SWITCH Transition Manual Fourth Draft for Carol Howe Dundee, Scotland February 2011
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Managing Water for the City of the Future The SWITCH Transition Manual Fourth Draft for Carol Howe Dundee, Scotland February 2011 The SWITCH Transition Manual The principal authors of this document were: Chris Jefferies & Alison Duffy University of Abertay Dundee, United Kingdom: [email protected] ISBN 1-899796-23-1 (10 digit) and 978-1-899796-23-6. (13 Digit) Table of Contents Section 1 Setting the Scene Section 3 The Transition Management Cycle 35 Introduction 3 The Transition Management Cycle What’s the problem – Why SWITCH from the old paradigm? 5 Transition Management Activities 35 Examples of the problem 6 Transition Management Clusters 35 What can we do about it? 7 What is the new paradigm? 8 The Arena 36 What might a transition city look like? 10 The Agenda 38 Examples of moving towards the new paradigm 12 Experiments 39 What is transitioning? 15 Monitoring, Evaluating, Learning 40 The Multi-Phase Concept 16 Multi-Level Perspective 17 41 Transition Management 19 Transition Management Activities Transition Management Levels 20 Develop the Transition Arena 42 The Strategic Level 21 Organise / Facilitate Stakeholders 43 The Tactical Level 21 The Operational Level 22 Identify Problems and Issues 44 Develop Long Term Integrated Vision 44 Section 2 The SWITCH Transition Framework Developing Transition Agenda 45 Explained Transition Experiments 46 Identify Responsible Parties 47 The Transition Framework 25 The Transition Management Cycle 25 Process Documentation & Capacity Building 47 Transition Management Clusters 26 Evaluation and Learning 48 The SWITCH Learning Alliances 27 Next Transition Round of Transitioning and Visioning 48 Strategic Planning 27 Visioning 28 The Transition Management Cycle 30 Strategic Niche Management 31 SWITCH City Stories 32 Tools Used in Transitioning 32 Section 4 Strategic Niche Management – The Section 6 Example Tools for Transitioning Demonstrations Strategic Niche Management 50 Example Tools for Transitioning 91 SWITCH Demonstrations 51 1 CWIS – Combined Water Information System 93 Scaling up 51 2 CWB – City Water Balance 97 Water Quality Projects Tel Aviv 52 3 CWE – City Water Economics 101 Ma’awa Sayadeen Alexandria 53 4 SUDS for Roads - A Decision Support Selection Tool 107 Demonstration Projects Lodz 54 5 Infoworks – Removing surface water from sewers 111 Demonstration Projects Belo Horizonte 56 6 WDM - Water Demand Management Options 115 Demonstration Projects Birmingham 58 7 SUDSLOC - A GIS based decision support tool 119 8 SASIW - Systematic Approach for Social 123 Section 5 Transitioning Stories - Four SWITCH Cities Inclusion The SWITCH Case Study Cities 61 9 The Economics of Rainwater Harvesting 127 1 Accra, Ghana 67 10 Costing for Sustainable Options 133 2 Alexandria, Egypt 75 Section 7 Further Information 3 Łódź, Poland 79 References 4 Belo Horizonte, Brazil 85 Web Links Page iii Executive Summary how to define appropriate starting points, how the change can be achieved and whether it is going in the right direction. These issues are not easily addressed, but it is hoped that this manual helps This manual is a guide to implementing the SWITCH Transition clarify who, how, where, what and when. Framework. It presents the key activities that should be considered when trying to influence a change, or transition, to the way that The ‘socio-technical systems’ or ‘complex systems’ that we want to urban water systems are managed so they better fit a more transition are the urban water systems which provide our cities with sustainable future. The manual is intended for national and local water supply, sanitation and drainage services. Good quality, safe decision makers such as city mayors and members of parliament. and clean water supplies, and attractive watercourses which do not It will also be of great assistance to urban water practitioners and cause problems with flooding are goals for any city of the future. To decision makers in the urban water sector including local achieve this, the function and interaction of urban water cycles, government, urban planners and water utilities. water supply, drainage and river systems, and of how they interact The SWITCH Transition Manual provides a coherent methodology with society, must be understood. It is not the scope of this manual to enable a city to change its water system from today’s state into a to go into the finer details of the urban water cycle or integrated better condition in the future. urban water management since operational details of methods and The manual guides all stakeholder groups at three different levels: tools are widely available. This manual has been written to show the direction needed to take forward the transitioning of water ¾ Strategic in which visions are set; systems in a city. ¾ Tactical, enabling a wide variety of options to be evaluated by Starting transitioning is deciding what you would like to do the stakeholders using the vehicle of the Learning Alliance, and; first ¾ Operational when the implementation tools are used. The manual calls on a wide range of case studies from both within Transitions are usually long term processes that occur due to the and outside SWITCH and uses four SWITCH cities to show how it co-evolution of several societal, economic (market-driven) and can be applied. technological processes. The SWITCH transition framework is not There are SEVEN sections to the Transition Manual. meant to be a deterministic tool which could be used to predict the 1. Setting the scene - The Background to Transitioning course of a transition. This is not possible when there are so many fundamental uncertainties surrounding, not just transitioning, but the 2. The Transition Framework Explained concept of sustainability. This manual is a guide to the underlying 3. The Transition Management Cycle driving forces and mechanisms behind the processes and actions that may influence a change. 4. Strategic Niche Management – The Demonstrations The manual is intended to address some of the scepticism and 5. Transitioning Stories from Four SWITCH Cities misconceptions around the idea of transitioning. The possibilities of 6. Example Tools for Transitioning influencing long-term changes, who are the key players, identifying what is to be changed are all addressed. The manual also shows 7. Further information Manual structure Section One outlines the main impacts on urban water delivery of sustainable urban water systems since they provide the infrastructure on a local and global scale and the potential scope and pathways for a transition to occur. The section also sustainable and integrated solutions for the ‘city of the future’. The includes the city projects which demonstrate the niches where the solutions are based on environmentally sound technologies and innovations are located. Innovations do not occur by themselves, practices which are classed as ‘next generation’ systems, some of and many types of socio-technical transitions result from transition which have been under development or advancement in the management and the creation of environments for innovative niches SWITCH project. This section concludes with an overview of the to grow. The niches considered in this manual focus on three key transition concepts that have lead to the development of the knowledge areas: technical, financial, and, governance/ institutions. transition management cycle and strategic niche management These niches provide useful examples for transferring this concept. knowledge to decision makers, managers and practitioners. Section Two explains the logic, layers and components of the Section Five presents SWITCH Case Study ‘stories’ from four of SWITCH transition framework, which is the result of analysing the SWITCH cities - Accra in Ghana, Alexandria in Egypt, Łόdź in sustainable transition and strategic niche management processes Poland and Belo Horizonte in Brazil. The case studies show how a and consolidating these with the SWITCH outputs (or interventions SWITCH transition is occurring, and might occur in the future. A where there has been impacts on cities). Application of each city that will be facing change in the future should find these stories transition component or intervention is illustrated by showing how it useful. An analysis of past water developments and the was applied in the SWITCH demonstration cities. Learning Alliance intervention in SWITCH was undertaken to see how the transition activities are linked to and drive the sustainable transition occurred or might occur in future. Barriers that blocked a management cycle within the framework. transitioning trajectory are examined to identify the issues so that lessons can be learned and clearer ideas of what will work better Section Three provides guidance on implementing the sustainable can be formulated for the next transitioning round. Each city story transition management cycle via transition clusters and steps. The includes a timeline for the years 2010 – 2033 based on this analysis activities are supported by examples from the SWITCH cities where to show how changes may occur in future. a city has shown ‘strengths’ in an activity and successfully implemented part of the process. Transition Clusters are the key Section Six introduces a number of decision support tools which tools of the transition management cycle with the final cluster (next have value in facilitating transitions in the cities. The tools cover a round of transitioning and visioning) closing the loop. Lesson range of activities, from analysis of water and drainage networks