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Effects and Effectiveness of Rattlesnake Relocation at Montezuma Castle National Monument

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Effects and Effectiveness of Rattlesnake Relocation at Montezuma Castle National Monument Technical Report Series USGSFRESC/COPL/1999/17 Effects and Effectiveness of Rattlesnake Relocation at Montezuma Castle National Monument Erika M. Nowak and Charles van Riper, Ill USGS Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Biological Resources Division Colorado Plateau Field Station Northem Arizona University Flagstaff, Arizona June 1999 EFFECTS AND EFFECTIVENESS OF RATILESNAKE RELOCATION TABLE OF CONTENTS INI'"R.ODUCTION •• •• ••• • •• •• •• ••• •• • •• ••• •• •••• •• •••••••••• ••••••••• ••• •• ••••••••••• ••• • •••••••••• •• ••••••• ••••••••••• •• •••••••••••••• •••• •• 1 MATBRIA.IS .AND METHODS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3 Site .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Materials ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 General Metliods .......................................................................................................................................................................... 3 E.xpcrimcntal Relocation .............................................................................................................................................................. 3 Data Analyses ................................................................................................................................................................................ 6 RESULTS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 8 Location of lilbemacula and FomgingAreas ............................................................................................................................ 8 Reasons for Rattlesnake Presence .in Human Use Areas ......................................................................................................... 10 Effects of Relocation .................................................................................................................................................................. 12 DISCUSSION •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 31 .I.ocation offfibemacula and Foraging Areas .......................................................................................................................... 31 .llattlesnake Presence in Human Use Areas ............................................................................................................................... 31 Effects ofRelocation .................................................................................................................................................................. 32 CONCLUSIONS AND MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS········································································· 38 Ac~OWI..E.DGMBms ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 40 LITERA.TURE CITED ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 41 APPENDIX A •••••••••••....•••••.•.....•......••••••••.••.•...•.••.•.•...••...•..•.•.••••.••••.•••.•.....••••..••..••..••••••••••••••••••. 45 .APPENDIX B ••••••..•..••••••••........•.•....•......•.......•••.•.•.•••...........•.•..•.•........•.•.•.••••.•....•....•.•.•••.•.••.•.•.• s9 ii USGSFRESC/COPU1999/17 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Location of experimental relocation study ofwestem diamondback rattlesnakes at Montezuma Castle National Monument, between August 1994 and December 1996 ...................................................................... 4 Figure 2. Location of relocation sites on U.S. Forest Service land for seven western diamond.back rattlesnakes, each at 2 km from Montezuma Castle National Monument ....................................................................................... 5 Figure 3. Location ofhibernacula and foraging locations for 19 westem diamondback rattlesnakes at Montezuma Castle National Monument, between August 1994 and December 1996 .......................................................... 9 Figure 4a-b. Movement patterns between successive locations for two female westem diamondbacks, from March 1995 to December 1996, at Montezuma Castle National Monument. a. Channel 36. b. Channel 19 ........... 11 Figure 5a-g. Comparative activity ranges (estimated by the minimum convex polygon method) for seven control westem diamondback rattlesnakes at Montezuma Castle National Monument before and after handling treatlnent, between August 1994 and December 1996 ....................................................................................... 13 Figure 5h-m. Comparative activity ranges (estimated by the minimwn convex polygon method) for six relocated western diamondback rattlesnakes before and after experimental relocation at Montezuma Castle National Monu- ment, between August 1994 and December 1996 ............................................................................................... 14 Figure6. Graph of comparative activity range sizes for seven control westem diamondback rattlesnakes before and after handling treatment at Montezuma Castle National Monument, August 1994-December 1996 ........ 15 Figure7. Graph of comparative activity range sizes for six relocated westem diamondback rattlesnakes before and after relocation at Montezuma Castle National Monument, August 1994-December 1996 ........................ 16 Figures. Average activity range sizes for six control compared to four relocated westem diamondback rattlesnakes before and after a rdocation experiment at Montezuma Castle National Monument between August 1994 and December 1996 ....................................................................................................................................... 16 Figure9. Average distance (in meters) moved per day during the 1995 active season for control and relocated westem diamondback rattlesnakes before and after a relocation experiment at Montezuma Castle National Monu- ment between MaJ:ch 1995 and Novetnber 1995 ................................................................................................. 17 FigurelO. Average distance (in meters) moved per day during the 1996 active season for control and relocated western diamondback rattlesnakes before and after a relocation experiment at Montezuma Castle National Monu- ment between March 1996andNoveniber1996 ................................................................................................. 18 Figurett. Average distance moved per day (in meters) after treatment by control and rdocated western diamondback rattlesnakes the first few months after treatment (August~ November 1995) compared to the second year after treatment (March-Noveniber 1996) ........................................................................................................... 18 Figuret2. Average distance moved per day (in meters) during hibernation (October - Match) before and after the experiment for control western diamondback rattlesnakes, and for relocated and control rattlesnakes after a relocation experiment at Montezuma Castle N.M ................_. ................................................................. 19 Figure13. Average di.stance moved (in meters) &om experimental release site to first hibernation site for control and relocated westem diamondback .rattlesnakes during.relocation study at Montezuma Castle National Monument .............................................................................................................................................................. 21 ID EFFECTS AND EFFECTIVENESS OF RATI'LESNAKE RELOCATION Figure 14a-b. Direction of movement between consecutive locations for control westem diamondback rattlesnakes at Montezuma Castle National Monument, Arizona, during relocation study between August 1994 and December 1996. a. Movements before handling treatment. b. Movements after treatment .......................... 21 Figure 15a-c. Direction ofmovement between consecutive locations for relocated western diamondback rattlesnakes at Montezuma Castle National Monwnent, Arizona, during a relocation experiment, between August 1994 and December 1996. a. Movements before relocation. b. Movements in the first few months after treatment. c. Movements in the second year (1996) after relocation .................................................................. 22 Figure 16a-d. Direction of movements between successive locations for 12 non-relocated westem diamondback rattle­ snakes at Montezuma Castle National Monument, Arizona, between August 1994 and December 1996 by season. a. Spring. b. Dry summer. c. Wet summer. d. Fall ............................................................................ 23 Figure 17a-b. Mass and snout-vent length (svl) for 19 westem diamondbacks, each measured about three times a year, at Montezuma Castle National Monument, Arizona, between August 1994 and October 1996. a. All individuals. b. Experimental individuals before and after treatment ................................................................ 25 Figme 18. Change in mass of 10 individual westem diamondback: rattlesnakes
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