Q9791 C7 A75 1925 16'4111N

State Fair Edition 25c HE HIGHLINE BOOK VEMBER 1923

Published by THE ARIZONA HIGHLINE RECLAMATON ASSOCIATION Room 4 Balke Building PHOENIX, ARIZONA

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HIGHLINE- COG TOMB 41°° C44/4. itY' FLOOD CONTROL 'T‘ CRuZ j - - , RECLAMATION-POWER FILINGS HAM ONCOCORADO RIVER WATEV F5 FOR ROWER AND iRRIDATION PU090005 r Ft. AND IN BritAlre• STATE Or ARIZONA STATE o e'r ARIZONA FRED =OLIVE SHADE() EA 5How.5 iRRoGABLE. MEXICO COnPILED Err CEO 01 STURTEVANT ACREAGE UNDER MiGHLINE CANAL ES AWN a'r E.L.STAM.

The shaded section on map is land proposed to be irrigated. Map of Arizona Highline Canal, Glen Canon Darn, Spencer Canon Dam and Water filed on for the Slate of Arizona. bg Fred T. Colter. Foreword

In behalf of present and future generations of people through- out the Southwest we wish to extend our profound gratitude to George H. Maxwell, father of the National Reclamation Act, who has and is doing so much for Arizona and the United States ; Major John D. York of the United States Army and his assist- ants, Mr. George W. Sturtevant, Mr. Edward L. Stam and Mr. Robert L. Williams, eminent engineers of world-wide reputation, and to all those who have contributed so generously of their time, valued services, and the merchants who supplied the materials, without cost, in building the great relief map of Arizona for exhibition at the State Fair. All of which will serve as an object lesson that patriotism is not dead in Arizona. Words are inadequate to express our appreciation to Mr. David Swing, the distinguished artist, for laboriously and gener- ously doing the color work on this great demonstration map ; for creating the cover design, making the issuance of this reclama- tion book possible, and also for presenting to us the appropriate and beautiful seal for our organization.

President Arizona High Line Reclamation Association.

109897 Arizona Highline Reclamation Association

Organized for the purpose of promoting the best interests of the State and people under the Colorado-Gila River Highline Reclamation and Power Projects and all other irrigation and power projects in every county and district in the State.

Room 4 Bailie Building 119 North First Avenue PHOENIX, ARIZONA SENATOR FRED T. COLTER President

D. P. KIMBALL, Secretary

Executive Directors: Executive Directors: SENATOR FRED T. COLTER ED RUDOLPH GEORGE H. MAXWELL CLAY PARKER SENATOR T. S. KIMBALL RALPH MURPHY REP. E. J. FIOCK SAM BARRETT REP. HOMER LUDDEN ROBT. T. WILLIAMS GEORGE U. YOUNG DR. H. E. GERDES F. E. GILLESPIE WARREN McARTHUR RUSSELL McDANIEL C. R. JONES Consulting Engineer: Attorneys: GEORGE W. STURTEVANT ALBERT D. LEYHE Topographer: THOMAS J. FLYNN EDWARD L. STAM

Anyone interested in Land, Water and Power, or getting State, Government and Patented Land, or desiring any informa- tion on Compact, address President or call at office, 4 Balke Building, 119 N. First Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona. Phone 7396. Arizona's Greatest Opportunity

For a million years, perhaps, a river has be used in the dry seasons, thus lessening turning of factory wheels and production rolled and tumbled down from the moun- the damage when the river grew wild and of light. tains on its tumultuous way to the ocean. increasing its flow at the time of drought. In a land with but one real river as a At times it was but a rivulet, gentle and Very early they found that water will not source of water supply, it is quite natural subdued, but in the seasons of winter and flow uphill of its own volition, therefore that more or less selfish interests should spring, when much snow and rain had it is 'necessary to make it do its work on attempt to fatten their purses by its use, fallen in the mountains, it grew boisterous each succeeding level, from the highest to even against the best interests of the great and its murmur became a mighty roar. the lowest, well knowing that when it fin- majority, and if those selfish interests Becoming more and more reckless, its ished its journey to the sea its labors for happened to be influential, they might water would leap its banks and carry death the time being would be over. even convince the majority that their in- and destruction in its path, and like a man terests were mutual, and get all to shout- who wastes his strength in riotous living, If its route to the ocean was too direct, ing some such phrase as, "Boulder Can- it would empty itself in the old ocean much of the land would be passed by with- yon or Bust!" and cause hardly a ripple. Then when it out benefit, and would forever remain a had spent itself it would recede again to desert, raising only here and there sage- This preamble, simply told, gets us down the rivulet, and the land would thirst for a brush, or cactus, or mesquite, of no appre- to the Great Southwest, in the year nine- life-giving drink. ciable value to mankind. But if the waters teen twenty-three, and to a consideration could be carried by way of the higher lev- of what shall be clone with the water of Civilization came and named the stream els, each succeeding flat place or valley the Colorado River. Shall it be used on the "Colorado River," and this particular land could be given sufficient moisture to bring lower levels of Arizona and California through which it flowed, "Arizona" and forth bounteous crops in season, changing only, and then be allowed to flow over "California." The arm of the ocean which the desert to a garden spot, and adding great tracts of Mexican delta land, owned received it was called the "Gulf of Cali- materially to the world's wealth. by American land speculators, and sold to fornia." And because of the bad habits of Asiatic colonists at great profit, while the river, the land was called the "Great It is readily seen, therefore, that the large areas in Arizona and California for- American Desert," and the term was not higher up the water was stored, the ever remain in the desert state? Or shall complimentary. greater the area of land to be irrigated the water, which has its source in our own Eventually men found that, when and reclaimed; and at the same time, each country, te used for our own people, giv- watered, this desert land was wonderfully succeeding "drop" could be made to de- ing to Mexican lands only the amount fertile, so they began devising ways to velop electric power by the force of grav- which she might justly claim under the store up the waters of the flood period to ity, making the power available for the comity of nations?

Defeat the Pact

By Representative E. J. FIOCK

The future of any great state depends Our state is entirely dependent upon the Colorado River Compact. If you want to upon its storehouse of natural resources. water it is able to develop and supply to turn this stream of gold into Arizona, de- If its resources are perpetual, its place in its millions of fertile acres, so that its feat the pact and help us build the Arizona the lalaxy of our states is assured. There maximum development may take place. High Line Canal, keep the water in the is nothing that insures this perpetuity so Hence we must zealously guard and pro- United States, where it belongs, establish much as the kind of possibilities it has to tect every available resource of water. these homes here and add hundreds of offer its people to establish a permanent millions of dollars to our great state's home. HOME, that word carries a mean- There are many sinister influences at wealth, and then our future is established ing so great tb our American civilization work now trying to undermine our great- beyurul peradventure of doubt. that it is hard for one to adequately ex- est resource of available supply. Arch de- them all is the feted "Colorado press in words all that it means. The mon of If the Pact is ratified, the Arizona High Compact." This document if rati- dearest thing and the nearest to our hearts River Line Canal is forever clone for, because state of Arizona would forever is our home. The thing that any one fied by the the water is then apportioned IN PERPE- sound the death knell to an area of Ari- hundred per cent American is not afraid TUITY, we will have no water for zona that is capable of establishing homes and even to lay down his life to protect. This All we ask, and have a right in this state for 1,250,000 people. Picture, our project. spirit has been repeatedly demonstrated to ask for, is the unappropriated waters of by its people and the whole world knows it. if you please, the magnitude of a scheme to prevent such a development. The ends the Colorado. This water is sufficient to to which capital will be used for its own take ample care of 3,500,000 acres of land Now to make Arizona a state to furnish all in Arizona. such opportunities to its people, to guaran- selfish greed against the home builder, tee its future, it must offer a place to es- and our state. The greed that some people tablish that home. have to add millions to their millions at If we will but act wisely. on this matter the expense of homes for our state. we need not worry about our mines failing There is no place where a people may Money, you know, has no heart in the us, and that we will some time be placed be so free as to establish themselves upon hands of some classes of people. in the condition of our sister state of Ne- the soil, which will yield an abundance of vada is today. So let me ask you one food and crops to insure their prosperity. If the people of Arizona want these and all to do the sane and sensible thing The greatness of our state depends largely vultures of capital to take the unappro- DEFEAT THE COMPACT AND BRING upon the number of such homes it is priated waters of the Colorado and hand THE WATERS OF THE COLORADO TO able to give. them to those interests, then adopt the ARIZONA. WORLD PICTURES SLNDA1'. MAY 15, 1921 NEW YOSUC WORLD k.

Picturing a Man-Made State The wonders wrought by irrigation in die desert lands of Arizona shown in unusual photographs with descriptive captions written by Robert Hunt Lyman of The New York World, who has recently made a journey through the section here described.

THE DESERT AS ITWAS BEFORE IRRIGATION Looking toward Superstition Mountain. across the Arizona Desert, which is unlike any other desert. The earth is tile ashes with unending patches of grease weed sage brush, maquite and cacti standing like &munch of daolation. Yet with irrigauon man makes it a garden of delight.

THE APACHE TRAIL NOW A CONCRETE ROAD. Over that part of the Apache trail that takes one from Phnenra out 17 miles through mesa ova what wu once the dealt along the Salt RIM. Mar has built • fine 16-foot concrete highway. 11iI and eight inches thick. that stand s up finely unde- traffic. Arizona will have 300 miles of such roads hr.- i•Fed by the end of the veaT. WHERE ONCE IT WAS A THE START OF THE JOURNEY DESERT. The City of Phoenix It proud of her broad, well Where man paved streets, lined with palms and otha shade has turned trees (like Control Avenue shown above) which water on the to-Itch out netlike over the Salt River plain. desert. Under his cultiva non it yields him alfalfa fields green all the year round. Some farmers will cut as many as nine crops a year.

LUXURIOUS FOLIAGE DUE TO IRRIGATION Broad level roads IMeE with ash like this are found in all sections. Man lus run his irriptdon ditches and planted his orange tree, and olive tree., his tattoo and his walnuts. Remember, on eh, other side of the I:4 THE. ROOSEVELT DAM WHICH LS RESPONSIBLE FOR 11-LE GREAT CHANGES mein ditch that waters Phoenix. the rezert comes up to the very bank— .1 work for redo:some the desist Is the Roomvelt Dam tbat ummund• the water al Solt Ram. storing, up 1.367,X5 thirsty ancl to nip f three dry y.e. d reamery,o the 200.000 ones rowrow und k ration In Phoeno. 78 mil. away, aye, the lortacrue gorous Apache mad The doer feet horh. 760 fact lens at the top and 210 at the base. The road cream. cc its cram. The firm mane wee lad Sept .0, 1946. It wad &deemed Much l& 1911, and the 'ammo was filled April 14. 1915. It can develop 60,000 hone-pow, and lush teneron Mrs carry the Antra current colles amass the tomintalm anti unyono to work the twee owyper mines. Arizona, the Youngest State By CHARLES W. COE

Unfortunate is the State that produces of its kind in the world—beautiful Super- ing, manufacturing and create the most only raw materials. There is a crying stition Mountain—and the interesting for- productive agricultural empire the world est need for capital for all lines of develop- of Sahuaro cactus thirty feet high, and has ever known—that will endure to the other unique desert growths, showing very end of time. ment in Arizona. Where else can we seek rich soil, no one can be otherwise than Arizona, the it except in the older settled states or in "Infant State," has no de- pleased and delighted. Soon we approach sire to act like the gateway to "the clog in the manger" unstable Europe—where millions of pound- the valley of marvelous or to deprive sister states beauty and of one iota of sterlings are seeking safe investment in productivity, scientifically their just rights, but tilled, vast areas in objects strenuously tax-exempt securities. cotton, vineyards, date and unalterably to have its incomparable palm and fig orchards, we arrive at the hydro-electric power rights falling into pri- charming city of Mesa, named by Twenty years ago the assessed valuation the vate or corporation ownership, but to con- peers, that now stands four-square to the of property in Maricopa county was little serve its incalculable benefits not only for world, beautiful, hospitable, progressive the present, more than $100,000. Since the comple- but for countless generations. and prosperous. Where else in the wide It also desires to tion of the world has conserve and utilize world's largest storage reser- Nature been so lavish with her every acre foot of the gifts? flood waters which voir—the Roosevelt dam—together with its otherwise run to waste—in no greater or 960 miles of irrigation canals, its taxable The whole world knows that Arizona less quantity than its just share to reclaim 3,500,000 wealth has increased in Phoenix to $46,- possesses the Grand Canyon—which was acres of rich desert lands, when visited last season by upwards given abundant water in this semi-tropic 289,88528, and Maricopa of 820,000 county to $116,- awe-inspired tourists—but comparatively climate, under intelligent cultivation will 826,456. few realize that within its borders is con- supply the nation citrus fruits, luscious tained the most extensive pine forest of grapes, winter vegetables, early tomatoes, The Roosevelt irrigation and power cantaloupes, melons and project is the the United States. That Arizona has offer happy home- noblest memorial ever erect- mountains sites for millions of people. ed to any world hero living of copper ore carrying more or or dead. How less gold and silver and in some much better to reclaim a instances To illustrate, Imperial Valley, Califor- hitherto worth- sufficient to repay all costs of less but rich desert, creating homesites mining, nia, in 1900 was a worthless, uninhabited for a million people, transportation and smelting, and with the desert. It produced nothing. It had no than to build costly large monuments of copper contents "velvet", and enough assessed valuation. Twenty years after- marble or bronze in memory in of the departed quantity to supply the world. The ward it had 50,000 people and taxable dead. The Roosevelt dam mineral will be useful forever. output of Arizona has several property valued at $61,000,000, and in In contemplating times exceeded its bountiful blessings, a the production of $200,- that same year shipped produce exceeding grateful people 000.000 per annum, but has scarcely been revere the name Roosevelt, which has at- in value $15,000,000, its total assessed tained a scratched. At this writing Arizona only valuation. It paid the railroads upwards higher status of glory in this produces community than any about half of the nation's supply of $20,000,000 to transport the earliest empire builder of of copper past history. and one-fourth of the world's products of the season to every hamlet in production, which within the next decade the United States, and later wool and cot- will be This vast hitherto desert plain presents more than doubled. ton in vast quantities to eastern markets a charming landscape of eternal verdure, Mr. Charles M. Schwab, speaking at the to clothe the people. happy, comfortable, modern, refined and New York Bond Club luncheon, declared cultured homes, where the sun shines every the United States would be the world's Under the proposed Highline canal it day throughout the year, where there is work shop of the future and that steel will be possible to carve out of the rich no winter—in a valley of most fertile production at the 50,000,000 tons a year desert valleys of Arizona more than seven soil—which, when supplied with abundant rate attained this year would be insignifi- times the wealth of Imperial Valley. Per- water for irrigation, with adequate drain- cant in another twenty years. haps, therefore, it is not too much to ask age, having practically a twelve months' And if so, how about copper? Since a paternal government to take care of its growing season, is in the value and variety copper is rust proof and requires no paint Infant State of Arizona. of its productions=incomparable, And, —copper roofs are light and will last for- Second in importance only to mining is picture Phoenix, "the Capital City," in ever; doors and cornices made of copper the livestock industry in Arizona. Ninety the center not of a mere oasis, but an In- are beautiful and enduring in any climate per cent of its cattle and sheep are sold land Empire. The vast plain presents a and should supplement all fire and earth- half grown, half fat, at sacrifice prices. fascinating landscape—framed by high quake proof reinforced concrete construc- With the vast areas susceptible of reclama- mesa, rugged, richly mineralized moun- tion of homes that represents the last word tion it will be possible to mature them tains, high meadow, valleys, high moun- in permanency. and send out only the finished product in tains timbered plenteously with the largest It is unfortunate that all this raw copper the form of refrigerator meats par excel- yellow pine forest in the United States. of Arizona is shipped to Connecticut for lence. Within the eternal green pastures Power generated by the Roosevelt clam has the refining process, manufactured into all surrounding Phoenix some 70,000 steers rendered possible the development of vast utilities and reshipped as the finished prod- are fattened annually and many thousands mineral wealth. uct, taxing purchasers unnecessarily for of spring lambs, the earliest of the season, Arizona possesses all minerals. Its enor- freight both ways across the continent. In which invariably command topmost prices mous supply of iron and coal are as yet view of the vast quantities of transmission and excellent in quality. It is a never-to- untouched. The ride over the Apache wire used here and in California, it should be-forgotten sight to see thousands of con- Trail to Roosevelt Lake, returning via be manufactured near the source of sup- tented cattle and thousands of newly born Globe, Miami and Superior, is an awe- ply, to furnish the entire Pacific seaboard. lambs frolicking by their mothers' sides in eternal luxuriant green pastures in Jan- inspiring, never-to-be-forgotten experience. Germany was once our best customer uary—like a perfect June day in New The visitor is astonished as he speeds along for copper, and may be again. China and England. at a 30-mile per hour clip in comfort, over Japan are now ours at this writing. Ari- one of the most excellent roads in the zona has zinc in abundance—everything Few realize or have any conception of world. As our motor passes under the with which to manufacture brass. Brass the productive value of desert irrigated shadow of "Apache Leap" our minds re- water pipe lasts forever and ultimately lands capable of producing two crops an- vert to pioneer days—when a band of will be used altogether in permanent con- nually, where every day fruit or veg- Indians driven to desperation and their struction. The harnessing of the mighty etables can be gathered, where the busy "last stand", leaped to their deaths rather Colorado—the third largest river in Amer- bee is not compelled to rest any day than submit to capture. Then, as we speed ica—will not only give absolute flood con- throughout the year. Imagine eight to on and rivet our admiring gaze upon the trol and create the world's greatest supply ten crops of alfalfa hay from the same weird, unique and only natural monument of hydro-electric energy, encourage min- land per annum—a crop that does not exhaust but enriches the soil. Add to this to higher altitudes, where it is always depleted, alfalfa will restore it. Thus, a climate delightful for eight months of cool, with awe-inspiring scenery, beautiful with a wise rotation of crops and intelli- the year, but the summers in portions of lakes and forests—the land of "heart's de- gent cultivation, Arizona desert reclaimed the state are tediously long—yet no one sire" for the camper, hunter or fisherman. in productivity is incomparable. dies from the heat and prostrations are The newly reclaimed desert lands are marvelous for the production of cotton in "Westward the course of empire takes its extremely rare. It is but a few hours' de- quality and yield second to none in the way, lightful auto ride over excellent highways world. When the soil becomes somewhat Time's noblest offspring is the last."

Extracts from speech given by Senator T. S. Kimball of Graham County We realize the condition of our state. erty. I have helped also in many projects themselves by issuing irrigation bonds and We have no manufacturing industries. We in irrigation and am willing to lend my aid power bonds just as all other projects have have no way of offering employment to and all the power I possess in the reclama- done in our state and other states in our our young people and so they are forced tion of the three million five hundred country. Thus the burden is carried by to leave the state to make homes else- thousand acres of land in the State of Ari- the project itself and not by bonding the where. zona. state. Now, we have the greatest asset of any I have lived to see Maricopa county What does this mean? It means the man- state in the Union, but if we sign the grow from the valuation of $100,000 to ufacture of all of our copper into the fin- Compact we are giving away this great one hundred million dollars taxable prop- ished product. It means the manufacture resource. We must stand on our rights erty. This will convince the rising genera- and working up of all of our cotton. It or our names will go down in history as tions that the projects now under consid- means the manufacture and working up of traitors to the future generations. I want eration are no dream and mean to this you to know that I am one hundred per state a million more people, with a billion all of our wool. It means saving hundreds cent Arizonan, my people having come into dollars taxable property. Then you will of thousands of dollars in freight. It the state in 1877. see our taxes decrease, but if we fall down means the electrifying of all railroads. It I have hauled freight in the early days this time, Arizona is finished. There is a means the warming of every home, both from Ehrenburg by way of Maricopa Wells great deal of unrest among the property and Phoenix to Prescott. After a hard owners of this state as to the issuing of the mansion and hovel, so that the poor day's work I have taken my turn in stand- bonds. In my judgment all of the pro- as well as the rich may live instead of ing guard to protect our lives and prop- posed projects will be able to finance merely exist.

