GEOLOGY AND I\1IN"ERAL RESOURCES OF

Arizona Bureau of Mines* .

Bulletin 180 (Part I) 1969 (reprinted 1989 and 1991)

*currently the Arizona Geological Survey

MINERAL AND WATER RESOURCES OF ARIZONA

PART I GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES

PREPARED BY THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

AND THE ARIZONA BUREAU OF MINES FOREWORD

Bulletin 180, published in 1969, has been out-of-print for Special Paper 5 Geologic Diversity of Arizona and Its Margins; some time and we have been distributing photocopies of it upon Excursions to Choice Areas (1987). request. Although much has been learned since 1969 about the Map 15-2 Geothermal Resources of Arizona (1982). geology and resources of Arizona, we have no plans to update Map 18 Metallic Mineral Districts of Arizona (1983; Bulletin 180. Because we often get requests for the type of included in Bulletin 194. but also available information in Bulletin 180. we have decided to reprint Part I. separately). Geology and Mineral Resources. without modification. Map 19 Map of Outcrops of Laramide (­ Parts II and III. Water Resources and Water Resource De­ Tertiary) Rocks in Arizona and Adjacent velopment, respectively, will not be reprinted. Those needing Regions (1984; includes explanatory pamphlet). infor,mation on these subjects may contact the Arizona Depart­ Map 20 Map of Mid-Tertiary Volcanic. Plutonic. and ment of Water Resources and the U.S. Geological Survey. Water Sedimentary Rock Outcrops in Arizona (1986). Resources Division. Map 21 Map of Post-15-m.y. Volcanic Outcrops in Several statewide studies on geology and mineral resources Arizona (1985). have been published by the Arizona Geological Survey since Map 22 Map of Late -Quaternary (Post-4-m.y.) 1969. The major ones are listed below. Publication dates are Faults, Folds, and Volcanic Outcrops in Ari­ included in parentheses. zona (1986). Map 24 Map of K-Ar and Ar-Ar Age Determinations Bulletin 182 Coal, Oil, Natural Gas. Helium, and Uranium in Arizona (1986; included in Bulletin 197. but in Arizona (1970). also available separately). Bulletin 194 Metallic Mineral Districts and Production in Map 25 Map of Fission-Track, Rb-Sr, and U-Pb Age Arizona (1983). Determinations in Arizona (1986; included in Bulletin 196 Mine Index for Metallic Mineral Districts of Bulletin 197, but also available separately). Arizona (1985). Map 26 Geologic Map of Arizona (1988). Bulletin 197 Compilation of Radiometric Age Determina­ tions in Arizona (1986). Many detailed reports and maps of specific areas are also Circular 21 The and (Carbon­ available for examination or purchase. A complete list of publi­ iferous) Systems in the United States: Arizona cations and open-file reports may be obtained from the Arizona (1981). Geological Survey. Circular 23 Geothermal Resources in Arizona: A Bibliog­ raphy (1982). Larry D. Fellows Special Paper 4 Proceedings of the 21st Forum on the Geology Director and State Geologist of Industrial Minerals (1987). Arizona Geological Survey January 1989

3 4

CONTENTS

Page Mineral fuels and associated resources-Continued Pal't Preface _ 17 Crude oil in Arizona _ 72 I>ineh-bi-Keyal1 field ~ .l. _ 72 Geology and· mineral resources ~ _ East Boundary Blitte field _ 21 Unnamed field _ 75 The mineral industry of Arizona .----..:------21 75 Introduction _ ~ 21 I>ry Mesa field _ 75 Aboriginal period _ 21 Unnamed field _ 76 Spanish conquistador period _ 22 Walker Creek field _ .76 American prospector period _ 23 Unnamed field ~ ~ _; .: • _ 76 Modern-day mining period _ 24 lleserves and resources ~ .~ 77 Selected refercnces ------__ 33 Selected references - -~ -_ 77 Geology and topography _ Natural gas --_ Introduction _ 35 Introduction _ 77 Topography _ 35 History :. __ 77 35 78 Stratigraphy _ Production .: ~~ _ 37 78 rocks _ 38 Natural gas in Arizona '.:I ~ :.. • _ 79 rocks _ BitaPeak·field ~:.. 39 79 rocks _ I>ineh-bi-Keyah field _ rocks _ 42 80 43 East Boundary Butte fieldu .: _ 80 Intrusive igneous rocks _ 44 Toh-Atin field .!. . ' _ 80 Older Precambrian intrusives _ 44 Twin Falls Creek field ~ _ 80 Y ~un~er Preca.mJ;>rian ?iabase _ 45 Unnamed field__. ~ .. 81 - mtruslves _ 45 Reserves and potential resources of crude oil and natural gas_ 81 Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary intrusives _ 45 Selected references '_ 83 Mid-Tertiary intrusives _ 45 Other associated gases ~ _ 83 Structural evolution _ 45 Carbon dioxide ~ ~ ~ ~ _ 86 Older Precambrian _ ~ .l. _ 47 Helium .. 86 Younger Precambrian _ Introduction_.. ~ _ Paleozoic _ 47 86 47 History_.; __ :._ ~ __ :. ~ ~ ~ -" 87 Triassic, Jurassic, and Early Cretaceous _ 49 Production .l. '. _ 87 Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary _ 49 Occurrences in Arizona . .:. __ 87 Middle Tertiary to _ 50 Pinta I>ome field :.. _ 88 Economic geology _ Navajo Springs field '- ..:_.:. _ 51 Unnamed field _ 89 Topographic and geologic mapping _ 52 89 Geophysical and geochemicalstudies _ Potential resources :.. . _ Selected references _ 55 Hydrogensulfide _ 89 57 Nitrogen _ 90 Mineral fuels and associated resources _ 59 90 Coal _ Selected references .: _ Introduetion _ 59 91 59 Metallic mineral resources .l. - - -- 93 Black Mesa field _ Antimony and other minor metals ..: .:. _ Stratigraphy _ 59 93 59 Introduction ';" • .:. __ ------93 Coal depC?sits-; : . ------62 94 PrevIous InvestlgatiOns _ 62 ~s~~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::==Bismuth _ 96 Areas of coal occurrence _ 62 97 Quality of coal _ Cadmium .. _ 64 Selenium .:. _ 98 Pinedale field _ 64 99 I>eer Creek field _ 65 Tellurium - -- 100 Gallup-Zuni field _ 66 Selected references ------101 Southwestern Colorado field _ Beryllium ------66 Introduction _ 102 Kaiparowits field _ 67 102 Coal in rocks of Paleozoio age _ 67 deposits - - - _- _ 109 Production of coaL _ 67 Vein deposits - -- 110 Coalresources _ Tactite deposits - -_ - __ --- Conclusions _ 67 Outlook _ 111 68 112 Selected references _ 68 Selected references - -- 112 Chromium ~ _ Crude oiL _ 113 Introduction _ 70 Introduction _ History _ 70 113 Arizona occurrence_. .:. _ 113 Production _ 70 Selected references - -_ 71 113 b 6

Metalllc minerai resources-Continued Pall MetalllcManganesemineral resoufCes--Contlnued _ Pa.. Cobalt and nickeL ------114 211 Fteview ofindustry _ 211 Properties and use ------114 Types of manganese deposits ,_ Source of supply -_ ------114 213 Arizona manganese _ 215 Arizona occurrences ------115 Syngenetic deposits • _ CopperSelected references ------117 220 117 OutlookEpigenetio deposits _ 223 Introduction _ 117 225 History _ 118 Selected references _ 225 Early prospecting ------118 ~ercury------Introduotion _ 226 Late 19th century ------119 Arizona mercury _ 226 Early 20th century ------125 228 World War 1 ------127 Selected referenoes -- _ 230 Post-World War 1 -_-_ -- __ ------·129 Molybdenum and rhenium .. _ 230 Depression and World War II _ 130 Iteviewofindustry------230 Korean War to the present _ Molybdenum in Arizona _ Production _ 132 Ftesources _ 232 137 233 Disseminated (porphyry copper) deposits _ Selected references _ 139 Niobium and tantalum _ 237 General features ------__ ------139 238 Character of ore bodies .. _ Introduction _ Alteration _ 140 Occurrence and use _ 238 144 Arizona occurrences _ 240 Replacement deposits in _ 145 Outlook _ 241 Copper Queen mine deposits _ 146 241 Christmas mine deposits _ Selected referenoes • __ • ' _ Veins _ 146 'Platinum-group metals _ 241 147 Introductlon ------_ 243 Breccia pipes ------149 243 Massive sulfide deposits ------150 .Reported occurrenoes and outlook ,_ 243 Disseminated deposits in _ 151 Selected references ~ _ 244 Reserves and potential resources _ 152 Rare earths and thorium • _ 245 Selected references - _------153 Introduction ,_-" ' ~ _ 245 Gold --- Occurrence and use ~ _ 156 245 Properties, use, and market conditions _ 156 Arizona occurrences • • _ 247 Production and history ------158 Outlook .. .:.~·-;.i------250 Types of deposits - --- 161 . Selected references ~ ., ._:" _.,r _ 251 Sllver ~ __ "------_ Gold- veins -- __ --- _ 161 251 Siliceous base-metal veins _ 165 Properties, usel and market conditlons .:. __ ~~ .. _ 251 Base-metal sulfide replacement deposits -_ 165 Production ana history • _ 253 Disseminated copper deposits _ Types. ?f deposi~ , ,.------. _ 166 Siliceous vems _ 255 Placer deposits - __ --- 166 266 Summary and conclusions__' -- __ - __ --- 167 Base-metal sulfide deposits . 267 Selected references -- --- Disseminated copper deposits :.. ', Iron --- 167 267 S~mmary,and conclusious .: _ Introduction _ 168 268 168 Tln. Selected referenoes --- -..: ------:------~r-----~--_ 268 Iron resources of Arizona _ 170 270 Bedded deposits _ Introduction .:. .:. ~ _ 170 270 Alluvial deposits --__ Arizona occurrences ~ _ 177 Outlook _ 270 Massive deposits ------178 271 Sponge iron -. _ references~ 180 Selected .:. _ 271 Summary of iron resources and outlook _ Selected references --- 181 ~taniurnIntroductlon.--~------~_-----,.------,------___ 271 Lead andzinc _ 181 271 Introduction _ 182 Arizona titanium resources ' .- _ 272 182 . Selected references ~~ ,_ 275 Properties, uses, and occurrence _ 183 Tun~ten------:..------_ 276 Industry practices and trade _ ,183 roperties use, and rnarket conditions _ History and production _ 1 276 184 Manner or occurrence -' _ 276 Typcs of deposits _ History and production :.. _ Vein deposits ---_ 187 277 200 Arizona deposits ,_.:_, .:. _ 278 Replacement deposits ~ -- __ Outlook ' ,;, to _ Resources and outlook ' - __ 202 280 Selected references _ 203 Uranlum~electedreferences--- -- ..:------_ 281 Lithium _ 203 Introduction _ 282 206 282 Introduction ~ _ Historr. and production _ Arizona occurrences _ 206 DepOSIts in Arizona _ 282 Outlook _ 207 ·Ftesource8 _ 284 210 Selected references _ 290 Selected references - _- --- 210 291 7 8

MetallicVanadiummineral resources-Continued _ Pu. Introduction _ 293 293 Sandstone-type deposits _ Nonmetallic mineral resources other than fuels-Continued Page 293 348 Vanadate-type deposits _ 295 Selected references _ 348 296 FluoI~~~d~ction======ProducUon and sources of supply _ 349 Zirconium and hafnium _ Summary of principal deposits _ Introduction _ 296 Outlook _ 349 296 355 O.ccurr~nce ~nd source of supply _ 297 Selected references _ ZIrcon In ArIzona _ Gem materials _ 356 Selected references _ 298 357 298 Introduction _ 357 Nonmetallic mineral resources other than fuels _ 301 Arizona gem materials _ Alunite _ _ 357 301 359 Introduction _ 301 _ Arizona occurrences _ _ 359 Outiook _ 302 360 Marekanite ( tear) _ Selected references _ 303 360 Asbestos _ 303 360 Introduction _ 303 Quartz~:Jdo~~~~l~======_ 360 History and production _ 303 Shattuckite _ 361 Arizona deposits _ 305 362 Outlook _ 307 362 310 363 Selected references _ Outl;o~~~~!~~~======Selected references _ Barite _ 311 Granitic rocks _ 363 Introduction _ 311 Introduction _ 364 Production _ 311 364 Production, use, and sources of supply ._ Arizona deposits _ 312 Outlook _ 365 Outlook _ 312 366 314 Selected references _ 366 Selected references _ Guano, nitrate, and phosphate _ and related rocks _ 315 Introduction _ 368 Introduction _ 315 Guano _ 368 315 Production and usc _ Nitrates _ 368 Sourcesofsupply _ 316 Phosphate _ 369 317 370 Resource outlook _ 319 Selected references _ Selected references _ Gypsum and anhydrite _ 370 Brucite and magnesite _ 320 Introduction _ 371 Introduction _ 320 371 320 History and production _ 372 Oatman district brucite _ 322 Arizona gypsum and anhydrite deposits _ 374 Selected references _ 324 Resource outlook _ Clay _ Selected references _ 380 Introduction _ 324 380 324 Kyanite and related minerals _ Production ~ _ Introduction _ 382 Adobe _ 326 382 Bentonite _ 326 Kyanite-group occurrences in Arizona _ 383 327 Selected references • _ 384 Refractory clay and kaolin _ Limestone, dolomite, and _ Miscellaneous clay _ 330 Introduction _ 385 Pottery clay ,. _ 332 Production and use _ 385 Pyrophyllite _ 332 Sources of supply _ 387 333 Outlook _ 390 Sepiolite (meerschaum) _ 333 397 Resource potential and future prospects _ Selected references _ Selected references _ 333 Mica _ 398 Corundum _ 335 Introduction _ 398 Introduction _ 336 Production _ 398 Arizona occurrences _ 336 399 336 Arizona deposits and outlook _ 400 Selected references _ Selected references _ lDiatomite ~ _ 337 Perlite _ 400 IntroducUon _ 337 History and production _ 403 Arizona occurrenceB _ 337 Arizona deposits _ 403

