; antinutritional compounds; phenylpropionammides; bioactive peptides; hempseed dietary supplementation; hempseed-based food 1. Introduction Cannabis sativa L., commonly known as hemp, is an herbaceous, anemophilous plant belonging to the Cannabaceae family. It is considered one of the most ancient cultivated plants and due to its long history of cultivation, it is difficult to identify its exact centre of origin. According to phylogenetic studies based on molecular analysis and studies on sequence homology of ancient and modern DNA extracted from archaeobotanical and modern samples, respectively, most researchers agreed that this plant species originated in central Asia and was introduced in Europe as a cultivated and domesticated agricultural plant during the Bronze age (approximately, from the 22th until 16th century BC) [1,2]. Nevertheless, a recent work by McPartland and colleagues [2] provided evidence that C. sativa was indigenous also to Europe. Currently, there are no more traces of wild-type hemp and only domesticated (i.e., individuals of a species chosen and selected by humans for characteristics making them useful to people) and ruderal (i.e., forms growing outside of cultivation) hemp plants exist. Independently to its origin, the nowadays-domesticated form of C. sativa L. is widespread and cultivated not only in the Asian countries, but also in Canada, the United States (US), Europe, and Africa. It is a multipurpose, sustainable, and low environmental impact crop which can be useful for several application fields, Nutrients 2020, 12, 1935; doi:10.3390/nu12071935 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients Nutrients 2020, 12, 1935 2 of 59 Nutrients 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 59 fromseveral the application agricultural fields, and phytoremediation from the agricultural to food and and phytoremediation feed, cosmetic, building, to food andand pharmaceuticalfeed, cosmetic, industries.building, and Indeed, pharmaceutical from this highly industries. versatile Indeed, plant, it from is possible this highly to obtain versatile various plant, products it is of possible industrial to interestobtain various such as fibreproducts and shives; of industrial bio-building interest and such thermal as fibre insulated and materials;shives; bio-building seeds, flour and and thermal oil with importantinsulated nutritionalmaterials; andseeds, functional flour and features; oil with and im bioactiveportant compoundsnutritional ofand pharmacological functional features; interest and [3] (Figurebioactive1). compounds of pharmacological interest [3] (Figure 1). Figure 1. The manifold applications of hemp plant: virtually, each part of this plant can be used in Figure 1. The manifold applications of hemp plant: virtually, each part of this plant can be used in a a specific industrial field. The seeds can be used in the food, feed, and cosmetical field as whole or specific industrial field. The seeds can be used in the food, feed, and cosmetical field as whole or dehulled, or it may be subjected to a cold press process to obtain an oil used in the food and cosmetic dehulled, or it may be subjected to a cold press process to obtain an oil used in the food and cosmetic industries. From the stem, it is possible to obtain both shives and fibre, useful for animal, building, industries. From the stem, it is possible to obtain both shives and fibre, useful for animal, building, paper and textile applications. The hemp root system is highly developed in comparison to other paper and textile applications. The hemp root system is highly developed in comparison to other herbaceous plants, and this feature is suitable for the phytoremediation of soil from heavy metals. Hemp herbaceous plants, and this feature is suitable for the phytoremediation of soil from heavy metals. flowers can be used for ornamental purposes or to obtain products of cosmetic and pharmaceutical Hemp flowers can be used for ornamental purposes or to obtain products of cosmetic and interest, such as essential oils composed by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) pharmaceutical interest, such as essential oils composed by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and pure extracts. cannabidiol (CBD) pure extracts. Essentially, C. sativa L. can be grown for three main purposes: industrial, narcotic/recreational, and medicinalEssentially, [4 ].C. Traditionally,sativa L. can beC. grown sativa L.for plants three weremain cultivatedpurposes: primarilyindustrial, asnarcotic/recreational, a fibre crop for the productionand medicinal of textiles [4]. Traditionally, and ropes, especially C. sativa L. in plants the western were world.cultivated Despite primarily their highas a fibre nutritional crop for value, the theproduction seeds of thisof textiles plant wereand ropes, initially especially considered in the as awestern by-product world. of theDespite fibre production,their high nutritional and hence, value, they werethe seeds mainly of this used plant as animal were initially feed. From considered the first as half a by-product of the 21st century,of the fibr thee production, cultivation ofand this hence, crop declinedthey were because mainly of used the progressiveas animal feed. diffusion From of the synthetic first half fibres of the and 21st the century, use of some the cultivation narcotic strains of this of thecropC. declined sativa L. because plant for of the the production progressive of diffusion intoxicant of drugs.synthetic Only fibres since and the the last use two of decades,some narcotic there hasstrains been of athe reintroduction C. sativa L. plant of the for thetheC. production sativa L. cultivation of intoxicant exclusively drugs. Only for since industrial the last purposes, two decades, and inthere this has context, been a Canada reintroduction has been of the the first the westernC. sativa countryL. cultivation to restore exclusively this crop, for followedindustrial by purposes, Europe andand thein this US. context, Nowadays, Canada a growing has been interest the first for wester the seedsn country of the to C.restore sativa thisL. plant,crop, followed commonly by Europe named hempseeds,and the US. hasNowadays, been developed a growing due interest to the increasedfor the seeds knowledge of the C. aboutsativa theirL. plant, high commonly nutritional named value andhempseeds, potential has functionality. been developed However, due to there the isincrea still ased lack knowledge of awareness about and their much high confusion nutritional between value “industrialand potential hemp” functionality. and “drug However, hemp” especiallythere is still among a lack of the awareness public opinion, and much so theconfusion research between of the “industrial hemp” and “drug hemp” especially among the public opinion, so the research of the potential health benefits provided by hempseed is still penalized by the negative reputation of drug Nutrients 2020, 12, 1935 3 of 59 potential health benefits provided by hempseed is still penalized by the negative reputation of drug hemp, which daunts interests and investments. Moreover, although in scientific literature there is a fairly good amount of information about the nutritional composition of hempseeds, there is still a lack of studies regarding the nutritional and health benefits related to hempseed-based food products for human consumption. Hence, in this review, we overview the literature about the nutritional and functional properties of hempseeds belonging to those varieties of C. sativa L. that have been allowed for cultivation. These
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