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Représentations Sociolinguistiques Et Pratiques Langagières Liées Au Contact De Langues Tibétain/Chinois Dans Les Universités Du Shandong (Chine) Yang Yu

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Représentations Sociolinguistiques Et Pratiques Langagières Liées Au Contact De Langues Tibétain/Chinois Dans Les Universités Du Shandong (Chine) Yang Yu Représentations sociolinguistiques et pratiques langagières liées au contact de langues tibétain/chinois dans les universités du Shandong (Chine) Yang Yu To cite this version: Yang Yu. Représentations sociolinguistiques et pratiques langagières liées au contact de langues tibétain/chinois dans les universités du Shandong (Chine). Linguistique. Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2020. Français. NNT : 2020MON30012. tel-03120528 HAL Id: tel-03120528 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03120528 Submitted on 25 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. l’Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier III S S EA 739 DIPRALANG Sciences du Langage Yang YU REPRÉSENTATIONS SOCIOLINGUISTIQUES ET PRATIQUES LANGAGIÈRES LIÉES AU CONTACT DE LANGUES TIBÉTAIN/CHINOIS DANS LES UNIVERSITÉS DU SHANDONG (CHINE) ! "# $% &'&' !"#$% $ %$ &' ( & )&&!* "+% $ %$ ,- . / 0$ !% $%"!&1+ ' 2 (&$% $%$ 1 * 3 3"+1 !&%(+,)%$ ( """ Résumé en français La Chine, un pays multinational qui possède 56 nationalités, présente une configuration linguistique complexe avec plus de deux cents langues. Le prestige et la place hégémonique du chinois contemporain standardisé relèguent les langues et les cultures des 55 minorités ethniques dans l’ombre, en contraste avec une politique d’État prônant la « floraison des 56 nationalités dans la grande famille de la Nation chinoise ». Dans le contexte actuel, où la Chine aborde de manière polémique les questions ethniques et où on assiste à une urbanisation et une mondialisation accélérées, cette thèse a pour but de mettre en lumière les pratiques langagières, les interventions glottopolitiques, les représentations des langues, l’identité sociolinguistique des Tibétains dans leurs aspirations pour la réussite scolaire et sociale en Chine continentale, plus précisément dans la province du Shandong – notre terrain d’enquête. Notre réflexion se base sur une enquête sociolinguistique à la fois quantitative et qualitative réalisée avec un groupe d’étudiants tibétains scolarisés dans le Shandong. Mots clés : sociolinguistique des contacts de langues/bilinguisme et diglossie/ politique linguistique/représentations linguistiques/identité sociolinguistique Summary of the thesis China, a multinational country with 56 nationalities, has a complex linguistic configuration with more than two hundred languages within its borders. The prestige and hegemonic position of standardized contemporary chinese relegates the languages and cultures of the 55 ethnic minorities to the shadows, in contrast to a state policy that advocates the “flowering of the 56 nationalities in the great family of the Chinese Nation”. In the current context where China tackles controversially the ethnic issues and where we are witnessing an accelerated urbanization and globalization, this thesis aims to highlight the language practices, glottopolitical interventions, language representations, and sociolinguistic identity of Tibetans in their aspirations for educational and social success in mainland China, specifically in Shandong province – our field of research. Our reflection is based on a sociolinguistic survey, carried out with a group of Tibetan students attending school in Shandong, quantitatively and qualitatively. Keywords: sociolinguistics of language contacts/bilingualism and diglossia/language policy/language representations/sociolinguistic identity 1 TABLE DES MATIERES TABLE DES MATIÈRES ....................................................................................................... 2 REMERCIEMENTS ............................................................................................................. 12 INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE .......................................................................................... 14 1. Origine du sujet ........................................................................................................ 14 2. Questions de recherche et hypothèses ...................................................................... 15 3. Présentation de la thèse ............................................................................................ 17 PREMIÈRE PARTIE : CONTEXTE NATIONAL, RÉGIONAL ET POLITIQUE LINGUISTIQUE .................................................................................................................... 19 CHaPITRE 1 : CONTEXTE DE NOTRE RECHERCHE ....................................................................... 20 1.1 Situation de la Chine du point de vue démographique, géographique, ethnique et linguistique ................................................................................................................... 20 1.1.1 La Chine du point de vue démographique et géopolitique ............................................. 22 1.1.2 L’État chinois et ses minorités ethniques : de l’Antiquité à aujourd’hui ........................ 26 1.1.3 La configuration sociolinguistique ................................................................................. 33 1.1.4 La région du Shandong ................................................................................................... 39 1.2 Historique des relations tibéto-chinoises ............................................................... 42 1.2.1 L’Empire du Tibet (de la dynastie des Tang à la veille de l’arrivée des Mongols : 7 ème siècle -13 ème siècle) .................................................................................................................. 42 1.2.2 Le Tibet et la dynastie des Yuan (13 ème siècle - 14 ème siècle) ......................................... 44 1.2.3 Le Tibet et la dynastie des Ming (14 ème siècle - 17 ème siècle) ......................................... 46 1.2.4 Le Tibet, la dynastie des Qing et l’époque de la Chine républicaine (17 ème siècle - 1940) .................................................................................................................................................. 48 1.2.5 La Région Autonome du Tibet aujourd’hui .................................................................... 55 1.3 Les Tibétains, leurs langues, la structure scolaire spéciale décentralisée pour les Tibétains en RPC : Neidi xizang ban (xiao) ................................................................................ 58 1.3.1 Les Tibétains vivant en Chine ......................................................................................... 59 1.3.2 Les dialectes tibétains en Chine ...................................................................................... 61 1.3.2.1 Le répertoire linguistique des Tibétains ....................................................................... 62 1.3.2.2 Les dialectes tibétains en Chine ................................................................................... 64 1.3.2.2.1 Ü-tsang ...................................................................................................................... 66 1.3.2.2.2 Kham ......................................................................................................................... 67 1.3.2.2.3 Amdo ......................................................................................................................... 67 2 1.3.2.2.4 Parler commun et véhiculaire standard ..................................................................... 68 1.3.3 Système éducatif secondaire pour les Tibétains ............................................................. 71 1.3.3.1 Aménagement du système scolaire et la classe tibétaine du Neidi .............................. 76 1.3.3.2 Système scolaire ........................................................................................................... 77 1.3.3.3 Recrutement et admission des élèves tibétains sortant du primaire dans les années 1990 .................................................................................................................................................. 79 1.3.3.4 Programme scolaire et personnel en relation avec l’administration et la pédagogie de l’établissement ......................................................................................................................... 81 1.3.3.5 Quotas d’admission ...................................................................................................... 83 1.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 85 CHaPITRE 2 : POLITIQUE ET PLaNIFICaTION LINGUISTIQUES EN CHINE ..................................... 90 2.1 Préliminaires concernant la planification linguistique à la fin de la dynastie des Qing (fin du 19 ème siècle - début du 20ème siècle) ...................................................................... 90 2.1.1 Apprentissage de l’auto-renforcement en prenant l’Occident pour modèle ................... 92 2.1.2 Mouvement du qieyinzi ..................................................................................................
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