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Distance Education Technologies in Asia This Page Intentionally Left Blank Contents Iii Contents i Distance Education Technologies in Asia This page intentionally left blank Contents iii Distance Education Technologies in Asia Edited by Jon Baggaley and Tian Belawati Foreword by Sir John Daniel International Development Research Centre Ottawa • Cairo • Dakar • Montevideo • Nairobi • New Delhi • Singapore iv Distance Education Technologies in Asia Copyright © International Development Research Centre, 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Jointly published in 2010 by SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd International Development B1/I-1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Research Centre Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044, India P.O. Box 8500 www.sagepub.in Ottawa, ON SAGE Publications Inc Canada K1G 3H9 www.idrc.ca 2455 Teller Road [email protected] Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA ISBN (e-book) 978-1-55250-502-1 SAGE Publications Ltd 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP, United Kingdom SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd 33 Pekin Street #02-01 Far East Square Singapore 048763 Published by Vivek Mehra for SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd, typeset in 10/12 pt Palatino by Star Compugraphics Private Limited, Delhi and printed at Chaman Enterprises, New Delhi. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Distance education technologies in Asia/edited by Jon Baggaley and Tian Belawati. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Distance education—Asia. 2. Distance education—Computer-assisted instruction. 3. Educational technology—Asia. I. Baggaley, Jon. II. Belawati, Tian. III. International Development Research Centre (Canada) LC5808.A78D57 371.3'59095—dc22 2010 2010040182 ISBN: 978-81-321-0561-9 (HB) The SAGE Team: Rekha Natarajan, Swati Sengupta, Anju Saxena and Deepti Saxena Contents v This book is dedicated to the memory of Professor V.K. Samaranayake This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Tables xi List of Abbreviations xiii Foreword by Sir John Daniel xix Introduction xxiii 1. The Emergence of Distance Education in South Asia 1 Bhutan Sangay Jamtsho and Sonam Rinchen India Sanjaya Mishra and Zeba Khan Pakistan Nazir A. Sangi and Sheeraz Ahmed Sri Lanka V.K. Samaranayake, P. Wimalaratne, K.P. Hewagamage and Dilhari Attygalle 2. Accessibility, Acceptance and Effects of Distance Education in South Asia 33 Bhutan Sangay Jamtsho and Sonam Rinchen Pakistan Nazir A. Sangi and Sheeraz Ahmed Sri Lanka Gihan N. Wikramanayake, P. Wimalaratne, K.P. Hewagamage and Dilhari Attygalle viii Distance Education Technologies in Asia 3. Development of ICT-based Distance Education in Bhutan 57 Bhutan Sangay Jamtsho Canada Mark Bullen 4. E-learning in Chinese Schools and Universities 86 China Chen Li, Wang Nan and Chen Hui Na 5. Attitudes to Distance Education in China 111 China Chen Li and Wang Nan 6. Distance Education Policy and Practice in Mongolia 127 Mongolia Amarsaikhan Dashtseren and Oyun Sanjaa Hong Kong Weiyuan Zhang 7. Distance Education Policy and Awareness in Cambodia, Lao PDR and Viet Nam 145 Cambodia Doung Vuth and Chhuon Chanthan Lao PDR Somphone Phanousith and Phonpasit Phissamay Viet Nam Tran Thi Tai and Vu The Binh 8. Open-source Software for Learning Management 163 Mongolia Batpurev Batchuluun Sri Lanka K.P. Hewagamage, K.H.R.A. Peiris and W.A.U.C. Weerakoon Contents ix 9. Developing an Asian Learning Object Repository 175 Cambodia Chhuon Chanthan Indonesia A.P. Hardhono and Tian Belawati Thailand Sunee Silphiphat and Tanit Pusiri 10. Mobile Technology in Non-formal Distance Education 192 The Philippines Angelo Juan O. Ramos and Jerome P. Triñona 11. Training Asian Instructional Designers 214 The Philippines Felix Librero 12. E-assessment Methods for Student Evaluation in Asia 227 Pakistan Nazir A. Sangi References 250 About the Editors and Contributors 259 Index 263 This page intentionally left blank List of Tables 1.1 Estimated Development Parameters of Bhutan, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka 3 1.2 Reasons for Educational Dropout in Pakistan 9 1.3 ICT Usage in the DE Universities of the Four Countries 18 1.4 IGNOU’s National Media Capacity 19 2.1 Survey Samples (Students and Educators) 36 2.2 Statements about ICT-based Learning 42 2.3 Statements about Study Activities 45 2.4 Statements about Motivation for Studying 49 3.1 Student Access to ICTs (%) 60 3.2 Completion Rates Pre- and Post-ICT-SLS 69 3.3 Frequency of Use: Females vs Males (%) 70 3.4 Types of Use: Females vs Males (%) 70 3.5 Frequency of Use by Location (%) 70 3.6 Type of Use by Location (%) 70 3.7 Types of Use: Instructors (%) 72 3.8 Value of ICT-SLS Features: Instructors (%) 72 4.1 The