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HAROLD R. PARFITT WILLIE K. FRIAR Col ."rnor-Prcsident Editor
JAMES H. TORMEV Lieutenant Governor SUMMER 1978 Writers Vic Canel, Fannie P. Hernandez, FRANK A. BALDWIN Dolores E. Suisman, Panama Canal Information Officer Official Panama Canal Publication Vicki Boatwright
Review articles may be reprinted without further clearance. Credit to the Review will be appreciated.
The Panama Canal Review is published twice a year. Yearly subscription: regular mail $2, airmail $4.
For subscription, send check or money order, made payable to the Panama Canal Company, to Panama Canal Review, Box M, Balboa Heights, C.Z.
Editorial Office is located in Room 100, Administration Building, Balboa Heights, C.Z.
Canal watchers—those who visit the Also in this issue is the story of the
locks regularly to take a look at In This Issue Canal's watercraft, which plays such
the passing of a vital role in the movement of parade ships—know of moving the oil to the Gulf and ships through the waterway. that traffic has taken on a different look. East Coast ports of the United States. Even a casual observer must have At right: Tlie "Overseas New York," Along with the tankers, Canal which broke the cargo record noticed the large number of heavily for observers probably have noticed the Panama Canal when she transited in laden oil tankers passing through the increase in the number of cruise April with 64,603 long tons of oil, the waterway. liners. Much new air/sea cruise passes the "Overseas Chicago." Oil from the North Slope of business has been generated by the Canal being in the news Alaska has reached the Canal and in Panama spotlight throughout the past year this issue we are featuring a story on The new treaties governing the as a result of the Treaty negotiations future operation and defense of how the merging of the Alaska pipeline the Panama Canal were signed bv and this issue contains a collection with the Panama Canal has become the United States and Panama in of recipes from these luxurious ships. a temporary solution to the problem a ceremony at OAS headquarters in Washington on September 7, 1977. They were approved by Panama in a plebiscite on Oc- Credits: The following individuals and companies tober 23 of that year and the U.S. have contributed to this edition of the Review: On The Cover Senate gave its advice and con- C. Fernie ir Co., agents for SOHIO at sent to their ratification in March the Canal; the Overseas Shipholding Group; The Trans Alaska Pipeline, the Over- Jack Ott, of "The Sohian," the Alyeska and April 1978. The new treaties seas Chicago entering Miraflores Locks Pipeline Service Co.; Duncan Beardsley, are scheduled to go into effect Vice President, Royal Cruise Line; and and the Chicago moving up the Mis- 6 months after the exchange of captains and crews of the "Overseas Chicago," sissippi River, appear on the front ratification instruments between the "Maryland," and the "Renown." Special credit the two governments becomes cover. On the back, the Overseas for panoramic views of the Canal Zone and effective. Panama would then as- for layout assistance goes to Mel Kennedy, and to Chicago leaves Valdez in Alaska laden sume plenary jurisdiction over Kevin Jenkins, who photographed the entire with North Slope oil. Front cover what is now the Canal Zone, I oyage of the "Overseas Chicago." although U.S. police and courts Other photographers, whose work is included are photos are by Kevin Jenkins. The back would retain limited authority for Arthur L. Pollack, Don Goode, and cover was provided by the Overseas Alberto Acevedo. Map and graph are by a 30-month transition period. Carlos Mendez. Shipholding Group.
Summer 1978 L
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i^nlwmiiiiiiiipiiwiMiiii'i The Panama Canal
Oil from the Arctic travels through
the tropics as the Panama Canal and the
Alaska Pipeline merge to move North Slope
oil to U.S. East and Gulf ports
Bv Willie K. Friar The Aluska Pipeline stretches 800 miles Bay on the Arctic from Prudhoe generation of electricity, ARE 1,191,299 BARRELS vear for the Ocean tu Valdez, tin ice-free port. THERE was aboard the Overseas Alaska, the of North Slope crude oil in the Overseas Arctic, and the Overseas New Panama Canal at this moment." This York all northbound en route to U.S statement from Canal officials on Gulf ports. Laden with 64,603 long April 28 announced the movement of tons of oil, the Overseas New York set the biggest shipment of Alaskan oil to an all time high cargo record for the transit the Canal at one time. Canal. Map of North Slope oil route with The oil, equal to the total amount of It on 20, 1977 that the sfiips positioned in Parita Bay. fuel consumed in the Canal Zone each was June
Summeii 1978 onnection
Alaska oil first entered the pipeline at Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic Ocean. This marked the completion of the largest engineering project ever undertaken by private enterprise. Crude oil began gushing into the big pipeline at 300,000 barrels per day. It required 9.4 million barrels of oil just
to fill it and it was a month before the
first oil emerged from the pipeline at Valdez Marine Terminal. In the fol- lowing weeks, the movement of oil reached 600,000 barrels per day and which is almost 103 feet in the beam and 736 feet long, gradually was raised to 1.2 million The "Overseas Joyce," moves through Caillard Cut en route from Parita Bay to barrels. It now takes about a week for the East Coast of the United States with a cargo of Alaska crude oil. a barrel of oil to make the 800-mile trip from the North Slope through the pipeline to Valdez. workers required to build the Panama line, and $3 billion developing Prudhoe Construction of the Pipeline Canal. Bay and associated facilities. The pipeline which begins at Prud- Those acquainted with the problems The Alveska Pipeline Service Co., is firm responsible for the hoe Bav on the Arctic Ocean, stretches involved in the construction of the Pan- which the and operation of across the largest state in the nation to ama Canal have a special appreciation design, construction is by eight firms— the ice-free port of Valdez. Between for the successful completion of the the pipeline, owned Prudhoe Bav and the Brooks Mountain trans-Alaska Pipeline. Few engineers Amerada Hess Pipeline Corp., ABCO Co., Pipe Line Co., Bangc, it crosses miles of treeless have ever been faced with such for- Pipe Line SOHIO Co., Alaska Co., tundra underlain bv