Status of the Engineer I believe Erickson, inventor of the Mon- failed to take his place in the procession I fancy the engineer is too far afield, itor and the propeller blade, has a monu- of the multitude? Is he a recluse, that his calling too thinly spread and his pres- ment to his memory—not on account of cannot find time or inclination in the ence in too plain a setting to fit the pre- any singularly endowed ability as an en- fabric of so many designs fashioned by the occupied business man whose affairs in gineer, but rather to the war machine that moderns? At any rate, he is placed by life are balanced with a smear of topical turned the naval period during our Civil certain interests as an integral in its cos- jokes, slap-stick with fashion's pattern. War. So I might say there is no recog- mos. How often is his office door assailed Have I been too harsh or have my read- nition of the engineering professional call- by the man higher-up as "our engineer." ing—a calling that has so materially ad- ers failed to cut my books? vanced the world's progress. Then an inquiry within the province of the office boy, on in which he is consulted. His JOHN DEVEREUX YORK, Has modern society accepted so lightly willingness to answer as an expert has been Engineer. these steady advancements in his science that it moves from plane to plane unno- his undoing, making him the butt for legal 91 Columbus Ave., ticed, or has the engineer in his tedium complications. Phoenix, Arizona. Present Plan for Irrigation and Power Water and Power Filings Saves the State

ARIZONA HIGHLINE CANAL, SPEN- ple, making good business and relieving state irrigation district bonds. But the CER CANYON DIVERSION DAM, taxation." state should at least do as all other states have done—take GLEN CANYON DAM charge of the situation FILED ON FOR Senator Fred T. Colter, president of and protect and ascertain her rights, at THE STATE OF ARIZONA. EN- the Arizona Highline Reclamation Asso- least up to that financing period, and if ciation, who filed for and on behalf of it develops that it is better to finance GINEERING PARTY FINISHES SUR- the State of Arizona on waters and power through the government or in some other VEY AND REPORT IS SUBMITTED of the Colorado River, says: way rather than by herself, then there will be plenty of time to decide on that. TO THE GOVERNOR. The filing on the waters of the Colo- rado River for the Glen Canyon dam and Upon the recommendation that $25,- With. the approval of the Governor, the Spencer Canyon and Arizona Highline 000 be spent to survey Arizona Highline Senator Fred T. Colter, President of the canal and for the State of Arizona estab- Canal of the E. C. LaRue, chief of the lishes and gives Arizona a priority that Arizona Highline Reclamation Association, United States Geological Survey, who is will date from the time of filing. Be- the highest authority on the Colorado, was for and on behalf of the State of Arizona, sides protecting her, it gives her the pri- the climax and stroke which urged action completed filings for water and power mary information to confer and negotiate to protect and file on Arizona's rights, re- made with the State Water Commissioner with any or all of the states concerned as sulting in the Governor's authorization of well as the federal government, her pro- on the Colorado River for twenty thou- the immediate survey of the Arizona tectorate. Especially will that be easy now Highline Canal. The Project proved very sand second feet of water for the Arizona since all of the laws on the subjects of feasible on the 2,000-foot diversion level, Highline Canal; the Spencer Canyon Di- water are clear and thoroughly tested as and this is the only surey that has been version Dam, capacity fifteen million acre in the states, and between the states. made anywhere near this level. feet; the Glen Canyon Dam, situated at The Colorado Compact, however, has the upper end of the Grand Canyon, 52 practically no precedent in the United The following is a brief digest of a de- million acre feet of storage water all for States, and would upset our present easy tail estimate of cost made by George W. course. It would kill those above three and one-half million acres of land Sturtevant, engineer in charge of the sur- projects that we should preserve and pro- coming under the Arizona Highline Canal tect for Arizona. The Arizona Highline vey: to be irrigated throughout Arizona. Canal would require alone all the water that the compact allots to the three lower Summarized Cost of the Arizona Highline Senator Colter states: "There has been basin states, which is eight and one-half Canal great anxiety expressed by many people million acre feet. The compact posi- of the State for the necessity of these tively in the eight and one-half million A diversion dam located in the lower acre feet of perpetual filings being immediately made, especially and unchangeable canyon section of the Colorado River, five allotment, includes the present used water miles below Spencer Canyon, constructed since the handing down of the Colorado- rights and clearly states the taking of the Wyoming Supreme Court decision last ten million acre feet of surplus waters to divert water at the 2000-foot level as year, which substantiated as between and all other rights unallotted to either a gravity type monolithic concrete clam, basin are states the long-used, satisfactory and included and charged solely in and including electrically operated head- the pact apportionment of the eight and gate system, 30 miles of railroad with tested law of prior appropriations that one-half million acre feet, leaving only has been established in most all of the a very small acreage that could be irri- equipment, cement plant, all necessary western irrigation states. However, there gated in Arizona then with the remaining housing, cables, hoists, machinery, tools, hasn't until now been sufficient informa- water after you divided the approximate equipment and labor, will cost $46,- three million acre feet that the pact would 340,000. tion and engineering data to make these leave between the three lower basin states. filings, until the return of the engineering A Highline Canal, all concrete lined, party led by George W. Sturtevant and It is rumored they get together and then ratify the pact. Think of the ab- 548 miles total length, with a capacity of Edward L. Starn sent out by the Gov- surdity of ratifying a pact that gives our 15,000 cubic feet per second for over ernor to make a reconnoisance survey of water away, leaving no water to agree 250 miles, and reduced in capacity for the Arizona Highline Canal some time on. It is an absolute fact that there is the remainder of its mileage, including ago. more than sufficient surplus unallotted water in the total Colorado River basin 27 miles of cement-lined tunnels (all "This has now been done and the en- over and above the sixteen million acre short in length) and including power op- gineering report completed and the report feet, total allotment in perpetuity by the erated headgates ot all lateral canal sys- of the Arizona Highline Canal and Di- pact than is necessary to supply the mil- tem, will cost $206,116,000. version Dam has developed more feasible lions of acres of land under the Arizona and much cheaper than expectations of Highline Canal, and the other projects in One hundred and fifty-five miles of the most optimistic. This report, in addi- this state, as well as other states, which main lateral canals, all concrete lined and tion to the facts ascertained in the sur- surplus we can't take by the pact. vey, was based on much previous work leading to distribution centers for water by the engineers and their personal knowl- One problem that unfortunately has supply to 3,500,000 acres, will cost $37,- edge, in addition to engineering data and been confused in the public's mind today 544,000. facts previously obtained which is set out relative to these reclamation projects is in their following report. the ability to finance them. Naturally, Total cost, $290,000,000. the first consideration that confronts Ari- "Arizona has not sufficient money to zona she has accomplished that is to file, This does not include credits from gov- obtain engineering data and facts to pro- and establish her rights; and the next ernment for flood control, -nor the power tect her sufficiently and protect these object is to get engineering data sufficient on the Highline Canal that will filings in the long future; it is quite es- to complete them, and then when the time developed sential that there be an initiated petition comes to finance, which will take some eventually pay for the cost of the entire to the people to raise the funds to pro- up to that point; we will then have sev- project. tect her billions of dollars' worth of eral plans by which finance can be ac- water, land and power rights and save complished; by the State of Arizona; that GEO. W. STURTEVANT, her taxable wealth, making homes and is, with the United States government, Engineer in Charge of the Arizona State establishing .industries for millions of peo- or by both state or government, or by Survey Party, Engineer's Report

September 18, 1923. Many of the sturdy sons of early pio- Thence in a southeasterly direction and neers of Arizona and sons and daughters within the Williams River Valley along Honorable George W. P. Hunt. of pioneers of other states now compris- the southerly slope of Potts mountain to the progressive citizenry of this state the west side of Rawhide mesa; Sir: Agreeable to, and in keeping with, ing as one man, and looking with the eye of Thence northeasterly through a short your directions for a careful research or as empire builders must ever look, tunnel through Rawhide mesa, and a canal reconnaissance survey to determine the faith have asked and prayed for months and winding throagh the low hilly distric; practicability of a Highline Canal from of them for years that the waters distance of nine miles northeasterly to such a point on the Colorado River as some of the mighty Colorado River, this rich- a point one mile below Signai postoffice will permit the waters thereof to be util- est heritage ever vouchsafed to any people and village on the west bank of Sandy ized for the irrigation of large areas of of the world, may be saved to them and iiver; desert lands in Arizona, we submit the to their children, and to their children's Thence across the Sandy River by a following: childre n for all the generations to come. concrete flume supported by a concrete It is now and for many years past has Their prayers must be and will be an- arch of about 300 feet span and about been well known to State officials and swered. 700 feet in height. many citizens of Arizona that there are Months ago at the request of a number Thence in a southeasterly and easterly several millions of acres of desert lands of citizens of this State for an opinion as direction by an all canal route through in the central and westerly portion of Ari- to the practicability or possibility of a rough, irregular hilly topography a dis- zona well suited both geographically and highline canal from the Colorado River lance of nearly twenty miles to the Santa physically for agricultural and horticul- at an elevation that would cover large 1‘,1:atia. River; tural purposes and needing only the vi- acreage in the central and western por- Thence across the Santa Maria river by talizing force of a necessary water supply tion of the State, we procured all avail- concrete flume to the Yavapai county line, and the magic touch of the skilled and able publications of State and county and still on to and across Date creek and industrious husbandman to yield abund- maps and United States topographical and Bullard wash to the north side of Corona antly of all the field crops and fruits suit- land surveys, we interviewed a large num- mountain; ed to the varying altitudes of this vast bero f former state land inspectors and Thence through a short tunnel under area. appraisers, cattlemen, county surveyors Corona mountains to the northerly end of When the former chief of the United and engineers and land owners throughout Butler Valley; States Reclamation Service tentatively se- the portions of the state covered by the Thence southwesterly along the east lected the Boulder Canyon Dam site as research survey of a proposed highline Sidle of Butler Valley to a pass through a desirable location for a diversion dam, it canal herein described. the Granite Wash mountains into the was hoped that Arizona might soon realize After much careful study of all the lower Butler Valey; the benefits of a very extensive irrigation maps and information thus acquired, sup- Thence southerly along the westerly project or projects covering millions of plemented by a personal knowledge of slope of the Harcuvar mountains to the its acres of arid lands watered by a canal the Williams River watershed, and of Santa Fe railroad about three miles east system from the Colorado River. But t.e Colorado River and vailo. from of Vicksburg Station; when by diligent inquiry and research it tLe Chernehuovi mountains .tmth of To- Thence southeasterly along the westerly became known that only a limited acreage pock to, and a little above Diamond creek slopes of the Little Harqua Hala moun- —not to exceed 300,000 acres of all the acquired by personal surveys of these tains, a distance of twelve miles, to a available lands in Arizona could ever be aieas in 1893-4, we projected on to topo- pass easterly through said mountains four irrigated by any proposed canal system graphical and state maps the approximate miles or more north of Lone mountain with diversion headworks at the then pro- location for a high-line canal as follows: into the westerly side of the Harqua Hala posed Boulder Canyon dam, it became nec- Beginning at one of the available and plains; essary -for citizens of the State interested approved dam sites located four to eight Thence easterly across the northerly both in its present and future welfare to miles below the mouth of Spencer or edge of the Harqua Hala plains to the search with greater care for more com- Muttewitteki canyon with a dam approx- south spur of the Big Horn mountains; prehensive benefits from the Colorado imately 700 to 750 feet above Colorado Thence easterly along the south slope of River than were promised by the construc- river bed and with a water surface ele- the Big Horn mountains to the eastern ex- tion of a dam at any point either in Boul- vation of 2,000 feet at canal head gates; tremity thereof, and then on to the Has- der or Black Canyon. Thence by canal along the southerly sayampa River at a point about eight We will not here discuss the merits or bank of the Colorado River to a small miles below Hot Springs Junction, on the demerits of the proposed Boulder Canyon canyon about four miles below what is Santa Fe R. R.; Dam further than to say that if properly locally known as Quartermaster canyon; Thence easterly by flume across the designed and constructed it would serve Thence westerly into and across Grape- Hassayampa River, and still easterly to a the dual purpose of a flood control and vine wash (so called) to the easterly crossing of the Santa Fe railroad about stabilizing agency for the entire flow of slope of the Hualpai mountains; one mile north of Hoover Station; the lower Colorado River, and as a power Thence westerly through a pass or gap Thence easterly along the south slope dam would be capable of use for the gen- in the Hualpai mountains into and across of the Hieroglyphic mountains to and eration of more than 350,000 electrical Hualpai Valley and wash; across the Agua Fria River, and still easterly across New River and Cave Creek horsepower. But if so used and practical- a short tunnel Thence westerly through to the south slope of Union mountain; ly all the stabilized flow of the river were to .a valley lying east of Squaw Peak returned to the channel below the dam, Thence easterly along the northerly and about six miles in width by canal; of Paradise Valley to the south- Arizona could be supplied with water a short boundary Thence southwesterly through easterly side of McDowell mountains to for only 300,000 acres, and Cali- Peak into and tunnel southeast of Squaw a point 157 feet above the crest of Gran- fornia could in like manner be sup- across Squaw Wash Valley. plied with water from the Colorado River ite Reef dam; Thence southwesterly through a short Thence across under the Salt River for a total of never to exceed 850,000 in the Black moun- tunnel under a pass through a circular tunnel syphon in bed acres in the Imperial Valley and adjacent a point on the westerly tain range to rock to the south side of Salt River; territory, and all the remaining vast sur- nearly east from the slope of this range Thence in a southeasterly and southerly plus waters from the Colorado River old Eldorado ferry; would flow forever unused by Arizona or direction to a point on the north bank California; and if not used on lands in Thence southerly along the westerly of the Gila River about seven miles below the sister republic, all this vast surplus slope of the Black mountain range from 4 Florence, in Final county; of several millions acre feet of water to 10 miles from the Colorado river to and Thence by concrete flume across Gila a point would flow onward and be swallowed by across the Sacramento Valley to River and by canal in a southwesterly Station, the ever-restless waters of the Gulf of about three miles below Yucca direction to a point at or near the north California, leaving the millions of acres on the Santa Fe railroad; limits of the town of Casa Grande; of arid plains in Arizona to remain for- Thence in a southerly and southwesterly Thence southwesterly and westerly by ever a play ground for the buzzard and direction across the southerly end of the canal a distance of about twenty-five the home of the rattlesnake and the prai- Sacramento Valley or plains and well to miles to a point about eight miles south- rie dog. This is practically all the Boul- the east of the Buck Hills to the divide westerly from Maricopa Junction, a total der Canyon dam promises to Arizona, Cal- or saoe;e between the Sacramento and length of main canal of approximately 548 ifornia and Nevada. Mohave creek valleys; miles. Acreage Irrigable by Gravity Under High what is known as Spencer or Mittewittiki interurban and street railway purposes, Line Canal 3,500,000 Acres Canyon. The width of canyon at these also for all power and manufacturing Acres sites at low water line will not exceed purposes, all mine uses, and for In Mohave County 130,000 160 feet, and at an elevation of 700 feet practically all residence lighting, heat- In Yavapai County. 25,000 above low water the width between can- ing, cooking, and other p o we r In Yuma County 1,395,000 yon walls will not exceed 700 to 800 feet. purposes, and assuming that when In Maricopa County 1,610,000 The river section from an unknown so used the load factor will be SO per In Pinal 240,000 depth below low-water level to an elevation cent or more, and that the power is sold In Pima County 100,000 of more than 125 ft. above low water is in at not to exceed 114 cents per k. w. hour, solid granite, overlaid by strata of firm the net earning from this power installa- Total acres 3,500,000 quartzite about 75 feet in depth or thick- tion if financed on a OA '4 basis, will pay Stabilization and diversion of all avail- ness and above these are the hard shale off a construction bond issue of $340,- able waters of the Colorado River through limestone and sandstone formations of the 000,000 in 40 years. We are unable to a highline canal for the irrigation of all character observed throughout this canyon complete an approximate estimate of the this vast acreage of desert lands in Ari- section of the Colorado . River. In the cost of a Colorado river dam and highline zona, and for the irrigation of large areas side canyons adjacent to and within a canal system, including the cost of 750,- of similar lands in California will afford radius of three to four miles from the dam 000 horsepower hydroelectric power instal- the most effective flood control for the site we found millions of yards of first- lation as a part of this report. We will, lower Colorado River, and is the only class material consisting of washed sand, however, complete and forward to you logical method for providing such flood gravel and boulders of suitable size for such an approximate estimate of these control.. screening and crushing, and in quantities costs within a week from this date. The construction of such an irrigation largely in excess of all the construction In General and power project will bring into the requirements for the entire dam and head The real value of 3,500,000 acres of land state more than $300,000,000 during the works. under the highline canal when under mod- construction period of about ten years, or We also found in all the side canyons erately intensive cultivation and partially more than $30,000,000 per year. where the proposed canal will be near sets in fruits, including all city and vil- This golden harvest to the state during the Colorado River, and in all the washes lage improvements, all manufacturing the construction period will be followed along the 300 miles of line inspected, all plants and commercial houses, all railways, by an increase in population of more than necessary sand and gravel and boulders interurban and street railways and other a million settlers, mostly from without within easy reach of the canal more necessary public utilities, will be more the state, to open and improve the lands than sufficient for canal lining and all than one billion ($1,000,000,000) dollars. thus made available for development. structural work in connection therewith. The increase of population in Arizona Closely following, and as a matter of fact Available Power clue to and resulting from this proposed accompanying this period of the most mar- In our consideration of all the benefits Arizona Highline Canal Irrigation and velous empire building yet known to this possible to Arizona from the construction Power Project will amount to more than nation, will be the extension of railroad of a highline canal, our primary thought 1,250,000 people. lines to meet all the traffic needs of the has been the use of all available water, The annual gross value of all crops pro- people. The increase in traffic of all first for irrigation purposes to the full- duced on the "3,500,000- acres of land re- kinds and classes sure to follow the con- est extent possible, and, secondarily, the claimed under this project will exceed struction of a highline canal and the open- use of the water wherever condition's will $350,000,000—and will nearly equal, if ing and development of this vast acreage permit for power development. not in fact exceed, the first cost of the will automatically cause a reduction in all It is not our purpose to discuss in de- complete highline irrigation project. freight rates to a basis comparable with tail in this communication all or any of Is there any reason why this, the great- those charged throughout all agricultural the single unit power plants, either at est heritage ever vouchsafed to any peo- districts in the middle west. the diversion dam or along the main ple should be forever lost to the people Feasibility of an Arizona Highline Canal high line transmission canal or along of Arizona and to the nation? Since a highline canal was projected the lateral canal systems necessary for A final survey and report on this proj- on the best available maps as herein above the distribution of water to 3,560,000 ect when made will disclose every detail described some doubt having been publicly acres of land distributed throughout the of the project substantially as herein rep- expressed by a few members of the pres- valley and mesa lands of Mohave, Yavapai, resented. ent legislature and others, as to its entire Yuma, Maricopa, Pinal and Pima coun- We find the proposed Arizona 114.v,hline feasibility, we have, in compliance with ties. Canal-Irrigation and Power Project en- your instructions, made a careful recon- The use of the waters of the Colorado tirely practical and feasible. naissance inspection survey of the entire river as proposed for irrigation to its full- We find that construction of a high- line from the Hassayampa River to the est extent through a highline canal system line diversion dam on the Colorado river proposed canal heading on the Colorado will in no way impair its use or value for below the mouth of Spencer Canyon will River. power purposes, but on the contrary it back or flood water to a depth of more Wherever elevations were in doubt will greatly increase the available power than four hundred feet at the mouth of along the line of this inspection we have possible of development and by the dis- Diamond creek. run exact levels and triangulations from tribution of a number of power plants Adequate funds should be made avail- the nearest available bench marks—in all throughout the central and western por- able for a complete and comprehensive about 82 miles of exact level work was tion of the state will add greatly to the survey, and for estimated cost of an (lone. efficiency in the production and distribu- Arizona Highline Canal-Irrigation and After completing the examination of tion of power produced. Power Project. over 300 miles of this line it is gratify- The largest of the power plants in this We recommend the immediate filing ing to report that while portions of this project will be located in Mohave county. on. and the appropriation of all unused canal will be constructed through some There will also be a number of major and unappropriated waters of the Colo- rough and rugged material, yet the capacity plants along the main highline rado river in the name and for the use amount of tunnel work will be consid- transmission canal and on soi.,e of the of the State of Arizona and its people. erably less than was ever hoped or ex- larger lateral canals having hydroelec- We recommend the immediate filing- on pected by the most ardent supporters of tric machinery capacity and installation all dam and reservoir sites on arid along the highline canal project, and the total of 50,000 to 100,000 horse power each. the Colorado river and its tributaries in length of tunnels along the main high- While the available potential power Arizona necessary to the diversion and line transmission canal will not exceed 27 possible of development within this proj- use of the waters thereof for irrigation miles. ect exceeds 1,000,000 electrical horse- and power uses and purposes by said We are pleased to advise you, and it power we deem it conservatively prudent State and for the use of its people. certainly was a great source of gratifica- to advise or recommend the development The construction cost of a Colorado tion to us to find within three miles of of only 750,000 horsepower as a part of river dam below Spencer Canyon to di- the dam site all the necessary material the initial construction of the dual irri- vert water at a 2,000-foot elevation, in- components for making a high-class Port- gation-power development constituting the cluding over 500 miles of highline canal land cement, except the necessary fuel. Arizona highline canal project. and 155 miles of lateral canals reaching which will have to be piped from the Assuming that 750,000 horsepower of to centers of distributiion to 3,500,000 railroad or otherwise transported to the hydro-electric energy will find a mar- acre: of desert lands in Arizona, will be cement plant. ket in Arizona, California, Nevada and $290,000,000. We observed and inspected no less than New Mexico immediately . upon develop- Respectfuly submitted, three desirable dam sites in the canyon ment of this project, and assuming the GEO. W. STURTEVANT. section of the Colorado River below use of this power for all trunk line and EDWARD L. STAM. COMPACT IS MOT MEWED TN' LAW SAYS If IS umrAIR

on ill) il iwtt

,z107,77 A 1,01))7 1

(A>t/Vi, , -074111ii /Ph) , NO CHANCE FOR A "BUGABOO" George H. Maxwell's Brief

Before the FEDERAL POWER COMMISSION of the United States of America, Washington, D. C.

