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The Seed of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.): Nutritional Quality and Potential Functionality for Human Health and Nutrition
nutrients Review The Seed of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): Nutritional Quality and Potential Functionality for Human Health and Nutrition Barbara Farinon * , Romina Molinari , Lara Costantini and Nicolò Merendino * Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Tuscia University, Largo dell’Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; [email protected] (R.M.); [email protected] (L.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (B.F.); [email protected] (N.M.) Received: 25 May 2020; Accepted: 23 June 2020; Published: 29 June 2020 Abstract: Hempseeds, the edible fruits of the Cannabis sativa L. plant, were initially considered a by-product of the hemp technical fibre industry. Nowadays, following the restorationing of the cultivation of C. sativa L. plants containing an amount of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) <0.3% or 0.2% (industrial hemp) there is a growing interest for the hempseeds production due to their high nutritional value and functional features. The goal of this review is to examine the scientific literature concerning the nutritional and functional properties of hempseeds. Furthermore, we revised the scientific literature regarding the potential use of hempseeds and their derivatives as a dietary supplement for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory and chronic-degenerative diseases on animal models and humans too. In the first part of the work, we provide information regarding the genetic, biochemical, and legislative aspects of this plant that are, in our opinion essential to understand the difference between “industrial” and “drug-type” hemp. In the final part of the review, the employment of hempseeds by the food industry as livestock feed supplement and as ingredient to enrich or fortify daily foods has also revised. -
A Polyketoacyl-Coa Thiolase-Dependent Pathway for the Synthesis of Polyketide Backbones
ARTICLES https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-020-0471-8 A polyketoacyl-CoA thiolase-dependent pathway for the synthesis of polyketide backbones Zaigao Tan1,3, James M. Clomburg1,2, Seokjung Cheong1, Shuai Qian1 and Ramon Gonzalez 1,2 ✉ Polyketides found in nature originate from backbones synthesized through iterative decarboxylative Claisen condensations catalysed by polyketide synthases (PKSs). However, PKSs suffer from complicated architecture, energy inefficiencies, complex regulation, and competition with essential metabolic pathways for extender unit malonyl-CoA, all combining to limit the flux of polyketide biosynthesis. Here we show that certain thiolases, which we term polyketoacyl-CoA thiolases (PKTs), catalyse polyketide backbone formation via iterative non-decarboxylative Claisen condensations, hence offering a synthetic and effi- cient alternative to PKSs. We show that PKTs can synthesize polyketide backbones for representative lactone, alkylresorcinolic acid, alkylresorcinol, hydroxybenzoic acid and alkylphenol polyketide families, and elucidate the basic catalytic mechanism and structural features enabling this previously unknown activity. PKT-catalysed reactions offer a route to polyketide formation that leverages the simple architecture of thiolases to achieve higher ATP efficiencies and reduced competition with essential metabolic pathways, all of which circumvent intrinsic inefficiencies of PKSs for polyketide product synthesis. olyketides represent a large class of secondary metabolites that Here we show that enzymes other -
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Drug Alcohol Depend
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Drug Alcohol Depend. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 October 01. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptPublished NIH-PA Author Manuscript in final edited NIH-PA Author Manuscript form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014 October 1; 143: 251–256. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.004. Effects of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor allosteric modulator ORG 27569 on reinstatement of cocaine- and methamphetamine- seeking behavior in rats* Li Jinga,b, Yanyan Qiua, Yanan Zhangc, and Jun-Xu Lia aDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA bDepartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China cResearch Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA Abstract Background—Cannabinoid CB1 receptors play an essential role in drug addiction. Given the side effect profiles of orthosteric CB1 antagonism, new strategies have been attempted to modulate this target, such as CB1 receptor allosteric modulation. However, the effect of CB1 allosteric modulation in drug addiction is unknown. The present study examined the effects of the CB1 receptor allosteric modulator ORG27569 on the reinstatement of cocaine- and methamphetamine- seeking behavior in rats. Methods—Rats were trained to self-administer 0.75 mg/kg cocaine or 0.05 mg/kg methamphetamine in 2-hr daily sessions for 14 days which was followed by 7 days of extinction sessions in which rats responded on the levers with no programmed consequences. On reinstatement test sessions, rats were administered ORG27569 (1.0, 3.2, 5.6 mg/kg, i.p.) or SR141716A (3.2 mg/kg, i.p.) 10 min prior to re-exposure to cocaine- or methamphetamine-paired cues or a priming injection of cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or methamphetamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.). -
Phytocannabinoids: Origins and Biosynthesis
Phytocannabinoids Origins and Biosynthesis Gülck, Thies; Møller, Birger Lindberg Published in: Trends in Plant Science DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.05.005 Publication date: 2020 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY-NC-ND Citation for published version (APA): Gülck, T., & Møller, B. L. (2020). Phytocannabinoids: Origins and Biosynthesis. Trends in Plant Science, 25(10), 985-1004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2020.05.005 Download date: 05. okt.. 2021 Trends in Plant Science Feature Review Phytocannabinoids: Origins and Biosynthesis Thies Gülck1,2,3,* and Birger Lindberg Møller1,2,3,* Phytocannabinoids are bioactive natural products found in some flowering Highlights plants, liverworts, and fungi that can be beneficial for the treatment of human Phytocannabinoids are bioactive terpe- ailments such as pain, anxiety, and cachexia. Targeted biosynthesis of cannabi- noids that were thought to be exclusive noids with desirable properties requires identification of the underlying genes to Cannabis sativa, but have now also been discovered in Rhododendron spe- and their expression in a suitable heterologous host. We provide an overview cies, some legumes, the liverwort genus of the structural classification of phytocannabinoids based on their decorated Radula,andsomefungi. resorcinol core and the bioactivities of naturally occurring cannabinoids, and we review current knowledge of phytocannabinoid biosynthesis in Cannabis, Many cannabinoids display promising non-hallucinogenic bioactivities that are Rhododendron,andRadula species. We also highlight the potential in planta determined by the variable nature of the roles of phytocannabinoids and the opportunity for synthetic biology approaches side chain and prenyl group defined by based on combinatorial biochemistry and protein engineering to produce canna- the enzymes involved in their synthesis. -
Designing Microorganisms for Heterologous Biosynthesis of Cannabinoids Angelaˆ Carvalho1, Esben Halkjær Hansen1, Oliver Kayser2, Simon Carlsen1,∗ and Felix Stehle2
FEMS Yeast Research, 17, 2017, fox037 doi: 10.1093/femsyr/fox037 Advance Access Publication Date: 4 June 2017 Minireview MINIREVIEW Designing microorganisms for heterologous biosynthesis of cannabinoids Angelaˆ Carvalho1, Esben Halkjær Hansen1, Oliver Kayser2, Simon Carlsen1,∗ and Felix Stehle2 1Evolva Biotech A/S, Lersø Parkalle´ 42-44, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark and 2Laboratory of Technical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany ∗Corresponding author: Evolva Biotech A/S, Lersø Parkalle´ 42-44, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. Tel: +45-35-200-243; E-mail: [email protected] One sentence summary: In this review, the authors explore the use of synthetic biology as an alternative approach for the synthesis of pharmaceutical cannabinoids in a heterologous host organism. Editor: John Morrissey ABSTRACT During the last decade, the use of medical Cannabis has expanded globally and legislation is getting more liberal in many countries, facilitating the research on cannabinoids. The unique interaction of cannabinoids with the human endocannabinoid system makes these compounds an interesting target to be studied as therapeutic agents for the treatment of several medical conditions. However, currently there are important limitations in the study, production and use of cannabinoids as pharmaceutical drugs. Besides the main constituent tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, the structurally related compound cannabidiol is of high interest as drug candidate. From the more than 100 known cannabinoids reported, most can only be extracted in very low amounts and their pharmacological profile has not been determined. Today, cannabinoids are isolated from the strictly regulated Cannabis plant, and the supply of compounds with sufficient quality is a major problem. -