Outlook ~ _ 338 Outlook _ 404 341 406 Selected references _ Selected references _ Feldspar _ 341 Pumice and pumicite _ 406 Introduction _ 342 407 342 ProperUes and uses _ 407 Production _ Production ~ _ 343 409 Arizona deposits _ Arizona deposits _ Resources _ 344 Outlook _ 409 Selected references _ 348 Selected references _ 412 348 412 9 10

Nonmetallic mineral resources other than fuels-Continued Page Nonmetallic mineral resources other than fuels-Continued Page Quartz and -_ ------~ -- -:::-.: 413 , slate; and miscellaneoils stone products__ ·~ : _ 449 Properties and uses - _:.. ------.------413 Introduction :..~ ~ ~ _ 449 Sources of supply .. _--.,------414 449 Outlook .------417 450 . Selected references ~ ., .: ;. _ 417 451 417 ·!r~t======;~==;;====:::~======Copper-stained stone__ .: :.:': _ 452 SalinI~tr""od~-;ti~~::::: =::::: :'::=::::::::~ :.:::::.:::::::::::: 417 .. ~ther minor stone products_..:_.,-..,-~.,:..---.:------­ 452 Sodium chloride ~ __ ~ _., _:.: --::_ ------.:..------418 S on ~lected references----.,·,....--7---.,-T·~7------.-7------453 East-central Arizona ~ ------;,;------418 453 Northwestern Arizona ------.:~ ------420 tr.. ~r~d~J:ron=~==:::::=~~:=::~~:::~~~:~:::::~::::::==:: 453 Central Arizona ~ __ ~ - -'~ __ ------421 r zona deposlts . .- _ 454 Outlook ~ ~ : _ Potassium chloride__· .,_. _. :..-- -., ------421 454 Sodium sulfate :: _., ------422 Selected references . ~ _. _ Sulfur ~ ~ ~ _ 456 Natural brines_ -- -.: ------.:------.--"- - r.------422 456 Outlook ~ .- _, - --- .:--.--- ~------423 . Sulf~r !ndustrfi_:_. :... _:.. _., _ 456 Selected references ------.:-- -~------423 . ~~lfur III t~e n~ted Sta.te\!_ •. ~-'_:' _ 458 lfur-bearmg mmerals In Arlzona_,. _ Sand and ~rav.eL7·-----.-'- r -.------:--,..,--- -~ ------­ 424 459 In~o u~tlon------r------70--:..-.,------424 Reserves and resources_.':' : ~ _ 461 ProductIOn and use_': .: ~ ------Selected references -, _ 429 Vermiculite. _ 461 Sources of supply., ;~_ .:~.--- _. __., ~ __,: -:..::~ ------439 462 Resource summary :: ------440 Characteristics, use, and occurrence _ Arizona depobits _ 462 Selected references :.. ~:: _:: __ ,.._ -_.-- _------441 463 sandstone :: .:::.;:.. ••-- __ ------St>lected references _ 441 Zeolites _ 464 Characteristics and specifications .:'_:- __ ~ ------441 464 Production and use_., .--- ~ :". -; ------443 Characteristics, use, and occurrence '_ Arizona deposits . _ 464 SourcesOutlook of supply_.::.. :.. ., ., .-., _.:"_' :...__ -- __ ------_ 445 465 448 Selected references T :.. ------467 Selected references__ :.:: _.,. ~.: ------448 11 12

ILLUSTRATiONS

FIgure Pate FIgure Page 31. Manganese in Arizona _ 1. Annual value .of mineral production in Arizona, 1900-67, with special 221 ~. ~ 32. Mercury in Arizona _ reference to copper . 26 229 2. Nssessed valuations of property in the mining industries and in other 33. Molybdenum production in Arizona, 1914-66 _ 233 industries and properties in Arizona in 1966 and 1967 ·_: 30 34. Molybdenum in Arizona _ 234 3. Graphic relations of principal soUrces of Arizona income, 1956-66 _ 32 35. World and U.S. production and U.S. imports of niobium and 4. Physiographic provinces and sections and some of the principal tantalum concentrates, 1953-66 _ 239 geographic features of Arizona '- 36 36. Niobium and tantalum in Arizona _ 242 5. Geologic map of Arizona ~_~ .,. ~ facing p. 38 37. Rare earths and thorium in Arizona _ 248 6a. Maps showirig intrusive centers of three general ages in Arizona. 38.. Production and consumption of silver in the United States, 1955-67__ 253 Most are deep-seated coars~crystalline intrusive bodies but a few 39. Arizona silver production, 1870-1966 _ 256 large fine-grained bodies related to volcanic centers are included__ 46 40. Silver in Arizona _ 41. Titanium in Arizona _ 257 6b. Maps showing dominant structural trends of three general ages in 42. Tungsten in Arizona _ 273 Arizona. Precambrian trends include major faults and dominant 43. Uranium in Arizona _ 279 foliation directions. Mesozoic and early Cenozoic trends include 44. Vanadium in Arizona _ 286 thrust and reverse faults (ticks), li.neat high-angle, fault zones 45. Zircon in Arizona _ 294 inclUding major strike-slip faults, and major fold axes (arrows) .. 46. Asbestos in Arizona _ 299 .Middle and late Cenozoic trends are of major known or hypothetical 306 (da.shed) faults and major folds (KU, Kaibab upwarp; DCU, De 47. Barite in Arizona _ 313 Chelly upwarpi BMB, Black Mesa ba.sin). Lack of detail on first 48. Basalt and related rocks in Arizona _ 318 two maps results largely from lack of information _ 48 49. Brucite, kyanite, and related minerals in Arizona _ 321 7. Published topographic map coverage in Arizona, January 1968 _ 53 50. Bentonite,Arizona miscellaneous clay, and refractory clay and kaolin in_ 8. Published geologic map coverage in Arizona, January 1968 _ 55 328 51. Diatomite in Arizona _ 339 10.9. PublishedCoal in Arizonaaeromagnetic map coverage in Arizona, January 1968 __ 56 52. Feldspar in Arizona _ 60 53. Fluorspar in Arizona _ 347 11. Diagrammatic north-south section across Black Mesa coalfield. 3"0 54. Gem materials in Arizona _ 358 Coal-bearing units crosshatched. Divisions of Toreva Formation: 55. Granitic rocks in Arizona _ Ktl, lower sandstone member; Ktm, middle carbonaceous mem- 367 56. Annual tonna~e of gypsum produced in Arizona, 1900-66 _ ber; Ktu,' upper sandstone member; KtIs, lower sandstone; Ktms, 57. Gypsurnin Arizona _ 373 marine shale; Ktus, upper sandstone. Not to scale of figure 10 _ 61 381 12. Area.s of Arizona ranked by order of oil and gas potential, and crude 58. Annual tonnage and value of limestone consumed and annual tonnage oilfields and gasfields of the State _ 73 of amounts used in portland cement and lime in Arizona, 1900-66__ 389 59. Li~es~one,~nd marble in Arizona -:- ,------; 395 13. Stratigraphy of oil- and gas-bearing rouks of the northern Apache 60. ~Icaln Ailzona ~ _ County area; Arizona _ 74 401' 61. PerJite and vermiculite in Arizona ~ _ 405 14. St~~~i!,ral~~o~~_~~~~~-_~e_a~~~~ _~o_c_k_s_ ~~ _~~~ ~~~~~~l_ ~~~~~~ _~~~~~: 88 62. Pumice and pumicite in Arizona~· ~ ~ _' 411 15. Antimony and other minor metals in Arizona _ 95 63. Qu'!'1'tz ~nd q.uartzite in Arizona_.,.-----~----~----'"---'-·------416 16. Beryllium in Arizona _ 104 64. Salines In Arlzona .: __. _, __ _'.-- -,- -_ 419 17. Cobalt and nickel in Arizona _ 116 65. Annual190~66_~tonnage of sand and gravel produced and used in ~Arizona,_ 18. Copper in Arizona _ 120 430 19. Annual production of copper in Arizona and the United States _ 138 '66. Annual value of sand and gravel produced in Arizona, 1900-66 _ 431 20. Graphs of copper content obtained from churn-drill-hole samples, 67. Annual tonnage of sand and gravel produced and used in Arizona, qhowing range in grade in leached capping.z. chalcocite blanket A~;J~I~~;;;;;;g-e~ ~i -se.~-d pr~d~-c~d ;iid~ ~iM;ifi;d -pri;;~ip;f~8;S i~ 432 (CBL), and underlying primary ore (P) at tlagdad and Ray _ 141 68; - -by 21. Placer gold in Arizona --- 160 Arizona, 1920-66 '- '------'- -- ~.: - --- 433 22. Lode gold in Arizona --- 162 69. Annual tonnage of gravel Produced and cla.ssifled by principal uses in 23. Arizona gold production, 1870-1967. _ 164 Ar~zona,.1920-66__ -- ,--- ,. - ~ __ 434 24. Iron in Arizona . _ 172 70. Sand and gravel operations in Arizoha .:.:_~ '_" ~ _ 437 25. Arizona lead production, 1894-1967 _ 185 71. Average annual values per ton for commercially produced and 26. Arizona zinc production, 1905-1967 --- _ 186 72. Sandstonegovernment-producedin Arizona sand, and gravel in Arizona, 1920-66 _ 438 27. Lead in Arizona --- 188 446 28. Zinc in Arizona _ 201 73. Strontium salts in Atizona_.:_·~ ._'_: __ ~.:_· ,__' _ 455 29. Lithium in Arizona _ 208 74. Zeolites in Arizona_.: .: ..: _-, - - - --_-..: - -.~ _------466 30. Manganese production in Arizona, 1915-65 · _ 213 13 14

TABLES

Table Page Table Page 1. Varieties and values of mineral production in Arizona in 1966 _ 27 25. Percentage contents of alunite and other constituents in various 2. Varieties and values of mineral production in Arizona in 1967 _ 27 samplesArizona of the Sugarloaf Butte alunite deposit, Yuma ---County,_ 3. Mineral production in Arizona by counties in 19Q6 _ 28 302 4. Annual major clources of income in Arizona, 1956-66 _ 31 26. Barite prospects, claims, deposits, and mines in Arizona _ 314 5. Nomenclature of principal stratigraphic umts in Arizona _ 40 27. Production and use of basalt and related rocks in Arizona in 1966 _ 317 6. Estimated original coal resources of Arizona _ 68 28. ChemicalArizona analyses of brucite-bearing material, Oatman district,_ 7. Production of crude oil in Arizona, 1958-67 _ 71 323 8. Production of natural gas in Arizona, 1962-67- _ 79 29. Feldspar occurrences in Arizona _ 345 9. Analyses of gases from selected wells in Arizona _ 84 30. Known fluorspar occurrences in Arizona _ 351 10. Production of helium in Arizona, 1962-67 _ 87 31. Gypsum mines and occurrences in Arizona _ 375 11. Beryllium occurrences in Arizona _ 105 32. U.S. production, imports, and exports of kyanite and synthetic 12. Copper deposits in Arizona _ 121 mullite for selected years (short tons) -; _ 383 13. County listing of placer gold districts _ 161 33. Limestone and marble producers in Arizona in 1966 _ 390 14. County listing of lode gold districts _ 163 34. Principal limestone and dolomite in Arizona _ 391 15. Iron resources of district, areas, or deposits in Arizona _ 173 35. Marble occurrences in Arizona _ 396 16. Lead and zinc districts in Arizona _ 189 36. Mica deposits in Arizona _ 402 17. Compositions of lithium minerals mined from _ 206 37. Selected brine occurrences in Arizona _ 423 18. Principal manganese-producing districts and mines in Arizona _ 216 38. Classification of detrital products by size _ 425 19. Molybdenum occurrences in Arizona _ 235 39. General uses, specifications, and supplies of sand and graveL _ 426 20. Rare-earth and thorium occurrences in Arizona _ 249 40. Tonnage of sand and gravel produced b)r counties in Arizona in 1966_ 435 21. Silver districts in Arizona _ 258 41. Production and use of dimension sandstone in Arizona in 1966 _ 444 22. Titanium occurrences in Arizona _ 274 42. Bedded zeolite dep0l!its in Arizona _ 465 23. Uranium ore production in Arizona, 1942-66 _ 283 24. Miscellaneous uraniferous vein deposits in and adjoining the Basin· and Range province, Arizona _ 289