In the Matter of the Application for a Per- to do so were unquestioned, would for- The Route for the Arizona High Line mit to Build the Diamond Creek Power ever prevent the creation of, and blot out Canal, starting at the Spencer Canyon Plant on the Colorado River in the State of existence in advance, that vast poten- dam, at an elevation of 2,000 feet, rises of Arizona. tiality of taxable wealth, indispensable to right above all the serious difficulties of the future welfare of the people of Ari- construction encountered on routes start- zona, in order to grant a permit for the ing from the river at lower elevations. Ac- A BRIEF IN OPPOSITION TO THE building of a private water APPLICATION power project, cepting that fundamental fact as a start- planned and promoted for private ing point, every Submitted by George H. Maxwell, execu- profit, adverse opinion hereto- without any reference to the public wel- fore rendered with reference to tive director of the National Reclama- the prac- fare. ticability of the Arizona High Line Canal, tion Association, supplementary to an as an oral If the promoters of the Diamond Creek engineering project, is swept over- statement at the hearing on said board, and we application at Washington, Project, as the result of the exercise of are left face to face with D. C., on the issue, bared to September 24-25, 1923, setting forth the keen foresight in advance of a public the bone, that either awakening to the necessity for public ac- the United States or Mexico gets the grounds of objection to the issuance of water. said permit, and to the construction of tion for the protection of public rights, said Diamond Creek Power Plant, from have acquired any legal or moral private THE ONLY WAY TO SAVE THE the standpoint of the general public wel- rights, let them be compensated for them; RIVER FOR THE UNITED STATES OF or let fare and the interests of the people at their project be shifted farther up AMERICA IS TO BUILD THE SPENCER large throughout the entire nation. the river to the Marble Canyon power site. CANYON DAM. IF THE DIAMOND At Marble Canyon a power plant could be CREEK DAM IS BUILT, MEXICO GETS built without any interference with the THE WATER. Arizona is an arid State. Agriculture is utilization of the waters of the Colorado It is contended that the Diamond Creek possible only with irrigation. The available River for the reclamation of the proposed Power Plant is necessary for the develop- water supply without the Colorado River is 3,500,000 acres in Arizona, which can ment of power to facilitate mining opera- insufficient for an adequate agricultural only be reclaimed by the building of the tions in Arizona. The first large center foundation for the State. Arizona's only Spencer Canyon dam to divert the water of use for power for that purpose would hope for a great future development on an from the river on the 2,000-foot contour be at Jerome. It is 120 miles from Je- enduring agricultlral basis lies in the Col- above sea level. rome to Diamond Creek. It is 120 miles orado River as a source of water supply The only site where a dam can be built from Jerome to the Marble Canyon power for the reclamation of large areas of arid that will make possible that necessary di- site. And from Jerome to every other lands within the State. version from the river on the 2,000-foot poitn where power would be used in Ari- Under these conditions, is it not mani- contour is at Spencer Canyon, not over zona the distance and the transmission fest that even though the Federal Water 20 miles below the proposed Diamond routes would be the same. Creek dam and power plant. Power Act might be conceded to be con- The various pleas madei n behalf of the stitutional, within the proper limitations The building of the Spencer Canyon Diamond Creek Power Project can carry of the exercise of the powers granted by dam at that location would raise the water no weight when the fact is borne in mind it, that these powers would not extend to to the 2,000-foot level in the reservoir that so far as power is concerned, it can the arbitrary granting of a private permit formed by the dam. The bed of the river be just as well developed at Marble Can- to construct a private enterprise, which if at the proposed Diamond Creek site would yon as at Diamond Creek, with this dif- built would create vested rights depriving be covered 645 feet deep by the waters ference: the State of Arizona of all possibility of of the Spencer Canyon reservoir. The The development at Marble Canyon the development of an agricultural founda- level of the bed of the river at the Dia- would be entirely above the surface level tion for the maintenance of the State, of mond Creek site is 1,355 feet. No matter of the Spencer Canyon reservoir, and such vast extent as that which would be what the height of the Diamond Creek would not deprive Arizona of the water created by the reclamation within the dam might be, the water would be dropped for the reclamation of 3,500,000 acres of State of 3,500,000 acres of desert land? back to the 1,350-foot level at the base arid land in that State. That is the area which can and will un- of the dam, if a power plant were built to utilize the fall at that point. If the On the contrary, the development at doubtedly be reclaimed in Arizona with the Diamond Creek, because of immutable regulated flow of the Colorado river un- Diamond Creek permit were issued and a vested right created to build the Diamond physical facts, and the law of gravity, der the plan proposed in the report of the would result in an irrevocable and irre- Sturtevant-Stam Arizona State Survey, Creek power plant, the Spencer Canyon dam never could be built. coverable surrender of the water neces- provided the necessary water be not given sary for that reclamation to Mexico for There is no other way to get to Mexico, as would result from the grant- the water the benefit of American land speculators out of the river onto that ing of the Diamond Creek permit. 3,500,000 acres competitive Asiatic agriculturists in in Arizona except to build and The reclamation of 3,500,000 acres of the Spencer Colorado River below the Canyon dam. That fact is now known. the delta of the arid land in Arizona would create fourteen boundary line. units of irrigated land each equal in area It is known absolutely and positively as to the Roosevelt Reservoir-Salt River Val- the final result of an aggregate expendi- No appointed or voluntary committee, ley Reclamation Service Project, which ture of more than $40,000 from the treas- however brought into existence, could have embraces 250,000 acres surrounding the ury of the State of Arizona. That knowl- any right to speak for or bind the State city of Phoenix, and now comprises nearly edge is worth to the State all it cost and a of Arizona by consenting to any such con- half the entire irrigated area of the State good deal more. Every survey, investiga- cession. Only an act of the legislature, having an adequate water supply. tion, engineering opinion and report that approved by the Governor, could have the opponents of the Arizona High Line that effect, and under the limitations of THE RECLAMATION OF 3,500,000 Canal have been able to secure that would the Enabling Act of Arizona it would be ACRES OF ARID LAND IN ARIZONA have given the water to Mexico by con- doubtful whether even the State itself WOULD CREATE OUT OF NOTHING A demning the Arizona High Line Canal was could give away this vast future basis TAXABLE WEALTH OF OVER TWO based upon some assumed route for that for taxation and State revenue without the BILLION DOLLARS AS A BASIS FOR canal which presented obstacles that are approval of the Congress of the United REVENUE FOR THE SUPPORT OF THE entirely eliminated by adopting the route States. These limitations of the Enabling STATE. on the higher elevation which becomes Act were put there for the purpose of It is inconceivable that the Federal possible when the intake of the canal is protecting the State against just such ill- Power Commission, even though its power on the 2,000-foot contour above sea level. advised and improvident grants of power rights as that which is now sought for the acres, whether Mexico has any right to it unused by us, we should endeavor to take proposed Diamond Creek Project. or not, unless without delay the works it way from them, and dry them up, and The interest of the nation in the future are buuilt in our own country to utilize destroy their homes, and bring them face growth, development of population and the water for irrigation before it gets to face with starvation, the storm of pro- prosperity of the people of any State is across the line into Mexico. test that would result would raise an in- something that must be considered when If the Diamond Creek permit is granted, ternational complication of serious pro- any proposition of such magnitude as this no treaty can prevent Mexico from getting portions. There is nothing that so arouses arises, involving as it does the possibility water for 2,000,000 acres of land. the fighting determination of men as an that in the future the exhaustion of the We cannot repeal or change the law of effort to take their water for irrigation mineral resources of the State ma y gravity. Water runs down hill. No treaty away from them in an arid region where a burden of taxation on other elm. ses of will stop any part of the regulated flow water means life. property too heavy to be borne, and result of the Colorado River from running on In this connection it may be well to re- eventually in State bankruptcy and de- clown the channel of the river into Mexico, member that the Japanese and Chinese will population, unless an adequate agricultural unless it is diverted from the channel and settle this Colorado River deleta in Mexico, foundation has been built in the mean- consumptively used for irrigation in the and that the Japanese Empire recognizes time. United States of America before it gets the dual citizenship. Those Japanese set- In the face of the facts, it cannot be to the international boundary line. That tlers will become citizens of Mexico. They assumed that Congress ever intended to cannot be done if either the Boulder Can- will acquire and exercise all the privileges delegate to the Federal Power Commission yon or the Diamond Creek power plants of Mexican citizenship. But they will still the power to bring such a calamity upon are built, or if the Colorado River Com- retain their rights as citizens of the Jap- any State. pact is ratified, if the Carl Hayden Colo- anese Empire, entitling them to the pro- This brief is submitted, not only in op- rado River bill is enacted. tection of that government. They would position to the granting of the Diamond If the water once crosses that boundary appeal for it en masse, if we should under- Creek permit on the grounds herein set line, it will be used for irrigation in take to deprive them of a water supply forth, hut also as an application for the Mexico, right or no right, treaty or no which we had permitted them to use for time necessary to gather the data and treaty. Any treaty which recognized a the development of that country. Our facts elucidating the physical and fiscal right to use any part of the regulated flow controversy, in that event, would be not problems involved in behalf of the State of for reclamation in Mexico, even for so alone with Mexico. It likewise would be Arizona, as well as the legal, and present comparatively small a tract as 200,000 with Japan. And it is exceedingly im- them to this commission in support of acres, would be the entering wedge that probable that we would ever recover the the contention that the Federal Power would start the reclamation and settle- water, after having permitted its use for a Commission, under the Act creating it, has ment of that country in Mexico by Asiat- considerable time in Mexico by Asiatics no power to thus wrest from the sovereign ics with a rush. Once under way, it would to establish homes, raise crops and sup- State of Arizona her only possible natural gain by its own momentum, and would port families. The doctrine of laches resource constituting a potential agricul- never stop until every acre had been re- might well be invoked to modify a treaty tural foundation for the adequate future claimed and colonized, for which the nec- between nations as well as a legal status support of the State. essary water came down across the inter- between individuals. The grounds of opposition, from the national boundary line. The time to settle that controversy is national point of view, to the granting of before it comes into existence, and while the Diamond Creek permit and the conse- The river below the line runs on the that desert crest of a hog's back, sloping away from delta country is still an unin- quent construction of the Diamond Creek habitable waste. It is credibly reported Power Plant apply with equal force. the river through the Imperial Valley of California to an ultimate depression that some deal has already been macle with (a) To the building of the Boulder of the Japanese to acquire it over two hundred feet below sea level. The for the Asiatic Canyon power project. colonization, and that the contract has al- (b) To the ratification of the so-called final drainage is into the Salton Sea. ready been There is probably no other place in the let for the construction of the Colorado River Compact or proposed State first unit of the world where irrigation works could be so railroad to connect Calex- treaty between the seven States of the ico with the easily or cheaply built to distribute the proposed new city at the head Colorado River basin. of the Gulf water over the land as in the delta of the of California. The truth of (c) To the making of any treaty with those reports Colorado River in Mexico, if the floods could be easily verified by Mexico recognizing rights to the use of the the United States government. Those waters of the Colorado River for the recla- were controlled and the flow of the river regulated by building storage reservoirs facts should be absolutely known before mation of lands in Mexico now owned by any such and power plants in the United States action is taken as to grant the American land speculators who are en- Diamond Creek of America. permit and thereby irre- deavoring by that means to bring into ex- vocably surrender the water to Mexico to istence conditions whereby enough water If that were done, two or three years' carry out that speculative scheme, and put fforn the Colorado River would go to use of the water in Mexico would be a profit of $100,000,000 or more into Mexico to reclaim two million acres of arid worth to the Asiatic cultivators in that the pockets of its promoters, at the ex- land in the delta of the river between country enough to justify the cost of the pense o fArizona's future. the international boundary line and the cheap system of distribution necessary to We cannot justify ourselves unless we head of the Gulf of California. get the water out over the land. safeguard in advance against the possi- (d) To the passage of the Carl Hayden The idea that any of the regulated flow bility of future conflict with an Asiatic Colorado River bill. of the Colorado River that crosses the nation over the Colorado River by secur- THE BOULDER CANYON POWER line into Mexico will be allowed to go to ing, through a treaty with Mexico, the PLANT, if built, would give to Mexico waste into the Gulf of California is the unquestioned right to dry the river up water enough for 2,000,000 acres, and most arrant nonsense. Every drop of that before it gets to the Mexican boundary would dedicate 3,500,000 acres in Arizona regulated flow will be used in Mexico that line. Then we must go ahead and dry it to the desert forever. ever gets across the boundary line into up in fact by building the necessary works THE DIAMOND CREEK POWER that country, and that means all the water to utilize every drop of the regulated PLANT, if built, would give to Mexico that we do not use in the United States flow of the river for irrigation in the water enough for 2,000,000 acres, and of America. United States of America, and actually use would dedicate 3,500,000 acres in Arizona EVERY DROP OF THE REGULATED it in our own country. to the desert forever. FLOW OF THE COLORADO RIVER MEXICO HAS NO RIGHT, UNDER THE COLORADO RIVER COMPACT, THAT WE DO NOT USE FOR IRRIGA- INTERNATION LAW OR UNDER THE ratified, would give to Mexico water TION BEFORE IT GETS TO MEXICO COMITY OF NATIONS, TO THE USE if IRRIGATION IN enough for 2,000,000 acres, and would WILL BE USED FOR FOR IRRIGATION IN MEXICO OF ONE dedicate 3,500,000 acres in Arizona to the MEXICO AFTER IT GETS TO MEXICO, SINGLE DROP 0 FTHE FLOOD FLOW BE PUT UPON desert forever. NO LIMITATION CAN OF THE COLORADO RIVER WHICH THE CARL HAYDEN COLORADO THAT USE IN MEXICO BY TREATY MAY BE HEREAFTER MADE AVAIL- if passed, would give to THAT WILL BE ENFORCEABLE, IF ABLE FOR IRRIGATION BY BUILDING RIVER BILL, GO BE- Mexico water enough for 2,000,000 acres, WE ALLOW THE WATER TO STORAGE RESERVOIRS IN THE BOUNDARY LINE BE- and would dedicate 3,500,000 acres in Ari- LOW THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. TWO COUNTRIES. zona to the desert forever. TWEEN THE If a claim is made by Mexico, under And if, at some future time, possibly the comity of nations, to a share of the ANY TREATY WITH MEXICO, recog- of the river, regulated flow years hence, after the Asiatic colonists natural low water fiow that nizing a right to use the claim is limited by the amount heretofore Colorado River for reclamation in and cultivators in Mexico have built up .a o fthe prosperous com- used in Mexico for irrigation, which has country, would result in ultimately densely pouulated and that that surplus water, not exceeded 1,000,000 acre feet annually. giviri:E. to Mexico water for 2,000,000 munity by the use of That is enough for the irrigation of about California. The seaport city at the head ny and seaport city in America, constitut- 200,000 acres. The Arthur P. Davis Re- of the Gulf of California would grow with ing an aeroplane base within 250 miles port puts the area now irrigated in Mexico a rapidity rivaling that of Los Angeles. from the city of Los Angeles, and only at 190,000 acres. The amount necessary But this development in Mexico would all 200 miles from Phoenix, Arizona. to cover the value of that claim should be be clone by Asiatics for the benefit of If no question of war or peace, or of fixed by international agreement and paid Asiatics. They will acquire, own in per- safeguarding the nation in case of war, to Mexico. petuity, and cultivate the land, conduct the were involved, the opinion would be uni- That would forever end all controversy industries, own the shipping, carry on the versal that the Colorado river should be on this subject. It is the only way to end commerce and control the city. The huge developed for the benefit of the United it. The controversy will otherwise be in- sus they would pay to Mexico in the form States of America, and not for the benefit terminable. It will grow out of the estab- of taxes would make this Asia in America of a few American land speculators own- lishment in America of a breeding ground a "widow's cruse of oil" for the Mexican ing lands in Mexico, or the Asiatics to for racial conflict and Asiatic competi- national treasury. whom they are planning to sell these lands. tion which would constitute a menace of The magnitude of this great speculative Whoever may be the present or inter- such far-reaching danger that any expendi- land scheme in Mexico is almost unbe- mediary owners of those lands, if they are ture necessary to eliminate it in advance lievable and beyond the ordinary powers reclaimed with the waters of the Colorado would be justified as a military measure of imagination. When areas are mentioned, River it is absolutely and beyond a per- of national safety for the future. how few there are who realize thta 2,000,- adventure of doubt inevitable that they WE HAD BETTER SPEND THE 000 acres is an area of irrigable land will ultimately be owned by Asiatics. MONEY NECESSARY TO PREVENT A equivalent to one-sixth of the cultivated Those Asiatics will be the final benefi- WAR THAN BE FORCED TO SPEND IT area of Japan, with its 30,000,000 rural ciaries of any of the Colorado River waters TO FIGHT A WAR. population. that go to Mexico. The establishment of an Asiatic city in Those alluvial delta lands in the IM- The military menace is an additional Mexican territory at the head of the Gulf PERIAL VALLEY OF MEXICO are richer reason, demanding primary consideration, of California would create an Asiatic aero- than the cultivated lands in Japan, and because of its magnitude, and sufficient plane base within two hours of Los An- under Japanese or Chinese intensive cul- unto itself to justify any expenditure nec- geles, and every other town and city in tural methods would soon be occupied by essary to provide for the use of the water southern California. Such a project holds as dense a population in proportion. That in our own country and prevent it from possibilities of future calamity so appall- would give us an Asiatic population of being used in Mexico. ing as to stagger the human imagination. 5,000,000 in this competitive colony of The floods of the Colorado River now The urban population of that whole region, Asiatic agriculturists at the mouth of the prevent the flow of the river when at including all of southern Arizona, could be second greatest river in the United States flood from being used in Mexico. All they eliminated by a fleet of aeroplanes armed of America. can now use is from the normal flow of with poison gas bombs within two hours And that 5,000,000 does not include the the river when not at flood. The floods after that fleet had left its base at the Asiatic population that would be brought are a menace to Mexico, which cannot be head of the Gulf of California; and a few into existence and sustained by the com- safeguarded against by works built in explosive bombs, destroying the Los An- merce and industries of the great Asiatic Mexico. Nor can any of the flood waters geles aqueduct and other structures neces- seaport city that this rich and densely pop- be made available for use for irrigation sary for the water supply would return ulated back country would sustain at the in Mexico by anything that can be done the country to a waterless desert. mouth of the Colorado river, at the head in that country. The whole system for In 1853 the United States of America of the Gulf of California, in Mexican the storage and control of the flood waters acquired from the United States of Mexico territory. must be in the United States of America. by agreement and purchase the territory From every point of view, the estab- No reason exists why we should do this included in what is known as the Gadsden lishment of such an Asiatic colony and great work in our country for the benefit Purchase, lying between the Gila River city in America creates dangers so ap- of some other country. and the present international boundary palling that it is inconceivable that it But the problem :roes much deeper than line. should be permitted under any circum- that. It is saturated with the menace of stances, much less made possible by hasty Asiatic expansion into America, against In the same way the United States of action, without the serious consideration, which we have been endeavoring to safe- America ought now to acquire any claim based on all available facts and data guard ourselves ever since the oncoming which Mexico, or any one claiming under which the magnitude of the contemplated wave of Chinese invasion threatened to the or through Mexico, may ever make to menace should insure. These facts should swamp the Pacific coast. use of any of the waters of the Colorado be before this commission through inves- The menace resulted in the enactment or irrigation in River for land reclamation tigations of the subject by the federal gov- of the Chinese exclusion Act. That law the delta of the river below the line in ernment itself. As yet they are available has justified . itself. It has protected us, Mexico. only through the efforts of private citizens so far as the Chinese are concerned. If it As between the two, if a choice had to or the State of Arizona. had not been for the Chinese Exclusion be made, it would be better to cede back Act the whole Pacific littoral would now to Mexico the Gadsden Purchase than to THE COLORADO RIVER IS AN be a Chinese country, the land owned and cede to Mexico, as is now contemplated, AMERICAN RIVER. IT IS THE "NA- cultivated by Chinese, commerce in the to all practical intents and purposes, the TION'S GREATEST ASSET" AS YET hands of the Chinese, manufacturing done water to reclaim and irrigate 2,000,000 UNDEVELOPED. THIS VAST NATU- by Chinese labor in Chinese-owned fac- acres in the delta of the Colorado River RAL RESOURCE OF THE NATION tories, American agriculture and American in Mexico, for the estatblishment of an NOW WASTES INTO THE SEA. IT industry driven out of existence, and agricultural Asiatic annex in America, with WILL CONTINUE TO DO SO UNTIL IT American labor forced to leave the country an Asiatic sea gate city and aeroplane IS CONTROLLED AND CONSERVED by Asiatic competition. base at the head of the Gulf of California. FOR USE BY THE BUILDING OF The Chinese Exclusion Act does not ap- The territory embraced in the Gadsden GREAT STORAGE RESERVOIRS AND ply to the Japanese, but their influx into Purchase could afford no such opportunity POWER PLANTS AND IRRIGATION this country has been restricted by the for the creation in America of an Asiatic SYSTEMS WHICH CAN BE BUILT NO- "gentlemen's agreement" with th eJapan- agricultural empire, with an Asiatic sea- WHERE ELSE BUT IN THE UNITED ese government, and by the alien land port city connecting it with the world's STATES OF AMERICA. EVERY RIGHT- laws of the Pacific Coast States. The markets. No other opportunity exists any- THINKING AMERICAN WILL AGREE Japanese cannot become citizens in this where on the American continent for the THAT WHEN THESE WORKS ARE country. No such limitations exist in Asiatic building up of such a center of BUILT IN THIS COUNTRY TO REGU- Mexico- . In that country they have the agricultural, commercial, industrial and la- LATE THE FLOW OF THE RIVER, IT full right to acquire citizenship and to own bor competition as this proposed oasis at SHALL BE UTILIZED IN AMERICAN land and exercise every right of a native the head of the Gulf of California which TERRITORY TO BUILD AMERICAN of the country. constitutes the Imperial Valley of Mexico. HOMES, SUSTAIN AMERICAN INSTI- Consequently everyone who knows the The Gadsden Purchase nowhere reaches TUTIONS, AND CONTRIBUTE TO AND conditions on the Pacific Coast knows that the seacoast. Its irrigable lands and mines ENLARGE THE NATIONAL STRENGTH, the moment the water were made avail- are already in the hands of Americans. WEALTH, POPULATION AND PROS- able from the Colorado River for the rec- The status of the country is fixed. In the PERITY OF THE UNITED STATES OF lamation of the Imperial Valley of Mexico, Imperial Valley of Mexico everything re- AMERICA. with its two million acres of land of in- mains yet to be done. The doing of it That would be so, without any reference comparable richness, the Japanese and Chi- would surpass the miracle that has been to the military menace that would result nese would swarm into that country, and accomplished in the Imperial Valley of from the establishment of an Asiatic colo- apply their genius for intensive land cul- tivation to that extraordinary soil, with OTHERWISE AVOIDABLE WOULD BE- France or some other nation? And yet, its easily accessible markets. COME INEVITABLE. that is exactly what we are being asked Already the Imperial Valley of Cali- Is not our national government just as to do when we are asked to stand supinely fornia is fast becoming a Japanese coun- much obligated to prevent war, to protect by and watch the Colorado River slip try, notwithstanding all the legal diffi- against the coming into existence of war, away from us and go to Mexico to create, culties the Japanese must opera-te under to eliminate the inevitable causes of war, where there is now only a desert waste, there, because of the alien land laws. Any- as to prepare to fight a war, as we are a city and colony that would be as great one desiring proof of this needs only to now so diligently doing? a menace, under modern military methods, visit that country and see for himself. Is there any possible way in which the as it would be for England to make such Open the Imperial Valley of Mexico to Government of the United States at Wash- a cession of the Isle of Wight or one of cultivation by providing an assured water ington can justify itself for doing some- her southern counties to some other na- supply from the Colorado River, and the thing which renders war unpreventable, tion, with whom she might in the future Japanese will quickly absorb these new when the doing of that thing is unneces- be involved in a war. lands just across the line in Mexico where sary,a nd it has been warned against, and Again let it be said that we may avoid they can own the land they cultivate, and when before now the War Department or prevent the breaking out of an Asiatic could run the country to suit themselves has unmistakably taken the right stand war with America if we can keep the by becoming Mexican citizens. If the against Asiatic aggression on the Ameri- causes of racial controversy and racial Japanese could become citizens of our can continent? competitive friction between Asia and country, and there were no California Some years ago the position of our fed- America separated by from 3,000 to 5,000 alien land laws, there would not be an acre eral government was made manifest be- miles of the Pacific ocean. If we multi- of land cultivated by Americans today in yond any chance of misunderstanding, ply and intensify these latent causes of the Imperial Valley of California. when a Japanese warship, apparently with- war by transplanting them from Asia to We are now face to face with the star- out any justifying necessity, remained so America and setting them down at our tling fact that a speculative scheme so long at Turtle Bay, on the coast of Lower very door, right at the mouth of our sec- subtle that few realize its real ultimate California, in Mexico. It was generally ond greatest American River, then WOE purpose is being evolved and pushed stead- understood, some years ago, that the con- BE UNTO US. ily forward, which, if it should be success- sent of this government was refused when There could be but one end to such un- ful, would practically and in fact operate its approval was sought for a proposed believable national folly, and that end to cede to Mexico enough of the regulated sale of large tracts of these Mexican lands would be WAR WITH ASIA. If such a flow of the Colorado River to reclaim and in the delta of the Colorado River by their war ever comes, it will be a war of ex- irrigate a total area of two million acres American owners to Japanese purchasers termination, with every modern method below the line in Mexico in the delta of in their natural desert condition. for the wholesale annihilation and externi- the Colorado River. Under those conditions, could the War ination of entire populations. It would re- It is a fact known universally to all who Department or the State Department justi- sult in the racial extinction of one race are familiar with what has already grown fy itself if it allowed a speculative scheme or the other on the Pacific littoral of the in many of the agricultural sections of to go through that would establish an United States of America, and to what California, which have become Japanese Asiatic city and colony on the edge of further extent it might go no man can communities, and proved again by the ex- southern California? From that aeroplane foresee. periences in Hawaii, that if these lands base a fleet of war aeroplanes with poison BEFORE ANDTHING IS DONE THAT in the Imperial Valley of Mexico are re- gas and explosive bombs could depopulate A CALAMITY AS claimed with the waters of the Colorado and destroy every city in southern Cali- MIGHT BRING SUCH THIS COUNTRY, MAY WE River, they will be ultimately acquired fornia and southern Arizona some morn- THAT UPON NOT AT LEAST BE AFFORDED THE and cultivated, every acre o -f them, by ing before breakfast, if they should have THE Japanese and Chinese. decided that the time had arrived to an- TIME NECESSARY TO GET THE PEOPLE OF THE The Imperial Valley of Mexico would nounce in that way the beginning of the FACTS BEFORE GOVERNMENT thus become the Asiatic gateway into Asiatic-American war—just as they an- COUNTRY AND THE INSTEAD OF BEING RUSHED INTO America by way o -f the Gulf of California. nounced the beginning of the Russo-Jap- ACTION AS IS The actual gateway would be the new anese war by attacking the Russian fleet SUCH PRECIPITATE THE PROPONENTS Asiatic city at the head of that gulf, near without warning. NOW URGED BY DIAMOND CREEK PROJECT, the mouth of the Colorado River. If there is no possibility of such a war, OF THE With the whole population of Asia to for it so vigorously? BEFORE ANY COMPREHENSIVE IN- why are we preparing OF THE draw its people from, with the backing of we so strongly urged to be ready VESTIGATION OR STUDY Why are MADE BY OR Asiatic immigrtaion interests, shipping in- Why are SUBJECT HAS BEEN to defend the Panama Canal? IN terests, commercial interests and financial a great fleet on the Pa- FOR THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT we maintaining OF THE PEOPLE AT interests, there would be every reason to cific? Why are we spending vast sums THE INTEREST anticipate that such a city, in the near fortifying the Pacific Coast? Why was LARGE OF THE UNITED STATES OF future, would grow to be larger than that line of fast destroyers racing along AMERICA. Los Angeles in population and exceed it the coast of California, not long ago, when Such investigations as have heretofore in industrial production and sea-going they ran head onto the rocks of the Cali- been made by government agencies have commerce. fornia coast? Why are army officers lec- failed to grasp or have been unable to What would happpen when this new city turing on the Pacific coast, warning the approach the subject from the standpoint large. in America backed by Asia once gained people of a possible war with Asia as a of the welfare of the people at full momentum, may be imagined by any- reason for preparedness, apparently with Every application now pending before one familiar with the growth of Chinese the full approval of the War Depart- the Federal Power Commission on the Col- some manufacturing in California before the Ex- ment? orado River is an application of clusion Act. Thaow Southern California This brief is not filed in disapproval or purely local or selfish private interest, open to unlimited Asiatic immigration and protest against any of those things, but it which is being diligently pushed without manufacturing with coolie labor, and the is filed in protest against the monstrous any reference to the interests of the the result would be an inconceivably rapid in- zlunder that would be made if the War United States of America. That is dustrial development. There is no limit Department of the United States should first interest the Federal Power Commis- whatever upon Asiatic immigration into sit supinely by while the things are done sion should consider. The facts are not Mexico, nor is there any racial antipathy that will make that war an inevitable fu- before it for such a consideration, and on the part of the Mexicans against the ture event, and should make no effort to cannot be, until a comprehensive survey Japanese. They welcome them and openly prevent the establishment of a city at the of the whole problem of the Colorado to the declare that welcome. head of the Gulf of California that would River, and particularly its relation and all its With an Asiatic population across the be an Asiatic city in Mexican territory Asiatic menace to America Pacific of 500,000,000 to draw its labor where we would be utterly powerless to Asiatic aspects, including agricultural com- by government from, without any limitation upon immi- obviate its use as an aeroplane base in petition, has been made gration, with the markets of America at its the event of the outbreak of the identical authority. back and the markets of the world in war against which the officers of the When we are told so often that any ex- front, such a city would develop every in- army are warning us. tension of reclamation at this time is in- dustry in which human labor enters largely Is there anyone who would deny that opportune because there should be no new into the cost of production with extraor- England made a gruesome blunder when lands brought under cultivation to create dinary rapidity. she ceded Heligoland to Germany? With competition for the American farmer un- AN ASIATIC WEDGE WOULD THUS that experience to guide her, would she til they have got on their feet again, is to ask this BE DRIVEN INTO THE HEART OF now cede the Isle of Wight, or one of the it not a unique proposition Power Commission, of which the AMERICA AND A WAR WITH ASIA southernmost counties of England to Federal Secretary of Agriculture is a member, to if a proper plan for diverting the waters China. They are the same in Japan. And make a grant for a permit that makes of the Colorado River is worked out." the only way to vision and comprehend certain the development of 2,000,000 acres Since then a proper plan for diverting what such an importation into America of miraculously fertile land just across the the waters of the Colorado River into of Asiatic agriculture would ultimately line by Asiatic coolie labor, where corn, Arizona has been worked out, and has bring about would be to first see the cotton, and every other product of Ameri- demonstrated that it is feasible, by the agriculture of the Japanese and Chinese can farms will be produced at the Asiatic adoption of that plan, to reclai m3,500,000 in their own countries, and then make a labor cost? acres of desert land in Arizona; but that mental picture of what would happen if Under these circumstances, it seems in- plan would be destroyed, and it would be- one-sixth of Japan's agriculture and rural credible that the Federal Power Commis- come impossible to carry it out, if either population were transplanted from their sion, groping in the dark as it now is, one of the propositions in opposition to native habitat, or if 1,000,000 Chinese should take any such action as to at this which this brief is filed were carried into two-acre garden farmers were grouped time permit or promote either of the va- effect or operation. and transported en masse to this incredibly rious propositions by which it is now The investigation and survey which es- rich hothouse soil and climate of the Im- sought to secure rights on the Colorado tablishes these facts is the Sturtevant- perial Valley of Mexico. River that will result in the reclamation Stam Arizona State Survey, hereinbefore Two million acres would make 1,000,000 of 2,000,000 acres in Mexico with water referred to. That survey demonstrates Japanese or Chinese garden farms and that should be used for irrigation in the that either the Diamond Creek Power homes in America, just as well as in Asia, United States of America. Plant, or the Boulder Canyon Power Plant, and better, because here they would have The one beacon light showing out or the Colorado River Compact, or the a better market. Every two-acre hothouse through the fog of ignorance as to facts Treaty with Mexico now sought to be ob- garden farm in the Imperial Valley of in which the government is enveloped is tained by the American speculators in Mexico would sustain an Asiatic family in the recommendation of E. C. LaRue in his Mexico, either one of them without the comfort. A rural population of 5,000,000 recent report hereinafter referred to, other, would in effect give the water to would soon be drawn from Asia's wherein he says: Mexico to reclaim land in that country 500,000,000 in China and Japan to densely "The need for additional areas of irri- and make impossible the reclamation of populate and cultivate this oasis of incom- gated land is not especially urgent. It is 3,500,000 acres of arid land which the parably rich sedimentary soil in the Colo- therefore suggested that sufficient time Arizona State survey shows can be re- rado River delta. be taken to make surveys and prepare claimed in Arizona with the waters of the Those Japanese and Chinese "Farmers a report showing a comprehensive plan Colorado River. for Forty Centuries" are not farmers, as for the development of the Colorado River A copy of the map showing the pro- we understand the word. They are small- as a whole." posed location of the Spencer Canyon dam field, squat-labor, women-working-in-the- That should be done, and no permits and Arizona High Line Canal under that field-as-gardeners. They are, in fact, not should be granted until that report is be- survey is filed with this brief. "agriculturists", but "acre-culturists". Their fore this Federal Power Commission. ASIATIC AGRICULTURAL AND INDUS- soil tillage is similar to that which many Those who have foreseen the danger of TRIAL COMPETITION IN AMERICA. of their fellow countrymen are now con- driving this Asiatic wedge into America at ducting where they are farming the vacant the mouth of the Colorado river, and who The effort to sidetrack the national as- lots of Los Angeles and selling their veg- have advocated the utilization of the Colo- pect of this great Colorado River problem etables at little roadside markets. rado River in our own country, and op- under the delusion that it is a matter only We had a good illustration of the agri- posed its use in Mexico for the benefit of for adjustment between the states ignores cultural methods of the "Farmers for For- American land speculators and Asiatics the most vital consequences of a solution ty Centuries" in the olden days before the hace for more than five years been en- of the problem without regard to its na- Chinese Exclusion Act, when the Chinese deavoring to secure the necessary inves- tional relations. vegetable gardens were to be found in the tigations and surveys to establish beyond To permit a speculative scheme to be outskirts of every city in California, and question the facts sustaining their con- put through to accomplish a cession of its the patient, plodding Chinese peddlers, tentions. waters to Mexico as the result of an each with his pole and baskets, brought In some mysterious way every effort agreement between the seven States of the vegetables to the door of every house- they have made has been circumvented, the Colorado River Basin is not only con- keeper. Give them the Imperial Valley of until finally, within the last thirty days, trary to the best interests of the seven Mexico, and they will put their dehydrated the report of the Sturtevant-Stam Ari- States themselves, but blindly refuses to vegetables onto every ship and in every zona State survey has been macle. It recognize facts which are vital to the wel- camp and household in the known world. bears out every claim of the advocates of fare and security of the whole people of Anyone who thinks they would not do it as the utilization in America of the waters of the United States, in time of peace belongs in the class of those wise and this great American river, instead of the well as in the event of war. far-seeing Englishmen who used to chuckle proposed speculative scheme for its use by All over the United States everywhere and chortle when Lord Roberts warned Asiatics in Mexico. the farmers and producers from the soil them of the danger of a war with Ger- The facts established by this Sturte- of this country are involved in desperate many. out of the vant-Stam Arizona State survey can no difficulties largely growing In the Colorado River country the cli- resulting longer be suppressed, subverted, con- failure of their foreign markets mate is too hot for it ever to be developed the available cealed from the public, or "whistled down in production in excess of into a farming country by Anglo-Saxons. This brings us the wind." Those facts, thus established market for their crops. The Americans in the Imperial Valley of most immediately danger- by a State survey, should be confirmed by squarely to the California do not want to work there an unprejudiced investigation through duly ous consequence that would be bred from themsedves. They want to rent to Jap- of the agricul- authorized agencies of the federal govern- a stupendous enlargement anese and from the income thereby created ment, who have not been committed, as tural area under cultivation in the delta under Asiatic till- live comfortably in some cooler climate, the United States Reclamation service of the Colorado River, for which no one could blame them. age, wit hproduction based on the Asiatic The seems most unfortunately to have been Asiatic, Japanese or Chinese, seems to to the use of a large share of the regulated labor cost. thrive in the hot The imagination cannot picture in ad- climate, and covets a flow of the Colorado River in Mexico, as permanent home there. It is so hot and vance the competitive evils that would be was contemplated in the preliminary and the soil is so rich that it is really hot- final brought to the • door of all American farm- final Arthur P. Davis reports, the house farming out of doors, one crop fol- report being entitled "Problems of Im- ers and truck gardeners if an area in America of irrigated lands equivalent to lowing another so fast that nowhere else perial Valley and Vicinity," etc. Senate in the world can so many crops a year be Document No. 142, Sixty-seventh Con- one-sixth of the entire cultivated area of Japan, constituting the Imperial Valley of produced. The limit of production and in- gress, Second Session. come is only the limit of the labor which E. C. LaRue, the author of "Colorado Mexico, were provided with water for its irrigation from the regulated flow of the can be secured and applied to the land. River and Its Utilization", Water Supply Asia alone can furnish that labor in abun- Geological Sur- Colorado River and opened up to unre- Paper 395, United States dance from her countless millions of cen- Interior, than stricted settlement and intensive cultiva- vey, Department of the turies-trained intensive cultivators of the on the Colo- tion by Japanese and Chinese garden whom no man is better posted soil. rado River, in a recent report made this farmers. fundamentally important statement: If anyone is willino . to inform them- Of course, in the beginning lamer farms "The further investigations recommend- selves on this subject,b they should read and less intensive methods would be adopt- ed by the Arizona Engineering Commis- "Farmers for Forty Centuries," by Pro- ed, until the country had been broken in sion may show that it is feasible to re- fessor Kink, wherein he describes the in- and the markets developed. The popula- claim by irrigation large areas in Arizona tensive methods of the garden farmers of tion would come from Asia just as fast as this was done. Asia has swarmed more enters largely into the cost of production. you have no possible location for an iso- than once before in history and is now Every factory in the United States of lated Asiatic oasis such as might be cre- ready to swarm again. China and Japan that class would feel the blighting com- ated at the mouth of the Colorado River. are both overpopulated. In Japan the in- petition of those goods produced in Amer- Anyone who will look at the map will crease of their population is more than ica at the Asiatic labor cost -filtering into readily see that whenever you get below half a million a year, for whom there is the markets of our own manufacture pro- the irreclaimable deserts in Sonora, you no room at home. They must go some- ducing under the American labor cost. get into a country that is today a devel- where else, and in ten years the equivalent Any idea that tariff protection could oped Mexican country„ occupied by Mexi- in numbers of that increase, drawn off be secured that would nullify this compe- cans living under Mexican customs and from the home hive at the rate of 500,000 tion would be a delusion. To illustrate, institutions, which could not be trans- a year, would supply the places made for put a cotton manufacturer anywhere in formed into Asiatic communities. 