permafrost where, midable complications of climate, ter- Exxon Pipeline Mobil Co., Union Alaska for almost 2 months in the winter, the rain and government regulations as Phillips Petroleum BP Pipelines, Inc. sun never appears. Rainfall here is those encountered in the building of Pipeline Co. and cost of the project has been es- about the same as in the deserts of this pipeline. Total billion, of which Nevada and Utah. Designers, choosing the route for the timated at almost $12 billion been spent on the pipe- The line reaches its highest point, the pipeline, had to figure the best way to S9 has cross three mountain ranges, how to cope with problems of potential earth- The "Overseas Chicago" approaches the Exxon Refinery at Baton Rouge, La. quakes, protection of wildlife, perma- The vessel makes regular shuttle trips through the Canal frost, and the heat generated bv the transporting oil to East and Gulf poits. flow of warm oil at temperatures of 130 to 140 degrees Fahrenheit through pipes erected over frozen ground. There were streams that crossed the route on an average of one each mile and the migration paths of caribou had to be considered as well as the salmon spawning streams and the nesting sites of birds along the routes. Although oil was discovered at Prud-
hoe in 1968, it was not until April 1974 that construction began on the 358-mile road between Prudhoe Bay and the Yukon Biver. As soon as the road was completed, the pipeline work began in earnest with more than 22,000 persons engaged in the construction work. A monument to 20th-century tech- nology, the pipeline construction re- quired less than half the number of
The Panama Canal Beview 5
<:^& r*te< 7**$
4,800-foot Atigun Pass, as it climbs the* world, it is equipped with a computer The Role of the Canal chored 14 miles off Chitre in Parita crews of the British terminal vessels can it moves south ap- which scans the line everv 20 seconds Brooks Range. As Bav, about 65 miles from the Canal. receive about 10,500 long tons per hour It took another for the Yukon River, it passes and reports flow, pressure, temperature, month the first oil proaching A number of ships (at last count 28 and discharge into the Canal shuttle to reach the Panama The oil arrives at Parita Bat/ aboard through areas where temperatures range rate of discharge and thousands of other Canal. On Au- or 30— it changes otten) one of which is ships at about 4,500 long tons per gust 31, the supertankers and then is discharged into winter's record minus 80 degrees types of data. The whole operation is Washington Trader tran- from a tug-barge combination, are engaged hour. The ships are equipped to take sited the smaller vessels able to transit the Canal. to degrees in summer. controlled from Valdez and is tied waterway with 39,776 tons of Fahrenheit 90 in transit cvcles of laden and ballast oil into their storage tanks, to transfer Above: the "Overseas Chicago," left, crossing the Yukon River, the together bv microwave communication oil. This milestone, coming 63 vears After voyages between Parita Bav and Last oil directlv from one vessel to the othei alter takes on oil from the "British Renown." then climbs and backed up bv earth satellite. the opening of the waterway, mute passes Fairbanks and Coast and Gulf ports in the United or to perform both operations at the which is receiving oil from the "Man/land. marked the beginning of the vital role over the Alaska and Chugach mountain The multiple environmental safe- - States and to Puerto Rico. Supertankers, same time. of the in The "Renown" and the "Manjlarut" before arriving at the wet coastal Panama Canal the movement ranges guards covering the operations are un- too large to transit the Canal, are used Much care is taken to avoid oil pollu- arc supertankers about 178 feet in beam of North Slope Oil to the East and Gulf area at Valdez. precedented and include 175-cut-ofl to bring the oil down from Valdez to tion and at Parita Bav nothing is dis- coasts. The immediate solution to the and 1,100 feet long. Below kit: pipeline is built of 48-inch di- The valves along the line to minimize any Parita Bav. There it is pumped into the charged into the sea. The oilv ballast Capt, Karl Jaskierntj, master the to- problem of transporting the oil proved of ameter steel pipe which is welded possible oil spills. tanks of the British vessels which act water removed from the tankers at "Oierseas Chicago" tiatches as his ship gether with over 100,000 welds. The to be the joining together of two of the At Valdez, the oil is stored in 28 as floating terminals. From them, it is Parita Bav is pumped into the empt\ United States' greatest engineering is docked alongside the "Rctiown," final weld, which was made May 30, enormous steel tanks which hold transferred to smaller tankers able to fit supertankers for transport back to Center: Luis Blades, Senior Port Officer about 100 miles south of Prudhnc achievements, the trans-Alaska Pipeline 1977 barrels each. Built on bedrock in the 1,000 bv 110 feet dimensions of Valdez where the ballast water is 510,000 and of the National Port Authority of Bav, tied together two sections of the Panama Canal. 500 feet above the tidewater, the ter- the Panama Canal locks. cleaned in a special treatment facility, Panama, cheeks dot uments with above-ground pipe. Slightly less than The transportation of oil through the its minal is safe from most natural disasters This type of operation is not unique the largest of kind. Capt. Fred II Adams, Master of the half the pipe is buried below ground. Panama Canal involves two fleets of including tidal waves of the type which to the Alaska oil shipments. The From Alaska to the U.S. Gulf ports, "Mart/land." At far right: The rest is elevated in sections of U.S. flag ships and two British flag engulfed the port at the time of the transfer of oil to smaller vessels is a via the Panama Canal, is a long journc\ Capt. Roger Woodcock, Staff Captain length, most shorter than 30 vessels. The latter are the British van ing 1964 earthquake. frequent operation in places where and the oil customer might be im- of the "Renown," logs in the amount of Britisii miles, Renown and the Resolution two harbor facilities cannot accommodate pressed to know that from Valdez u> It was at 11:02 p.m. Alaska Davlighl oil taken on hi/ the "Overseas Chicago.' Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCCs) the supertankers. In fact, most oil im- the northernmost port on the U.S. West Environmental Safeguards Time, July 29, 1977 that the first North of approximated 265,000 deadweight ported bv the United States is handled Coast is over 1,000 miles. It is another One of the most sophisticated, fullv Slope oil gushed from the pipeline at tons. These ships, which are 1,100 feet in this manner. 2,000 miles to the Port of Long Beach automated pipeline systems in the Valdez. long and 178 feet in beam, are an- Operating around the clock, the in Southern California and over 6,000