17 18

P-REFACE

(By Lowell S. Hilpert, U.S. ~loglc~l Survey, Salt Lak~ City, Utah)

This report summarizes the mineral and water resources of Arizona. provinces of the State, followed by descriptions of the wa.ter resources Its purpose is to give factual information about the present supplies under each respective water province, by province subdivision, or of minerals and water in the State and 'present a realistic apprllJ.sal of area. Summary information is presented in maps, graphs, and tables. the supplies that are available for-future exploitation. There(>Ort is Also included under Part II are brief sectjons that present discussions intended mainly for use· by governmental officials and agenCIes, -by of the potential waterpower, a.nd geotherma.l resources. Under Part leaders in industry and commerce, and by schools and the lay public. III, water resource developments and potential water resource de­ Specialists in the fields of mineral commodities and water may not velopments, water conservation ,l?ractices, and various research pro­ find much that is new to them, but it is hoped that they will at least grams on water conservation are dIscussed. find the report a useful compendium. References to pertinent sources In this report the term "resources," as applied to mineral commodi­ of additional information are cited in the text and listed at the elld ties, applies to materials in the ground that are known to be minable ofeach section ofthe report. .• now, plus materials tha.t are likely to become mina:ble at some time in This report is divided into three main parts: (1) Part I. Geology and the future. "Reserves," on the other ha.ndhare materials that mayor mineral resources, (2) Part II. Water resources, and (3) Part III. may not be completely explored but whic may be quantatively esti­ Water resources development. Under Part I, an introductory chapter mated and are considered to be economically exploitable at the tIme of describes the mineral industry of Arizona and relates it to other parts the estimate. "Ore" is mineral material that may be mined at a profit, of Arizona's economy. This chapter is followed by a summary cha.pter and the term "ore reserves" is applied to mineral deposits currently on the geology of the State which provides background for the severa.l being mined, or to deposits known to be of such size and grade that dozen sections that describe the individual mineral commodities. It &lso they may be profitably mined. includes generalized geologic and structural maps, and provides in­ Each sectIOn or chapter of this report was' written by a specialist, forma.tion on topogra.phic, geologic, and a.eromagnetic mapping in whose name and affiliation is shown under the section title. The report the State. was prepared in cooperation with the Arizona Bureau of Mines and Each mineral commodity section generally includes a list of the the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Special acknowledgement is made principal uses, reviews its production and relative importance to the to the U.S. Bureau of Mines for compilation of certain statistical State and Nation, describes the occurrences, and concludes with an data. Acknowledgment and credit for specific data are given where estimate of the known and potential resources or a sta.tement on the appropriate in the text, figures, and tables, to the various Federal and general outlook. Ma.ps showing the distribution of the deposits accom­ state agencies, institutions, and individuals. pany the discussions, and tables are included, where appropriate, to Lowell S. Hilper,t, assisted 'by the staff of t.he Geological Survey, summarize deta.ils. assembled the various sections of the report and coordinated the efforts Under Part II, the water resources a.re discussed under an intro­ of the various authors. ductory section that describes the physica.l environment and water

22 ently had discovered the use of coal as a means of securing heat at. about the same time a similar discovery was made by the early citizens of England. The coal mines were operated for about 300 years by the early Indians, and the total amount of coal extracted probably exceeded THE MINERAL I~DUSTRY OF ARIZONA 100,000 tons. This is an amazing amount considering the primitive tools and equipment then available. Coal was used for domestic. heat­ (By J. D. Fo~rester. Director. Arizona, Bureau of Mines, Tucson, Ariz.) ing and cooking and for the firing of pottery vessels, which was a companion industry. INTRODUCTION , . . Morris (1928) has described an aboriginal salt mine near Camp Verde in central Arizona which was worked between A.D. 1200 and The. notable e.con()m!c deyelopment and .culturll;l growth which A.D. 1400. The prehistoric miners recovered salt from layers inter­ have occurred progressIvely IIi ~rizona can be ~ttributed largely to calated with a sequence of nearly unconsolidated sand, gravel, clay, the natural wealth of mineral resources that abound in the State and to and other saline minerals. In the process, they removed thousands of ~he great mining enterprises which have been established to place cubic yards of rock materiaL There can be no question that the ancient s~ch materiaJs'in the industrial stream pf Arizona and th~ United inhabitants of the region were engaged in an import.ant salt mining Sates. .,.' .. ".' program. Indeed, it probably was the first mining mdustry of Arizona. . Adzona's mines have produced about $12 billion worth'of minerals The lliborigines also mined turquoise for making jewelry and similar in the. p~riod 1860 ~hrough, 1967, and antplal prod~c~10n.exceeded a artifacts. Prehistoric turquoise mines have been reported on the east half bIllIon dollars m .three. of thtdast four years. Smce 1874, when side of Canyon Creek just above its confluence with the Salt River; the first specific records were }rept, theState has yielded' approximately on Turquoise Mountain in Cochise County; in the Mineral Park area 44 billion po~ds (2~ mil~ion wns) .. 'of copper: ~his 'is ~ truly re~ark­ of Mohave County; and in other localities throughout the State. abl~ total.whIch, m .recent .years, reflects an annualgro',Vth rate of Although the early aboriginal people of Arizona followed primarily almost'l* billi()n pounds' (750,000 tons) a.year. Ih Arizolia mining.] an agricultural way of life, mining also was practiced as a part of "copper IS king" but it .should be borne in mind that othGr mineral their total existence. These prehistoric activities were harbingers of substances.play significll;nt.. ~oles alsp and each year. ad

0 0 0 0 0 8 0 8 8 ... III .., or ~ (SIIV"OO .:10 SNOI"IW) '" :an'VA 27 28

Table 1 shows the varieties and values of mineral production in TABLE 3.-MINERAL PRODUCTION ,IN ARIZONA BY COUNTIES IN 19661 Arizona for 1966 and demonstrates that, of the total value of minerals produced, almost 93 percent was furnished by metallic mineral sub­ County Value Chief minerai commodities listed In order 01 valuB stances, of which copper, alone, accounted for 86 percent. The non­ Apache ._.__ ••••• _ $5,586,819 Helium, sand and gravel, uranium, vanadium, petroleum, natural gas, pum· metallic mineral commodities, including asbestos, cement, clays, coal, ice, clays, stone. feldspar, fluorspar, gem stones, gypsum, lime, mica, natural gas, Cochise. •••• __ •• _ 51,094,213 Copper, sand and gravel, gold, sliver, lime, slone, zinc, lead. Coconlno••_...... ••• 4,657,689 Pumice, uranium, sand and gravel, stone, copper, silver, gold. petroleum, pumice, sand and gravel, and stone supplied somewhat Gila•• •• .••• _ 72,186,623 Copper, lime, molybdenum, aSbestos, stone, sliver, sand and gravel, laid, mercury, Iron ore, clays. more than 7 percent of the total. Graham•.•••• • •• _ 148,568 Sand and gravel, pumice, copper. The preliminary data of table 2 reflect the same type of information Greenlee.••••• ••••_ 105,583,016 Copper, lime, sliver, stone, gold, molybdenum, sand and gravel. Maricopa._._ ...._•.•••_•• 7,739,805 Sand and gravel, mercury, clays, mica, stone, copper, sliver, gold. for 1967. Mohave. ..• .... 24,412,574 Copper, molybdenum, sand and gravel, silver, stone, feldspar, zinc, gold,lead. The approximate values of all minerals produced in the respective 1,735,436 Sand and gravel, uranium, slone, iron ore, vanadium. ~i~:~~':::::::::::::::::: 162,020,777 Copper, cement, molybdenum, silver, sand and gravel, laid, stone, zinc, counties of Arizona during 1966 are given in table 3, which shows that clays, lead, tungsten concentrate. Pinal.. _•••••• ..._•• __ 151,631,186 Copper, molybdenum, sliver, gold, sand and Iravel, gypsum, lime, perlite, every county benefits from the exploitation of these commodities. stone, pyrites, dialomite, iron ore, lead. Santa Cruz ••• ••• 808,662 Sand and gravel, zinc, lead, silver, copper, stone, gold. YavapaL_ ...... _••__ •_ 31,986,510 Copper, cement, zinc, sand and gravel, lead, molybdenum, sliver, slone, TABLE I.-VARIETIES AND VALUES OF MINERAL PRODUCTION IN ARIZONA IN 19661 gold, lime, pumice, gypsum, clays, uranium. Yuma_••__ .•• ..•• • 2,364,802 Sand and gravel, stone, copper, lead, gypsum, sliver, gold, zinc. Undistributed __•• _.. _ Percent of 122,320 Commodity QUinlity total value Total••_. __ ••• ._-----622, 079, 000

Clays (exclusive of bentonite)••• ••••••••• short tons.. 89,000 $121,000 0.02 Copper (recoverable) • •••_._._. ••••••••• do • 739,569 535, 004, 000 86.00 1From Larson and Henkes (19671, p. 17. ·Dialomite••••••__ ._•••••• ••_••••• •••••do.___ 1,353 36,000 .01 Gem slones....•••__ ~_ •••._•••• • •••• • ._•••_•••_ (2) 120,000 .02 Gold (recoverable)__ ._. •••_. _••__ ._••_•• lroy ounces._ 142,528 4,988,000 .80 The diversity and quantity of mineral materials which have been, Gypsum••• ••••• ._._•••• ._••_••••__ •__ .shorttons.. 75,000 394,000 .06 Lead (recoverable)._. •__ •••• •••••• ._.__ •••__ do.... 5,211 1,575,000 .25 and are being, produced and treated in Arizona contribute to the Lime. _•••__ ._••••• •••_. ._._•••••••• do._.. 218,000 3,721,000 .60 employment of many people. Conservative estimates indicate that, at Mercury••• ••••••••• ••••_. ••_•••76-PDund Rasks__ 363 160,000 .03 Molybdenum (In concentrate)._ •• ••_. __ •••_••• .pounds._ 10,161,000 17,812,000 2.86 the beginning of 1967, over 18,500 Arizonans were employed in the Natural gas. __ ••••_._. ••• •• ••••••_•••__cubic feet._ 3,161, ODD, 000 436,000 .07 Petroleum (crude)._ ••••••_. ••_. ••_••••••barrels__ 132,000 370,000 .06 mining and processing of mineral materials. Frank P. Knight (writ­ Pumice __ ._••.•••••_._._. ._••• ••••_. shorttons__ 1,103,000 1,674,000 .27 ten commun., 1967) stated that the total payroll of the mineral Sand and graveL._._._. •••_. • __ •••• ••••do.... 18,730,000 20,448,000 3.29 nas Silver (recoverable)__ ._. •••••_. ._••_••_._troy o'mces._ 6,339,000 8,196,000 1.32 industry in Arizona during 1966 was almost $147.5 million and so· Stone•••__ ._••••_ __ •• •••_short tons__ 2,271,000 4,091,000 .66 Tungsten (ore and concentrate, 60 percent WOt).•.•__ •••••_do.... 2 5,000 <.01 called Ilfringe" benefits added another $15.5 million to the overall Uranium (recoverable UIO.)._. ••••••••_._._. ._PDunds.. 437,000 3,492,000 .56 compensations paid to employees. In addition, according to a repre­ Vanadium (recoverable)._••• •••••••• •__ _.. (I) 454,000 .07 Zinc (recoverable) ._. •••_••• ._•••_••__short tons.. 15,985 4,636,000 .74 sentative of the Arizona Minmg Association (C. J. Hansen, written Undislributed ,_ ••_• ••_._••• •••••__ •• •_••__ ••••• ••__ 14,347,000 2.31 commun., 1967), the mining companies experienced a net cost of Total. •••~. •••••••••_. ••_••_•••••••• ._._.__ ._._. ._____ 622,079,000 _. __ •__ • •__ $4,352,250 in operating hospital and recreation facilities for the benefit of employees and other reSidents of the mining communities. I Compiled from Larson and Henkes «(19671, p.I, and 1968, p. 2) and D'Amico (1967, p. 113). • Not available. t Individual quantities and/or values have not been cited to avoid disclosure of confidential data. Included are asbestos, cement, bentonite, feldspar, helium, Iron are, mica, perlite, and pyrites.