Synthetic Cannabinoids (60 Substances) A) Classical Cannabinoid
Synthetic cannabinoids (60 substances) a) Classical cannabinoid OH H OH H O Common name Chemical name CAS number Molecular Formula HU-210 3-(1,1’-dimethylheptyl)-6aR,7,10,10aR-tetrahydro-1- Synonym: 112830-95-2 C H O hydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-9-methanol 25 38 3 11-Hydroxy-Δ-8-THC-DMH b) Nonclassical cannabinoids OH OH R2 R3 R4 R1 CAS Molecular Common name Chemical name R1 R2 R3 R4 number Formula rel-2[(1 S,3 R)-3- hydroxycyclohexyl]- 5- (2- methyloctan- 2- yl) CP-47,497 70434-82-1 C H O CH H H H phenol 21 34 2 3 rel-2[(1 S,3 R)-3- hydroxycyclohexyl]- 5- (2- methylheptan- 2- yl) CP-47,497-C6 - C H O H H H H phenol 20 32 2 CP-47,497-C8 rel-2- [(1 S,3 R)-3- hydroxycyclohexyl]- 5- (2- methylnonan- 2- yl) 70434-92-3 C H O C H H H H Synonym: Cannabicyclohexanol phenol 22 36 2 2 5 CAS Molecular Common name Chemical name R1 R2 R3 R4 number Formula rel-2[(1 S,3 R)-3- hydroxycyclohexyl]- 5- (2- methyldecan- 2- yl) CP-47,497-C9 - C H O C H H H H phenol 23 38 2 3 7 rel-2- ((1 R,2 R,5 R)-5- hydroxy- 2- (3- hydroxypropyl)cyclohexyl)- 3-hydroxy CP-55,940 83003-12-7 C H O CH H H 5-(2- methyloctan- 2- yl)phenol 24 40 3 3 propyl rel-2- [(1 S,3 R)-3- hydroxy-5,5-dimethylcyclohexyl]- 5- (2- Dimethyl CP-47,497-C8 - C H O C H CH CH H methylnonan-2- yl)phenol 24 40 2 2 5 3 3 c) Aminoalkylindoles i) Naphthoylindoles 1' R R3' R2' O N CAS Molecular Common name Chemical name R1’ R2’ R3’ number Formula [1-[(1- methyl- 2- piperidinyl)methyl]- 1 H-indol- 3- yl]- 1- 1-methyl-2- AM-1220 137642-54-7 C H N O H H naphthalenyl-methanone 26 26 2 piperidinyl -
Positive Allosteric Modulators (Pams) in Mouse Models of Overt Cannabimimetic Activity, Subjective Drug Effects, and Neuropathic Pain
Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2021 Investigating Cannabinoid Type-1 Receptor (CB1R) Positive Allosteric Modulators (PAMs) in Mouse Models of Overt Cannabimimetic Activity, Subjective Drug Effects, and Neuropathic Pain Jayden Elmer Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Behavioral Neurobiology Commons, Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms Commons, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Commons, Nervous System Diseases Commons, and the Pharmacology Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/6777 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 2021 Investigating Cannabinoid Type-1 Receptor (CB1R) Positive Allosteric Modulators (PAMs) in Mouse Models of Overt Cannabimimetic Activity, Subjective Drug Effects and Neuropathic Pain Jayden A. Elmer Investigating Cannabinoid Type-1 Receptor (CB1R) Positive Allosteric Modulators (PAMs) in Mouse Models of Overt Cannabimimetic Activity, Subjective Drug Effects and Neuropathic Pain A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University By Jayden Aric Elmer Bachelor of Science, University of Virginia, 2018 Director: Dr. Aron Lichtman, Professor, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology; Associate Dean of Research and Graduate Studies, School of Pharmacy Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia July 2021 Acknowledgements I would first like to extend my gratitude towards the CERT program at VCU. The CERT program opened the doors for me to get involved in graduate research. -
Cannabinoid Receptor Cannabinoid Receptor