to supertankers, system would connect with existing oil tankers available to make the high cost Above: At the port of Valdez in Alaska, oil is stored for transfer lines Midwest. This project Panama route feasible on a short-term such as the "Alaska," center, which is pumping oil into tfie "British Resolution" at into the sufficient to handle basis. Parita Bay. At right: The "British Renown," sister ship of the "Resolution," (top) would have capacity surplus oil at current levels. From October 1977 through April 30, receives oil from the "Maryland." At right: Panamax tankers transport oil through most of the 315 Alaska oil tankers transited the Canal. At far right: Pumping oil at Parita Bay. Below: Prudhoe oil fields. It could be completed in 14 to 24 the months if the necessary permits could Canal carrying 6,849,077 long tons of be obtained. However, the project has oil and paying $8,419,291 in tolls. During the same period, tankers miles to Gulf Coast ports. run into serious opposition from the car- California Air Resources Board, which rying Alaskan crude oil paid an average Close to 600,000 barrels a day or is concerned about further air pollution toll of $29,880 laden and $23,515 in North Slope crude are being delivered in the area. The Board contends that ballast. During the month of April to West Coast refineries and shipments the emissions resulting from the un- alone, 74 North Slope oil carriers tran- through the Panama Canal have aver- loading of oil tankers in the harbor and -. sited and the daily average could re- aged 234,298 barrels a dav through the escaping from the storage tanks would main close to 2.5 until some alternative first 7 months of FY 1978. violate both state and Federal air to use of the Canal is found. Because of the draft restrictions of quality standards. In the meantime, Northville Indus- the Canal, tankers larger than 50,000 Other pipeline possibilities are being tries, a New Jersey company, is going deadweight tons normally cannot transit considered including a trans Guatemala ahead with construction of a permanent the waterway when fully loaded and and a trans Panama line. Another pos- storage tank facility at Puerto Armue- most vessels over 90,000 deadweight lles sible alternative is to ship the oil in in Panama. Sohio has a contract tons cannot transit even with partial VLCCs around Cape Horn. However, with Northville to use the on-shore loads. But tankers able to fit in the at this time, there are enough U.S. flag facility through July 1, 1980. Canal averaged 2.5 transits a day during April on the oil shuttle.
Under Federal law, domestic oil can be moved between two U.S. ports onlv AVERAGE DAILY STENTS by ships that are owned and manned OF NORTH SLOP&f^E OIL 406.2 bv Americans. The movement of the THROUGH THE PAlM-A CANAL oil through the Canal has proved verv advantageous to owners of U.S. flag FY-193'8L Is ships. thousands of br- It has also been a great, though probably temporary, benefit financially to the Panama Canal. Several measures have been suggested to effect a long term solution to the disposition of the 181.4 West Coast oil surplus. Sohio has pro- 177.6 posed a 1,000 mile pipeline system running from Long Beach, Calif, to Midland, Tex. This would involve reversing the flow in an existing 800-mite natural gas pipeline and con-
verting it to an oil carrier, a relatively simple and inexpensive operation. This would then be connected to about 200 miles of new pipeline. At Midland, the Typical of the tankers carrying oil through the Panama Canal to Gulf and East Coast ports
is the "Overseas Chicago," a U.S. flag ship. With a beam of 105.9 feet and a
length of N61.8 feet, the "Chicago" can take full advantage of the 110 feet by 1,000 feet dimensions of the Canal locks. The "Chicago" makes regular trips through the Canal and recently transited with 62,141 long tons of oil en route to the Exxon Refinery in Baton Rouge.
The "Overseas Chicago" takes on oil from the "British Renown" in Parita Bay.
The pumping of oil and ballast is carefully monitored aboard the "British Renown.'
Tin heat ily ladt n tanker moves through Gaillard ( Below: A Canal pilot gives instruction on his ruilio us the ship approaches Gatun Locks.
10 Summer 197S .
As the ship moves across the Caribbean, complex electronic equipment provides constant communication with the outside world. 88°&
Activity in all cargo holds can be observed quickly on this highly automated control board.
I W I
Breakfast is prepared in the modern stainless steel kitchen. Meals are served cafeteria style.
The tanker moves up the Mississippi en route to the Exxon Refinery at Baton Rouge, shown belo
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The Panama Canal Review 11 Watercraft Fleet Keeps Canal Afloat
By Vicki Boatvvright
THE ORIGINAL NAME OF A While the Hyacinth 11 is the oldest lifting the huge locks miter gates, was of fleet, little workboat with bright red member the Panama Canal it is built in Cermanv and put into service but awnings that residents of Camboa are one of manv different tvpes of spe- in 1914. The dipper dredge Cascadas, accustomed to seeing chugging up and cialized watercraft in the service of the now the backup for the new Rialto M. Canal organization powerful Christensen, built down tile Chagres River is lost in his- todav. The was by the Bucvrus tugs that assist ships in transit; the Co. and commissioned in 1915. Over toid . but its usefulness goes on. Now floating the Hyacinth II, this craft was built in dredges that clear the channels its 63-vear career it has participated in 1882 and was the property of the Com- of rocks and mud; the mightv cranes some of the most dramatic of Canal that offload cargo projects, such as the widening of the pagnie Universelle du Canal Interocea- and salvage sunken vessels; and the myriad of launches 8.3-mile Gaillard Cut from 300 to 500 niquc. When Lt. Mark Brooke signed that transport members of the Canal feet. the receipt for the assets of the French workforce to their dutv stations all plav Not all the watercraft presently in in early 1904. the little craft became an essential role in keeping the Canal use were acquired off the Isthmus. The the property of the Isthmian Canal operating at peak efficiency the vear craneboat Atlas and the diesel-electrie Commission. Its amazing continuance round. tug Arraijan, built in 1934 and 1936 in service is due to its special talent: it Though none can compete with the respectively, were the handicraft of the is [he only Company powerboat that Hyacinth H in age, two members of the Balboa Mechanical Division. This vear can pass under the Camboa Bridge at present fleet date back to the opening the Industrial Division, successor to the high water, and as such it is invaluable days of the Canal. The crane Hercules, Mechanical Division, assisted in the in- in hvacinth control work. the only piece of equipment capable of stallation of a new crane that gives the