5,000,000 of them in America if the Colo- the United States up against the competi- The agricultural and industrial compe- rado River were devoted to that purpose, tion of a factory located in a seaport city tition resulting from coolie labor massed heedlesc of consequences, in the interest of at the mouth of the Colorado River, using in millions in a great oasis just below our a group of American land speculators. cotton produced at the door of the fac- border, and immediately adjacent to it, is At the beginning of this Asiatic develop- tory with Asiatic labor, operated with by no means the only danger of friction ment in America the first crops raised Asiatic labor fed with food produced with between nations that would result from would be cotton and corn, to which that Asiatic labor in the most prolific food the establishment of an Asiatic city and Colorado River country is peculiarly adapt- factory in the world, forcing crop after colony at the mouth of the Colorado River. ed. Then alfalfa and stock. Then can- crop the same year with irrigation water The great seaport city that would be taloupes and lettuce. Gradually the sys- from an American river, with the world's developed at the head of the Gulf of Cali- tem would be more and more adapted to markets reached by Japanese ocean-going fornia by the immense agriculture and smaller units of cultivation as in Japan steamers, and backing up against the commerce that would be tributary to it, and China. American market, everywhere reached by with its swarming adjacent rural popula- All this would follow closely on the the American nation's great railroad sys- tion, would be a . center from which sys- heels of the steady and systematic devel- tem, the Panama Canal, and every water- tematic operations would be carried on opment of the markets for the absorbtion way in the great central valley of to evade our immigration laws and make of this huge enlargement of the agricul- America. them impossible of enforcement against tural production of America. In that field That manufacturer would do some think- Asiatics. the Japanese and Chinese genius is su- ing. Is it not better to do the thinking That Asiatic city in Mexican territory preme. No other race or people can ap- before it is too late? This illustration is would be a harbor of refuge and a base of proach them in ingenuity or resourceful- only one of innumerable ones that might operations for bootleggers, smugglers, dope ness, or in their willingness to do the nec- be presented as a warning to "take time importers and distributors, and a magnet essary tireless labor. to attract to our borders the immoralities by the forelock" and hallo - onto the Colo- Preparing food for the markets of rado River while it is still ours to do with of the world. America and the world, in every known as we deem best for the interests of our It would plant the vices of the Orient way—dehydrating, canning, drying in the own people. in the bosom of America in a place where sun, and every possible method for curing no restraining laws that we could enact vegetables, berries, figs, dates, grapes and The difference between the Asiatic la- would have any operation, force or effect. other fruits adapted to that climate, would bor cost and the American labor cost is In such a city there wouldbe no re- be rapidly brought into use. too great for any tariff to ever afford pro- straint on palaces of sin and dens of in- The labor for all this cultivation and tection, either for the farmer or the manu- iquity, racing, gambling and every social manufacturing of the original soil product facturer in America. evil that has been outlawed in our country. into the cured product transportable any- If this threatened Asiatic competition in The profits from them would be too great where—labor so hard to get in the United America were initiated as the result of for an y control to be possible. The States o -f America—would be brought from this proposed cession of Colorado River city would be the Port Said of the Pacific, Asia to Mexico just as fast as it could be water to establish an Asiatic colony and only a few hours by train from Los An- used or was needed in the Imperial Valley city in the Imperial Valley of Mexico, the geles and a couple of hours by aeroplane of Mexico. The wharves of every seaport struggle for economic protection against passenger service. in Japan and China would be crowded with them—the effort being to lock the barn coolies seeking the promised land in after the horse had been stolen—would be A SUBTLE SPECULATIVE SCHEME TO America whenever the transportation was one of the most dangerous points of fric- DECEIVE THE PEOPLE offered to them. No Mexican immigra- tion leading - to international complications It is doubtful whether, in the history of tion laws would check or hinder that mi- and controversy and ultimately to inter- this country, there has ever before been so gration. national conflict. systematic and subtle, pp insidious and in- The Pacific Coast growers of cotton, "Safety first" should be the slogan of sincere, so unpatriotic, if not treasonable, cantaloupes, lettuce, raisins and practically the federal government of our country in an effort to conceal and suppress facts every farm product of the Southwest dealing with this menacing situation. The of such vital concern to the people as the would soon feel this ruinous competition. only safe course is to keep the Asiatics present effort to accomplish the practical Not alone the Pacific Coast would feel it. in Asia by using the Colorado River water cession to Mexico of Colorado River water The Panama Canal would bring it to the in the United States of America. to reclaim an oasis of 2,000,000 acres to door of the market of every Louisiana rice No warning in advance would have se- be settled by Asiatics, and get it through grower, southern cotton planter, Maine cured the Chinese Exclusion Act. We had under the guise of flood protection for the corn canner, Iowa pork producer, Minne- to learn by experience. If we wait to Imperial Valley and power development sota lettuce grower, Indiana celery grower, learn by experience in this present emer- for Los Angeles. Florida citrus fruit raiser, and the truck gency, we will learn after it is too late. Not one man in a thousand who knows gardeners of every State in the Union. Once settle the Asiatics in the Imperial the need for flood protection and power No other race or nation in the world Valley of Mexico, and nothing will displace development on the Colorado River knows has the wonderful capacity for organiza- them but a war. that these public needs are being used as tion and team work that the Japanese THEY ARE NOT THERE NOW. WHY a stalking ox behind which to make a possess, and the compacted population in BRING THEM THERE BY OUR OWN profit of $100,000,000 and more for a this immense oasis at the mouth of the ACT? group of American speculators by insist- Colorado River would furnish an extraor- Mexico offers no other possible location ing on a plan for flood protection and dinary opportunity for t hem to exercise for such a menace to our country. The power that gives Mexico water for 2,000,- that talent, in which they would be aided Gulf of California brings the ocean to no 000 acres. section by the co-operation of the Chinese other potential oasis such as that at the Much less do they know that flood pro- of that population. mouth of the Colorado River. With the tection and power can both be better pro- They would alternate their labor, sea- exceptio nof a few areas of trifling ex- - vided under plans that do not give that sonally, between their hothouse out of tent, all the rest of the great peninsula water to Mexico, but on the contrary doors gardien farms and their manufac- of Lower California is a waterless desert— provide for the use of all of it in the turing industries in a way that would stim- bleak, waste, uninhabited, and uninhabit- United States of America. ulate the establishment of the latter to able. The shores of the Gulf of California Whatever there is of public sentiment absorb the labor in seasons when not need- on the Sonora side are a barren desert, today in favor of the Boulder Canyon ed in the fields. The result would be a incapable of reclamation, from this pro- dam or the Colorado River compact is the stupendous development of every manu- posed oasis to the city of Guaymas and result of ignorance as to basic physical facturing industry in which human labor far below. Whenever you go below there facts controlling the Colorado River (level- opment, which are as yet not generally, a would be dropped back to the base of the years hence, after the water has been used storm of universal national indignation dam to develop the power by that fall, and for a generation or more in Mexico. As would sweep out of existence every hope the level of the water of the river at that heretofore explained, it would be very of success for this speculative Mexican point, after the power had been generated, doubtful if, after such use, we could ever land scheme which borders so closely on would be 700 feet above sea level. And recover the water, and it is a debatable treason. the power plant would, if it were built, question whether there will ever be any No one can get a true grasp of the have a vested right to have the water substantial diminution by use in the upper proposition without knowing the one out- come down the river to the Boulder Can- states. Not only will return seepage tend standing fact that the only way it would yon reservoir and drop back to the 700- to stabilize the flow, but the problem of ever be possible for this water to be se- foot level at the base of the clam to gen- increased rainfall through transpiration cured for lands in Mexico would be to get erate the water power. from large irrigated areas is a matter that the Colorado River regulated, floods con- That, of course, would make impossible must be more carefully studied before the trolled, stored in reservoirs, and used for the building of the Spencer Canyon dam, fact is accepted that there will be any power development, so that a steady, even or the diversion of any of the water from future appreciable diminution of the flow flow of water the year through would the river above the Boulder Canyon reser- of the river in the upper basin of the come from the power plant, and then in voir, because if it were so diverted it river. addition get the power plants located so would be taken away from the Boulder The average flow of 16,400,000 acre far down the river that by no possibility Canyon power plant, and power could not feet annually does not include the 1,000,- could the water ever afterwards be raised be developed with it at that plant. 000 acre feet annual average from the it to irrigate to a level high enough to use After the power had been developed, the Gila that now goes to waste in floods in lands in the United States of America. water would be down at the 700-foot level exceptionally heavy flood years. That the water of That being accomplished, at the base of the Boulder Canyon dam. water cannot be considered because that would forever necessity would have to and What would become of it then? Why, of flood waste can never be used for irriga- go to Mexico, and nothing that could be course, all of it that could not be used tion unless it is stored on the tributaries of line would pre- done on this side of the on the low river level lands in the United the Gila or so far up the Gila that the treaty, yen it, not even a treaty, because a States, in Arizona or California, would go storage reservoirs will never be built un- because a treaty could not turn the water to Mexico. It could go nowhere else. And less the stored water is to be used in around, after it left the power plant, and American speculators in Mexico would Arizona. canyon walls, the force it to run up hill, scale get it for their proposed Asiatic colony the mesa There has been talk of pumping water or climb the cliffs back onto and seaport city. lands where it ought to be used in Arizona from the Colorado River below the Boul- or California. How much of the water could be used der Canyon dam up onto the mesa lands Would the Congress of the United States in Arizona and California from that low that cannot be reached from the river or the State Department, or the War De- river level? The Arthur P. Davis report level, but it would have to be pumped two partment, or the Federal Power Commis- fixes that. It is 1,220,000 acres, of which or three hundred feef high at the lowest sion, enact or approve a law providing 280,000 acres are in Arizona and 940,000 levels and any such plan is entirely im- substantially as follows: acres are in California. It will require practicable. THERE IS HEREBY CEDED BY THE 6,100,000 acre feet annually to irrigate If the water is taken out on the 2,000- UNITE DSTATES OF AMERICA TO that land—five acre feet a year per acre, foot contour, as recommended in the Stur- THE UNITED STATES OF MEXICO measured at the point of diversion from tevant-Stam Arizona State survey, it can WATER ENOUGH FROM THE REGU- the river. be carried by gravity over 3,500,000 acres LATED FLOW OF THE COLORADO The average annual flow of the Colo- in Arizona, and plenty of water left in RIVER TO RECLAIM AND IRRIGATE rado River at the Laguna clam is 16,- the river, or turned back to it at Eldorado TWO MILLION ACRES OF LAND IN 400,000 acre feet annually. Deduct from ferry or below Topock to irrigate all the THE DELTA OF THE COLORADO that the 6,100,000 acre feet to be used in land allocated to California for irrigation RIVER IN MEXICO FOR THE ESTAB- California and Arizona and it leaves 10,- in the Arthur P. Davis report. LISHMENT OF AN ASIATIC AGRICUL- 300,000 acre feet, just the amount neces- LaRue calls attention to the return seep- TURAL COLONY AND SEAPORT CITY. sary to irrigate two million acres in age that would flow back into the Gila if There could be but one answer to that Mexico. large areas were irrigated from the Colo- question. That is not all the water that will go racro River in Arizona, estimating this re- Yet that is the absolutely inescapable, to Mexico under that plan. It will be in- turn seepage at 1,500,000 acre feet. That unavoidable and inevitable result that creased at least 2,000,000 acre feet be- is more than Mexico can by any possibility would follow the building of the Boulder cause the American interests in Mexico be entitled to, and if the Mexican claims Canyon Power plant. will be successful in their determination are eliminated by purchase, that water And as the result of the expenditure of to prevent the building of the All-Ameri- would all be available for use in the Im- about twenty thousand dollars by Arizona, can Canal. In that event only about half perial Valley. and demonstrated of the estimated 940,000 acres irrigable it has been ascertained Arthur P. beyond question that the building of the in California can be irrigated. The water Davis must be held responsi- ble for the strategic advantage which Diamond Creek Power Plant would have that would irrigate these acres through the the American land speculators in the same result. All-American Canal, if it were built, will Mexico have secured from the fact that the Arthur P. continue to to Mexico if it is not built, That fact would have been known long Davis report, made under an act of Con- in case the 'Boulder Canyon power plant ago if it had been possible to get past gress in which no authority is given for the barricade which apparently was raised is built. That means a total for Mexico over acre feet every year the irrigation of lands in Mexico, does against every attempt to get the necessary of 12,000,000 in from reservoirs in the United States, pro- fact obviously and intentionally provide surveys made to inform the people as to for the vided they can get a power plant built irrigation of 820,000 acres in the rights of the United States of America Mexico, and in addition to that creates in and to the waters of the Colorado river. low enough down, either at Boulder Can- Diamond Creek, to prevent the conditions which make it inevitable that Sturtevant-Stam Arizona State sur- yon or if the Arthur P. The water from being taken out in Arizona or Davis-Boulder Canyon vey establishes the fact that it is neces- dam plan is adopted, Mexico will get California. sary that the water shall be diverted from water, not only for 820,000 acres, but also the Colorado River on the 2,000-foot con- The extra 2,000,000 acre feet going to for an additional 1,180,000 acres, making tour to bring it out onto the high mesa Mexico if the All-American Canal is not a total area of 2,000,000 acres for which lands of Arizona, and that if taken out on built will cover the losses by evaporation Mexico will inevitably get water under that elevation the area in Arizona that can from the river channel and reservoirs, and that plan. The advocates of the plan, be irrigated is 3,500,000 acres, which will leave Mexico 10,000,000 acre feet net, an- who claim their only interest is flood con- add two billion dollars of taxable wealth nually. trol, and those who claim their only in- to the State. That means that the surface NOW, IN THE FACE OF THOSE terest is power for Los Angeles, demand of the reservoir created by the building FACTS, WILL IT BE CLAIMED THAT that this particular Boulder Canyon plan of the Spencer Canyon dam must be some- THE BOULDER CANYON POWER and none other shall be adopted, and vi- thing over 2,000 feet above sea level. PLANT WILL NOT GIVE MEXICO ciously oppose any other plan, because The elevation of the bed of the river at WATER FOR 2,000,000 ACRES? they insist the Boulder SCanyon plan is the proposed dam site at Boulder Canyon The foregoing facts do not allow for the government plan and the ymust "stand is 700 feet. It is proposed by the Arthur any diminution of the flow below its pres- by the government." Many patriotic peo- P. Davis plan to build a dam there 600 ent volume at the Laguna clam from in- ple are misled by that plea into supporting feet high, 500 feet above stream level. The creased diversions in the upper states. If the plan who would repudiate it if they water from the reservoir thus formed such diminution ever occurs it will be knew the facts. What would the chances of the United that it will irrigate in this country, if used the people of the United States against States Reclamation Act have been for pass- to the very best advantage, 5,000,000 all those who have sought to deprive this age by Congress in 1902 for the avowed acres of land, instead of 750,000, or even country of the waters and give the benefit purpose of launching a national policy in 1,220,000 acres, as contemplated by the of them to a group of American land spec- the United States of America for encour- Arthur P. Davis report. ulators to create a military menace in aging home making on the land if it had No one who listens to the advocates of Mexico. then been stated to Congress that in 1921 the Boulder Canyon or Diamond Creek As has already been pointed out, every a recommendation would be made by the Projects or the Colorado River Compact need of Arizona for power can be sup- Director of the United States Reclamation ever hears anything about Mexico unless plied just as well from Marble Canyon as Service as follows: it is stirred up by the opponents of the from Diamond Creek. "No branch canal lines were surveyed Mexican acquisition of the water. A host For California, the Boulder Canyon for Mexican lands. The lands in Lower elaborate stereopticon and moving picture project contemplated developing 600,000 California would probably be best supplied film is now being shown by the advocates horse power at the Boulder Canyon Dam. by extensions from the Imperial Canal as of the Boulder Canyon project, but no If, instead of the Boulder Canyon dam, constructed, and those in Sonora by en- mention is made of Mexico. the Spencer Canyon Dam is built, and the largement and extension of the main canal WHY NOT BRING ALL THE FACTS water brought across to El Dorado ferry, of the Yuma project." OUT INTO THE OPEN AND PUT THEM the California water, from the higher drop, The lands in Mexico which could be TO THE ACID TEST OF AN INFORMED would there develop more power for Cali- supplied from the main canal of the Yuma PUBLIC OPINION INSTEAD OF TRY- fornia or Los Angeles than can be devel- Project, a government project, built under ING TO PUT SOMETHING ACROSS BY oped at Boulder Canyon, nearer to Los the Reclamation Act, are a vast level mesa KEEPING IN THE BACKGROUND THE Angeles, and for less cost; but the water extending from the southern boundary line MOST VITALLY IMPORTANT FACT would not go to Mexico for irrigation, of Arizona to the Gulf of California. If WHICH THE PUBLIC SHOULD KNOW? after it had generated the water power. the main canal of the Yuma project were It would take entirely too much space There is no benefit or advantage that sufficiently enlarged to provide woter for to undertake in this brief to tell the story could accrue to California from the build- the whole tract to be thus irrigated in of the struggle that the opponents of this ing of the Boulder Canyon dam, or the Mexico, it would include about 750,000 gigantic speculative scheme in Mexico Diamond Creek dam, that cannot just as acres of land. The use of the Yuma Canal have had to make, and the difficulties well accrue from building the Spencer Project main canal for those Mexican they have encountered, to get surveys Canyon dam, except for storage. The nec- lands would of course be a great advan- made, and the things that have been done essary storage can be provided farther up tage to the owners of the lands, because to prevent the public from getting the the river, at Glen Canyon, or above, with otherwise the area lying above the river facts that have now been established by better results than at Boulder Canyon. level at the international boundary line the Sturtecant-Stam Arizona State survey, If the storage is provided above the below Yuma would have to be irrigated but thase facts must and will get before head of the Grand Canyon, several million with a pump lift of about 55 feet. A the people in due time. potential horsepower will be saved and considerable part of this 750,000 acres in The advocates of the Boulder Canyon made available which remains a waste if Sonora, however, could be irrigated by project constantly assert and reiterate on the river is reservoired at Boulder Can- gravity from a canal taken out of the river every possible occasion their slogan that yon, below the lower end of the Grand just below the boundary line in Mexican the Arthur P. Davis report is a "Govern- Canyon. The elevation of the bed of the territory. ment report," but they do not make public river at the Glen Canyon dam site, just It seems incredible that a Director of the fact that the best-posted man in the below the north line of Arizona, is 3,100 the United States Reclamation Service Government service on the Colorado River feet. At Boulder Canyon it is 700 feet. should have spent over $200,000,000 to proposes exactly what the Boulder Can- The great potential power resources ex- survey and work out a plan for flood yon proponents oppose. E. C. LaRue rec- isting in that fall of 2,400 feet is wasted storage on the Colorado River that pro- ommends that immediate flood protection if the river is stored at Boulder Canyon. vided for the reclamation of only 280,000 be afforded for the Imperial and Palo It is conserved if the river is stored and its acres in Arizona from the Colorado River, Verde Valleys, under a plan that will in- flow regulated at Glen Canyon or above. and 940,000 acres in California, a total sure it years before it is possible under That means the conservation of approxi- in the United States of America of only the Boulder Canyon scheme, and further mately 5,000,000 horsepower. 1,220,000 acres, and then made no bones recommends that, flood protection being One of the most serious engineering dif- of providing for 820,000 acres in Mexico, assured, time be taken for a complete and ficulties presented by the project for under conditions which made it certain comprehensive survey of the whole Colo- building a dam at Boulder Canyon is the that the water would continue to go to rado River problem. fact that it is 135 feet to bedrock at that Mexico forever to irrigate an additional THE FACTS DEMONSTRATED BY point. A proposition to go 135 feet to 1,180,000 acres, making a total in Mexico THE RECENT SURVEYS AND RE- bedrock with a flood of close to 200,000 of 2,000,000 acres. PORTS OF THE ARIZONA ENGINEER- second feet running over the works during And it seems still more extraordinary ING COMMISSION AND THE STURTE- construction through a canyon only 300 and difficult of belief when the further VANT-STAM ARIZONA STATE SUR- feet wide at the bottom is one that at facts are known, that the 280,000 acres VEY BRING THE DIAMOND CREEK least merits a good deal of investigation in Arizona included 130,000 acres in the PROJECT UNDER THE SAME OBJEC- to find out whether there is not another Yuma Project adn 110,000 acres in the TIONS AS THE BOULDER CANYON site that would serve as well where that Parker Indian Reservation Project and PROJECT. THE ARIZONA STATE obstacle is not encountered. That other about 40,000 acres more in small tracts SURVEY ESTABLISHES THE FACT site exists at Spencer Canyon. The re- along the river bottoms, from which it THAT THE WATER FROM THE COLO- port of the Arizona Engineering Commis- would be impossible to withdraw the water RADO RIVER CAN BE DIVERTED AT sion as to bedrock conditions at Spencer necessary for their reclamation by any THE SPENCER CANYON DAM FOR Canyon is as follows: plan that could be devised, and also in- THE RECLAMATION OF 3,500,000 The width of canyon at low water "will cluded, in California, about half of the ACRES IN ARIZONA, BUT IF THE not exceed 160 feet, and at an elevation total of 940,000 acres to be irrigated DIAMOND CREEK PERMIT WERE 700 feet above low water the width be- which cannot be irrigated under that plan GRANTED, THE NECESSARY WATER tween canyon walls will not exceed 700 unless the All-American Canal is built. WOULD THEREBY SURRENDERED TO to 800 feet. The river section, from an The building of that canal has been thus MEXICO. unknown depth below low water to an ele- far successfully opposed by the American- Every conceivable and imaginable ob- vation of more than 125 feet above low Mexican interests, and there is every indi- jection has been raised to try to create the water is in solid granite, overlaid by strata cation that their opposition will continue impression that it is impossible to use the of firm quartzite about 75 feet in depth to meet with success. The exclusion of Colorado River for the irrigation of any or thickness, and above these are the hard those lands that are unirrigable unless the large areas in Arizona, and to thereby sus- shale limestone and sandstone formations All-American Canal is built reduces the tain and uphold the Arthur P. Davis re- of the character observed throughout this total in the United States of America to port, and the position taken by him when canyon section of the Colorado River." about 750,000 acres, under the Boulder he appeared before the Colorado River The Spencer Canyon project offers op- Canyon plan. Commission at Phoenix, Arizona. Surveys portunities for power development for Cal- The water thus surrendered to Mexico and reports costing many thousands of ifornia so vastly superior to either Boulder can be used to so much better advantage dollars have been made for the purpose of Canyon or Diamond Creek that there can in the United States of America, due to justifying those objections. be no question as to the project which smaller losses in transportation, more eco- Now we have the Sturtevant-Stam Ari- should be chosen for California, if the nomical distribution, a lesser necessary zona State survey, which sweeps aside all California end of it is not dominated by water duty, and a large return seepage, those objections, and proves the case of the insistent scheme for getting the water to Mexico. At Diamond Creek or at Boul- Colorado River at the intake of the Ari- The plan for the allocation of the waters der Canyon the water falls over the dam zona High Line Canal at the Spencer Can- of the Colorado River which was evolved ami the drop for power cannot be more yon dam on the 2,000-foot contour above ostensibly to carry into effect the proposi- than the height of the dam. If the water sea level. tion that 60 per cent of the waters of the is diverted at Spencer Canyon and car- Of course, that could not be done with- river should be allotted to the United ried to the proposed point of division of out interference with the Diamond Creek States of America and 40 per cent to the the water between California and Arizona project, and if that private scheme were United States of Mexico was originally below Topock, the water going to Califor- to be regarded as sacrosanct, creating set forth in the "Preliminary Report on nia could be dropped there over 1,300 rights greater than any public interest, the Problems of the Imperial Valley and feet. If it be taken across to Indio, and then of course the difficulties for which Vicinity" by Arthur P. Davis, the then the power plant located there, the drop is the commission condemned the Arizona Director of the United States Reclamation increased to over 1,500 feet. From that High Line Canal would be insuperable. Service, dated January, 1921. point the California water could be di- But they become inocuous if the Diamond Afterwards Mr. Davis gave out an in- vided between the Coachella and Imperial Creek project is eliminated, or moved to terview for the press in which he stated Valleys, lying on a lower level than Indio, Marble Canyon. The report, however, so that Mexico should have 40 per cent of and the coast basin of southern California, far as its effect upon the Diamond Creek the water and the United States 60 per the water for which would have to be project is concerned, seems to have been cent. He divided the acreages of the irri- taken through a 13-mile tunnel across the another case of an "engineer hoist with gable areas as follows: ridge of the San Jacinto range of moun- his own petard." Acres. tains into the San Jacinto Valley. The country owes a great debt of grati- The magnitude of the benefits to Cali- tude to E. C. LaRue for his courage Total in the U. S 1,242,000 fornia from either of those plans for in presenting to the Governor of Arizona Total in Mexico 820,000 power development and irrigation is so the further recommendations which im- Subsequently Albert B. Fall, vast as to be entirely beyond conception. Secretary mediately follow, in the same volume, the of the Interior, gave out a newspaper in- The relation those benefits bear to the report of the Arizona Engineering Com- terview or article in present pending application before the which he reiterated mission to the Governor of Arizona. La- the Davis statement that the United States Federal Power Commission is that if the Rue alone, in what is equivalent to a sup- should have 60 per cent of the water and Diamond Creek permit is granted, those plemental minority report, makes the com- Mexico 40 per cent. benefits become impossible. mon sense, constructive recommendations: In the final Davis report, THE REPORT OF THE ARIZONA entitled "Prob- (1) That flood protection should be lems of the Imperial Valley and ENGINEERING COMMISSION BROUGHT Vicinity," immediate, and suggests the Topock-Mo- Senate Document 142, Sixty-seventh Con- OUT AND MADE CLEAR THE PHYSI- Valley plan with that end in view. jave gress, Second Session, page 14, the total CAL ‘FACTS MAKING NECESSARY THE (2) That flood protection being accom- irrigable areas in the United States were ABANDONMENT EITHER OF THE DIA- plished, time be taken for a complete and given as follows: MOND CREEK PROJECT OR OF THE comprehensive study and survey of the In Arizona, 280,000 acres SPENCER CANYON DAM AND THE (which in- whole Colorado River problem. cluded 130,000 in the Yuma ARIZONA HIGH LINE CANAL, WITH project, al- (3) That further surveys may discover ready included in a Reclamation Service ALL THE STUPENDOUS BENEFITS a way to properly divert the Colorado project). WHICH THOSE TWO LAST NAMED River for the reclamation of large areas In California, STRUCTURES WILL INSURE TO ARI- in Arizona. 940,000 acres (which in- ZONA AND CALIFORNIA. cluded about 470,000 acres in the Im- (4) That if this were done, a return perial Valley The Arizona Engineering Commission of probably acre feet that cannot be irrigated un- seepage 1,500,000 less the All-American was brought into existence through the the Gila River would be de- canal is built). annually into A map between efforts of W. D. Norviel, former Water veloped. pages 20 and 21 of Commissioner of Arizona, who was subse- Senate Document 142 tabulates the areas (5) And he closes with this sound and irrigable quently removed from that office for in- sensible suggestion: "The larger projects and fixes them at 1,220,000 in competence after refusing to resign. The the United States and 800,000 in Mexico. on the lower river are no more visionary A similar map Commission was composed of (1) an em- projects in other parts of opposite page 62 gives the than certain original estimate ploye of the United States Reclamation the basin. It is, therefore, suggested that of 820,000 acres in Mexico of irrigable lands. Service, selected during the incumbency a way be found to reserve the rights to of Arthur P. Davis, as its director; (2) an According to this statement, the total develop those larger irrigation projects to be irrigated employe of the Arizona Water Commis- in Arizona and California, should they be in the two countries was sioner, selected during the incumbency of thus estimated at 2,040,000 acres. Sixty found feasible of development at some per cent of W. D. Norviel, and (3) a minority mem- future time." that would be 1,224,000 acres ber, E. C. LaRue, who was "loaned" by Diamond Creek for the United States and 40 per cent The granting of the would be the United States Geological Survey. the construction of 816,000 acres for Mexico— permit would make about The report of this triangular commis- those projects," at any time thereafter, im- as close as it could be figured to the sion, two members of which had to con- actual division of 1,220,000 for this coun- possible forever. It cannot be that the try demn the proposed Arizona High Line will take such and 820,000 for Mexico. Federal Power Commission But project "without benefit of clergy" or this recommendation actually and in fact, as heretofore action, in the face of shown, the convict their respective chiefs of the cause by the best-informed engineer and expert acreage that would be irri- gated in the United States for which Mr. Norviel was subsequently on the Colorado River in the Government would be only removed from office, if nothing more—a 750,000 acres, and water enough would be service. left to report which cost the State of Arizona OF go on down the channel of the THE INESCAPABLE RESULT river about $18,000, went no further than to OF THE COLO- and across the international boundary THE RATIFICATION line to reclaim condemn an Arizona High Line Canal as RADO RIVER COMPACT WOULD BE 2,000,000 acres in Mexico. impracticable because of excessive cost, or TO GIVE TO MEXICO WATER ENOUGH It is manifest that the Colorado River unreasonable time required for construc- MILLION ACRES Compact was most ingeniously drawn to TO RECLAIM TWO secure tion. LAND, AND LIMIT THE AREA RE- the consent of the States of the OF Colorado No effort was made to make such a CLAIMABLE IN ARIZONA FROM THE River Basin to this proposed ap- comprehensive study or investigation of COLORADO RIVER TO 280,000 ACRES, portionment of water between the two the problem as would have resulted in the AND IN CALIFORNIA TO 940,000 countries, under which ostensibly the ascertainment of the entire practicability ACRES. United States would nominally get 60 per of the project if a route were located on It is wholly immaterial whether there cent of the water and Mexico 40 per cent, the higher elevation afterwards investi- are or are not in the Colorado River Com- so that the "pact" would operate to carry gated and approved by the Arizona State pact itself words that expressly state those into effect this Arthur P. Davis-Boulder survey known as the Sturtevant-Stam facts. The Compact must be judged, not Canyon plan for the apportionment of the survey. by what it says, but by what will happen water. The apportionment made by the terms The Sturtevant-Stam survey demon- if it is put into operation. The fact that it actually and in fact accomplishes some- of the Colorado River Compact was as strated that the only thing necessary to follows: be done to avoid the difficulties which the thing different from what it openly states Arizona Engineering Commission had ac- in terms, is an added ground for sus Total to be appropriated, 16,400,000 cepted as insuperable, and sufficient to of everything connected with the-picion acre feet average annual flow at the La- forever condemn the project of any Ari- Compact, more particularly when its advo- guna dam, which is apportioned by the zona High Line Canal, was to start higher cates seem so unwilling to face the facts "pact" as follows: up and get above those difficulties by lo- with reference to what the Compact would To the Upper Basin, 7,500,000 acre cating the point of diversion from the do for Mexico, if it were ratified. feet, of which 3,500,000 acre feet are coy-