Cannabinoid Receptor Cannabinoid Receptor Cannabinoid receptors are currently classified into three groups: central (CB1), peripheral (CB2) and GPR55, all of which are G-protein-coupled. CB1 receptors are primarily located at central and peripheral nerve terminals. CB2 receptors are predominantly expressed in non-neuronal tissues, particularly immune cells, where they modulate cytokine release and cell migration. Recent reports have suggested that CB2 receptors may also be expressed in the CNS. GPR55 receptors are non-CB1/CB2 receptors that exhibit affinity for endogenous, plant and synthetic cannabinoids. Endogenous ligands for cannabinoid receptors have been discovered, including anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol. www.MedChemExpress.com 1 Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists, Agonists, Inhibitors, Modulators & Activators (S)-MRI-1867 (±)-Ibipinabant Cat. No.: HY-141411A ((±)-SLV319; (±)-BMS-646256) Cat. No.: HY-14791A (S)-MRI-1867 is a peripherally restricted, orally (±)-Ibipinabant ((±)-SLV319) is the racemate of bioavailable dual cannabinoid CB1 receptor and SLV319. (±)-Ibipinabant ((±)-SLV319) is a potent inducible NOS (iNOS) antagonist. (S)-MRI-1867 and selective cannabinoid-1 (CB-1) receptor ameliorates obesity-induced chronic kidney disease antagonist with an IC50 of 22 nM. (CKD). Purity: >98% Purity: 99.93% Clinical Data: No Development Reported Clinical Data: No Development Reported Size: 1 mg, 5 mg Size: 10 mM × 1 mL, 5 mg, 10 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg 2-Arachidonoylglycerol 2-Palmitoylglycerol Cat. No.: HY-W011051 (2-Palm-Gl) Cat. No.: HY-W013788 2-Arachidonoylglycerol is a second endogenous 2-Palmitoylglycerol (2-Palm-Gl), an congener of cannabinoid ligand in the central nervous system. 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), is a modest cannabinoid receptor CB1 agonist. 2-Palmitoylglycerol also may be an endogenous ligand for GPR119. -
Medically Useful Plant Terpenoids: Biosynthesis, Occurrence, and Mechanism of Action
molecules Review Medically Useful Plant Terpenoids: Biosynthesis, Occurrence, and Mechanism of Action Matthew E. Bergman 1 , Benjamin Davis 1 and Michael A. Phillips 1,2,* 1 Department of Cellular and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada; [email protected] (M.E.B.); [email protected] (B.D.) 2 Department of Biology, University of Toronto–Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-905-569-4848 Academic Editors: Ewa Swiezewska, Liliana Surmacz and Bernhard Loll Received: 3 October 2019; Accepted: 30 October 2019; Published: 1 November 2019 Abstract: Specialized plant terpenoids have found fortuitous uses in medicine due to their evolutionary and biochemical selection for biological activity in animals. However, these highly functionalized natural products are produced through complex biosynthetic pathways for which we have a complete understanding in only a few cases. Here we review some of the most effective and promising plant terpenoids that are currently used in medicine and medical research and provide updates on their biosynthesis, natural occurrence, and mechanism of action in the body. This includes pharmacologically useful plastidic terpenoids such as p-menthane monoterpenoids, cannabinoids, paclitaxel (taxol®), and ingenol mebutate which are derived from the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, as well as cytosolic terpenoids such as thapsigargin and artemisinin produced through the mevalonate (MVA) pathway. We further provide a review of the MEP and MVA precursor pathways which supply the carbon skeletons for the downstream transformations yielding these medically significant natural products. Keywords: isoprenoids; plant natural products; terpenoid biosynthesis; medicinal plants; terpene synthases; cytochrome P450s 1. -
An Iterative Type I Polyketide Synthase Initiates the Biosynthesis of the Antimycoplasma Agent Micacocidin
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Chemistry & Biology Article An Iterative Type I Polyketide Synthase Initiates the Biosynthesis of the Antimycoplasma Agent Micacocidin Hirokazu Kage,1 Martin F. Kreutzer,1 Barbara Wackler,2 Dirk Hoffmeister,2 and Markus Nett1,* 1Junior Research Group ‘‘Secondary Metabolism of Predatory Bacteria’’, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Kno¨ ll-Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany 2Department of Pharmaceutical Biology at the Hans-Kno¨ ll-Institute, Friedrich Schiller Universita¨ t Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany *Correspondence: [email protected] http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.04.010 SUMMARY under macrolide therapy have been described (Averbuch et al., 2011; Cardinale et al., 2011; Itagaki et al., 2013). Micacocidin is a thiazoline-containing natural pro- Micacocidin is a new antibiotic that exerts strong inhibitory duct from the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum effects in the nanomolar range against several Mycoplasma that shows significant activity against Mycoplasma species, including M. pneumoniae (Kobayashi et al., 1998). pneumoniae. The