An aerial view of the Dredging Division in Gainhou. home of the Canal organization's largest watereraft. Atlas a lifting capacity of 75 tons. The new crane, which replaces a main crane and a smaller one that was located on the bow, is invaluable to the seagoing
Atlas in its job of maintaining naviga- tional aids, which includes the changing of buoys. Some of the largest and most impor- tant floating craft used in Canal main- tenance have no means of self-propul- sion. The Hercules, the derrick barge Goliath, the suction dredge Mindi, the dipper dredge Rialto M. Christensen, the drill barge Thor, plus a multitude of dump scows and barges, all must relv on tug-power to get them to and from a worksite. Of the Canal organiza- tion's 17 large tugboats, one is used almost exclusively for moving dead tows. The versatile Goliath has a clamshell bucket for dredging, can operate a pile French construction days, will soon be replaced by driver, and has a crane with a lifting The "Hyacinth II," a remnant of nearly 100 years Canal service. capacity of 80 tons which can be used two modern workboats from Holland after of to load and unload ships. In April of sisters this vear, the Goliath was essential in towers for underwater drilling and ernors of the Canal Zone. These the removal of the softnose at Pedro blasting operations, to break apart solid feature a pair of propulsion units which degrees, enabling Miguel after it collapsed and sank as a material in the Canal that would other- can be rotated 360 result of being struck by a transiting wise be too hard or too large for their the tugs to thrust all 2,400 horsepower horizontal ship. The Goliath's next project will be bucket capacity. The Thor has been en- of their diesel engines in any the replacing of 700 dolosse, the gaged since 1970 in channel deepening direction. The tugs are the first of their giant concrete jacks that interlock to in Gaillard Cut, as well as being in- kind in the Western Hemisphere and form the armour of the breakwater at volved in two major construction proj- were built especially for work in the Cristobal. ects, the widening of Gamboa Reach Panama Canal. The Mindi, the Canal's only suction and of Mamei Curve north of Gamboa. Presentlv on order from Holland workboats dredge, is capable of removing from The real workhorses of the Canal are two specially designed Mini-Cat, the Canal bottom large quantities of fleet are the tugs, whose major function known as Multi-Cat and steel hull fine silt material that cannot be handled it is to assist ships in transiting and in which feature a heavy duty efficiently bv the dipper dredges. Since docking and undocking. Operating out construction and are equipped with a are its acquisition by the Canal organiza- of Cristobal and Balboa harbors and special push bow. The boats tion in 1942, the Mindi has been in- out of the Dredging Division in Gam- capable of handling a whole range of volved in dredging approaches, harbors boa, the tugs at Balboa alone put in, tough demands put upon them by the breaking and piers on both the Atlantic and Pa- in 1 month's time, 2,789 hours assisting Dredging Division, such as cific sides, as well as working in Gail- ships. The tugs vary in strength from apart suction dredge pipeline and Their lard Cut. One of the unique jobs per- 1,000 to 3,000 horsepower. Depending pushing small barges and floats. formed bv the Mindi was when the suc- on the size of the vessel they are as- engines have an internal fresh water tion dredge was modified and used to sisting, at times two tugs may be cooling system, a distinct improvement pump the cargo of rice and cotton out needed to see one ship safely through over the external water intake systems subject to by the of the vessel Sian Yung after it sank in the locks, as was the case with the that were damage infests Canal the Cut off Paraiso. Queen Elizabeth 2, earlier this year. aquatic vegetation that The Mindi's last large project, before Besides having in its fleet some of waters. is indeed being sent to the Industrial Division for the oldest watercraft afloat, the Panama The Panama Canal fleet repowering and overhaul, was the com- Canal can also boast some of the most varied, ranging from rowboats to spe- pletion of the suction dredging phase modern. The dipper dredge Rialto M. floating cranes. But each has a whether it be of the widening of Gamboa Reach. The Christensen, built in 1977 in Hakodate, cialized task to perform, to a slide or accident in the repowering of the Mindi will convert it Japan at a cost of $6 million, is one of to respond the Canal from steam to diesel electric. In addi- the largest dredges of its kind in the Canal channel or to keep malaria by spraying tion, a ladder pump will be installed. world. Its bucket has a capacity of Zone free from backwater mosquito Because it will be mounted close to the 15 cubic vards and can dredge 60 feet insecticide on pic- cutterhead, or suction point, it will in- below the water surface. breeding grounds. The stories and crease dredging efficiency at greater The same year the Canal organiza- tures that follow are representative of depths. tion also acquired the omnidirectional the many floating craft that keep the The dipper dredges rely on the drill tugs M. L. Walker and H. Burgess, Panama Canal continuously open to barge Thor, equipped with four drill named after the fourth and fifth gov- world shipping.
The Panama Canal Review 13 Three tugs are needed to assist the "Queen Elizabeth 2" into port at Cristobal. Assisting transiting vessels is the major activity of the 16 tugs at Cristobal and Balboa harbors.
