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City Water Balance

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City Water Balance School of Earth Sciences University of Birmingham City Water Balance A new scoping model for Alexandria Mahmoud Jaweesh September 2010 Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an MSc in Hydrogeology ABSTRACT Water demand in Alexandria, like all other cities in Egypt, increases with time. However, water resource is subject to decrease due to climate change and the increases in water consumptions on the upstream of Nile River1. In order to solve this problem, Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) concepts started to be implemented in Alexandria by SWITCH2. SWITCH is an EU funded program aims to improve sustainable water management within cites. Urban water modelling is an essential tool for water management. Therefore, SWITCH was interested in developing a model that represents the urban water cycle in Alexandria. The suggested code was City Water Balance (CWB). Alexandria model was developed to simulate all water components in the city. Then the model was calibrated and validated based on the available data. The calibrated model was used afterwards to simulate several initial scenarios. Detailed visions and scenarios are currently being developed for Alexandria. These scenarios will be modelled to investigate the best water management option and consequently to set Alexandria strategic plan accordingly. 1 The Nile River is the main source of water for Alexandria 2 SWITCH stands for Sustainable Urban Water Management Improves Tomorrow’s Cities Health i ACKNOWLEDGMENT It is a pleasure to show my grateful to everybody who made this work possible and I initially praise the Lord for his continuance blessings and support. I also present my gratitude to my great family who stands up for me back home and provides me with the determination and encouragement for every single day during my work. I owe my deepest thankfulness to my supervisor, Rae Mackay, for his guidance, encouragement and untiring efforts that helped me to complete this project successfully. Moreover, it is an honour for me to address Philip Sharp, the Learning Alliance coordinator in Alexandria, for his following up, advice and continual assistance throughout the project. I would like also to show my gratitude to Learning Alliance members in Egypt, especially Khaled abu-Zeid, Mohamed Elrawady, Noha Donia, Ayman Ramadan, in addition to Dionysis Assimacopoulos and Elina Manoli in Greece, for the time they spent with me and for the data they provided me with, which was essential to carry on with my work. I would like to send particular thanks to my colleagues in Birmingham, Rebecca Simister, Ewan Last and Ellen Spencer, in addition to all of my colleagues on the M.Sc course, for the special teamwork environment they offered me during the project. Lastly, I present my regards and blessings to all of my friends and colleagues who keep supporting me in all respects. Mahmoud Jaweesh ii Table of Contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................. i ACKNOWLEDGMENT ............................................................................................................................... ii Table of figures ....................................................................................................................................... v List of Tables .......................................................................................................................................... vi List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................. vii 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 1 2. OVERVIEW OF ALEXANDRIA ............................................................................................................ 2 2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 2 2.2. Climate in Alexandria .............................................................................................................. 3 2.3. Geomorphology ...................................................................................................................... 4 2.4. Geological sequences .............................................................................................................. 6 2.5. Hydrology and surface water .................................................................................................. 7 2.6. Hydrogeology and groundwater ........................................................................................... 10 2.7. Urban water System in Alexandria ....................................................................................... 12 2.8. Water-related problems ....................................................................................................... 14 3. CITY WATER BALANCE: A NEW SCOPING MODEL ......................................................................... 17 3.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 17 3.2. City Water Balance concepts ................................................................................................ 18 4. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................ 20 4.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 20 4.2. Data collection ...................................................................................................................... 20 4.3. Model development ............................................................................................................. 21 5. MODELLING ................................................................................................................................... 22 5.1. Conceptual model ................................................................................................................. 22 5.2. Numerical model ................................................................................................................... 28 5.3. Running the model ................................................................................................................ 39 iii 5.4. Calibration and validation ..................................................................................................... 40 6. RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................ 43 6.1. Imported water ..................................................................................................................... 43 6.2. Precipitation and evapotranspiration ................................................................................... 44 6.3. Surface runoff ....................................................................................................................... 44 6.4. Pervious soil store ................................................................................................................. 44 6.5. Waterbodies.......................................................................................................................... 45 6.6. Groundwater ......................................................................................................................... 45 6.7. Total discharge ...................................................................................................................... 46 7. DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................... 47 7.1. Imported water ..................................................................................................................... 47 7.2. Precipitation and evapotranspiration ................................................................................... 48 7.3. Surface runoff ....................................................................................................................... 48 7.4. Pervious soil store ................................................................................................................. 48 7.5. Waterbodies.......................................................................................................................... 48 7.6. Groundwater ......................................................................................................................... 50 7.7. Total discharge ...................................................................................................................... 50 8. FUTURE SCENARIOS ...................................................................................................................... 51 8.1. Population growth ................................................................................................................ 51 8.2. Reducing Leakage ................................................................................................................. 55 8.3. Reuse of Wastewater ............................................................................................................ 57 8.4. The expansion in tourist and industrial
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