presence of a pentylphenol moiety In vivo efficacy after oral administration was demonstrated in distinguishes micacocidin from the structurally chicken that had been infected with M. gallisepticum (Kobayashi related siderophore yersiniabactin, and this residue et al., 2000). The thiazoline-containing natural product micaco- cidin is structurally closely related to the siderophore yersinia- also contributes to the potent antimycoplasma bactin (Drechsel et al., 1995), and cellular uptake studies effects. The biosynthesis of the pentylphenol moiety, suggest that it might also be involved in iron acquisition of the as deduced from bioinformatic analysis and stable producing bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum (Kreutzer et al., isotope feeding experiments, involves an iterative 2011). -
A Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulator Reduces Neuropathic Pain in the Mouse with No Psychoactive Effects
NPP-15-0045 A Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulator Reduces Neuropathic Pain in the Mouse with no Psychoactive Effects 1 †Bogna M. Ignatowska-Jankowska, 5, †Gemma L. Baillie, 3Steven Kinsey, 3Molly Crowe, 1Sudeshna Ghosh, 1 Robert Allen Owens, 1M. Imad Damaj, 1Justin Poklis, 4Jenny L. Wiley, 2Matteo Zanda, 2Chiara Zanato, 2Iain R. Greig, 1††Aron H. Lichtman, 5†† Ruth A. Ross. 1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; 2 School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; 3 Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; 4 Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; 5 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto. †Joint first authors. ††Joint corresponding authors Running Title: CB1 Allosteric Modulation 1 ABSTRACT The CB1 receptor represents a promising target for the treatment of several disorders including pain-related disease states. However, therapeutic applications of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other CB1 orthosteric receptor agonists remain limited because of psychoactive side effects. Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) offer an alternative approach to enhance CB1 receptor function for therapeutic gain with the promise of reduced side effects. Here we describe the development of the novel synthetic CB1 PAM, 6-methyl-3-(2-nitro-1-(thiophen-2-yl)ethyl)-2- phenyl-1H-indole (ZCZ011), which augments the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological actions of the CB1 orthosteric agonists CP55,940 and N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA). ZCZ011 3 potentiated binding of [ H]CP55,940 to the CB1 receptor as well as enhancing AEA-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding in mouse brain membranes and β-arrestin recruitment and ERK phosphorylation in hCB1 cells. -
Appendix-2Final.Pdf 663.7 KB
North West ‘Through the Gate Substance Misuse Services’ Drug Testing Project Appendix 2 – Analytical methodologies Overview Urine samples were analysed using three methodologies. The first methodology (General Screen) was designed to cover a wide range of analytes (drugs) and was used for all analytes other than the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs). The analyte coverage included a broad range of commonly prescribed drugs including over the counter medications, commonly misused drugs and metabolites of many of the compounds too. This approach provided a very powerful drug screening tool to investigate drug use/misuse before and whilst in prison. The second methodology (SCRA Screen) was specifically designed for SCRAs and targets only those compounds. This was a very sensitive methodology with a method capability of sub 100pg/ml for over 600 SCRAs and their metabolites. Both methodologies utilised full scan high resolution accurate mass LCMS technologies that allowed a non-targeted approach to data acquisition and the ability to retrospectively review data. The non-targeted approach to data acquisition effectively means that the analyte coverage of the data acquisition was unlimited. The only limiting factors were related to the chemical nature of the analyte being looked for. The analyte must extract in the sample preparation process; it must chromatograph and it must ionise under the conditions used by the mass spectrometer interface. The final limiting factor was presence in the data processing database. The subsequent study of negative MDT samples across the North West and London and the South East used a GCMS methodology for anabolic steroids in addition to the General and SCRA screens.