Two of the Canal's "workfwrses" are locked through with a transiting vessel to be available for work at the other end
14 Summer 1978 their power in The "H. Burgess" and its sister the "M. V. Walker" are the Canals first omnidirectional tugs, capable of thrusting any horizontal direction. The tugs are named after the fourth and fifth governors of the Canal Zone. large capacity tanks All of the Canal's tugs are equipped for firefighting, having the ability to generate foam from as well as carrying dry chemicals and being able to pump water directly from the Canal. The Panama Canal Review 15 Put to work as a survey boat, the "Papagallo" uses a sonur Personnel launches are used to transport boarding parties, depth finder to locate obstructions in Canal waters. deckhands and pilots out to transiting ships, but getting there is only half the fun. Next is the long climb up the Jacob's ladder. The long, narrow hull of the pilot's launch is built to withstand the rough waters of the outer anchorages. 16 Summer 1978 job, pick Oil containment boom is deployed from a motorized fiberglass A panga is used for the cleanup as boatmen up it in drum. catamaran after a major oil spill in Balboa piers. oil-soaked polyurethane foam and deposit a With the additional current provided by an outboard motor, The airboat "Santa Sierra" glides into weed-infested waters to water hyacinths are herded through culverts under Gaillard spray herbicide on the floating vegetation that if left Highway to a pond for harvesting. untreated would overrun the Canal. lightweight craft is wltat's needed to change light A motorboat is essential in the spraying and fogging of Canal A fast, backwaters to keep the mosquito population under control. bulbs on buoys close to shore. The Panama Canal Review 17 -•i-U ° mmiNC i^ lN v»i least a more modern off. been replaced by high-strength syn- way. In one of his The order went out to "find better A speed, anil casts the joined lines a crossbow idea to the lowering of a mes- l is GETTING DARK AND memos written on personal stationery, way." The rowboat scurries out of the way thetic line. E. G. Abbott, the first civilian senger line onto the ship by means of rain falls as a ship cauti- I drizzling still referred to by and wryly referred to as "snow-flakes" Port Captain at Balboa, of the oncoming ship and quickly makes The rowboats. jokingly com- a gantry crane. One person suggested entrance to the their ously approaches the as "pangas" despite their official by recipients, the Governor in- mented to the Chief of the Navigation replacing its way back to the locks wall. The many the rowboats with a saucer- locks. Tin- deckhands lean over the bow sisted: Division: deckhands on the ship haul in the line title of "fiberglass workboats," are "The Governor remarks about type boat with 3RD degree drive. He water. railing, their eves scanning the "Every time I visit the locks and see which linehandlers have connected to among the smallest vessels that aid in this system being archaic but seems to was told to submit plans for such a craft They spot two men in a rowboal i om the archaic method we have of getting think the a steel locomotive cable. Only seconds putting ships through the Canal. The crossbow that went out with and it would be tried out. Nothing more ing towards tin- ship. the lines from the mule to the ships, Robin have elapsed, but the ship is now safely job of the boatmen that man them is Hood would be more modern." was heard from him. trails a messenger line The rowboal I cringe. . . . Other people around here joined to the first of the towing loCO- one of the most dangerous and is per- Notices were posted on bulletin All of the ideas were, in fact, either that is being fed oul In- linehandlers have made the same remark to me that motives that will guide it through the formed 24 hours a day, 365 davs a year boards throughout the various units of impractical or too dangerous, with a net nil till' locks wall. this certainly seems to be an anachro- result that the campaign to find locks. in all kinds of weather. Over the years, the Marine Bureau and an article ap- a re- tin- ship, shouts As thi' rowboal nears nism. . . . It to it least seem me should be placement for the rowboats was The activity just described could many Marine Directors and at one peared orr even- an- exchanged. At tin- pre- the front page of the Spill- ol instruction possible to find a simpler and more tually occurred in 1914 as easily as to- Governor of the Canal Zone have sought abandoned. The records do not a have way asking for ideas and suggestions cise i lent the deckhands throw effective method without going into an show Governor Fleming's reaction il. i\ because the procedure for getting to find a safer and speedier way to get to weighted heaving line; it ans out from of ways to improve on the elaborate Rube Goldberg device." "row and the matter; the messenger line out to a ship is as the job done. but one Marine Director, ill,- bow ol ilio slup across the rowlio.it The Governor's memo closed with a throw" method. recognizing as the itself. Today the row- Robert Fleming, Jr., Governor of the value of the rowboats, ami splashes Into tile water. The lioat- old Canal J. suggestion that a crossbow be used to A total of 22 suggestions of fiberglass instead of the Canal Zone from 1962 to 1967, were re- remarked, "A machete is also archaic. man in the stem grasps the line, knots boats an- made shoot the line from the ship to the wall. ceived, ranging from variations inanila rope lines have was convinced that there had to be at on the but it works." it to the messenger line with practiced wood anil tin and ends when the last messenger line is aboard. Tht jut' hi^iii.', u Inn c/ ship comet Into iic« -. --' T- - Little Rkvboats PerfornlBig Job In Panoiia Canal Summer 19TH The Panama Canal Review : Workmen are dwarfed by the huge hook of the "Hercules" as they loop one of four cables that will enable the crane to raise the 160-ton structural steel ladder from the dredge "Mindf The 250-ton capacity crane "Hercules" is the Industrial at Division in Mount Hope. The "Hercules" and the Canal's only piece of floating equipment its sister the "Ajax" were built in Duisburg, Germany at capable of lifting the 700-ton locks miter gate the start World War I. Tradition has it tliat at the request of off its pintles for overhaul. The buoyant gate the U.S. Department War. hostilities of of were delayed is raised into a horizontal position in 3 to to through for days allow the floating cranes pass the full locks cliamber and floated to a the British blockade and proceed to the Panama Canal. drydock for maintenance. to a worksite in Two Canal giants in a tandem tow, the floating cranes "Hercules,' left, and "Goliath" are pushed C.aillard Cut by the tug "San Pablo." 