109897 ered by present existing rights, and under its effect upon Arizona, they agreed to do The 4,100,000 acre feet annually for the "pact" must be deducted from the all they could to promote its ratification Mexico specified in the foregoing tabula- 7,500,000 acre feet, leaving a RESERVE by Arizona, with the understanding on tion of the apportionment under the Com- APPORTIONMENT for the Upper Basin their part, it must be assumed, that if the pact is exactly the amount necessary for of 4,000,000 acre feet. Deduct this 4,000,- Compact were ratified their permit would the irrigation of 820,000 acres in Mexico, 000 from the 16,400,000, the total flow to be granted. but that is not all Mexico will get under be apportioned, and it leaves 12,400,000 Anw now, after Arizona has awakened the Compact. acre feet remaining to be apportioned. to the menace to her development that is It has been claimed again and again The apportionment to the Lower Basin so insidiously concealed in the Compact, that the upper States will not use up their is 8,500,000 acre feet, of which 2,400,000 they take another tack, and ask for their apportionment for many years, anywhere acre feet is covered by existing rights in permit unedr a statement which excoriates from 5 Oto 100. Some of the best-in- Arizona and must be deducted from the the Compact, from Arizona's point of formed engineers in the country insist that 8,500,000 acre feet, because the remainder view, very justly. the Upper Basin never can use more than is all that the Lower Basin is entitled to In this apparent effort to get a thing half that reserve apportionment of 4,000,- from the Colorado River, under the appor- through as the result of combinations of 000 acre feet. However that may be, it tionment of 8,500,000 to that lower basin. influence rather than on its absolute mer- is evident that for the full 40 years cov- Deduct 2,400,000 from 8,500,000 and it its when scrutinized from the point of ered by the Compact all surplus water will leaves 6,100,000 acre feet to come from view of the best interests of the general continue to run down to Mexico, and in the Colorado River under the apportion- public, is that a thing that should be en- that period of unrestricted use they will ment to the Lower Basin, and no more. couraged? build up a demand for its permanent use That is all that California and Arizona can Up to the present time, the Colorado for all time thereafter and make that de- get out of the Colorado River under the River has been the battledoor and shuttle- mand good. apportionment made by the "pact". Ne- cock of a number of special selfish private Mexico and not the Upper Basin will in vada gets nothing for irrigation because or local interests, each enderavoring to get reality get the greater part of that 4,000,- no lands are irrigable in that State from its particular benefit, without any regard 000 acre feet. the Colorado River. to the interests of anybody else, or any And they will get 2,000,000 acre feet other section, or the general welfare. Now, if that 6,100,000 is deducted from more by keepino. the Imperial Valley from The Imperial Valley has thought only of the 12,400,000 remaining unapportioned using the 2,000,000b acre feet that cannot after taking out the reserve apportion- flood protection, when in fact, if the peo- be used in California unless the All-Amer- ment to the Upper Basin of 4,000,000 acre ple of the United States fully understood ican Canal is built, simply by keeping them feet, that amount left is 6,300,000, which the whole subject, rather than risk the from getting that canal built by the use of is what Mexico gets. dangers that would result from creating an the insidious influences that have thus far THAT IS THE SURPLUS WHICH THE Asiatic city and colony at the mouth of been so successfully exerted by those COLORADO RIVER COMPACT CON- the Colorado River, they would feel that American interests in Mexico. TEMPLATES SHALL GO TO MEXICO, as the lesser of two evils, - the Imperial No matter what the rights of Arizona AND THEN THE COMPACT FURTHER Valley had better be abandoned to its fate, or California might otherwise be to the PROVIDES IN EFFECT THAT IF THAT if there were no other way to provide water, or how practicable the projects for SURPLUS IS NOT ADEQUATE, THE flood protection. But there is, and a bet- its use in those states may be, the Colo- DEFICIENCY TO THE EXTENT OF ter way. rado River Compact would, if ratified, ONE-HALF SHALL BE FURNISHED BY And they would further believe, as to the Carl Hayden Colorado River Bill ARIZONA, BECAUSE IN THE EVENT Los Angeles, that if that city refused to would, if passed, create international and OF SUCH A DEFICIENCY, NEITHER accept any plan for the development of state complications, the Boulder Canyon CALIFORNIA NOR NEVADA WOULD hydroelectric power except the one which dam would create physical obstacles, and HAVE ANY WATER, AND THE WHOLE would result in the creation of that Asiatic the Diamond Creek dam similar physical AMOUNT WOULD HAVE TO BE aeroplane base in Mexico, that it would be obstacles, insurmountable in character, TAKEN FROM THE RESERVOIRED better for Los Angeles to be saved from that would prevent the use of the water EMERGENCY SUPPLY IN THE STATE that menace than to bring it into existence in either state in excess of the amount OF ARIZONA. merely to enlarge its supply of municipal provided in the Arthur P. Davis report That would make every Asiatic agricul- power. above referred to, which all who are so turist below the line an international co- The position of the upper States is determined to get the water into Mexico partne rin every reservoir hereafter built equally as selfish. They are willing to run cling to with such desperate tenacity. in Arizona; and with that cloud hanging any risk of international conflict or con- In conclusion, it is submitted that the always over the reservoirecl water, no such troversy just to get through a scheme that best interests of the people of the United project could ever be financed. The rati- is supposed to guarantee to them a re- States, as well as the best interests of the fication of the Compact would put an end serve appropriation of 4,000,000 acre feet people of the Colorado River basin, require to reservoir construction in Arizona, and of water, under the Compact, though that the Diamond Creek permit be not the average of a million acre feet a year actually and in fact, if the Compact went granted, and that no permit be granted! that now runs to waste in the Gila would into effect, that water would be "nailed until a more complete and comprehensive continue to waste into the sea forever. down" in Mexico long before they could understanding of the facts is before the Is it surprising that Arizona has re- get to using it in the upper States of the Federal Power Commission. fused to ratify the Compact? basin of the river. To summarize and tabulate the plan of The foregoing brief is submitted in type- The Compact is so drawn that it cannot written form for the reason that within by any possibility be changed for 40 years, apportionment embodied in the Colorado River Compact, which fits so perfectly the short time available for its prepara- and during that period, no matter what tion it has not been possible to procure defects might be discovered in it, the into the Arthur P. Davis Boulder Canyon plan for irrigating Mexico, it is as follows: copies of reports, data and maps, which water which its peculiar provisions insures should be filed with this brief. Some of to Mexico would continue to go to that the maps which are most essential to a country. After 40 years' use of the water Reserve apportionment for the Upper Basin 4,000,000 proper understanding of the subject are down there would anyone be so blind as yet to be made. to claim that we could take the water Apportionment to Lower Basin away from them? from Colorado River 6 100,000 This brief is filed in this incomplete At the hearing before the Federal Power Net surplus, constituting appor- form as an application for further and ad- Commission the representative of the ap- tionment to Mexico 4,100,000 equate time to complete and print this plications for the Diamond Creek permit Losses by evaporation from brief, and also to file another and sup- argued with much earnestness that the channel and reservoirs 2,200,000 plemental brief with reference to the pow- parties and interests seeking that permit ers of the Federal Power Commission to had done all they could to secure the rati- Total apportionment covering destroy so vast an agricultural natural re- fication of the Colorado River Compact by all available water 16,400,000 source for a State as that which would be the State of Arizona. destroyed in Arizona by the granting of Their motto seems to have been, "Any That apportionment covers every avail- the Diamond Creek permit and the conse- port in a storm!" able drop of water in the Colorado River quent construction of the Diamond Creek When the issuance of their permit was and leaves nothing, absolutely nothing, power plant. Recla- opposed by the Boulder group, they were for the Arizona High Line Canal Respectfully submitted, willing to support that project if its oppo- mation and Power Project. sitionto Diamond Creek were withdrawn. If the Colorado River Compact goes GEORGE H. MAXWELL, When the Compact was proposed, ap- through, Mexico gets the water, and gets Executive Director, National Reclamation parently without any consideration as to enough to reclaim 2,000,000 acres. Association. VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