TABLE 2.-VARIETIES AND VALUES OF MINERAL PROOUCTION IN ARIZONA IN 19671

Percent of Commodity Quantity Value total value

Clays (bentonite excluded) ••••_•• short tons.. 95,000 $135,000 0.03 Copper (ret'overable)••. •.•_.._. ••••••• .dO.... 497,500 380,369,000 81. 72 Gem slones __ ••_••.•••••_•• (2) 150,000 .03 Gold (recoverable). .. lroy ounces._ 79,400 2,779,000 .60 Gypsum _._ _••• __ • •••••short tons._ 63,000 340,000 .07 Lead (recoverable) __ • __ ••••••••••do •• __ 4,830 1,352,000 .29 Ume••••••.•••••• __ • ••••.do.... 187,000 3,123,000 .67 Molybdenum (in concentrate) __ .pound... 9,240,000 16,086,000 3.46 Natural gas .•....•••_. __ ...._••••__ • ._ .cubic feet.. 2,900,000,000 406,000 .09 Petroleum (crude) ••.••.•••••_. _••barrel... 3,350,000 9, 380, 000 2.01 Pumice.•_._ ••••.•.•__ •._•••.••__ • ••••••.• shorttons.. 1.023,000 1,607,000 .34 Sand and gravel. ••.__ .•• __ •••••__ •..••••do._.. 17,550,000 19,208,000 4.13 Silver (recoverable)•••_. _. __ •__ _lroy ounces._ 4,581,000 7,055,000 1.52 Stone _••.•...•__ _. •••••.shorltons__ 2,053,000 3,557,000 .76 Uranium (recoverable UIOI).•__ ._ • .pounds._ 66,000 528,000 .11 Zinc (recoverable)_. ••••_. shorttons._ 14,500 4,031,000 .87 Undistributed t •• •••• ••••_. • __ •• ••• __ • __ ._ 15,343, 000 3.30 Total.. •••• •• ...... _. _._. • •• __ ._ ••------• __ •• _. • 465,449,000 .••• ••

1From Larson and Henkes, 1968, p. 2. I Not available. I Individual quantities and/or values have not been tited to avoid disclosure of confidential data. Included are asbestos, cement, bentonite, diatomite, feldspar, helium, iron are, mercury, mica, perlite, pyrites, vanadium, and vermiculite. 22-299 Q--69--3 29 30 If a favorable economic climate can be maintained, it is entirely probable that these figures of wages and other forms of compensation and investment wiII be markedly increased in the future. Several major mining enterprises in the State plan to expand current opera­ tions and, also, new metal and industrial mineral deposits undoubtedly will be discovered, developed, and brought into production. However, from ,July 15, 1967, to mid-l\farch 1968, most of the mines producing copper were struck by organized labor. Inasmuch as notable amounts of the State's gold, sfh-er,- and molybdenum currently are obtained as byproducts of the copper mining, the strike also has curtailed the value of these minerals yielded in Arizona during the 1967-68 period, and has caused a severe reduction in the payments made for wages ~ and other related sources of income, both to individual workers and oJ", zot to state, county and municipal units. Although mining income during ';I"!. 0'" 1967 10 1-'" the first six mont.hs of increased percent, the labor strike of o... • the copper industry caused a severe setback: at the end of 1967, income z'" "81 was down abQut 26 percent and payrolls had dropped by almost 54 )- M I- percent (First National Bank of Arizona, 1968, p. 2). It has been U estimated that the shutdown reduced 1967 wage earnings by more than $50 million. In addition to the direct employment of many people, the mining Ii; industries contribute to the support of allied service and manufactur­ ~ ing industries. For example, the purchases made by Arizona mining u companies during 1966, to secure power and other services from in­ ~& state suppliers, were valued at approximately $100 million (Frank ".; ~g ... P. Knight, written commun., 11>67). co-.. The net assessed valuations of all mining properties in Arizona upon .....B':' which property taxes are based amounted to $318,150,089 in 1966 ... 0 lie ... 0 and $343,fi54,901 in 1967 (State Tax Comm. Ariz., 1967, p. 108-109). 11·- These quantities represent respectively 14.21 percent and 14.61 per­ c.• cent of the total assessed vaJuations of property in Arizona for 1966 and 1967. Their relations to the whole, and to the assessments levied on other classes of property during each of the two years, are shown in figure 2.

~ oJ,.. ~~. # 00,.. 1-10'" 0-· N z"'¢ .. ~ )-M I- U 31 32 According to information furnished by C. J. Hansen, of the Arizona Mining Association (written commun., 1967), the taxes paid by the mining industries of Arizona in 1966 were approximately as follows: Property taxes $16,360,800 Tax on metal value (severance tax) 8,107,800 . Sales and use taxes on purchases______2, 275, 700 Vehicle taxes______78,500 State 'ncoDle taxes______4,500,000

Total ~ 31,322,800 The Arizona Department of Mineral Resources (1967, p. 9) esti­ I mates that 50 percent of the total value of the six principal metals (copper, gold, silver, lead, zinc, and molybdenum), which have been produced in the State up to the end of 1936, has been expended in Arizona for wages, supplies, and state, county, city, .and school taxes. The balance has gone for out-of-state purchases, refining, marketing, dividends to investors, and federal taxes. It is evident that much revenue accrues annually to Arizona and to many of its individual residents through the operations of mining enterprises and, therefore, these activities have SIgnificant effects on the State's economic development. The data in table 4, which have been adapted from information issued by the Valley National Bank of Arizona (1967), depict, together with the accompanying graphic por­ tra;ral in figure 3, the comparative relations of annual major sources of Income in Arizona during the period of 1956 through 1966. They do not directly reflect, of course, such supplementary items as taxes and wages. '. Large pennanent investments of flants and equipment have been, and are being, made by the minera industries to Insure economical and efficient production of the State's inorganic resources. Mining operations create new wealth and collectively they constitute a very important segm~ntindeed of Arizona's growing economy.

TABLE 4-ANNUAL MAJOR SOURCES OF INCOME IN ARIZONA, 1956-66

Yen Tourism Alrlculture Mining Mlnullclurlng

1956••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• $200, 000, 000 $373, 427, 000 $484,959,000 $450, 000, 000 1957••••.••••••.••••••..••••••••••••••••••• 225,000,000 374,581,000 372,641,000 510, 000, 000 1958••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••• 250, 000, 000 440, 390, 000 314,520,000 550,000,000 1959•••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••.• 280, 000, 000 414, 182,000 326 862,000 650, 000, 000 1960••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 290, 000, 000 439,570,000 415: 512, 000 700, 000, 000 1961.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 320, 000, 000 463,641,000 425, 995, 000 750, ODD, 000 1962•••••••••••••••••••••, ••••••••••••••••• 350, 000, 000 508,317,000 474,131,000 850, ODD, 000 1963•••••••••••.•••••••••, ••••• ~••••••••••• 375,000, 000 537,919.000 481, 115, 000 950, ODD, 000 1964•••••••••••••••.•••••••.•••••••••.••••• 400, 000. 000 460,979.000 534, 364, 000 1,000. ODD, 000 1965•••.•••••••••••••.•••, •••.•••••.•.••••• 420, ODD, 000 50S, 709, 000 580,092,000 I, 120, DOD, 000 1966••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 450, 000, 000 500, 104, 000 622, 079, 000 1,350, ODD, 000

FIGURE 3.-Graphic relations of princIpal sources of Arizona incoDle, 195~66. 33

ISJ!:LECTED REFERENCES Arizona Department of Mineral Resources, 1967, Mining in Arizona, its past, its present, Hs future: Arizona Dept. Mineral Resources, Phoenix, 43 p. Butler, G. M., (1936). Mineral industries, in Arizona and Its heritage: Arizona Univ. (Tucson), Bull v. 7, no. 3, p.156-163. Cross, J. L., Shaw, E. H., and Scheifele, Kathleen [eds.], 1906, Arizona, Its peo­ ple and resources: Arizona Univ. (Tucson) Press, 385 p. D'Amico, K. J., 1967, Statistical summary, in Minerals Yearbook, 1966, Volume I-II: U.S. Bur. Mines, p. 105-144- First National Bank of Arizona, 1968, Profile of Arizona: Phoenix, First Nat. Bank Ariz., Jan., 6 p. Hack, J. T., 1942, Prehistoric coal mining in the Jeddlto Valley, Arizona, in Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeaology and Ethnology, Harvard University: Cambridge, Awatovi Exped. Repts., v. 35, Rept. no. 2, 24 p. Knight, F. P., 1958, Mining in Arizona: Arizona Dept. Mineral Resources, Phoe- nix, 28 p. ' Larson, L. P., and Henkes, W. C., [1967], The mineral industry of Arizona: U.S. Bur. Mines preprint from Minerals Yearbook, 1966, 26 p. ---1968, Mineral production in Arizona in 1967, preliminary annual figures: U.S. Bur. Mines Mineral Industry Surveys area rept., (prelim.), 4 p. , Morris, E. H., 1928, An aboriginal salt mine at Camp Verde, Arizona: New York, , . Am. Mus. Nat. History Anthropol. Papers, v. 15, pt. 3, p. 75--97. , State Tax Commission of Arizona, 1967, Twenty-ninth Biennial Report to the Governor and the Legislature of the State. Fiscal years .196:>-1966 and 1966­ , . 1967 : Arizona State Tax Comm., Dec.• 253 p. Valley National Bank of Arizona, 1967, Arizona Statistical Review: Phoenix, Valley Nat. Bank Ariz., 23d ann. ed., Sept., 48 p. 36

GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY (By Philip T. Hayes, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo.) 36' INTRODUCTION In order to describe the occurrence and extent of Arizona's mineral and water resources, some knowledge of the geology of the region is fundamental. The character and structure of the rocks near the earth's surface not only control the kinds of resources that may be found, but exert a strong control on the topography which in .turn affects the climate, the accessibility, and the probable extent of human activities. The following general 's geology and topography with a brief resume of economic mineral resources IS intended to pro­ vide this background. More detailed resumes of the geology of the State were written by Darton (1925) and Wilson (1962), and popularized accounts were given by Cross and others (1960) and Cooley (1967). Review articles on -diverse aspects of the geology of sizable parts of the State a.re present in guidebooks edited by Shride (1952), Thume (1952), Cooper (1955), Anderson a.nd Harshbarger (1958), Heindl (1959), Weber and Peirce (1962), Trauger (1967), and Titley (1968). An indexed bibliography (Moore and Wilson, 1965) lists most papers published on the geology and mineral resources of Arizona through 1964, and will aid the reader wishing further deta.ils on specific subjects. TOPOGRAPHY Arizona, which encompasses 113,909 square milesJs the sixth larg­ est state (Van Zandt, 1966, table 3, p. 263-265) . .t'a.rts of two dis­ % tinct topographic or physiographic provinces are included within the .__ .... _--- - _.;; State, the in the south and a.long the west­ i ern edge of , and the Colorado Plateaus province in ,. most of northern and central Arizona. These provinces and their subdivisions are illnstrated in figure 4. The Basin and Range province, characterized by generally north­ to northwest-trending isolated ranges separated by aggraded desert FIGURE 4.-Physiographic provinces and sections and some of the principal plains, can be subdivided into three principal subprovinces or sections: geographic features of Arizona, the Mexican Highland section in southeastern Arizona; the section in southwestern Arizona; and, what is here termed the Mohave section along the western edge of northern Arizona. Mountains make up nearly half of the area of the Mexican Highland section and include many timber-clad ranges with peaks more than 9,000 feet high such as the Santa Catalina, Santa RIta, Huachuca, Chiraca­ Peak. The Mohave section is similar topographically to the Mexican hua, the Pinaleno Mountains, most of which rise 5,000 feet or more Highland section except that both the valley floors and mountain above the adjacent valleys. The ranges in the Sonoran Desert sec­ peaks are lower in overall elevation and are, thus, more desertlike. tion are lower and narrower and make up less than a fourth of the The Colorado Plateaus province is divisible into four subprovinces area of the section. Thongh not as high, many of the ranges and peaks or sections: the section on the northwest includes in the section a~e rugged and r~se; abruptly from ~he surrounding block plateaus up to 9,000 feet in elevation entrenched more than desert as exemplIfied by the preCIpItous 7,730-feet hIgh Baboquivari 5,000 feet by the awesome Grand Canyon; the Navajo section on the (35) 37 38 nC?rtheast, a colorf.ul and, in places, bizarre mesa and canyon country ploitation of mineral deposits that are indirectly related to the layered WIt~ some mou~tamous a,reas on the east j the herein named Flagstaff rocks. sectIOn, a relatIvely un~Issected plateau area containing much lava The accompanying greatly generalized geologic map of Arizona cover and many volcamc cones and peaks culminating m Arizona's (fig. 5) was 'prepared by .rohn R. Cooper and George C. Cone of the high.est point, San Francisco Mountam, altitude 12,611 feet· and the p".~..GeologICal ~urvey from.a more detailed map of the State now h~rem named Ton~o section, the geologically uncomplicated b~t deeply ill JOInt preparation by the ArIzona Bureau of Mines and the Geololri­ dIsse~ted mountamous southern segment of the Colorado Plateaus cal Survey~ It shows by separate pattern~ the general distribution~f provillce. The area included in the Tonto section is transitional into rocks ?f dIffE;rent ~ge~, and, where feaSIble, separates sedimentary, the Bas!n-Range structural province and part or 'all of it has been in­ volcamc, and IntruSIve IgneoUS rocks. ' cluded m the Basin and Range physiographic province by previous ~abJe 5 s~ows the sequence of many of the principal stratigraphic authors. umts In varIOUS parts of the State: some or most of the units shown ~ somewhat more de.tailed description of the physiography of are missing at speci~c locali~ies. References to stratigraphic units are ArIzona may .be found m F:enneman (1931) and Cross and others made throughout thIS volume and table 5 should be of help in locating (1969). A reVIew of the arbItrary boundary between the two major them in the geologic column. physIOgraphic provincee in the State as used by various authors is • Beginnin.g ~ith the oldest, the general nature of the layered rocks given by Heindl and Lance (1960). InArIzona IS given on the following pages.