20 Summer 1978 The suction dredge "Mindi' sucks up the continuous accumulation of silt in Balboa harbor capable of restricting the draft of vessels and pumps it outside of the channel. ft 1 } H A familiar sight to Canal employees, the SS "CristohaT' unloads cargo on the Atlantic side piers. Originally one of three passenger ships of the Panama Line that transported employees on home leave, the "Cristobal" is now used mainly to carry supplies from New Orleans to the Canal Zone. The ever-popidar tourist launch "Las Cruces" serves Panama Canal "oldtimers" and newcomers alike on its regular Saturday afternoon outing. Following page: The view of the Chagres River from the Gamboa Golf Club is a panorama of unsurpassed beauty and a favorite scene for Isthmian residents. The Panama Canal Review 23 i*r* w mJJ '$$* "^ Cruising Cuisine By Fannie P. Hernandez WORLD INTEREST IN THE Whatever the reason, more and more Viking Star; Royal Cruise Line's Golden Panama Canal generated by the visitors are coming to the Canal these Odyssey; Norwegian America Line's davs. Thev come bv land, by air and Vistafijord and Sagafijord; Holland treaty negotiations between the United the more fortunate, by sea, aboard the America's Rotterdam, Statendam and States and Pan una has created a sen- luxury passenger ships. Smaller cruise Veendam; Flag Ship Cruises's Rungs- timental curiositv in the public reminis- vessels and shorter cruises, new fares holm; Costa Line's Eugenio C; Hapagl- cent of the davs following the opening and a mvriad of attractions have opened lovd's Europa; Black Sea Shipping's of the Canal when passenger ships the cruise experience, formerly the ex- Maxim Corky; Baltic Shipping's Mik- brought to the Isthmus the first starry- clusive pleasure of the very rich, to the hail Lermontov; Carras Cruises' Danae eved visitors to see the engineering less-affluent passenger. Cruise and Cunard's QE2. wonder. younger planners too have taken advantage of Sitmar's spring cruises, offering free Publicity on the Canal has prompted the world-wide focus on the Panama air fare to and from the ship, featured manv of those inspired by the emo- Canal and are offering more cruises that four 14-night cruises through the Canal. tionally-packed issue to come and have include the Canal transit. As a result, On the April 22 and May 6 sailings a look for themselves. People who until Canal devotees are filling the cruise between Fort Lauderdale and Acapul- now have not given a second thought ships to capacity. co, the Fairwind presented "Broadway to the Canal suddenly realize it's there Another important factor figuring in at Sea" with Peter Duchin and his and must be seen. Others need only a the growth of cruising is the advent of orchestra and a repertory group per- slight nudge to fulfill the dream of a the air sea package cruise in which the forming special renditions of favorite lifetime. steamship company subsidizes the cost Broadway shows. On the May 6 and of frying the passenger to and from the May 20 sailings from San Juan to Los port of embarkation. Several cruise lines Angeles, the Fairsea featured Bob Cros- offer free airfare to and from the ship. by and his Bobcats and special guests Among the passenger ships that tran- Edgar Bergen and Helen Forrest. Sit- sited the Canal in the past few months mar Caribbean cruises also departed are the P. & O. Lines' Canberra and on May 27 and June 10 and sailings Oriana; Princess Cruises' Pacific Prin- are scheduled for September 2 and 16. cess, Island Princess and Sun Princess; Passengers on any of these sailings visit Sun Line's Stella Solaris; Prudential's the best ports in the Caribbean and • San Francisco Santa Magdalena, Santa Mercedes and have the thrill of transiting the Panama Santa Mariana; Sitmar's Fairsea and Canal. Fairwind; Royal Viking Line's Royal Royal Viking Line's three sister ships, Viking Sky, Royal Viking Sea and Royal in the course of their Trans-Canal/ Cabo San Lucas Puerto Vallarta • K • Aruba ^. Manzanillo^^ m Acapulco Acajutla/San Salvador Cartagena, Colombia Typical of the air/sea cruise is this * Balboa/Panama City voyage of the "Golden Odyssey," which runs a regular schedule of cruises throughout the dry season. SOUTH AMERICA Mexico/Caribbean cruises scheduled week throughout winter, spring and seminars by the well-known wine col- throughout most of the vear, offer more fall. Passengers embark at Los Ange- umnist Robert Lawrence Balzer of the Canal transits than any other line. Ports les, the ship sails to Acapulco and docks Los Angeles Times Home Magazine and ot call for the Royal Viking's Trans- at Balboa. Following the Canal tran- Holiday Magazine. The Mardi Gras Canal cruises include Caribbean islands sit, the main highlight of the cruise, the also called at St. Thomas, St. Maarten, and resorts of Mexico. Other cruises Princess liner cruises the Caribbean and Caracas, Curacao and Acapulco. The have slightlv varied routes and include ends the cruise at San Juan, from where cruise included free jet flights between such ports as Cartagena. Montego Bay, passengers are flown back to Los An- Acapulco and Miami and Los Angeles Port-au-Prince, Nassau, Curacao, San geles free. At San Juan, another group and Miami. Juan, St. Thomas, Acapulco, Puerto of passengers flown down from Los An- Also on her first transit of the Canal, Vallarta and Mazatlan. Fly/cruise com- geles, boards the ship for the Carib- the U.S. built SS Universe sailed from binations are available and passengers bean cruise. After a stop at Cristobal, Port Everglades June 24 for a 23-day may also cruise round-trip from either the vessel transits the Canal and then cruise calling at three ports in Mexico, coast of the United States. sails to Acapulco, Cabo San Lucas and Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Venezuela, The Golden Odyssey, the Creek flag on to Los Angeles. These beautiful Curacao, two ports in Colombia, the ship of the Royal Cruise Line, has had ships feature a glassed-in area around San Bias Islands, the Canal Zone, Costa a major role in fulfilling clients' interest the swimming pool which is ideal for Rica and El Salvador. viewing a transit all in the Canal by increasing its promo- from sides. In this age of disappearing luxury, tional material and adjusting its itinera- This summer and fall, four Prudential the tradition of fine cuisine is still up- ries to accommodate the demand for cruises around South America will make held on passenger liners where cruising Canal transits. The beautiful vessel that special northbound stops at Balboa so is more than being caressed by the sea, has the look of a giant private yacht passengers can meet one of the line's shipboard entertainment and sight- has made 8 