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Innovative Information and Communication Technology in Education and Its Potential for Reducing Poverty in the Asia and Pacific Region

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Innovative Information and Communication Technology in Education and Its Potential for Reducing Poverty in the Asia and Pacific Region ADB TA No. 6278-REG Contract No: COCS/60-026 RTI Project No 0210103 Innovative Information and Communication Technology in Education and Its Potential for Reducing Poverty in the Asia and Pacific Region Where Desert Meets Technology: Findings from ICT in Education Initiatives in Rural Schools in Mongolia December 2007 Appendix 8 of Final Report Carmen Strigel Lkhagvasuren Ariunaa Sukhbaatar Enkhjargal Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report Project Number: TA No. 6278-REG December 2007 Appendix 8 of Final Report Mongolia: Innovative Information and Communication Technology in Education and Its Potential for Reducing Poverty in the Asia and Pacific Region: “Where Desert Meets Technology: Findings from ICT in Education Initiatives in Rural Schools in Mongolia” (Financed by the Poverty Reduction Cooperation Fund, Asian Development Bank) Prepared by Carmen Strigel Lkhagvasuren Ariunaa Sukhbaatar Enkhjargal RTI International 3040 Cornwallis Road Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194 USA For Asian Development Bank ATTN: Jouko Sarvi Principal Education Specialist Capacity Development and Governance Division Regional and Sustainable Development Department 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Governments concerned, and ADB and the Governments cannot be held liable for its contents. RTI International is a trade name of Research Triangle Institute. iii CONTENTS Page I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .....................................................................................................1 A. Background of the Study ...........................................................................................1 B. Study Findings ...........................................................................................................2 C. Recommendations.....................................................................................................4 II. COUNTRY CONTEXT .........................................................................................................6 III. EDUCATION SYSTEM CONTEXT ......................................................................................8 A. General Aspects ........................................................................................................8 B. Teacher Development .............................................................................................12 C. Education Administration .........................................................................................13 D. Current Status of ICT in Education ..........................................................................15 IV. SEDP AND IIREM PROJECTS OVERVIEW .....................................................................18 A. Second Education Development Project .................................................................18 B. ICT for Innovating Rural Education in Mongolia ......................................................19 V. STUDY ACTIVITIES ..........................................................................................................24 A. Study Overview........................................................................................................24 B. Training and Equipment Procurement .....................................................................25 VI. STUDY SCHOOLS CONTEXT ..........................................................................................29 A. IIREM Schools .........................................................................................................29 B. SEDP Schools .........................................................................................................31 C. Control Schools .......................................................................................................32 VII. STUDY METHODOLOGY..................................................................................................33 A. Research Design .....................................................................................................33 B. School Selection ......................................................................................................34 C. Participant Selection ................................................................................................35 D. Instruments ..............................................................................................................36 E. Limitations of the Study............................................................................................38 VIII. STUDY FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION.............................................................................39 A. Overview of Data Analysis.......................................................................................39 B. Overview of the Respondents..................................................................................40 C. Findings on Research Question 1............................................................................41 1. Teacher Pedagogical Support ........................................................................ 41 2. Teaching Practice and Evaluation/Assessment.............................................. 42 3. Teacher Efficacy ............................................................................................. 49 4. Teacher Lesson Planning and Material Production ........................................ 52 5. Teacher Collaboration..................................................................................... 55 6. Teacher Job Satisfaction and Attendance ...................................................... 58 7. Teacher Use of Equipment and Materials....................................................... 62 D. ICT-Related Dimensions..........................................................................................71 iv 1. ICT Environment ............................................................................................. 71 2. Reported Access to ICT.................................................................................. 76 3. Purpose of Computer Use and Source of Capacity ........................................ 80 4. Policies and Strategies at the School ............................................................. 82 5. Resources and Guidance on ICT.................................................................... 84 6. Attitude Toward ICT ........................................................................................ 85 7. Teachers’ Levels of Technology Adoption ...................................................... 94 8. School System Support of ICT........................................................................ 98 9. School ICT Financing, Servicing, and Procurement ....................................... 99 10. Parent Engagement and ICT ........................................................................ 101 E. Findings on Research Question 2..........................................................................102 1. Findings from Questionnaires and Focus Groups......................................... 102 2. Discussion of Findings .................................................................................. 107 IX. STUDY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................109 A. Conclusions Related to Research Question 1 .......................................................109 B. Overview of ICT-Related Aspects..........................................................................111 C. Conclusions Related to Research Question 2 .......................................................115 D. Recommendations for Future Research................................................................116 E. Recommendations for Future ICT in Education Initiatives.....................................116 F. Synthesis ...............................................................................................................118 X. REFERENCES.................................................................................................................121 XI. AUTHORS........................................................................................................................124 APPENDIX 1: MONGOLIA’S PROGRESS TOWARD ACHIEVING THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS.................................................................................................126 APPENDIX 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ON ICT IN EDUCATION IN MONGOLIA ...................128 List of Exhibits Exhibit 1. Structure of the Mongolian Education System .............................................................9 Exhibit 2. Objectives of the Master Plan to Develop Education of Mongolia in 2006– 2015 ....................................................................................................................11 Exhibit 3. Location of Study Schools in Mongolia ......................................................................30 Exhibit 4. Mongolia – School Sample and Respondents Overview ...........................................37 Exhibit 5. Teachers’ Responses to “The whole class repeats sentences that I say first”...........43 Exhibit 6. Teachers’ Responses to “Students explain how they have gone about solving a problem” ...........................................................................................................44 Exhibit 7. Teachers’ Responses to Question of How They Use Results of Student Assessments .......................................................................................................45
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