STRATIGRAPHY PRECAMBRIAN ROCKS . Stratigraphy entails the description, correlation, and interpreta­ tIOIl; of the conditions of deposition of layered sedimentary and vol­ . Precambrian rocks are m9st extensively exposed in the Tonto sec­ camc r~cks. a~d of unconsolidated ~ediments. Sedimentary deposits tion of the Colorado Plateaus but they also crop out in the depths of th~I~ hthIfie~ cou~terparts, sedIme~tary the Gra!1d Canyon, in small exposures on the Defiance Plateau (fig. and rocks, vary greatly in I~ ~mpositlOn ~nd In theIr modes and enVIronments of deposItion, and 5), and l!lany ranges of the Basin and Range province. These rocks mclu.de detrIt!tl, organic, and chemically precipitated materials. are SUbdIVIded .mto the generally rather strongly metamorphosed D~trIt~1 d~pO.SItS m!1y be made up of clasti? particles ranging from lower .Precambrian and the generally unmetamorphosed upper Pre­ mlC~oscoplC SIze to Immense. boulders of varIOUS rock, mineral, or or­ . g!1mc s,!bstances. Th~se sedIments, after transport by moving water, Due to metamorphism and structural deformation and to lack of aIr, or ICe are deposIted on the bottom of seas, lakee or streams or detailed studv in many areas, the lower Precambrian rO<'ks are not wen subaerially, and are lithified into rocks that include'mudstone silt­ understoo~. They ha~e been most carefully 'studied in their extensive dol~mite. exposures In YavapaI County (Anderson and Creasey, 1958) where stone, sandstone, conglomerate, and most limestone and l~ss t:h~ Organic sediments include plant debris deposited in swampy areas because metamorphis}ll is intense, the original characte; of that f!lay lithify to coal, l~mestone ~fB formed by certain marine rocks and local stratigraphIC sequences can be deciphered. . orgoa.msms, and other depOSIts of lesser Importance. Rocks of chemical The.rocksthere, l?cally Jr.lore than 20,000 feet thick, consist of vQ.ried origm are mostly formed as evaporites on the bottom of dessicating volcamcs and detrItal sedImentary strata. that were deposited in a shallow seas or lakes and include some limestone and dolomite bedded broad structural trough or goeosyncline. Similar rocks in thick se­ gypsum, rock salt, and many rarer salts. Volcanic rocks, like dedimen­ quences make up the lower Precambrian in other outcrop a.reas in tary rocks, vary widely in composition 'and may be deposited either the State, but the absence of fossils in these ancient rocks makes their subaerially or subaqueously as lava flows or as ash flows or ash falls. adua.l age relations from,area to 'area hip:hly conjectural. All that can ~he relative ages of sedimentary layers are determined locally by confidently be said is that during the billions of years of older Pre­ theIr order of superposition. Their ages in relation to distant localities cambrian time all parts of Arizona. were at one time or another covered may often be determined with considerable accuracy by study of the by thick sequences of volcanic and clastic sedimentary strata and that asseJr.lblages of animal and plant fossils contained in them. The actual these str8:ta. were strongly deformed and metamorphosed between 1.8 age, In years, of some volcanic rocks can be determined with fair ac­ and 1.5 bIllIon years ago, and subsequently eroded to a relatively sub­ curacy In the laboratory by measuring the relative proportions of dued topography before deposition of upper Precambrian strata. certain radioactive isotopes and their decay products. Upper Precambrian rocks in northern Arizona are represented by Many layered rocks and sedimentary deposits may be of economic two groups of strata which aggregate as much as 12,000 feet in thick­ value in their entirety. Others are important as the hosts of mineral ness within the Grand Canyon. Precambrian rocks along the Defiance deposits, as reservoirs for petroleum and natural gases, or as acquifers Plat~u are probll;bly of you~ger Precam~rian age. In Gila County for ground waters. Still others are of value as placer deposits of gbld and m parts of adJacent counties are extenSIve exposures of strata. that and other heavy metals. Furthermore, knowledge of the stratigraphy are probably equiva.lent to only the lower part of the Grand Canyon is fundamental to an understandin~of the geologic history of an area, sequence. Upper Precambrian strata are also known in isolated ranges which can be of great importance in guiding the exploration and ex- of th~ Basin and Range province in Pinal, Pima, and Cochise Counties. " ...

Generalized by J. R. Cooper and G. C. Cone from Geologic Map of Arizona in preparation by the Arizona Bureau of Mines and U.S. Geological Survey, and from Arizona Highway Geologic Map by the Arizona Geological Society (I96?) :~-:.~~~,<,~.~•.A;"~'~"'''''~;'''·;~~l·:~, ..\>:.~.i''';~;':''''''~~';'..\~;';:'·";;~'~~~""'':''~'::'''w;~.... ,i~~~'~i;i:.-.;;.;.;~ •.::i,,,,~~,.~,.;.,.:::~ ....",.';;;-,,.;.,-.:.:,,:,,... iL:~_-,..;.·.:_~;,'~:;;~;":'--:':':,:.;:;'_.,,;.;.~' ':w. ...:'.-..i.;.h.C>'~\',;,. ..:...;.·.,~" ..~_ ..~,,;.,·;_,~:.:._,'--,~~'-.cu,""~"~'_·''''~':~:~'~:~'~L;:'':::_''':'~'''''''_''"''''::\:''','". ::~:":~_~:i.:.,';':,~':":'~~.'..;.:_c\:L.~~.,-;~C::;~_,~_~;~:~;~·,,~; ::c.;"-::'::;:':L~~2c-':":(:.:.~\

o 50 100 MILES I ! I !! I I

EXPLANATION

SEDIMENTARY AND VOLCANIC ROCKS D Quaternary and upper 'l'ertiary (Pliocene) Quaternary and upper Tertiary volcanic sedimentary rocks, mostly unconsolidated; rocks, mostly basaltic in composition u includes scarce lava and silicic 5 No Z ~ lJJ ~ U Middle Tertiary ( and ) Middle Tertiary volcanic rocks of silicic sedimentary -rocks; locally includes lava to basaltic composition; includes related and tuff intrusive rocks ~ffJ~~~1ij u Cretaceous sedimentary rocks Lower Tertiary to Triassic volcanic rocks; 5 includes some sedimentary rocks No U'l lJJ Mesozoic sedimentary ::;: rocks Jurassic and Triassic sedimentary rocks

Permian and Pennsylvanian sedimentary rocks; u shown only on 5 No lJJ ...J

Mississippian through Cambrian sedimentary rocks on Colorado Plateau; all Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in Basin and Range province

z ::'0 YQunger Precambrian sedimentary rocks and intrusive 0:: CD ::;:

METAMORPHIC AND INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS

Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous intrusive•igneous rocks

Post-Paleozoic gneiss and schist

Mid-Cretaceous to Triassic intrusive igneous rocks

FIGURE 5.-Geologic map of Arizona. 39 40 Wherever they occur within the State, upper Precambrian strata consist dominantly of clastic sedimentary rocks but some limestone is present and also some basaltic lavas. These rocks all apparently were [1he atr.tisraphic nOlllend.lure and age deJlliW'atlnn1'! uJlled in thi!l rhart do not n~cullarily (0110w the Bevent pULA or the SUle. Tt'Mns in ilalic" rt'(er to idormnl rork lIttatisuphit' Unil.!l. deposited in shallow marine waters and in nearshore terrestrIal en­ aible wide nn~e in IRe of nlU1M"d unit or that unit may bl" youn,;-rr or ulllf"t than indicllLf"d by vironments (Shride, 1961). It is likely that upper Precambrian strata &Mlth.. a~t Solllhwr"-l were deposited over much or most of Arizona but were removed from Geololfic time units (lnrludl"s M('"iean (lnclude~ &lnotl" large areas by erosion after regional tilting and uplift prior to IIighland !It'rlinnl [)roSfOtt lIection) Paleozoic time. QJIlemuy Alluvial dt'pOSlb, ',cuol, ..IIUllla' dtpostls, hasalr PALEOZOIO ROOKS Pliocene. Gi h

The Paleozoic Era began about 510 million years ago and ended VolcQnte., 1'01("0"1('.1 about 225 million years ago. All of the rocks representing that era in M!itetai I C«L --P"nlano fill. Helm~l fRI. --l.ocOlMlivt Ffl:I. Arizona are sedimentary and most are of marine origin. During the ! era the Cordilleran geosyncline lay to the west and northwest of Ari­ Paleocene I---f-..L---+Anduirn md rhyoltrt----j-.Ande,dtts and rhyollt"---1 zona in and parts of Utah and California and another prob­ Local ttdi.fmfory for.ar ions ably connected, marine seaway lay to the south in northern , Mexico. At several times during the Paleozoic, marine waters ad­ Cretlceou. Pinkard Fonn.tion (north) Locally hurd Hi abee Group (aou th) vanced from the seaways across much of Arizona leaving extensive toeal oolcaruc. houlh) voleMic, and blanketlike deposits of limestone, dolomite, sandstone, or shale. At u intervening times the seas retreated and some previously deposited ~ rock~ were eroded, particularly in the central part of the State. .~ Jutluie ,.odu oJ poorly lJnd~r.tood The first advance of the seas into Arizona in the Paleozoic Era took '" to"caillolc..ic,l f-----j place in the Cambrian Period and the seas remained at least in the or unA-no,," southeast and possibly in the northwest parts of the State until the Period. During the and early part of the Devo­ Triusic 1.0eol rtd b~dt nian Periods some of the deposits laid down in the first Paleozoic in­ Local IfolcCWIlCl cursion of the sea were eroded. The seas advanced and retreated again R.:inulley fOI1ll.tion Cnnch. Lillle.lone (hnch Lime.lone during the and Mississippian Periods, and after each retreat Sc:herrer Fom.lion Srhf!trer fonution there was renewed local erosion of the early deposited sediments in Permi.n ffi hph D::lIOll'lite ~i hph I},lomi te Colin.. Lime.tone Colin. Limestone central Arizona. The last major invasion of the seas over much of Ari­ 1-=-r---t-fArp rotll'l.tion---~-+-E.rpfOlml!llion-----4 i Pennlyl~ Horquilh Umellllone Horquilh UlIlutone zona began during the Pennsylvanian Period and ended the . u :: "hhn Bhtk Prince Umeslone (local)

During this invasion there were minor upheavals in the northeastern (~ut) ~2. I ~ Miuh· Paradin Fom.tion and, perhaps, in the southwestern parts of the State causing the shore­ .... I c.J aipphn. Eacabro.. Ulll~alon~ Eaubrou Lillleatone line to fluctuate and causing the erosion of uplifted areas and conse­ Martin romllion quent deposition of detrital sediments in nearby areas. Because they were part of the major seaways from which marine SiluriM waters advanced into Arizona, the northwestern and southeastern £1 Puo Li."tone (eut) parts of the State contain the thIckest accumulations of Paleozoic sedi­ Abriso Fo....tion Abrisu Fonn.tian mentary rock, and a northeastward-trendintr belt across central Ari­ r..brim Bola. QJutlite . ibis. Qaftzite zona contains the thinnest accumulations. This central area, particu­ larly in northeast Arizona, also has a greater proportion of detrital sedIment derived from eroding land areas. Paleozoic rocks in the northwestern corner of the State are nearly 8,000 feet thick and are ule j Troy C)Jutlite more than 5,000 feet thick locally in the southeast. They are much .~ PnClmbri," f f A Aplche Group Aplche Group thinner in central Arizona and are missing altogether III parts of ! l southwestern Arizona where previously exist.ing Paleozoic rocks may ~I------.;.--I----!~-----+--=------lt have been removed by erosion following uplift in the early part of the brlTr .' Mesozoic Era. Precambri.n Pind Schin M~luorphic rod" Detailed information on Paleozoic rocks in local areas of Arizona is available in numerous reports. Most of these are referred to in papers on re~ional stratig-raphy by McKee (1951), Huddle and Dobrovolny (1952), Gilluly, Cooper, and Williams (1954), Lochman-Balk (1956), Kottlowski (1960), Winters (1963), Teichert (1965), McKee, Oriel, and others (1961), and Poole and others (1961), and III shorter review articles that appear in the guidebooks cited on page 35. 41 42 MEsozoIC ROOKS tJH' lI!1a~f' or the ItS. Geoluftirat Sun-ey, hut CollaII' the usage of authors who have deactibed nick 1I1l1lR known on1)· in -suhsurfat'f" marked by ult'dsk (.). Arrows indicate known or pos­ l.nsilion 011 e1mrt.] Rocks deposited during the Mesozoic Era, which began 225 million years ago and ended less than 'TO million years ago, are much different Crill til 1 Northwest Northeast (I nl,lud"s TUIl' 0 ilnd (I lie I lilies Grand Canyon (Includes Navajo III character and distribution from Paleozoic rocks in Arizona. During Fla,RSLllff sections) and Mohave sectioQli) arction) most of the era an intermittently rising west-northwest-trending high­ Altlll'lul dI'!IUlSlIJ, htU"' , ,H/u,'ud d''Pu,f1fs. bun" Alluvial d~poSlts, basalt land was present in the central and southern part of the State, and had Vl·rli,. fnnnuioll Gi ,t Group Didahochi Formation lIl(-kry formaliull. \Judd)" Cr....k Forltllion a profound effect on sedimentation. MesozOIc rocks of northern Ari­ •• zona are widely distributed and are all sedimentary whereas in the \fllranirs J.ond I'Idl"onlj'r of umJ !I'IJUlrfJts Chuska •SandHone southern part the State, Mesozoic layered rocks are more locally distributed and include much volcanic rock. The Oordilleran geosyn­ cline that lay to the west of Arizona during the Paleozoic Era became