GEO. W. P. HUNT, GOVERNOR C. O. CASE, SUPT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION CHAIRMAN OF BOARD EXECUTIVE OFFICER nnn CLOYD H. MARVIN W. E. LUTZ PRESIDENT OF UNIVERSITY A. J MATTHEWS SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS. MORENCI PRESIDENT TEMPE NORMAL C. RALPH TUPPER L. B. MDMULLBN PRINCIPAL HIGH SCHOOL. MIAMI PRESIDENT OF NORTHERN ARIZONA NORMAL A. L. JONES COUNTY SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS. PHOENIX

Vocational Education Vocational Rehabilitation Americanization Research

A. M. DAVIS. DIRECTOR

THE CAPITOL

PHOENIX. ARIZONA

The keys which will unlock the resources of Arizona are ir- rigation and power, and this irrigation and power, which can only be developed through the installation of the Highline Canal, will mean much in the way of enlarging the scope of the work of all ed- ucational departments of the state. This is true especially of the State Department of Vocational Education as it is made up of three departments, the Agricultural, the Trades and Industries and the Home Economics. Increased irrigable acreage will mean agricul- tural activity which will bring the large industries, and as a natural result increased activity in all branches of home eco- nomics will follow. Arizona's Vocational program has been entirely reorganized and, through the courtesy of Mr. A. M. Davis, State Director of Vocational Education, we are printing the State plan below.

OUTLINE OF ARIZONA VOCATIONAL tional classes under the Smith-Hughes pro- nomics, address University Station, Tucson, PROGRAM 1923-1924 gram when the class shall have an average Ariz. Office of State Director of Vocational Ed- daily attendance of approximately ten OPPORTUNITY CLASSES: ucation, 210 Capitol Building (10) and the minimum amount of work SPECIAL per student in vocational subjects be nine- STATE PROGRAM ty (90) minutes per day, and the neces- Opportunity classes are of three types: The Arizona Vocational Education Plan, sary time be given to supervision of stu- General occupational classes, Boy Scout as reorganized, consists of three divisions: dent project work. Troops, Camp Fire Girl groups. The Smith - Hughes program in which the General Occupational classes are adapt- Federal Government and the State of Ari- Schools giving vocational work to reg- ed particularly to rural schools to allow zona co-operate, and ularly enrolled students (of vocational age, the older boys and girls the opportunity 15 years or over) and in addition are car- of having instruction in hand work, proj- The Opportunity Class work, outlined by rying on a community program including ects and special "training for the occupa- the State as a special State program, arld such activities as community projects, part tions in the community. These classes are Civilian Rehabilitation for those injured time classes, evening classes or short unit to be adapted to the needs of the com- in industry or otherwise, the State and courses, fifty per cent (50% ) of the sal- Federal Government co-operating. munity and the needs of the children. ary of the teacher for the time devoted to Boy Scout Troops carry out the program Except in cases of rehabilitation, the all vocational work shall be reimbursed. work is carried on under public super- of the Boy Scouts of America. vision, that is, under the direction of the Schools carrying out a program of com- Camp Fire Girl groups carry out the public schools of the State. munity project work, part time classes, program of the National Camp Fire Girl evening classes, or short unit courses, but organization. SMITH-HUGHES VOCATIONAL . do not teach vocational day classes to re..- A school will be reimbursed for oppor- EDUCATION ularly enrolled students of the school, tunity classes (occupational, Boy Scout or The Smith-Hughes vocational program shall be reimbursed for fifty per cent Camp Fire Girl) on the basis of evening includes the subjects of agriculture, trades (50%) of the teacher's salary for the time class work in trades and industries. and industries, and home economics. This devoted to teaching such subjects. Boy Scout program provides for one type of work is carried on mostly under No schools shall be reimbursed unless meeting per week, as does the Camp Fire the supervision of high schools and the Girl program and the occupational classes larger city schools. Where this type of the program approved by the State Super- visor be carried out. will be reimbursed on this basis. work is taught the schools are entitled to At the established rate of $3, the reim- reimbursement from State and Federal The State Supervisors of Vocational Smith-Hughes work are: bursement for all opportunity classes funds not to exceed 50 per cent of the would be on the basis week or and of $8 per teacher's salary for the time devoted to G. C. Mann, Supervisor of Trades $12 per month. The school will pay 50 Industries, address Room 210 Capitol vocational subjects. The plau of reim- per cent and the state will pay 50 per cent bursement follows: Building, Phoenix. of this amount. of Agriculture, Reimbursement for Smith-Hughes E. D. Doxsee, Supervisor No school shall be reimbursed unless Plan of Ariz. Classes address University Station, Tucson, the program approved by the State Di- A school will be reimbursed for. voca- Kate L. Bear, Supervisor of Home Eco- rector be carried out. The requirements for reimbursement in cation. The Boy Scout and Camp Fire industry or otherwise. It is for civilians Boy Scout work are that the troop be or- Girl work may be carried on in either city and is in no way connected with the Vet- ganized as a school troop, that the Scout or rural schools. erans' Bureau, where the rehabilitation of Master be employed by the school, either Before any school is recognized by the ex-service men is carried on. Each case a regular teacher or other person and that State Department for reimbursement for reported to the department is investigated the program as carried out be approved vocational classes, either Smith-Hughes or separately and each case is treated on its by the Scout executive of the council in opportunity classes, an application, to- own merits. When a case is reported to the territory where the school is situated. gether with an approved program of the the department an investigation is made proposed work must be on file with the The same requirements govern the re- and steps taken to determine the eligibility State director of vocational education. imbursement -for Camp Fire Girl work as of the case. The State then renders every for the Boy Scout work, as to the organ- REHABILITATION assistance possible to bring the disabled ization of the group and the employment person back on a self-supporting basis. of the Camp Fire Guardian. The program The rehabilitation program is carried on as carried out must be approved by an au- by the State co-operating with the Federal A. M. DAVIS, thorized representative of the National Government. State Director of Vocational Education. Camp Fire Girls' organization designated The purpose is to bring back to self- Room 210 Capitol Building, by the State director of vocational edu- supporting those who have been injured in Phoenix, Arizona. Government or Politics and Originality should be taught in Schools Labor Day address of Senator Colter At the request of the Loyal Order of depressions, and enter an era of happiness Beware, my friends, of the dangerous Moose, Senator Fred T. Colter delivered an and prosperity, the people—each and very and common practice of a few leaders who address before that body at the annual individual must replace their indifference are organizing associations and using es- Labor Day celebration at Riverside Park, to government with active co-operative in- tablished associations for their own selfish September 3rd. In part Mr. Colter said: terest, knowledge and originality. We advantages or for the benefit of outside "In assembling here today in celebration must become vitally interested in the politi- exploiters and those who seek special of Labor Day, we do so with the noted dis- cal issues and political representatives of privileges. Resolutions approving the Pact tinction of being among the few countries the day. have been rushed through some organiza- of the world that recognize and pay tribute It isn't sufficient that jus, the individual tions by their leaders when a minority of to those who do -the world's work. take this unselfish original interest in the membership was present, and when at Being in such a rapidly growing nation, government, but all organizations, com- least ninety per cent were in doubt, and no due to our democratic form of government, munities and countries have a common co- sane man will sign a contract if the slight- founded by our fearless and independent operative interest in natural laws, and the est doubt exists. I am sad to see a few forefathers, who sacrificed much at dif- artificial man laws or government. leaders of organizations talking "Pact Ap- ferent periods to obtain the advantages we Remember exploiters often start religious proval" resolutions when such hasty pas- now enjoy. Hence, we have a number of and class hatred, to get the people's and sage of vital resolutions are merely used holidays set aside commemorating the association's mind off the true course and to fool the people. Remember what Presi- valiag, deeds of those who suffered that true issue. den„ Lincoln said: "You can fool some of we might live in peace, comfort and prog- all of the people The disastrous slogan, "keep this out of the people all the time; ress. the politics" was cunningly started by the po- some of the time, but you can't fool all Without doubt the all-wise Providence litical exploiters who so well realize that people all the time." intended that all people should work and power that governs every act and move of Why don't the advocates of the Pact ex- serve, for no one can be healthy, happy, our life. Therefore to exploit the govern- plain to you the following fatal, unfair successful and spiritual, unless he labors. ment—the people—to usurp their products, fundamental and detrimental provisions of Therefore, Labor Day is an important rights and privileges it is essential -Lo keep the Pact: event, and represents one of man's most the people out of politics or government, Why is it that the Pact apportions only sacred privileges. and that this unfortunate practice may be 16 million acre feet of water to the seven There is an immutable law that "you continued, political science and originality Colorado River Basin states when there is can't get anything for nothing." Therefore is not sufficiently taught in our schools, 24 million acre feet available to apportion? when our forefathers or we accomplish a especially in primary and elementary If the Pact doesn't mean what it states great thing for the people, we who enjoy grades. why was it that this eight million acre feet it must show ourselves worthy of such In order to be successful in life and at- surplus was not apportioned to the United blessings in order ta perpetuate and derive tain a high standard of citizenship it is States instead of giving it to Mexican the greatest benefit from them. That we necessary for man to have a correct under- landlords? may properly assume the responsibility and standing of natural and spiritual law as Why does the Pact apportion to the Up- obligations placed upon us by our fore- well as the artificial or man-made laws per Basin states double the amount of fathers, we must retain their independence, which constitute our government; therefore water it will ever be able to use, when originality and initiative concern in govern- political economy and originality should be Arizona can now use and irrigate four ment. You know they were not only will- made a compulsory study in our pulbic times the acreage provided for in the and ing to die to obtain this independent schools. Pact? democratic form of government, but all were decidedly actively interested and in- The biggest issue that has ever come be- Is it not for the benefit of the power formed regarding the proper laws to pro- fore Arizona is the Colorado River Com- trust and the Mexican landlords? pact. This is not an ordinary law that mote that form of government, and the Why is it that with the 12 million acre can be enacted this year and repealed two men responsible for their enforcement. The water given to Mexico by the Pact, an act of the legislature, feet of individuals, statesmen and publication that years hence by is no only deprived of her heri- bu, it is a perpetual and definitely bind- Arizona devoted themselves to the service of the tage but in addition must guarantee to people were the most highly esteemed, ing contract that is practically everlasting. furnish Mexico's water shortage with her or contract embraces honored and revered. This leads us back This binding pact and then even without our fundamentals of life, water, land and apportionment to our obligation and responsibility. Are cost? we carrying it out? I think not. There is power. The progress and prosperity which an indifference to government by the peo- we enjoy today is due to the elastic and No act could so well signify the sacred Labor Day than ple and a certain humiliation that goes democratic laws for which our forefathers and happy celebration of following resolution: with any effort to serve in political ca- gave their lives. Now Arizona is asked to the adoption of the or issues. With this indifference become a party to a contract in direct con- That for all time to come you will become pacities in gov- to government it makes clear sailing for flict with our tested and established laws, more vitally originally interested as to and exploitadon. As this which if signed, would delay progress, re- ernment, its issues and purposes, so special privileges that would people's government we are certainly tard reclamation, give our water and power defeat any movement or man is the promote detrimental is- assuming more responsilities such as the away, deprive us of billions of dollars of try to revive and initiative and referendum, taxable wealth which would relieve our sues like the Colorado River Compact, direct primary, the Sixth etc. So it certainly means that in order to burden of taxes. Beware of the Carl Hay- which was definitely rejected by serious deliber- perpetuate and Maintain the ideals of our den Bill and Swing Billl, which are in ef- Legislature after long and forefathers, to eliminate wars and business fect the same as the Pact. ation. Growth and Prosperity Without Pact