Development of Online Schooling in China (1996–2005) 92 4.2 Approved E-Learning Project Pilot Schools (1999–2005) 101 4.3 Sources of Teaching Material in 2003 105 4.4 Operation of Pilot Schools (2001–03) 107 5.1 The Survey Sample (N = 533) 112 5.2 Learning Centre Media Selection Criteria 114 5.3 Students’ Online Learning Problems 115 5.4 Students’ Perceived Importance of Interactive Media 116 5.5 Problems Faced by Distance Education Teachers 119 5.6 Off-campus Learning Centre Difficulties 121 xii Distance Education Technologies in Asia 7.1 General Education and Training Policies 150 7.2 ICT and Distance Education Policies 151 7.3 External and Internal Reports 152 8.1 Software Found Useful in Online Learning (N = 82) 173 8.2 Overall Ratings of Moodle (N = 82) 173 8.3 Moodle Feedback from Technical Staff (N = 13) 173 9.1 Characteristics of the Evaluators 184 9.2 The 32 Evaluated Learning Objects (English Titles) 185 10.1 The A&E Exam Results of the Two Sub-groups 206 11.1 Respondents’ Perception of their Role as Instructional Designers 220 11.2 Respondents’ Experience as Instructional Designers (N=70) 222 11.3 Preferred Topics of ID Training Courses 223 12.1 Current Status of Examination Activities (%) 238 12.2 Institutional E-assessment Activities (%) 238 12.3 Question Formats Needing E-assessment Support (%) 240 12.4 Software Support Needed by E-assessment (%) 241 12.5 Student Authentication Methods in E-assessment 242 List of Abbreviations A&E Accreditation & Equivalency AAOU Asian Association of Open Universities ADB Asian Development Bank ADMTC Advanced Digital Media Technology Centre ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line AICC Aviation Industry Computer-based Training Committee AIOU Allama Iqbal Open University, Pakistan AIR All India Radio ALS Alternative Learning Services APOU Andhra Pradesh Open University ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASTD American Society for Training and Development ASTI-DOST Advanced Science and Technology Institute of the Department of Science and Technology ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode BALS Bureau of Alternative Learning System BBSs Bulletin Board Systems BEdP Bachelor of Education Degree for Primary teaching BIPS Bhutan Information and Communications Technology Policy and Strategies BNU Beijing Normal University BRAOU B.R. Ambedkar Open University BIT Bachelor of Information Technology BT Bhutan Telecom CAL Client Access License CCRTVU China Central Radio and TV University CEM Center for Educational Measurement CERNET China Education and Research Network ChinaGBN China Golden Bridge Network ChinaNET China Public Computer Internet xiv Distance Education Technologies in Asia CIIT Comsats Institute of Information Technology CIMS College of Information and Management Sciences, Pakistan CINTEC Computer and Information Technology Council of Sri Lanka CLV Cambodia, Lao PDR and Viet Nam CMC Computer-mediated Conferencing COL Commonwealth of Learning COMSATS Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South CSTNET China Science and Technology Network DE Distance Education DEMP Distance Education Modernisation Project DEPP Distance Education Programme for the Public Sector DLC Distance Learning Centre DLT Distance Learning Technology DTEP Distance Teacher Education Programme DTH Direct-to-home eLC e-Learning Centre EMPC Electronic Media Production Centre EPC e-Assessment Procedures Checklist ERP Enterprise Resource Planning ESPF English for Special Purposes Foundation FAPE Fund for Assistance to Private Education FGDs Focus Group Discussions GDLN Global Development Learning Network GDP Gross Domestic Product GPA Grade Point Average GSM Global System for Mobile Communication HDI Human Development Index HEC Higher Education Commission HEIs Higher Education Institutions HDR Human Development Commission HSUM Health Sciences University of Mongolia ICT Information and Communication Technologies ICT-SLS ICT-supported Learning Support System ID Instructional Design List of Abbreviations xv IDRC International Development Research Centre IEEE-IMS Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers-Instrumentation and Measurement Society IET Institute of Educational Technology, Pakistan IGNOU Indira Gandhi National Open University IIC International Institute of Cambodia IUC-TEFED Inter-University Consortium for Technology- enabled Flexible Education and Development IICUT International Institute of Cambodia University of Technology IDRC International Development Research Centre IRC Interactive Radio Counseling ISP Internet Service Providers ISRO Indian Space Research Organisation JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency LAN Local Area Network Lao PDR Lao People’s Democratic Republic LEARN Lanka Educational and Academic Research Network LIS Library
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