-."IlIt'siff's------+-Aml,.Sllu------t------1 a mountainous area by Late Jurassic time and for the remainder of Mesozoic time marine waters that entered Arizona were of shallow Muuverdl" Group Manco" :-;tIde continental seas that encroached from the north in Jurassic time and Oakol n Sandl'llone from the southeast and northeast in Oretaceous time. Sedimentary rocks of Triassic age, dominantly sandstone and shale Moni son fill. ~ eo. of nonmarine origin, once covered most of northern Arizona but have 8luH Sandstone Sprin(J. Stlllllu'rvi lie fm. 5.s. since been largely removed by erosion in much of the northwestern Todi Ito Limestone t:lIlraJa Sunlistone part of the State. They locally exceed 2,000 feet in thickness in north­ (:atRlI'1 furmlttion . Carmd FormRtio" 1------t-~llYlijoSalldston...----j-.Nu....jo Sandatonc- eastern Arizona. In the southern half of the State layered rocks of KU\· ..·lIln fnrrnntillil Ka)'entll formation Triassic age are sporadically distributed and are largely volcanic but ""I'nnVI' furmutilill ~lllenave formation Wlo8ate Sandstone locally are thousands of feet thick. (].illll' fnrmalitlll Chinle f'ormation uras..~ic \~O.·lIkllpi fOrm1l1 inn Mof'lIkopi forlJlation The original distribution of .T layered rocks in the State was similar to that of Triassic rocks but they are now even more limited in distribution.•Turassic sedimentary rocks, again dominantly of non­ I\ai bah l.imt':lluIIII ~~~~=~ll~if~;I~~I:~011 C:m'ullilln Silll!f!'l(llill' CUI'IIIIIIlII Sllll.ls(lllll· Ilt- OJelly Sa t marine origin but including some marine strata at the extreme north Cut.ler Fm, Sllli\i fFllrIlllll.iull, '!l'nn~\ Stude. St t. F edge, are locally more than 2,500 feet thiek in northern Arizona. _1 -+_"'_1111_'...... ·~~,'.m_"_"_>" _+_.'PfJ m. . ~ Hi co fill.' NIl('/l rurmulioll (;0111 vi lIt' I.imutnnl' Sedimentary rocks of Jurassic age have not been identified in southern lIermosa fill, ' Molu fill,' Arizona but volcanics of that age, up to several thousand feet thick, are known locally in the southeastern part and may be present in the Aedwall La.' southwestern part of the State. M"rlin ~'nrm.liun Ttnlplt' IlJIle I.ime!llone Ouray Ls..' lit \hltlill FUl1halion Elberl Fm.' Unlike Triassic and Jurassic strata, rocks of Early Oretaceous-age 'are unknown in northern Arizona except possibly in the extreme northeast corner. On the other hand, layered rocks deposited during the first part of the Oretaceous Period are widely distribut~d in south­ \IUllV l.imestllnt Uti{l:ht Ailed Sh,l" eastern Arizona. These Lower Oretaceous strata, which may exceed TOIpl'i1ts Sall"'1101lt' Tupf'lttll Sanlhlon~ " Tapeat.5(?) Sa.' 10,000 feet in thickness in some areas, locally include some voleanic rock but are largely made up of sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone; , Nlinkowtlap formatinn limestone of marine origin is a conspicuous part of the sequence in the Rama "ormation • southeast. Troy Quarldlt' • Unkar ~~n~;~d~:;~zil~ Gruup IIllklllnj Shale Broad upheavals in the Earth's crust underlying Arizona caused a H"."" { Apndu' \It'~n'' I.imt'slnnr< Bau Linlestone Group { IkippiuR ~dng Qttt., 1I0lllutn ('.oBI. major change in depositional patterns of rocks of Late Oretaceous age. PiulH'fOr Shale Interbedded rocks of both marine and nonmltrine origin of this age

\lnzatul Qlllrlzi te including sandstone, shale, and coal once covered much of northern Y~\'llPlli {'\lti"!,_Gl'I~.-'-'-P/ Rrilhmu SdllSl MetolforphlC rodls and east-central Arizona but are now only locally preserved. Their &·rtl:.5 ~t:k Group \'i.slmu Sdlist maximum preserved thickness is about 2,000 feet. Upper Oretaceous volcanic rocks of various types are widely distri~uted in t)le southern part of the State. In many areas these are underlam by, or mterbedded with, conglomerate, sandstone, and shale of nonmltrine origin. In places these Upper Cretaceous strata of nre many thousands of feet thick. 43 44 Infonnation on the Mesozoic stratigraphy of northern Arizona is With diminishing tectonism and volcanism, drainage systems be­ e~nsive but is well summarized in papers by Gregory (1917), Repen­ came progre.'>Sively better integrated, proceeding nortln"estward from mng and p~ (1956), McKee and others (1956, 1959), Ha,rshbar~r the Gulf of California, along the Colorado and Gila Rivers. Most of and others (1957), Stewart and others (1959), and in some of the the middle and upper parts of the Salt River system probably became guidebooks cited on page 35. Mesozoic stratigraphy of the southern integrated by the close of the early Quaternary, but the middle and part of the StlLte is not as well known nor as well documented, but upper parts of the Gila River system did not JOIn t.he Gila River until much of the pertinent literature on tihe subject is cited by Stoyanow m!ddle Q~lRternary time; some basi!1s in the Basin and Range l~rovin~e (1949) and in review papers in Titley (1968). Cooley and Davidson stIll remam closed. The Colorado RIver probably became establIshed m (1963) su.mmarized Mesozoic history of the State as a whole. its present course through the Grand Canyon region between 11 and 2 million years ago during general uplift. of the Colorado Plat.eaus re­ CENOZOIC ROCKS gion in Pliocene and early Quaternary time. Breaehing of the formerly (By Rodger B. Morrison, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo.) Closed basins by through-flowing streams init.iated act.ive dissection of the basin-interlor deposits, drained the playas and lakes, and, at cer­ Rocks formed during the last 70 million years, or the Cenozoic Era" tain times, caused development of widespread surfaces that slope underlie more than half the surface of ·the State. During the Cenozoic,: toward the axial streams. Arizona was the scene of much faulting, folding, and volcanism and Arizona was little affMted by the great Quaternary glaciations that the Cenozoic rocks and sediments strongly reflect ,that activity. covered so much of northern . The only glaciated areas The oldest Cenozoic rocks in Arizona, are volcanic rocks of early in the State were the higher parts of Sltn Francisco Mountain near Tertiary age that erupted during intense mountain building activity in Flagstaff and the White Mountains in southern Apache County. the Basin 'and Range province. Following this was an interval of Cenozoic rocks of Arizona, which contain most of the ground water, weathering and erosion and eventual accumulation of coarse sedi­ much construction material, and other valuable mineral deposits are ments in valley nr~as. In the Colorado Plateaus region, broad, gentle described in nu~erous paperl'l, which are cited. in b!bliographies,.sum­ warping continued that had begun in Late Cretaceous time, but only marIes, and guIdebooks hsted on p. 35 and CIted m McKee, WIlson, minor local sedimentation is recorded-most of the sediment was Breed, and Breed (1967). washed from the southern highlands northward and northeastward to Utah and New Mexico. '," INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS During middle and late Cenozoic time orogeny in the Basin and R'ange province created down-faulted basins and up-faulted mountain Intrusive igneous rocks 'are those which have crystallized from ranges. The. faulting took place intermittently from early' middle molten magma beneath the surface and they may vary greatly in com­ throughlate Cenozoic time, but was most active between 30 mIllion arid position and other characteristics. (Igneous rocks that were extruded 6 millIon years.ago. Terrestrial sediments, commonly several thousands onto the surface are volcanic rocks and were treated in "Stratigraphy," of feet thick, were laid down in the intennontane basins. An episode p. 37. Because most major deposits of base-metal ores and certain o~ volc~l}ism ;~illionto other minerals of economic importance are either directly or indirectly intense 30 20.l?illioli years ago produced related to bodies of intrusive rock, some knowledge of this important WIdespread daCItIc, andesitIc, alid rhyolItIC flows aild tuffs, commonly class of rocks is basic to an understanding of the distribution of many several thons.and .feet thick, that now cap many of the mountain types of mineral deposits. Widespread emplacement of intrusive rock ranges in the.Basin and Range province; Anotb,erepisode of intermit­ took place in Arizona during at least five geologic time intervals. From tent volcanism, when mainly basalt and, was erupted, took oldest to youngest, these mtrusive intervals are briefly described place during the late CenOZOIC at centers both in the Basin and Range below. province and in the Colorado Plateaus province. The faulting and volcaniSIh repea:tedly disrupted drainage patterns OLDER PRECAMBRIAN INTRUSIVES in t.he Basin and Range province and caused many ofthe intermontane Intrusive that is older than the lower Precambrian basins to be closed off from drainage.to the sea. The entire State lay metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic roeks is known in Yavapai closer to sea level than now, and until very late in the Cenozoic) sea­ County. Somewhat younger igneous rocks of several distinct ages that water from the Gulf of California intennittently invaded the basms in are intrusive into lower Precambrian metamorphic rocks but are older the southwesternmost part of the State. .. than the upper Precambrian layered rocks are widely distributed in . The Quaternary, the second and last period of Cenozoic time, is Arizona and are present in nearly every area where lower Precambrian estimated t.o have started between.2 and,3 million years ago. Although rocks are exposed. These intrusives range in composition from the Quaternary is the shortest of all the geologic periods, much of the to gabbro but rocks of granitic composition are more prevalent. Major shaping of the present landscape. of Arizona took place during it, copper deposits are associated with older Precambrian intrusives in mamly by forces of erosion. Faulting and local warping cohtinued, Yavapai County. but in gradually diminishing intensity. Volcanism also gradually diminished, and became restricted to fewer localities.

1l2-200 0--.00--4 45 46

YOUNGER PRECAMBRIAN DIABASE Abundant and thick sills and dikes of diabase, a heavy, dark-colored rock, are intrusive into upper Precambrian stratain most outcrop areas of those rocks in the State. Occurrences of asbestos in Gila County and elsewhere are associated with diabase bodies as are some small iron de­ posits in several areas.

TRIASSIC-JUlbABSIC INTRUSIVES Intrusive bodies of granite, quartz monzonite, and monzonite of Triassic and Jurassic age are known in several mountain ranges in southeastern Arizona and are probably present in the southwestern part of the State (fig. fla). Both major and minor deposits of base­ metal ores are associated with these rocks in Cochise County and ore boqies of this age may be present elsewhere.

