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Green Infrastructure Strategies in New Borg El-Arab City

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Green Infrastructure Strategies in New Borg El-Arab City SUSTAINABLE REGENERATION OF URBAN GREEN AREAS IN EGYPT’S DESERT CITIES ADOPTING GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE STRATEGIES IN NEW BORG EL-ARAB CITY Mahmoud Hussein SUSTAINABLE REGENERATION OF URBAN GREEN AREAS IN EGYPT’S DESERT CITIES ADOPTING GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE STRATEGIES IN NEW BORG EL-ARAB CITY A Thesis Presented to: HafenCity University By: Mahmoud Moursy Hussein In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree: Master of Science in Resource Efficiency in Architecture and Planning HafenCity University, Hamburg, Germany February, 2018 Approved By: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Dickhaut Dipl.-Ing. Sonja Schlipf (Date) (Signature) A Mahmoud Hussein - Master Thesis B DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP To the best of my knowledge I hereby declare that I have written this thesis submitted in part of the fulfillment of the Master of Science degree in Resource Efficiency in Architecture and Planning to the Hafencity University, without any help from others and without the use of documents and aids other than those cited according to established academic citation rules, and that it has not been submitted at any other university for any degree. (Date) (Signature) I Mahmoud Hussein - Master Thesis ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis would not have been possible without the guidance and the help of several individuals who in one way or another contributed and extended their valuable assistance in the preparation and accomplishment of this study. I would like to extend my profound gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Wolfgang Dickhaut and co-supervisor Dipl. Ing. Sonja Schlipf for their continuous support of my thesis and throughout my studies in REAP. My sincere thanks also goes to my family for all their love, patience, wishes and support throughout writing this thesis and my life in general. I would also like to extend my appreciation and thanks to all the professors, experts and engineers whom I have interviewed. And Finally, I am grateful to all my friends and colleagues of REAP who have made my study years in HafenCity University such a valuable experience. II ABSTRACT Desert urbanization in Egypt has been going on over 40 years by establishing generations of new desert town. Urban green areas are essential for well-functioning and the livability of those towns. They play a recreational role in everyday life, contribute to the cultural identity, help to maintain and to improve the environmental quality. However, Egypt now is at the threshold of the water crisis and the arid environment of desert cities does not support the existence of greening activities. The existing employed planning and design approach of urban green spaces considering the non-sustainable use of water resources and the lack of water reuse strategies can be severely detrimental to the environment and human population. Green space elements ranging from larger woodlands and public parks to private gardens, golf courses, and green roofs, should be integrated with sustainable strategies such as stormwater management, wastewater & greywater reuse, in order to overcome the raising urban and environmental challenges. Simultaneously, to offer a solution to the chronic technical problems of wastewater management in remote desert cities This study aims to analyze and investigate current characteristics of planning and management of green areas in Egypt’s new desert city, assessing the challenges and shading the light on the potential of adopting green infrastructure strategies; identify the areas of deficiency and develop a comprehensive vision and optimized scheme for the development of green area in new desert cities. III Mahmoud Hussein - Master Thesis TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2 1.1 DESERT CITIES IN EGYPT . 2 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT & RESEARCH OBJECTIVES . 5 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS & HYPOTHESIS . 7 1.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY . 8 1.4.1 Research Framework . 8 1.4.2 Research Organization . 10 1.4.3 Data Collection . 10 1.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS . 11 1.6 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS . 11 1.7 OVERVIEW OF NEW DESERT CITY PLANNING IN EGYPT . .12 1.8 EMERGING CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE SEMI-ARID CLIMATE . 12 2. GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 16 2.1 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE VERSUS LANDSCAPE . 17 2.2 BENEFITS OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE . 17 2.3 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE APPLICATIONS . 19 2.3.1 Stormwater Harvesting Systems . 19 2.3.2 Wastewater & Greywater Reuse . 26 2.3.3 Landscape & Irrigation System . 29 2.4 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING PRINCIPLES . 32 2.5 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING & DESIGN PROCESS. 34 2.6 CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES TO GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE . 35 2.7 CASE STUDIES . 36 2.7.1 Tucson, AZ, USA . 37 2.7.2 Lima, Peru . 40 IV 3. NEW BORG EL-ARAB CITY 46 3.1 TOPOGRAPHY & CLIMATE . 47 3.2 HYDROLOGY . 48 3.3 LAYOUT AND LAND USE . 49 3.4 MORPHOLOGY OF URBAN GREEN SPACES . 50 3.5 TYPOLOGY OF URBAN GREEN SPACES . 52 3.6 STREETSCAPE . 53 3.7 GREEN AREAS SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS . 55 3.7.1 Water Supply and Demand of Green Areas . 55 3.7.2 Wastewater Treatment & Greywater Reuse . 56 3.7.3 Stormwater Management . 58 3.7.4 Landscape design & Irrigation System . 59 3.8 THE REGENERATION . 61 3.8.1 Green Infrastructure Strategy Framework and Methodology . 62 3.8.2 Project areas . 67 3.8.3 Baseline Conditions . 70 3.8.4 Identifying Green Infrastructure Applications . 72 3.8.5 Retention Capacity of Green Infrastructure Applications . 78 3.8.6 SWOT Analysis . 83 3.8.7 Feasibility Analysis . 85 3.9 Barriers and Limitations . 87 4. CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK 90 5. REFERENCES 92 6. APPENDICES 100 V Mahmoud Hussein - Master Thesis LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Development corridors of New Cities Program . 3 Figure 2: Location of the new towns in Egypt . 4 Figure 3: Model of environmental conflicts implications of growing water scarcity in Egypt. 5 Figure 4: Conflicts between greening, environment & urban form . 6 Figure 5: Intervention cycle . ..
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