ARIZONA DEVELOPMENT OF COLORADO RIVER—EASIER WITHOUT THE PACT (Published in Arizona Mining Journal and papers over the state May, 1923)

THE DEFEAT OF THE COMPACT OPENS THE WAY TO FILE ON AND DEVELOP IN ARIZONA THE GLEN CANYON COLORA- DO-GILA HIGH LINE RECLAMATION AND POWER PROJECT, THE LARGEST IN THE WORLD.

(By Senator FRED T. COLTER.)

PUBLISHER'S NOTE.—The practical experience of Fred T. Col- ter in reclaiming Arizona lands is, perhaps the most extensive of any in the State, as he has built and put under operation six of his Own private reclamation projects. He has frequently sacrificed his person- al interests in his efforts in behalf of Arizona, and the sincerity of his purpose is unquestioned. He lost election for Governor in 1918 by 300 votes.

Arizona won her greatest victory by defeating the Colorado River Compact as formulated at Santa Fe, New Mexico; thereby retaining her inherent rights in the irrigation waters and electric power sites in the Grand Canyon of the Colorado-Gila River. These rivers open the way for Arizona's development of the largest reclamation and power projects in the world. Efforts to Resurrect the Pact When Existing Laws are Better Sinister forces are incessantly at work trying to resurrect the Pact, which was once buried by the Sixth State Legislature of Arizo- na, and in order to win favor for its ratification changes are being suggested and statements made by misled persons which in reality would amount to merely a reiteration of the original provisions con- tained in this document; the purpose of which is to mislead the people of Arizona and have us ratify this compact which is so outrageously discriminating against the interests of the State of Arizona. Pact does not provide for a single avenue that we do not The Borings in Grand Canyon already have better legal and court tested provisions. We have quicker and more equitable means for filing on water and power rights, financing, settling any disputes or having conferences with any one or six Colorado River Basin States. Under the Pact we upset the above easy avenues, besides relinquish almost all of our irrigation and power rights. Most of the Colorado River Basin Lies within the Boundaries of the State of Arizona. The Pact complicates Arizona and Glen Canyon Dam by dividing her in 2 basins and allowing other states to divert her water in other basins. The sources of Arizona's future reclamation waters and her hy- dro-electric power resources must come from the Colorado River Ba- sin, as her entire domain is situated within its borders. Ninety per cent of the power and reclamation dam sites of the Colorado River are within the borders of Arizona. In fact she has as much or more of the valuable resources of the Colorado River as all the other States combined. The other states have other water sources within their bor- ders from which irrigation and hydro-electric power may be secured, while Arizona is dependent on the Colorado River and its tributaries alone. The pact complicates Arizona's position by placing her in both the upper and lower basin and gives all states the right to divert the wa- ters of the Colorado river into other basins, while all the other states have large areas within other basins. Think of the tremendous loss Arizona would sustain shou.ld these marvelous resources be taken from her. It is now time to awaken to the graveness of the situation and take immediate steps to preserve our inherent rights, establish priority and begin actual physical work to develop our interests in the Colorado River, its dam sites and water rights. They all come under this, the world's greatest High Line Canal. Every person must counteract the false propaganda of the Pact advocates, by awaking the people to the truth, showing them the ne- cessity of taking a definite course to save their water and power which lies in this great project. The people—laborers, war veterans, homesteaders, prospective set- Reservoir tlers, land owners, business men, manufacturers, public servants of Arizona—must awaken, must campaign, must save for themselves the taxable wealth of Arizona, by counteracting the misleading progaganda that is being circulated by supporters of the Pact. Must save for themselves the wealth of Arizona, such as water, power, industries, home making and home settling of millions of acres of land, public

and State, made valuable under the great Highline Colorado-Gila project, and for the future purpose of procuring the necessary means to compile engineering data necessary in filing on dam sites and canal lines, and to establish priority water rights for reclamation purposes. This information is absolutely necessary before we can possibly confer with other States also interested in the Colorado Project, or before we can finance to build by National Government, State or Ir- rigation bonds. Some money was appropriated for this purpose by both the Fourth • and Fifth State Legislatures, yet no information was available for the members of the Sixth Legislature from that source. Through the .." --•-• H. noted reclamationist and the father 1. 1PRIna courtesy of Geo. Maxwell, the , of the National Reclamation Act, and the man to whom we may at- ...... - NM. - , tribute the credit for the building of the Roosevelt Dam; the Sixth , Legislature was supplied with maps and engineering data, which help- ....'''-',-. 3.•

ed to save the day for Arizona. .\- `..1 Flood Control, behind which Pact originators hide, can now be more easily obtained, without the Pact. We all realize the imperative . need of controlling the flood waters of the Colorado for the protec- -4.74••n•.- tion of the Yuma and Imperial valleys, and this feature is one of the blinds the Pact originators use as an argument for the immediate ratification of the Pact. But our present National Flood control laws adequately provide avenues through which flood control is secured, and without question thc method ot procedure to secure this protection through our long tested reclamation laws, is now less complicated than it would be if the Pact had been ratified. Tbe Pact interfers. Land owned by the Government, in the State of Arizona in the Grand Canyon gives Arizona a protector under whom she can safely file on Dam sites, mines, etc., which constitute her main wealth. 0 I ••• I. Out of the many absurd and misleading statements from those try- 7,

- ing to revive the Pact; one is that the Government owns most of the /4,11', 1- , ., ,..t NI . \ I land adjacent to the Colorado River, thereby preventing Arizona or ; her citizens from filing on or controlling and developing her dam sites. \‘‘ 1 . N . . f , L ' 1 , .i . 4,.."` ..• . , _.• ...• • How absurd; The immense wealth of the 48 states whose area is • • •‘. ,,, •-- ,C .... C. ,`,:t..1,+ .1 : _•*,r;..;;• :.'7.--6--7: •''' ...'., / * ' made up mostly of Government land, was derived from the States' or ...f....- ...--_-_‘(‘ '7'.4,,.-..e.‘...i..i n ''' . l' • --if - f her citizens' rights to file on and develop National Government land, . • , ,,,,-... ( through homesteading, filing on power and water sites and staking : -I' '''' f —4'. & .• . claims, etc. Today out of these State rights and their preferencL ;;A',... ,,, 11 ix. .,-fr"-to file on claims on these Government lands, under the guardianship - n:, ' -.. „-‘,.....- ..— .., n '.*, of the Federal Government; has been developed the taxable wealth _-_--"vik. , of Arizona, as well as the other individual states; through their rich ....farms, mines, and power plants, and large cities, which are all on . ,. ,.,„ . • , land once owned by the Government. •• • 7 The withdrawal of U. S. Government lands in the States by the ...... _•,...ts-,., U. S. Government is to protect the state and its people from ex- ploitation and monopoly. If Arizona has no control over the Colorado River, then why the strenuous effort to get her to sign away this control by reviving the Pact? A State's permanent wealth is her natural undeveloped resource— be they State or Government. On these she may draw for future de- velopment.

The Pact takes away from Arizona and give to Mexico's Foreign and big land owners and prohibits the many proposed projects from using the surplus waters. .r.•--- *4 In addition to complicating Arizona's power sites, the pact de- ••••orrl7rOlg.f71*"-' -1 ' < cides definitely only two points: It makes clear Mexico's allocation of water. It also defines that the upper basin states shall have seven and one half million acre feet, and eight and one half million acre feet in the lower basin states, (including the Gila river in the lower basin states). The states of each basin must decide their different alloca- tions, and herein lies many disputes and endless litigation. Under the Pact surplus water goes to Mexico as well as the return flow and NI seepage water. (The lower basin cannot possibly take the surplus, it . water as Article VIII of the Pact so states), but Mexico's allocation to millions of acres must be maintained at the expense of both the ...1'q .. upper and lower basin states, even to the appropriation of the watt.. of the Gila river for this purpose. it..„,,c( . This is plainly stated in the Pact in Article 3, paragraph C., as fol- / lows: "If such surplus shall prove insufficient for this purpose, the , burden of the difficiency shall be borne equally by the upper and , lower basins."