LATE CRETACEOUs-EARLY TERTIARY INTRUSIVES . Intrusive bodies of latest Cretaceous and early Tertiarl age which range in composition from granite to diorite are widely dIstributed in southern, central, and western Arizona (fig. 6a). These rocks are of [1------.:: ;:-:l ~ paramount importance in Arizona as a b,rge percentage of the known , . base-metal deposits in the State are associated with them. " ., .: .,~\ ~ - •••- ., >- ,,!.I •• ~ MID-TERTIARY INTRUSIVES I ..r~- • \. ~ Intrusive rocks of middle Tertiary age are much scarcer than the i .,.. : .;~~"l ~ Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary intrusives but mid-Tertiary granitic •• • , I ~ rocks are known at several localities in southeastern Arizona (fig. 6a) and intrusive diorite porphyry near the northeast corner of the State :~:.. may be of this age. No Important mineral deposits are known to be l ·,. ·/ ! --) • ..- .,..,' .J~ associated with mId-Tertiary intrusives in the State. --"""'~ I, ••... :..,....r- .....•••~\-1"I STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION .. Geologic structure and the structural history ofa region are of ut­ most importance in economic geology. The attitude and extent of folds, faults, and joints and theIr time of formation play a primary role in the movement of ground waters, mineralizing solutions, and of petroleum and natural ~asses and they also can have a critical effect on the exploitation ofmineral deposits. Rocks of Arizona have been faulted and folded many times in the geologic past. Most of the faulting and folding took place during relatively short episodes and was often approximately concurrent with e}?isodes of igneous activity. The episodes of most intense de­ fonnabon are generally called revolutions or orogenies and those of less intense deformation are referred to as disturbances. The modern landscapes are, of course, most profoundly affected by the latest major episode of faulting and folding. The revolutions and disturbances that affected the rocks of Arizona and their relations to igneous ac­ tivity and sedimentation are briefly described below in historical se­ quence. 47 48

OLDER PRECAMBRIAN The oldest rock recognized in Arizona is granodiorite gneiss in Yavapai County that is older than the metamorphosed sedImentary and volcanic rocks of the Yavapai Series (see table 5). If there was structural deformation concurrent with the igneous activity recorded by that granodiorite, the rocks affected are now deeply buried or have been changed.so thoro.ughly by later metamorphism that they are no longer recognIzable. The most intensive deformation in the recorded geologic was that of the Mazatzal Revolution whIch occurred about 1,700 million years ago. During the Mazatzal Revolution the Yavapai Series and equivalent rocks were folded, faulted, intruded, and meta­ morphosed. The folds and faults and other effects of this revolution are best understood in the western part 01 the Tonto section where lower Precambrian rocks are most extensively exposed and have been the most thoroughly studied. There the rocks were locally isoc1inally folded and were broken by thrust faults, wrench faults, and normal faults. The major structural features of the Mazatzal Revolution trend north to northeast but many lesser features trend west to northwest. Elsewhere in the State, wherever lower Precambrian rocks have been observed they are rather strongly metamorphosed, have generally been invaded by Precambrian intrusive rocks, and generally show dominant north to northeast structural trends (fig. 6b) suggesting that the effects of the Mazatzal Revolution or other earlier Precambrian orogenies were pronounced throughout Arizona. The mountainous topography that resulted from the older Precambrian deformation was eroded to a surface of low relief before deposition of the Apache Group (upper Precambrian) and equivalent rocks.

YOUNGER PRECAMBRIAN Younger Precambrian rocks in central Arizona were mildly de­ formed by north-northeast- to north-northwest-trending folds and faults prior to inflation by dikes and sills of diabase about 1,200 million years ago. Following diabase intrusion these rocks were subjected to broad regional tilting and erosion before deposition of the earliest Paleozoic strata. North-northeast- and northwest-trending folds and faults and later regional tilting also affected younger Precambrian rocks in the Grand Canyon region before Paleozoic tIme. This episode of mild deformation in late Precambrian time has been called the Grand Canyon disturbance. The absence of uJ?per Precambrian rocks over much of Arizona may be due to their erOSIOn after regional uplift associated with or followmg the Grand Canyon disturbance.

PALEOZOIO All of Arizona remained relatively stable during most of Paleozoic time. There was apparently broad regional unwarping along a north­ east-trending axis in central Arizona following deposition of the Cam­ brian and Ordovician sequence, the Devonian sequence, and the Missis­ sippian sequence but these movements were not accompanied by significant folding or faulting. More pronounced upwarping took place in the vicinity of the present Defiance Plateau in the northeast- 49 50 ern part of the State ll:nd possibly in the southwestern part during deformation are fairly well known. Laramide structural features in­ Pennsylvanian and Permian time and some downwarping occurred in clude both northwest-trending folds and various types of faults in­ the southeastern part of the State at the same time. This warping was cluding large. thrust faults. This deformation was accompanied by concurrent with more pronounced deformation of the Ancestral Rocky widespread volcanic and intrusive i~neous activity throughout much Mountains in New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah. of the Basin and Range. As mentIOned previously, this Late Cre­ Pronounced uplift along a west-northwest-trending axis in southern taceous and early Tertiary intrusive activity was of prime importance Arizona that was active during much of the MesOZOIC Era may have in the implacement of many of the State's major metal deposits. In! commenced late in Permian time. some ~laces older rocks surrounding major Laramide intrUSIve bodies were mtensely metamorphosed. Some geologists believe that large TmAssIC, JURASSIC, AND EARLY CRETACEOUS northwest-trending strike-slip faults with many miles of displacement were active in parts of the Basin and Range in Arizona during the That part of Arizona underlying the Colorado Plateaus province but much more work is necessary to prove or dis~ remained relatively low and stable throughout Triassic and Jurassic prove such movements. . time while much of the southern part of the State was uplifted along Structural disruption in the Colorado Plateaus province during the a probable west-northwest-trending axis. As previously noted, intru­ Laramide was limited to gentle warping and high-angle faulting. Most sive igneous activity and volcanism took place locally in southern of the folding was flexuring along the margins of large uplifted or Arizona during both the Triassic and the Jurassic. There is no record downdropped segments of the plateau region; many of the faults were of significant folding or thrust faulting but do~inantly nort~west­ reactivated north-trending faults of Precambrian age in the westem trendmg normal faults of these ages, some of consIderable magmtude. part of the province. are known at several localities in the southeast. Some deformatIOn also Following the Laramide oro~eny, Arizona apparently remained apparently took place in northwesternmost Arizona at this time. At relatively stable until near the mIddle of the Cenozoic Era. The monn­ least the later phases of this deformation may have ~een con~mpo­ tainous relief that resnlted from Laramide deformation in the Basin raneous with the better documentbll Nevadan and SeVIer orogemes of and Range furnished the great volumes of clastic sediment contained California, Nevada, and Utah. (Armstrong, 1968). . in the various formations of early to mid-Tertiary age in the State Erosion of the southern Arizona mountamous area furnished sedi­ (see table 5). Uplifted areas on the plateaus were also eroded at this ments to lower areas in northern Arizona through much of Triassic and time. Jurassic time, and in the Triassic supplied sedimentary material to MIDDLE TERTIARY TO HOLOCENE shallow seas to the west and south in California and Sonora, Mexico as well. Local relief in the region was still measurable in hundreds or A period of deformation, sometimes called the Basin and Range even thousands of feet in some places at the beginning of Early Creta- disturbance, began about 30 million years ago and has continued ceous deposition. . periodically to fairly recent times although the activity of the first During the first half of Cretaceous time northern Arizona appar­ 5 million years or so was most pronounced. During this first phase of ently remained relatively stable and above sea level, but the south­ the disturbance: the Tonto section on the southern margin of the eastern part, which received a thick accumulation of interbedded sedi­ Colorado Plateaus was considerably elevated in relation to areas to ments of both continental and marine origin, was the scene of minor the north; most of the present ranges of the Basin and Range were volcanic activity and perhaps some local faulting and uplift. About uplifted by block faulting, locally or in places along faults that cut middle Cretaceous time, regional northeastward tilting of much of obliquely across earlier structural trends (fig. 6b); a few intrusive the St.ate took place along a hin~e line approximately comcident with bodies'were emplaced locally both in the Basin and Range and prob­ the west-northwest-trending aXIS that was periodically active during ably in the northeast corner of the State on the Plateaus; great floods the Triassic and Jurassic. This tilting caused marine waters to leave of volcanic material were deposited in much of the Rasin lmd Range; southeastern Arizona for the last time but allowed their entry into and there was renewed high-angle faulting along the southern and the northern part of the State where they remained intermittently western margins of t.he Colorado Plateaus. until near the end ofthe Cretaceous. . Since the main early phase of the Basin and Range disturbance there ha!:? been no large-scale intrusive activit.y in the State and only LATE CRETAOEOUS AND EARLY TERTIARY minor faulting along trends established earlier. On the other hand, volcanic activity has continued periodically in varioUR places until The entire State of Arizona was subjected to more intense deforma­ Holocenetime-the last less than 1,000 years ago in the Flagstaff area. tion during the Laramide orogen)" of Late .Cretaceous and early Ter­ Most of the ran~e-front faults of the Rasin and Range, which were tiary time than at an)" time since the early Precambrian, but deforma­ for-!lled in mid-Tertiary time, have since been buried in alluvial debris tion in the Colorado Plateaus province was much less severe than in derIved from the ranges. the Basin and Range province. In much of the Basin and Range, Lara­ mide structural features were disrupted by later structural features or were covered by later'Cenozoic volcanic and sedimentary de~osits, but in some places, particularly in the southeast, the effects of Laramide 51 52

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY and Guilbert and Sumner (in Titley, 1968), have noted that a majority A large proportion of the rocks, minerals, and mineral fuels utilized of southern Arizona's major copper-producing areas occur on one or by man are present in at least trace amounts beneath every sort of ter­ more distinct trends or on the intersections of cross trends. Two north­ rain. To be considered an actual or potential mineral deposit, the west-trending belts that have been noted are: an eastern one extending material must be sufficiently concentrated in large enough quantity to from Bisbee through San Manuel and the Globe and Ray area to the be actualJy or potentially exploitable fot prOfit. Many complex and Jerome district, and a western one extending from the Nacozari and changing economic factors including extraction costs, costs of trans­ Cananea districts of Mexico through the Pima and Silver Bell districts portation to market, processing costs, and the state of the local and and possibly much farther to the northwest. Northeast-trending zones world economy can affect the feasibility of ex~loiting a deposit at any connecting Ajo to Globe-Miami, Pima to Morenci, and Bisbee to given time. Advances in technology that (1) reduce extraction, trans­ Cananea in Mexico and Santa Rita in New Mexico have been noted. The portation, or processing costs, (2) that find new uses for mineral mate­ Bisbee-Cananea-Santa Rita zone may be an extension of a northeast­ rials, or (~) that may cause other :r.naterials to be~ome l~ss in dema?1d, trending zone recognized in New Mexico (Lindgren and others, 1910). can have Important effects on mmeral economICS. WIth expandmg It also has been noted that the Precambrian copper ores of .rerome are population, increasingly advanced standards of Jiving, and depletion on a direct frojection of the trend of the Colorado mineral belt to the of the richest and most accessible mineral deposits, the long-term trend, northeast 0 the Colorado Plateaus province. These, or other trends, if of course, is for lower-grade and less accessible mineral deposits to be­ real rather than accidental, may be related to ancient deep-seated frac­ come economically important. ture zones that have provided access to mineralizing solutions from Mineral deposits may be formed by sedimentary, igneous, and meta­ deep in the earth's crust during several mineralizing epochs. If so, morphic processes. Examples of materials that are formed by sedimen­ they ma:y pr?vide the most fruitful areas for ~uture ~xploratiop. . tary processes are sand and gravel, some building stone, limestone and ExammatIon of the several base-metal depOSIt localIty maps m tIns dolomite, clay, phosphate, coal and peat, oil 'and gas, placer deposits of volume along with study of the geologic map (fig. 5) will diselose that precious metals, some iron ores and evaporite minerals such as gysum, a preponderance of major deposits of the Basm and Ran~e are in the salt, and potash. Igneous processes are responsible for most concentra­ Mexican Highland where Precambrian or Paleozoic rocks are at or tions of the base metals such as copper, lead, and zinc, for many gold near the surface. Perhaps more deeply buried deposits that have not and silver deposits, some iron ote," many rare elements, some building had an opportunity to become enriched by near-surface oxidation are stone, many gem minerals, some industrial minerals such as fluorite present beneath the thick accumulations of Mesozoic and Cenozoic and barite, some quartz and miclt, and some lightweight aggregates. rocks of the Sonoran Desert in the southwestern part of the State. Metamorphic processes may form certain gem and industrial minerals.; Much remains to be learned about the localizing controls of mineral talc and asbestos,' graphite, and slate marb~e and other building and deposits. Continued imaginative thinking by research and explora­ ornamental stone, and some base-metal depOSIts. tion geologists will pave the way to future discoveries. It is obvious, therefore, that different kinds of mineral deposits can be expected in different geologic environments and, indeed, this is TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC MAPPING strikingly displayed in Arizona. All of the'major and. most of the Topographic maps are essential to the economic development of a minor base and previous metal deposits of Arizona are in the Basin region and are extensively used by engineers! geologists, foresters, and and Range province and in the Tonto section of the Colorado Plateaus many others. These maps which show the andforms, drainage, and province where most of the intrusive rocks of the State are located. cultural features of an area are prepared at various scales for various Other types of deposits commonly associated with intrusiv.e or meta­ purposes. Topographic and shaded relief maps of Arizona at a scale morphic rocks are also mostly confined to that part of.the State. On of 1: 500,000 (about 8 miles per inch) are available from the U.S. the other hand, the only known oil, gas, and helium, the principal coal Geological Survey. A series oftopographic maps at a scale of 1 : 250,000 resources, most of the uranium,,and the only known potash are in the (about 4 miles per inch) prepared by the Army Mal? Service and Navajo, Grand Canyon, and Flagstaff sections of the Colorado Pla­ available from the Geological Survey also covers the entIre State. Fi~­ teaus where the sedImentary sequence is thick and relatively undis­ ure 7 shows the present availability of Geological Survey topographiC turbed. There are specific local structural and other geologic controls maps at scales of 1: 62,500 (about 1 mile per inch) and 1: 24,QOO (2,000 that determine whether or not It mineral deposit is present at any feet per inch) in Arizona. Most of the southern part of the State is particular locality within a major geologic province; some of these are covered by reasonably up-to-date maps at these scales but large parts well understood and others are not. The better these specific controls of northern Arizona remain to be mapped. are understood, the greater the prospects of making new discoveries. Various geologists have proposed theories concerning regional geo­ logic controls on the localization of ore deposits, particularly of copper. Butler (1929) noted the occurrence of many major deposits such as in the Prescott, Globe-Miami, and Morenci districts and the Santa Rita district of New Mexico near the margins of the Colorado Plateaus. Others, including Mayo (1958), Schmitt (1959), Landwehr (1967), 53 54 companies in Phoenix and Tucson. Many libraries maintain map ref­ erence facilities where the published maps of the Geological Survey may be consulted. These maps. are also on file in the field offices of the Geological Survey. In Arizona, maps are de­ posited at: Library, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff; Library and Archives, 309 State House, Phoenix; Social Science Service, ArI­ zona State University, Tempe; and Library, Arizona Bureau of Mines, University of Arizona Tucson. Preliminary copies of topographic maps that have not yet been published are available for some areas not shown. in the i;lldex map. In~orma~ion about those or. about the t:opo­ graphIc ma~pmg program m ArIzona may be obtamed by wrltmg Pacific RegIon Engineer, U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025. Geologic maps which show the surface distribution of rock units are o~ great value to mineral exploration programs and to various engi­ neering projects. A generalized geologIC map of the entire State at a scale of 1 :500,000 is in joint yreparation by the Arizona Bureau of Mines and the U.S. Geologica Survey. Geologic ma~s of the several counties at a scale of 1 :375,000 (about 6 miles per mch) have been published by the Arizona Bureau of Mines (see Moore and Wilson, 1965). The availability of published and unpublished geologic maps at scales larger than 1 :250,000 are shown in figure 8. Shown separately in the figure are areas of map coverage at a scale of 1 :62,500 or larger. Only these larger scales are considered adequate for most modern geologic and. engineering purposes. Itean readily be seen that although large areas m the eastern part of the State may be considered ade­ quately mapped at present, very little of western Arizona is covered by larg-e-scale mappmg. Geologic maps published by the U.S. Geological Survey may be ordered by mail from the Distribution Section, Geological Survey, Federal Center, Denver, Colo;, 80225 and book reports of that agency may be purchased by mail from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20242. Both maps and books are available for over-the-counter purchase at the Geo­ logical Survey Public Inquiries Offices mentioned above where topo­ graphic maps are available. Maps and reports published by the Arizona _ published map surveyed ~ published map surveyed Bureau of Mines may be purchased at nominal fees from the Arizona tim at 1,2",000 itandards ~ at 1:62,500 standar~ Bureau of Mines, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz., 85721. The Bureau's bulletins are free to Arizona residents. Most of the available FIGURE 7.-Pub1ished topographic map coverage in Arizona, January 1968. published or unpublished geologic maps covering parts of Arizona may be seen at the University of Arizona Library in Tucson and many Published topographic maps as well as a free and frequently re­ are available at other university and college libraries in the State. The vised Index to Topographic Maps of Arizona may be ordered by mail librarians at these libraries can advise the interested individual on from the Distribution Section, Geological Survey, Federal Center, how to order microfilmed cOpies of unpublished doctoral theses on Denver, Colo., 80225 or over the counter from Geologic Survey Pub­ various aspects .?f the geology of the State. . lic Inquiries Offices in Los Angeles and San Francisco, Calif. ; Denver, Colo.; and Salt Lake City, Utah. Some or all of them may also be purchased from the Mailing Bureau, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz., 85721, or from any of a number of blueprint or reproduction 55 56