trans-Canal cruises this year cargoliners here for a 40-day cruise seeing. Food and dining in leisurely and 10 cruises are scheduled for next that includes both the Panama Canal elegance is indeed an important part of transit a cruise. year. The 10-day Panama Canal air/ and the Strait of Magellan. Twelve Latin American ports will Management of several cruise sea cruise includes round-trip air trans- be The visited before returning to Balboa. Tran- lines has provided recipes for a sam- portation from Los Angeles to Aruba siting every 2 weeks, the U.S. Flag pling of dishes typical of cruise ship where passengers board the ship, visits Prudential Santas are among the most cuisine for Review readers to enjoy to Cartagena, Colombia, Acajutla, El frequent users of the Canal. while dreaming of dining at sea. Salvador and Acapulco, Mexico and Visiting the Canal for the first time, The largest passenger cruise ship in docking at Balboa on all trips whether the Mardi Gras, formerly sailing out of service and the largest passenger ship eastbound or westbound. New Orleans to the Bahamas, recently to transit the Canal, the QE2 docked Frequent visitors to the Canal are offered a 14-day and a 17-day trans- at Balboa for the first time on her third the three Princess Cruise vessels Prin- Canal cruise; the southbound Silver transit of the Canal last January. cess Sun, Island Princess and Pacific Screen Cruise with June Allvson and Dining aboard the QE2, possibly the Princess, which make 14-day trans- Margaret O'Brien, and the northbound most exquisite occasion on any pas- Canal cruises back-to-back every other Silver Chalice Cruise featuring wine senger liner afloat, can in itself be an Kolokitlii is (track fur zucchini. It is usually boiled, Lahanodolmados-stufjed cabbage leaves flavored with deep fried or stuffed with ground meat. Here it is the basic cinnamon and lemon for the authentic Greek touch. ingredient for a delicious nut bread, (Chandris Line) a perfect accompaniment for coffee or tea. 28 Summeh 1978 , unforgettable adventure. On her last winter cruise, the "Great Pacific Cruise," her larder included two tons of caviar and 33,750 pounds of lobster; her wine cellar stocked 35,000 bottles of cham- pagne and other wines. Considered the epitome of life's gastronomic experience, the choices of food offered on the Queen are seemingly infinite. After early tea, coffee and scones on deck, breakfast possibilities include a choice of seven juices and fresh fruits; 11 kinds of hot and cold cereal; eggs prepared every imaginable way; 2 kinds each of ba- con, ham and sausage; broiled toma- toes; French onion soup; kippered her- ring; poached finnan haddie; cold ham, chicken, beef and turkey; grilled lamb chops and sauteed potatoes; and an endless variety of breads and jellies and jams. Needless to say, a listing of the lunch and dinner offerings would bog- gle the mind. Passengers aboard the "Royal Viking Sky" watch operations as their ship transits. Mediterranean, the Be it on the Royal Viking Line's three sister ships offer more Canal transits than any other line. Mexican Riviera or the 10-day Panama Canal air/sea cruise, dining aboard the 20-25 minutes or until golden and crisp, 'A tsp. baking powder Golden Odyssey, the newest cruise ship turning once. Serve hot. Makes about 3 cups allpurpose flour to transit the Canal, is a memorable, 60 triangles (2V2 inches). 1 cup finely chopped nuts mouth-watering event. From the superb 2 cups grated kolokithia (do not peel) cuisine of this magnificent ship and the Kolokithi Nut Bread chef's collection of favorite Greek re- 2 cups sugar Mix sugar and eggs. Add all re- cipes enjoy Tyropites, golden, crisp 3 eggs well beaten maining ingredients. Bake in two large cheese pastries, and Kolokithi Nut 350° 1 nip oil or three small loaf pans. Bake at Bread, a delicious nut bread made with 1 tsp. soda for 40-50 minutes. Allow to cool on zucchini (kolokithi in Greek). 1 tsp. salt rack before slicing. This bread freezes Tyropites 1 tsp. cinnamon beautifully. (Savory Cheese Triangles) 1 8-oz. package cream cheese /2 lb. feta cheese, crumbled 2 eggs, slightly beaten 1 tbs. all purpose flour pinch of salt, if desired 1 tsp. ground nutmeg % lb. plus 3 tbs. butter or margarine, melted 1 lb. commercial fllo pastry sheets, cut in thirds (3x11 inches) In a bowl, combine cheese, eggs, flour, salt (omit salt if feta is very salty) nutmeg and 3 tablespoons butter. Cover bowl. Chill several hours or overnight. Take out of refrigerator 1 hour before using. Pile up filo, cover with waxed paper and damp towel. Take 1 sheet. Keep rest covered. Butter filo, using pastry brush and % lb. butter or margarine, melted and warm. Put 1 tsp. filling 1 inch from end nearest you. Fold filo back over filling so bottom edge meets left edge, making a right angle. Keep folding back at right angles to make triangular shape with each sheet of Hors d'oeuvres at cocktail time on the "Golden Odyssey" may include filo. Repeat this procedure. Place on these golden, crisp cheese-filled pastries called tyropites. baking sheets and keep covered until all are ready to bake. Bake at 350° for The Panama Canal Review 29 On her third visit to the waterway, the "QE2" transited the Canal and docked The SS "Rotterdam" approaches for the first time at the port of Balboa. Pedro Miguel. All recipes were prepared and table settings arranged by Noreen Singer. Deliciously aromatic, French Onion Soup Gratinee is served The finest aged Dutch Gouda is used to prepare for breakfast everyday on the "QF.2." this Cheese Fondue. 30 Summer 1978 The French chef on the QE2 offers on the art of making Dutch Cheese Here it is: his recipe for French onion soup: Fondue. Following is the recipe which Ertwensoep (Pea Soup) serves four to six: 2 cups split peas French Onion Soup Gratinee 1 lb. Dutch Gouda Cheese 1 cup whole green peas 4 large onions (coursely grated) 10 cups (2'i quarts) water 1 tbs. flour 1 tbs. cornstarch 3 onions, finely chopped 2% oz butter 2 cups dry white wine 2 leeks, finely chopped 2 pints beef stock or bouillon 1 medium sized garlic clove peeled and 3 ribs of celery with leaves, finely chopped salt and pepper bruised with the a knife flat of H lb. smoked bacon, unsliced grated Gruyere cheese 2 tbs. Kirsch liqueur 1 large ham hock breaded croutons tsp. grated nutmeg 'a 1 whole smoked sausage ring Place the onions, finely sliced, in pan !s tsp. salt freshly ground pepper freshly ground black pepper together with butter, stir and cook over 1. Soak both types of peas overnight 1 large French or Italian bread cut a gentle heat until the onions are gol- loaf of in just enough water to cover them. into 1-inch cubes including the crust. den brown. Add flour, continue to stir 2. Next day, drain the peas, then