Heaven only knows how far reaching this provision may be. , Mexico's big land monopolists could even take the waters from the completed projects as well as from the State. Neither can the many proposed projects utilize the surplus waters. Boulder Canyon Dam Detrimental to Arizona and U. S. Being too low and at wrong end of Canyon. Glen Canyon project at upper end, largest and most economical and inexpensive. The seine interests that originated the Pact idea were at the same time laying the foundation for the physical and political control of the Colorado river by advocating the construction of the Boulder Canyon Dam, thereby giving the water by gravity to Mexico reclaiming her millions of acres of land and stripping Arizona of her rights to this TRIBUTE TO "THE LADIES," water, also creating a great loss of electric power at the same time. A PROGRESSIVE CLIMAX The Boulder Canyon darn drops the water to the base of the Dam (By Albert D. Leyhe) 700 feet, which is 700 feet too low an elevation to reclaim Arizona's lands and the business and franchise goes to Nevada 'and no power to Arizona. I have seen the giant locomotive, with furnace aflame, fuming and hissing, thence Because of its low elevation, as it is located at the extreme lower rushing onward through the darkness, end of the Grand Canyon is the least favorable, and most expensive heedless of danger and uncertainty, and I construction site. The Glen Canyon site which is at the upper end of have thought it was grand. the Canyon would store double the water and could be constructed for I have seen the a much less cost. The water could also be repeatedly used for gener- lightning leap at mid- night, athwart ating hydro-electric energy as it passes over the many falls in the the storm-swept sky, shim- Grand Canyon, after which the water can be diverted to the high mering over chaotic clouds, 'midst howl- ing winds, till cloud lands of California and to the millions of acres of our Arizona lands. and darkness and the shadow-haunted earth flashed into midday The main canal alone developing millions more power by taking the splendor, and I have said it was place of expensive transmission lines with their great loss of electric grand. power. I have stood on the summit of yonder mighty Rockies and seen the night flee Reclamation must have Preference over Power to Develop most away before the pillars of lambent fire Power and to keep from Destroying Reclamation. that pierced the zenith. I saw a thousand Agriculture is the basic industry, therefore the generation of elec- ragged mountain peaks begin to peer up tric power must be subservient to irrigation. from the abyssmal darkness, whilst the lordly eagle, rising upward from his home To issue a power permit before a reclamation permit would on the crags, with pinions widespread, be destructive and illegal according to all courts. There is no loss bared his 'golden breast to the yellow of electric power in the development of power when done in conjunc- beams and screamed his welcome to the tion with reclamation projects. One power permit given before a sun in his coming, and I have known it thorough knowledge of the possibilities could loose entirely or hold was grand. centuries. up reclamation for I have stood on the banks of yonder If Pact is not ratified, developments await Yuma and Mohave Father of Waters, whilst darkness veiled counties the Gila valley as well as numerous proposed projects the earth's fair form. I saw about me the throughout the State. giant oaks and elms, and the hundred other trees of lesser magnitude, all clad in There are scores of irrigation projects over the State now, from their wintry garb, being shorn of the glory the head to the mouth of the different streams, comprising acreages of their summer's strength. I heard the from ten to two hundred thousand to the project, embracing nearly gentle patter of rain-drops on the dry one million acres. In the Kingman-Needles district and the Big leaves, whilst the wintry winds were moan- Sandy, in Mohave, approximately three hundred thousand acres are ing a sad and melancholy requiem. Faster accessible to irrigation. and faster the rain-drops fell as the winds The main diversion canal of the Colorado-Gila project would pass increased in fierceness until at last inani- through this county, giving a great amount of construction work re- mate nature was creaking with the weight sulting in immediate boom in business conditions and enhancing land of its icy burden. Then, just as the first settlement with the Pact defeated. Yuma county has perhaps the larg- faint gleam of light was seen in the east, est area of arid lands to be developed under this project. Fortunately the black mantle of night began to lift un- for all the Colorado-Gila High Line Canal will cross below and dove- til, when far overhead, it was caught up on tail into most all of the above projects, making them partially peak shafts of fire, rolling and seething 'mid bil- load dams for the maximum supply to the main canal with uniform lows of refulgent flame. I saw myriads flow to the lands below as well as the irrigation of the higher lands upon myriads of scintillating, gleaming, icy above the main canal and at head of streams making one stupendous, gems that sparkled and glittered like a interwoven, powerful and economical reclamation union. world fashioned of diamonds, and 0 it was grand. Possible Development Enormous Without the Pact and Great pros- perity to the entire State and the Salt River Valley Immediate. But the grandest thing on earth, next to the radiance that flows from the Al- Under the Grand Canyon Gila High Line Project, the largest in might's throne, is the light of the life of the world, more than a million acres surrounding Phoenix and near- a noble and beautiful woman, shining in by towns with their paved roads extending in all directions, as well benediction upon the destinies of man, and as millions more scattered over the State would be placed under per- at last finding its home in the bosom of petual production. Over a million and a quarter horse power of elec- the everlasting God. tricity can be generated in the Main high line canal, which will pay for the entire project. Imagine if you can, the tremendous develz opment incident to the accomplishment of this gigantic scheme. Im- THE DESERT agine the millions of capital and people coming here to take advan- tage of cheap power and to secure the reclaimed state and public Vast and cruel, hot and cold, lands, also patented lands. It means the building of large manufactur- Burying tales, n'er retold, ing concerns, automobile plants, new cities and towns. Capital and Quiet calm, repose there lies, people come immediately to places where big enterprises are under In the dusky desert skies. way. Burning fires greet the eyes, Progress and Prosperity or Delay and Panic. Established Prior- That search the sunset desert skies, ity Essential. Silver specks, flecked with gold, Shall we immediately postpone and delay this progress by entering The wonders of the desert fold. into a Pact, which would only complicate and deprive us of our rights or shall we form a progressive organization for the purpose of secur- Deep, so deep, the silence there, ing reliable engineering data and file and establish priority and form Thirsting cries of hot despair, the basis necessary to accomplish the greatest reclamation project in Lone in wonder, deep in woe, the world, thereby making employment, making possible for all to Ever was the desert so. have sustaining homes and to save their homes; making it possible for —D. B. many producers and business men and others crushed with debt due to special privileges and monopoly that makes war and panics, to pay out or revive. Construction and progress with equal opportunity for all, will be the only thing which will make an efficient, good, healthy business and people. Facts Concerning the Pact and Growth of Arizona By FED T. COLTER (Published in papers over the State Sept. 19, 1923.) Facts are necessary for any kind of an and one-half million acre feet iM the lower in the world. Those laws are now court agreement, deed, contract, or pact where basin. This total subtracted from the total tested so that we may have an elastic, fair a division is made requiring investigation, flow of twenty-four million acre feet gives and definite course to take for the preser- appraisal and engineering reports. Still, a surplus of eight million acre feet. To vation, protection and development of all conditional deeds or contracts are as good this should be added the 4,000,000 acre natural resources. as any and will last for all time as would feet surplus from the upper basin, making Arizona, standing as any new state in this conditional Colorado compact of the twelve million acre feet of surplus water its healthy babyhood, with boundless fu- seven states and the United States, which given to Mexico. Besides, we guarantee ture resources necessary for future gives Arizona's water to Mexico. to supply her deficiency everlastingly, as growth, will wither and die before full The official engineering report on the stated in Article 3, paragraph C, of the maturity if these natural future resources Colorado river published in the Con- pact. —her only real assets—be taken from her, gressional Record was written by Arthur Arizona is entitled to over twelve mil- stripping her of water, power and billions P. Davis (recently resigned), head of the lion acre feet, but the Davis report and of dollars of taxable wealth. This is what U. S. reclamation service and the pact, the the Santa Fe pact give her about one and the pact accomplishes. Boulder Canyon Dam and Carl Hayden one-half million acre feet. The water is given to two million acres bill, all being synonymous, were based Without the pact, after procuring en- of land in Mexico, belonging to a few upon this report, which is most unfair. It gineering data and filing, we can put powerful and rich Americans. We store permits of the irrigation of only 280,000 water to the maximum beneficial use, the water at no cost to them, and then additional acres, this being equivalent to thereby making the water of the Colorado guarantee for all time to supply their de- practically 1,120,000 acre feet within Ari- river sufficient to serve all requirements ficiency—and water deficiencies come in zona, when there are several million of the seven basin states, and existing dry years when all are short—out of the acres now practical for irrigation. Arizona water rights in Mexico. The reflow and the pitifully small amount or allocation of has one-half of the entire drainage area seepage water of the reclaimed lands in water the pact leaves us. of the Colorado river basin and, by the the United States would eventually reclaim With the guarantee of Arizona's water, Colorado-Wyoming decision and by equity, all lands in Mexico. these rich landlords will and are selling is entitled to one-half the average A compact, or treaty between the states the cheap lands to the Japanese (who are flow of the entire Colorado river basin. is an exceptional and congressionally au- not allowed to take land in California and Figures from the Davis report show the thorized right, allowing the separate states Arizona), making hundreds of millions of twenty-year average flow, including water to contract with each other, limited, of dollars for the American landlords, as well now bieng used, to be 24,000,000 acre course, to the objects and specifications as establishing a Japanese military and feet in the entire basin, of which of the congressional authorization. The industrial base, endangering our peace and 12,000,000 should be allocated to Arizona. pact, or treaty, written on that account creating competition with our labor, raw This figure is arrived at as follows; Seven- would have to comply with the specifica- products and industries. teen and one-half million acre feet (meas- tions, be ratified by the legislatures of Why should Arizona be rushed to sign ured above Yuma), added to the two and the states concerned, and last and most an unfair pact, when, taking water from one-half million acre feet in the lower important of all, would require the ratifi- her, giving to the four upper basin states division, two and one-half million acre feet cation of congress of the United States of more than double what they can possibly in the upper basin, now being used for America. This is most important because use, and giving all surplus water to Mex- actual irrigation, one and one-half million congress, with its unbiased position and ico to be an incentive for them to sign? acre feet of refolw and seepage water; in protectorate over all, has a sworn duty to Why should Arizona sign away or com- all 24,000,000 acre feet of water to be di- see that one state does not impose on an- plicate her power sites, practically all of vided from the entire basin. - other and that monopoly and exploitation which are within her borders, when she Arizona alone is entitled to more than are not exercised. The question of the can file on same regardless of their being 12,000,000 acre feet. The pact, after up- Colorado river compact, as unfairly writ- on U. S. government lands? setting present laws, gave the lower divi- ten at Santa Fe, has brought this serious Why should Arizona sign a pact that sion only eight and one-half million acre duty of avoiding disaster clearly before gives all the states a right to divert water feet, inclusive of existing water rights, the the people. into other river basins, depriving the lower Gila and Arizona rivers, to be divided and This legal requirement for consideration basin of this water for power and reclama- fought out among three states—Arizona, by congress would be final means for pro- tion, as well as the seepage and reflow California and Nevada. With that small tecting Arizona's rights since the pact has water which she is not permitted to use? amount of water we guarantee by the not complied with the specifications made Why should Arizona give her rights pact, without cost, to forever supply Mex- by congress in authorizing it, such as the away in order to delay action in securing ico's deficiency in water, which would acquiring of all engineering data, the allo- flood control for Yuma and Imperial val- come at a time of universal water short- cating of water to the separate states, or leys, when there are now legal, congres- age. in equity and fairness. Water has not sional avenues which are established and When a contract gives you a definite been allotted to a single state. Instances can now be used ? amount, it is settled. " Article 3, Para- are not recorded where a water difficulty graph A, and Article 8 of the pact, veri- Why should Arizona sign a pact allow- was ever settled, or could be settled with- ing the upper basin to deplete the twenty- fies what is meant by saying that eight and out separate and individual allocation year average annual flow at Lee's Ferry and one-half million acre feet includes now division, and that division, to be fair, must existing and perfected rights. Article 8 of 16,400,000 acre feet to seven and one- be based on a detailed and total coib- half million average, and that coining of the pact says, "All other rights to water pilation of the entire facts. That all data have to be satisfied solely from the water from a seventy-five million acre feet stor- on the Colorado river is not yet available age given by the pact? The pact gives the apportioned to its basin." In face of such has been confirmed by the last LaRue a pact advocates admit that the upper upper basin the right to withhold this 75,- report. 000,000 acre feet and during any part of basin is given much more water than it A compact or treaty is presumed to be can use, saying water runs down hill and tenyears to turn it down, meaning that used where trouble is pending, and where they could turn all down in one or three therefore we can use it. But the pact laws and regulations are not adequate, and positively says we cannot. The surplus years and leave the lower basin dry the re- on non-fundamental matters. Other large mainder of the time. water cannot be taken. river basin states have been and are carry- The ,upper division has been allotted ing out immense reclamation and develop- Why should Arizona be forced to sign seven and one-half million acre feet in the ment programs; and so have we, and with- an unfair contract when she and all states easily and sooner lower division, four million acre feet more out a pact. concerned would be more than it can possibly use. It hasn't the acre- This Colorado compact, which is not assisted and financed by the United States age on which to use it, and, being in the needed, involves land, water and power, government without it. high mountain country, it can use only one- the fundamentals of existence. Oue fore- Why should Arizona sign a contract or third as much water per acre as is re- fathers came to this country to escape pact which takes her water and gives it quired for the lower basin per acre. bound pacts, and rigid laws, giving their to Mexico's big American landlords when There are seven and one-half million blood to establish the greatest, most equita- she has many projects of her own. Among acre feet in the upper basin and eight ble and democratic constitution and laws them the largest in the United States, the Arizona highline Colorado-Gila river reclamation project, for which La Rue, chief of the United States geological sur- vey, recommended an appropriation of REMARKS, IN PART, OF HON. FRED T. COLTER, SENATOR $25,000 for further survey. This project FROM APACHE COUNTY, ON THE MOTION TO SUBSTITUTE is more practical and cheaper than other SENATE CONCURRENT RESOLUTION NO. 8, FEB. 27, 1923 big projects, such as the Big Columbia basin project of one million seven hundred MR. COLTER: Mr. Chairman, in support of my Resolution, acres, approved by General Goethels. No. 8, I would like to say that unfortunately we haven't a Legisla- Arizona should be surveying and filing ture that has nothing else to do but consider this Colorado River Com- on her reclamation and power projects em- pact, alone. This pact itself is enough, it is sufficiently large, and bracing millions of acres of her rich desert it means enough to the State of Arizona—in fact, it is the biggest lands, as suggested by LaRue, thus pro- thing we have ever had to come before any Legislature, and sixty tecting herself for her present and future days would be short for the consideration of the pact alone. development. This method would afford There have been many other matters and bills here in this Leg- an opportunity for thousands of returned islature that have taken up the different legislators' time, and I am soldiers and others to file upon these lands sorry. This is the case in my behalf. The consideration of the Lyman and make homes and farms for millions of Dam, on the Little Colorado River, where I was born and raised and people. have built several dams, has taken much of my time. Therefore, due Cheap power for old and new factories, to the lack of time and engineering data, I feel haste would be a mis- pumping, etc., would bring much new cap- take. I am sure that the pact as it is, is not protecting Arizona; time ital and create additional taxable wealth for engineering data will tell to what extent, and give us an oppor- to help bear the present burden of taxa- tunity to intelligently file on those rights. tion. It is hard to conceive how anyone having the welfare of the As a reminder to those who would be people of Arizona at heart can ignore the warnings of the Gov- alarmed at the cost of building these proj- ernor's message against hasty action on the Colorado River Compact. ects, let us remember the great alarm He calls attention to the inevitable working out of our mines. spread by opponents to the building of None but an agricultural foundation for taxation to support the the Roosevelt dam. It takes a long time future state is dependable. The mines now pay over half the taxes, to prepare for the financing of such work and the lands only a little over ten per cent. What would the burden as well as money and many people. Still, a be on the farms, what will it be in the future, without the mines? great amount of electrical power goes The Governor calls attention to the great reclamation project with these reclamation developments and under the proposed Arizona High Line, and to our lack of authorita- will eventually pay for the projects, while tive information with reference to its practicability. the government will advance the money The Legislature has twice made appropriations adequate for the and millions of dollars of taxable wealth ascertainment of the facts that must be known before that project will be created. can be rejected as impracticable, and yet you have not that informa- tion. Schemes as the Pact Defeated, Panic De- If the necessity exists for waiting until it is obtained before velops Into Prosperity throwing away this stupendous agricultural basis for taxation through all future time, who is to blame for that? Must we, because State Because land today is not paying on a officials, with the money at their disposal, have not performed their certain cost, due to the worst depression duty, surrender rights of the State so vast in extent that the ordinary ever known in the United States, especially mind fails to grasp them? among the farmers, and this depression be- The Arizona High Line Project will reclaim cause of 2,500,000 acres of such special privilege and monop- land. We know that land is there. There is no oly it schemes doubt whatever as the Colorado river com- about that part of it. What we do pact, is no reason why not know is exactly what it will the people and the cost to reclaim it. We are producers are entitled to know that before we throw not going to awaken from away that project in exchange for their sleep, and indifference to govern- illusory benefits which it is claimed we will get if we rush this pact through before we know what we ment. By this awakening to the truth and are doing. We know if by accident the simple ideas of running their own it shouldn't be practical now it on will be, as the demand for land political affairs will bring to light the ab- will be greater, and new inven- tions and discoveries are coming to surdities of the pact, as well as better the front, and therefore future prices for produce and lands, and will lead development should be preserved and retained for future generations. to prosperity. We know that General Goethals, who built the Panama Canal, has approved a project with greater engineering difficulties than our Four negatively and four affirmatively proposed Arizona High Line project, the Columbia Great Basin proj- answered questions should induce every ect in the State of Washington. The average estimated acroage cost person to resent any further consideration of that project is $144.90, the acreage to be reclaimed 1,750,000, of the pact as formulated at Santa Fe, and the length of the canal line before it reaches the lands to be which once failed to pass the Arizona leg- irrigated is 158 miles. The length of the Arizona High Line is some- islature. thing less, and the acreage to be reclaimed 2,500,000. Is there any need of this pact? Posi- Apply the Washington acreage cost estimate to the Arizona proj- tively no; we have better avenues. ect and we have $362,250,000 available for construction costs, to Does one sign a deed, contract, or pact which should be added at least $100,000,000 for the one million when doubtful about it or its contents? horsepower that can be developed under the Arizona project at Wil- Absolutely no. liams River and Ehrenburg, besides 266,000 more horsepower devel- Does the pact give Arizona her water oped between Lone Mountain Pass or the Nottbusch Pass and Gilles- and power? Positively No. pie Dam. Does the pact lessen litigation and trouble? No. It makes more. Now how can it be contended that our project is impracticable Should Arizona, and can she, file on her beside the Washington project, which has the approval of one of the water rights to protect and preserve them? greatest living engineers? Yes, easier without the pact, because the But we are asked to disregard the Governor's message urging us pact gives them away. Arizona should im- to wait until we have the necessary engineering facts—we are asked mediately raise the money necessary for to throw this vast asset of the State away, in exchange for a pact, procuring engineering data to file and pro- which, in its practical operations, will give to Mexico the water from tect her rights. the Colorado River, where large private interests are awaiting the Will the United States government and passage of the pact to start immediate work, that would otherwise the present laws assist us to protect fil- irrigate this vast acreage in Arizona, that lies under the Arizona High ings, and in financing when needed? Yes, Line Canal, or any of the other projects that are feasible that we because the United States government is now have no engineering data to work on. our unbiased protector, while the pact It seems incredible that anyone in Arizona should be willing to would upset our present tested course. make that exchange. True, the pact does not say that it gives the Will the filing and protecting of her water to Mexico. but that is the practical and inevitable effect of its water rights and future developing of deceptive provision. them bring money, people and prosperity? Yes. The discharge of the Colorado River at Laguna Dam is 16,400,000 acre feet annually, averaged over twenty years. This now goes to Mexico, unregulated, in great floods. When regulated by reservoirs in our country it will continue to go to Mexico in a regulated flow, easily diverted and used, unless diverted and used in the United States. This raises the question: UNDER THE PROVISIONS OF THE PACT, HOW MUCH WATER WILL CONTINUE TO GO TO MEXICO AND BE AVAILABLE FOR BENEFICIAL USE FOR IRRIGATION IN THAT COUNTRY? The appropriation for the upper basin under the pact is 7,500,000 acre feet annually. Deduct 3,500,000 as their present use, leaves a reserve apportionment for the upper basin of 4,000,000 acre feet. This cannot be deducted from the 16,400,000 because it will not be used in the upper basin for many years, and in the meantime it will be used in Mexico, where it goes. By virtue of that first use Mexico will claim a permanent right to it when the time comes in the future that they try to take it away from Mexico in the upper basin. Table of Contents So we still have 16,400,000 going to Mexico, less only what can be used in Arizona and California. The apportionment of the Lower Basin is 8,500,000 acre feet. Of this, the Davis estimate is that 6,100,000 acre feet will be used in California and Nevada, and 940,- 000 acres in California and 280,000 acres in Arizona. The remaining 2,400,000 acre feet is the waters of the Arizona rivers, and not to be Page taken from the Colorado River at all. Map 2 If the whole 6,100,000 acre feet is deducted from the 16,400,000 acre feet, it leaves 10,400,000 acre feet for Mexico, enough to re- Foreword (By Charles W. Coe) 3 claim two million acres of land. But that is not all that will be left for Mexico. The 940,000 Board of Directors 4 in the irrigable area in California by Davis is twice the acres included Arizona's Greatest Opportunity 5 area irrigable unless the All-American Canal is built. The Mexican interests are bitterly hostile to the All-American Canal, and if they Defeat the Pact (Rep. E. J. Fiock) 5 can, as they no doubt will, keep it from being built, it will add 2,350,000 acre feet to the annual supply of water going to Mexico. Arizona the Youngest State That, in addition to their supplies, will cover all losses from evapor- (Charles W. Coe) ation in reservoirs and channels and leave them a net supply of ten Senator T. million acre feet. Extracts from Speeches of 8 Arizona cannot use any part of this water that Mexico will get S. Kimball under the pact, because the pact is so drawn as to prevent it. The Status of the Engineer than physical conditions are such that Arizona cannot irrigate more (John Devereux York) 8 the 280,000 acres described in the Davis report, unless the water can be brought through the Osborn Pass, enough water to reclaim 2,- Present Plans for Irrigation and 500,000 acres, so as to make the cost per acre low enough to justify Power 9 the cost of building the Arizona High Line Canal. Under the pact, that is impossible, and the inevitable result of the pact is to destroy Engineer's Report (George W. Sturte- the Arizona High Line Project and give the water to Mexico. vant and Edward L. Stam 10, 11 to the present pact are fundamental. The law The objections Cartoon (Harry Locke) 12 under which it was framed contemplated a partition of the water be- tween the respective states. The pact does not do that. It divides the Brief, Before Federal Power Commission states into two groups, thus multiplying the probabilities of litigation, (George H. Maxwell) 13-22 first by two, and then leaves four states to fight it out in the upper basin and three states to fight it out in the lower basin. Vocational Education (A. M. Davis)23, 24 There is no division of the water, the 8,500,000 acre feet appor- T. Colter)....24 tioned to the lower basin, Labor Day Address (Fred feet appor- There is no division of the water, the 8,500,000 acre and Prosperity Without Pact and Arizona, no de- Growth tioned to the lower basin, between California and Senate Remarks (Fred T. Col- have to wait for the Cali- termination as to how long Arizona would ter) 25, 31 fornia interests to fight for the All-American Line Canal until they finally accept defeat at the hands of the opposition Mexican interests, Tribute to the Ladies, Prose Poem even if Arizona could use the water at all. (Albert D. Leyhe) 27 The pact provides that all rights to the beneficial waters of the Colorado River, other than present perfected rights (Article The Desert, Poem (Dorothy Burton)_...27 "shall be satisfied solely from the water apportioned to that VIII), River Compact in Full 31, 32 basin in which they are situate." How much each shall have is left Colorado to a fight between the States. Do you see Arizona positively cannot Poem (Mrs. J. E. McDaniel) 32 take any surplus water. The Turley Project in New Mexico proposes to irrigate over Contributors 32 1.000,000 acres. Are they entitled to a preference over Colorado or Utah—if they beat them to it, and use the water first? There are so many ambiguities in the pact, so many vital pro- visions as to the effect of which the advocates and opponents of the pact flatly disagree as to thé right construction, that this alone is enough to condemn the instrument. The proponents of the pact have contended that Mexico will not enlarge their use beyond 2,000.000 acre feet a year. The House of Representatives of this Legislature ha::, taken them at their word and put that into th pact. But they still are not satisfied, and even that limitation would not prevent them from getting the whole 10,- 000,000 acre feet that will run down to them by the law of gravity, if they can get rid of the Arizona High Line Canal as the result of the ratification of the pact. (Continued on page 31) ARTICLE III. — (a) There is hereby ap portioned from the Colorado River System IN PERPETUITY to the Upper Basin and Why should we ratify this pact before we know facts that the to the Lower Basin, respectively, the ex- Arizona Legislature appropriated the money twice to find out? clusive beneficial consumptive use of 7,- Why should we not know that the Arizona High Line Canal will 500,000 acre feet of water per annum, cost with all the detail the State Engineers of Washington have esti- which shall INCLUDE ALL WATER NEC- mated the cost of the Columbia Great Basin Project? ESSARY FOR THE SUPPLY OF ANY Why should we not know every fact referred to in the Gov- RIGHTS WHICH MAY NOW EXIST. ernor's message before we blindly put our head in a bag? (b) In addition to the apportionment in paragraph (a), the Lower Basin is Why should we hot know who owns this land in Mexico, and hereby given the right to increase its bene- what, if any, rights they have to the Colorado River, before we de- ficial consumptive use of such waters by liberately give it to them? one million acre feet per annum. Why should we have any doubt as to what water we are going (c) If, as a matter of international to get from the upper states in a cycle of dry seasons, or what amount comity, the United States of America shall we would have to make good to Mexico as a deficiency? hereafter recognize in the United States of Mexico any rignt to the use of any Why should we be asked to surrender our vested rights to the waters of the Colorado River System, lower water flow before we have any assurance of any storage at all? SUCH WATERS SHALL BE SUPPLIED The pact raises innumerable such questions, FIRST FROM THE WATERS WHICH and it is no answer ARE SURPLUS to say that we are going to get power in exchange for giving the OVER AND ABOVE water to Mexico and surrendering control THE AGGREGATE OF THE QUANTI- of the vast power resource TIES SPECIFIED IN of the river to interests over which Arizona would have no control, PARAGRAPH (A) and from whom we AND (b); AND IF SUCH SURPLUS have no assurance of justice, either in the amount SHALL PROVE INSUFFICIENT FOR of power the state shall get, or the price at which it is to be fur- nished. THIS PURPOSE, THEN THE BURDEN OF SUCH DEFICIENCY SHALL BE One of the most potent reasons for going slow in the whole mat- EQUALLY BORNE BY THE UPPER ter of this pact is the unseemly haste with which its proponents are BASIN AND THE LOWER BASIN, and endeavoring to rush it through without giving the people of Arizona whenever necessary the states of the Up- or to acquire a full understanding of its provisions before ratifying per Division shall deliver at Lee Ferry time to acquire the information referred to in the Governor's message water to supply one-half of the deficiency so recognized in addition to that provided in paragraph (d). (d) The states of the Upper Division will not cause the flow of the river at Lee's Ferry to be depleted below an aggregate of seventy-five million acre feet for any Colorado River Compact in Full: period of ten consecutive years reckoned in continuing progressive series beginning with the first day of October next suc- The sates of Arizona, California, Colo- River and its tributaries within the United ceeding the ratification of this compact. rado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and States of America. (e) The states of the Wyoming having resolved to enter into a (b) The Upper Division term "Colorado River Basin" shall not withhold water, and the compact under the act of the congress of means all of states the drainage area of the Col- of the Lower Division shall not require the United States of America approved orado river system and all other territory the delivery of water, which cannot rea- August 19, 1921 (Forty-second Statutes at within the United States of America to Large, page 171) and the acts of the legis- which the sonably be applied to domestic and agri- waters of the Colorado River cultural uses. latures of the said states, have, through system shall be beneficially applied. (f) their governors, appointed as their com- (c) The Further equitable apportionment of missioners: terni "States of the Upper Di- the beneficial vision" means the uses of the waters of the W. S. Norviel, for the states of Colorado, New Colorado State of Arizona; Mexico, Utah and Wyoming. River System unapportioned by W. F. McClure, for the State of Califor- paragraphs

CONTRIBUTORS

Maricopa Farm Bureau Association, Berryhill Building, 4 9 East Dr. J. C. Roberts, Dentists, First Avenue and Adams Street. Washington. Adams Hotel, North Central Avenue. H. M. Maus. Dr. H. E. Gerdes, Veterinary Surgeon, 308 North First Aven Blasingame Nurseries, First Avenue and Van Buren Street. O. B. Marston Supply Company, School and Office Supplies, 3 J. C. Penny Co., 14-18 West Washington Street. West Washington Street. PhoenixPhoenix Laundry Company, Central Avenue and Jackson. J. D. Halstead Lumber Company, Five Points. Grand Cafe, 34 West Adams Street. Valley Lumber Company, Third and Madison Streets. Vic Hanny Co., Clothiers, 40 North Central Avenue. McCalla Lumber Company, 1418 West Jefferson. Central Florists, Inc., 17 North Central Avenue. Ezra W. Thayer Hardware Company, 124 East Washington. Ratner's Apparel Shop, 22 East Washington Street. Taylor Paint House, 30 North First Avenue. City Ice Delivery Company, 21 North Fourth Street. O'Malley Lumber Company, Fourth Avenue and Jefferson Stree Ed. L. Shaw, Cattle Dealer, 105 Monihon H. H. Shoup Lumber Company, 600 East Washington Street. A. H. McClellan, Undertakers, 617 North Central Avenue. Southwest Sash and Door Company, 323 West Jackson Street. H. A. Diehl Shoe Company, 10 West Washington Street. M. M. Hayes Printing Company, 26 West Jefferson Street. Heinze, Bowen & Harrington, Commercial Stationers, 321 West Arizona Storage & Distributing Company, 18 South Central A Adams Street. Palace Hardware & Arms Company, 14 West Washington. McNeil Company, Stationers, 126 West Washington Street. Vinson Bros. & Carter Electric Co., 25 East Adams Street. Boyd & Clark, Stationers, 119 North Second Avenue. Boston Store, 216 East Washington Street. Joe C. Haldiman, Insurance, Heard Building. Korricks' Dry Goods Company, First and Washington Streets. Donofrio Confectionery Company, 21 East Washington Street. S. H. Kress & Co., 28 West Washington Street. American Kitchen, 33 North Central Avenue. F. W. Woolworth & Co., 28 East Washington Street. Apache Drug Company, Adams and First Avenue. Arizona Gazette, Home Builders' Building.