exploration companies and are not generally ava,ilable for public scmtiny. Figure 9 shows areas in ArIzona for which aeromagnetic maps prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey are available. Most of these maps are published and may be purchased from the distribution centers mentioned above that handle geologic reports. Several unpub­ lished maps are available for public inspection at various depositories; most are on file.at Arizona Bureau of Mines, University of Arizona, Tucson. For up-to-date information on the availability of aeromag­ netic maps one may write Regional Geophysics Branch, U.S. Geo­ logical Survey, Federal Center, Denver, Colo., 80225.

-}Irl' -!- --- _11<'': t-- / ! '~ ,I , \1i, I J i· I I • ,I 0 ~..,. 'j

c 0 ~ C o N i I i I r ~ o ,'I i .:~- ~ !'l-._.--.~~. '~HOIt>r~I.~·' I I', I I1 j, 'j i ---J i "''''"'1 ! .- i r I ! ...... i p I 3;:-. .... i ! "

'0

U M M A I~ EXPLANATION , i o I Scare 1:62.500 Or larger oiL" Scale 1:62.500-to 1:250,000 U.S. Geological Survey open-IiIe map FIGURE B.-Published geologic map coverage In Arizona, January 1968.

GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES Geophysics and geochemistry are, respectively, the studies of the physical and chemical properties of the earth. A great many techniques have been developed, and are continually being Improved, to measure the electric, magnetic, g-ravity, seismic, and chemical properties of the Earth. Geophysical and geochemical surveys, when properly inter­ preted, can be of extreme practical importance in determining sub­ f1%~ surface stnlCture and the locations of buried ore bodies, aquifers, potential oil-bearing formations, and other rock units. Many geo­ Published map at scale of 1:62.500 or 1:125.000 physical and geochemical surveys are conducted by or for private FIGURE 9.-Published aeromagnetic map coverage in Arizona, January 1!l68. 57 58

SELECTED REFERENCES McKee, E. D., and Oriel, S. S., and others, 1967, Paleotectonic maps of the Per­ mian System: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geo1. Inv. Map 1-450. Anderson, C. A., and Creasey, S. C., 1958, Geology and ore deposits of the McKee, E. D., Wilson, R. F., Breed, W. J., and Breed, C. S., edB., 1967, Evolution Jerome area, Yavapai County, Arizona: U.S. Geo1. Survey Prof. Paper 308, of the Colorado River in Arizona: Mus. of Northern Arizona Bull. 44, Flagstaff, 185 p. 67 p. Anderson, R. Y.; and Harshbarger, J. W., eds., 1958, Guidebook of the Black Mesa Moore, R. T., and Wilson, E. D., 1965, Bibliography of the geology and mineral basin, northeastern Arizona, 9th field conference, October 16-18, 1958: New resources of Arizona, 1848--1964: Arizona Bur. Mines Bull. 173,321 p. Mexico Geo1. Soc., 105 p. Poole, F. G., and others, 1967, Devonian of the southwestern United States, in Armstrong, R. L., 1968, Sevier orogenic belt In Nevada ,and Utah: Geo1. Soc. Oswald, D. H., I'd., International Symposium on the Devonian System, Calgary, America Bull. 79, no. 4, p. 429-458. 1967: Calgary, Alberta, Soc. Petroleum Geologists, v. 1, p. 879-912. Repenning, C. A., and Page, H. G., 1956, Late Cretaceous stratigraphy of Black Butler, B. S., 1929, Relation of the ore deposits of the Southern Rocky Mountain Mesa, Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations, Arizona: Am. Assoc. Petroleum region to the Colorado Plateau: Colo. Sci. Soc. Proc., v. 12, p. 23-36. Geologists Bull., v. 40, no. 2, p. 255-294. Cohee, G. V., clJ,m., and others, 1961, Tectonic map of 'the United States, exclusive Schmitt,.H. A., 1959, The copper province ot. the southwest: Mining Eng., v. 11, of Alaska and Hawaii: U.S. Goo1. Survey and Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists, no. 6, p. 597-600. Beale 1 :2,500,000 [1962]., ' Shrlde, A. F., I'd., 1952, Guidebook for field trip excurslolliJ in southern Arizona, Cooley, M. E., 1967, The geologic history of ArIzona on Arizona Highway Geologic Geological Society of America, Cordilleran Section Meeting, Tucson, April Map: Arizona Geo1. Soc., Tucson. 10-14, 1952: Arizona Geot Soc., 150 p. Cooley, M. E., and Davidson, E. S., 1963, The Mogollon hig~lands--their inll.~ence Shride, A. F., 1967, Younger Precambrian geology in southern Arizona: U.S. on Mesozoic and Cenozoic erosion and sedimentation: Anzona Geo1. Soc. Digest, Geo1. Survey Prof. Paper 566, 89 p. v. 6, p. 7-85. ' Stewart, J. H., Williams, G. A.} Albee, H. F., and Raup, O. B., 1959, Stratigraphy Cooper, J.C., I'd., 1955, Geology of parts of Paradox, Black Mesa, and San Juan of Triassic and associated formations in part of the Colorado Plateau region: Basins, field conference, 1955: Four Corners Geo1. Soc., 217 p. U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. l046-Q, 80 p. Cross, J. L., Shaw, E. H., and Scheifele, Kathleen, I'd., 1960, Geology, in Arizona­ Stoyanow, A. A., 1949, Lower Cretaceous stratigraphy in southeastern Arizona: .its people and resources: Arizona Univ. (Tucson) Press, p. 84-98. Geo1. Soc. America Mem. 38, 169 p. Darton, N. H" 1925, A resume ot. Arizona geology: Arizona Bur. Mines Bull. 119, Teichert, Curt, 1965, Devonian rocks and paleography of cen,tral Arizona: U.S. ~~ , : Geol. Survey Prof. Paper464, 181 p. Fenneman, N. M., 1931, Physiography of western United States: New York, Mc- Thune, H. W., I'd., 1952, Guidebook to the , no. 7, Cedar City, Graw-Hill Book Co., 534 p. , Utah to Las Vegas, Nevada: Utah Geol. and Mineralog. Survey, 165 p. Gilluly,' James, Cooper, ;1. R" and Williams, J. S., 1954, Late Paleozoic stratig­ Titley, S. R., I'd., 1968, Southern Arizona guidebook III: Tucson, Arizona raphy ot. central Cochise County, Arizona: U.S. Geo1. Survey Prof. Paper 266, Geol. Soc., 354 p. 49p. , "': Trauger, F. D., I'd., 1967, Guidebook of Defiance-Zuni-Mt. Taylor region, Arizona Gregory, H. E., 1917, Geology ot. the Nav41jo Country; a 'reconnaiBsance of parts and New Mexico, 18th field cont., October 19, 20, and 21, 1967: New Mexico of Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah: U.S. Geo1. Survey Prof. Paper 93,161 p. Geol. Soc., 228 p. Ha,rshbarger, J. W., Repenning, C. A., and Irwin, J. H., 1957, Stratigraphy of the Van Zandt, F. K., 1966, Boundaries of the United States and the several States: uppermost Triassic and the Jurassic rocks ot. the Navajo Country: U.S. Geo1. U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1212, 291 p. Survey Prof. Paper 291, 74 p. ' Weber, R. H" and Peirce; H. W., eds., 1962, Guidebook of the Heindl, L. A., ed., 1959, Guidebook 2, BouthernArizQna, April 2-6, 1959: Arizona region, east-central Arizona, 13th field conf., October 18, 19, and 20, 1962: Geo1. Soc. Digest, 2d Ann., 290 p. New Mexico Geol. Soc.,175 p. Heindl, L. A., and Lance, J. F., 1000, Topographic, physiographic, and structural Wilson, E. D., 1962, A resum~ of the : Arizona Bur. Mines subdivisions ot Arizona: Arizona Geo!. Soc. Digest, v. 3, p. 12-18. Bull. 171. 140 p. Huddle, J. W., and Dobrovolny, Ernest, 1952, Devonian and Mississippian rocks Winters, S. S.• 1963, Supai Formation (Pennian) of eastern Arizona: Geol. ot. central Arizona: U.S. Geo1. Survey Prof. Paper 233-D, p. 67-112. Soc. America Mem. 89, 99 p. Kottlowski, F. E., 1000, Summary ot Pennsylvanian sections In southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona: New Mexico Bur. Mines and Mineral Resources Bull. 66, 187 p. Landwehr, W. R., 1967, Belts of major mineralization In western United States: Econ. Geology, v. 62, no. 4, p. 494-501. Lindgren, Waldemar, Graton, L. C., and GOMOn, C. H., 1910, The ore deposits of New Mexico: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 68,361 p. Lochman-Balk Christina, 1956, The Cambrian of the Rocky Mountains and \SOuthwest d~rts of the United States and adjoining. Sonora Prov~nce, Mexico, in Rodgers, J., ed., EI Sistema Cambrico, au paleografia y 1'1 problema de BU base-symposium, Tomo 2, Mexico, D. F:, Internat. Geol. Cong., 20th, 1956, p.529-001. Mayo, E. B., 1958, Lineament tectonics and some ore deposits of the southwest: Mining Eng., v. 10, no. 11, p. 1169-1175. McKee, E. D., 1951, Sedimentary basins of Arizona and adjoining areas: Geol. Soc. America BUll., v. 62, no. 5, p.481-505. McKee, E. D., and others, 1956, Paieotectonic maps of the Jurassic System: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-175. --1959, Paleotectonic maps of the Triassic System: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Gool. Inv. Map 1-800. '