until flour is well blended with butter Toss the cheese and cornstarch to- place them in 2Y2 quarts of water in and onions. Continue to cook for about gether in a large bowl. Pour the wine a large pot with all of the other ingre- 3 minutes, then gradually stir in the into a two-quart fondue dish, drop in dients except the sausage. Bring to a beef stock, blending with the rest. Add the garlic and bring to a boil over high boil. salt and pepper, cover the pan and cook heat. Let the wine boil for 1 or 2 min- 3. Turn heat down and let entire gently for 20 minutes. When ready to utes, then remove the garlic. Lower the mixture simmer for IV2 hours, stirring serve, pour bowls and top with slices of heat so that the wine barely simmers. often. If soup becomes thick, thin by bread rolls or rounds of French bread Stir constantly with a table fork while gradually adding small amounts of previously fried in butter. Sprinkle lib- adding the cheese mixture a handful water. erally with grated Gruyere cheese and at a time, letting each handful melt 4. Add sausage and continue sim- for 15 more minutes. Pepper to place in a hot oven or under the grill before adding another. When the fon- mering taste. to brown the cheese. Serve at once. due is creamy and smooth, stir in the Kirsch season to taste. 5. Remove bacon, ham and sausage. The Rotterdam, the Dutch flag ship and Slice and serve on pumpernickel bread. of the Holland America Line, stopped Place the fondue dish over an alcohol 6-8 large servings. In Holland, this dish at the Canal in February on the first or gas table burner, regulating the heat is usually served as a main dish. so that the fondue barely simmers. Tra- leg of her around-the-world cruise. The One of the favorite desserts served ditionally, each diner spears a cube of Line's Statendam and Veendam also on board the Holland America cruise bread on a fork, swirls the bread about transit the Canal once a year on world ships is Bananas Martinique made this cruises. Food aboard these ships may in the fondue until thoroughly coated, way: be described as deliciously exotic and then eats it immediately. Ingredients required: international. One of the many special A preference of passengers on the 6 ripe bananas features which can be found on a Hol- Holland America cruises (especially re- 1 orange tbs. butter land America cruise is a demonstration peat passengers) is Dutch Pea Soup. 3 hearty Dutch pea soup is a favorite A favorite dessert, Bananas Martinique, is served with Ertwensoep, a irf passengers on the Holland America Line. great flair on the SS "Statendam." The Panama Canal Review 31 u cup sugar % cup apricot sauce 1 cup rum PRINCIPAL COMMODITIES SHIPPED THROUGH THE CANAL )'* cup toasted almonds In a large chafing dish, melt the but- (in long tons) ter and add sugar. Cook until sugar Atlantic to Pacific caramelizes or becomes light brown. Squeeze the juice from the orange into 6 Months 6 Months Commodity FY 1978 FY 1977 the pan and continue heating. Add the Petroleum and products 5,098.725 4,685,008 apricot sauce, and when hot add the Corn 4,479,041 5,106,107 rum. Peel and slice the bananas length- Coal and coke 4,129,163 6,313,559 wise. Add the bananas to the hot sauce, Soybeans 2,883,453 2,533,962 and cook them for a few minutes on Phosphate 2,219,164 1,851,283 each side. Sorghum 1,490,771 1,678,256 Wheat 1,332,006 1,012,240 Sprinkle a few more drops of rum Manufactures of iron and steel 997,099 371,966 over sauce and flame rum with a match. Chemicals and petroleum chemicals 899,075 796,940 When the flames die down, place ba- Ores, various 759,013 725,739 Metal, scrap 751,867 622,921 nanas on dessert plates and sprinkle Fertilizers, unclassified 716,011 531,567 toasted almonds over them. Serves 6. Sugar 554,090 315,996 °Apricot sauce may be made by using 1/3 cup Ammonium compounds 319,537 197,181 apricot jam and thinning it down with Y* cup Caustic soda 272,937 287,317 apricot juice or orange juice. Heat until jam All other 4,602,976 7,236,762 becomes a smooth sauce. Total 31,504,928 34,266,804 From the Italian chef on the Island Princess where dining is a favorite pas- time, here is a duck recipe for a gala dinner: Pacific to Atlantic Duck A La Rouennaise 6 Months 6 Months 1 4-5 pound duck Commodity FY 1978 FY 1977 2 shallots—finely minced Petroleum and products 10,102,124 7,059,814 2/3 cup red wine Manufactures of iron and steel 4,108,986 3,663,019 Ores, various 2,478,799 2,550,014 Yi cup melted butter Lumber and products 2,432,983 2,214,203 pinch— nutmeg, basil, marjoram Sugar 1,469,290 1,377,129 Clean duck and salt and pepper in- Food in refrigeration (excluding bananas) 873,976 903,975 Bananas 843,718 787,302 side and out. Combine other above in- Woodpulp 768,143 870,209 gredients and pour over duck. Roast Metals, various 704,462 667,134 for approximately 1 hour at 425° in a Coal and coke 630,473 176,096 preheated oven. ( Duck should be nicely Autos, trucks, and accessories 579,526 399,042 browned but rare inside.) Baste occa- Wheat 554,930 453,706 sionally during roasting time. Sulfur 464,671 511,113 Paper and products 425,595 284,710 While duck is roasting—prepare the Molasses 422 384 334,546 following sauce: All other 5,615,525 5,015,308 1 1/3 cups red wine Total 32,475,585 27,267,320 '2 tsp. shallots—finely minced IK cups meat gravy Duck liver—passed through a sieve (uncooked) CANAL TRANSITS-COMMERCIAL AND U.S. GOVERNMENT Ji cup butter 6 Months FY 1978 Us ounce cognac . , 6 1 leaf thyme (or equivalent in crumbled Atlantic Pacific Months . . to to FY thyme) Commercial: Pacific Atlantic Total 1977 1 leaf bay laurel Oceangoing 3,070 2,984 6,054 5,843 1 Combine wine, shallots and spices in Small . 218 109 327 378 a sauce pan. Bring to boil and cook to Total 3,288 3,093 6,381 6,221 reduce in quantity to 2/3 original vol- U.S. Covemment: ume Add meat gravy and let boil a Oceangoing 24 21 45 43 couple of minutes longer. Reduce heat i__ Small 61 _43 104 122 and simmer. Add duck liver, gravy and TotaL.. 85 64 149 165 remaining ingredients. Heat thoroughly. While sauce is heating—take duck Grand Total 3,373 3,157 6,530 6,386 from oven and let sit for 10 minutes. fat drippings 1 Vessels under 300 net tons, Panama Canal measurement, or under 500 displacement tons. Remove from and and Statistics compiled by the Executive Planning Staff. carve into serving pieces, being sure to retain juices and blood rendered dur- ing carving. Carving juices should then be added to the simmering sauce. 32 Summer 1978 OCEANGOING COMMERCIAL 1 * V Panoramic Views of the (ML ZONE A view of the Pacific side as seen from the west bank of the Panama Canal. An Atlantic side scene photographed from atop the Mount Hope water tower. '^^Hh'f ' 1} f ^ | » Bui" w p PR* A 5*F^^S Due 3 1262 04054 8504 3t^K.