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An Introduction to Linux

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An Introduction to Linux Ujjwal kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College,Gaya The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969, at AT&T's Bell Laboratories in the United States by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. First released in 1971, Unix was written entirely in assembly language, as was common practice at the time. In 1973 in a key, pioneering approach, it was rewritten in the C programming language by Dennis Ritchie (with the exception of some hardware and I/O routines). Due to an earlier antitrust case forbidding it from entering the computer business, AT&T was required to license the operating system's source code to anyone who asked. As a result, Unix grew quickly and became widely adopted by academic institutions and businesses. Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Bell Labs began selling Unix as a proprietary product, where users were not legally allowed to modify Unix. The GNU Project, started in 1983 by Richard Stallman, had the goal of creating a "complete Unix-compatible software system" composed entirely of free software. Work began in 1984. Later, in 1985, Stallman started the Free Software Foundation and wrote the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) in 1989. By the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system (such as libraries, compilers, text editors, a Unix shell, and a windowing system) were completed, although low-level elements such as device drivers, daemons, and the kernel, were stalled and incomplete. Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya MINIX was created by Andrew S. Tanenbaum, a computer science professor, and released in 1987 as a minimal Unix- like operating system targeted at students and others who wanted to learn the operating system principles. Although the complete source code of MINIX was freely available, the licensing terms prevented it from being free software until the licensing changed in April 2000 MINIX was first released in 1987, with its complete source code made available to universities for study in courses and research. It has been free and open-source software since it was re-licensed under the BSD license in April 2000 Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya The Linux kernel was conceived and created in 1991 by Linus Torvalds for his personal computer and with no cross-platform intentions, but has since ported to a wide range of computer architectures. Linux was soon adopted as the kernel for the GNU Operating System, which was created as an open source and free software, and based on UNIX as a by-product of the fallout of the Unix wars. Since then it has spawned a plethora of operating system distributions, commonly also called Linux, although, formally, the term "Linux" refers only to the kernel. Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya In 1969, Four programmer Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Rudd Canady & Doug McElroy made a program in Bell labs which does not have any name in year 1969. Brian Kernighan checked that program & found it is very good software for client & networking purpose. He gave the name Unix to this program on 1st January 1970 .First Operating System. That time that program was written in Assembly language. In 1972, a programmer Dennis Ritchie (Also called founder of C language) started converting this program in C language. 1973‐ Unix in C language. 1980‐ Berkeley Software Development (a part of research program of Berkeley University) launches open BSD (a small program written in a single floppy). Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Paul Allen & Bill Gates are the employee of Bell Labs. In 1981, they both started Microsoft with 9 more candidates & they gave a programme named Xenix (1980) but it was flopped. In 1981‐ Launched MS‐DOS 1.0 In 1984‐ UNIX open source In 1985‐ First Graphical Based OS‐ Win 2.0 In 1991, Linus Benedict Torvalds, B‐tech 2nd year Computer Science, 23 years old student of University of Helensiki (Finland) made Kernel (25th August 1991). In 1994‐ RedHat Company (collecbon of Linux Sets) came into existence. More than 90% servers is of Linux till date. Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Open source products include permission to use the source code. Generally, open source refers to a computer program in which the source code is available to the general public for use for any (including commercial) purpose, or modification from its original design. Open-source code is meant to be a collaborative effort, where programmers improve upon the source code and share the changes within the community. Code is released under the terms of a software license. Depending on the license terms, others may then download, modify, and publish their version (fork) back to the community. Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Open Source –software with source code which can be modified Closed Source – software without source code Freeware – software with free of cost , source code can be open or closed Free software – freeware with open source Shareware – trial versions with closed source Artistic – that allows to modify & distribute open source software but still retaining some degree of copyrights protection for being distributed Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya The GNU General Public License (GNU GPL or GPL) is a series of widely used free software licenses that guarantee end users the freedom to run, study, share, and modify the software. The licenses were originally written by Richard Stallman, former head of the Free Software Foundation (FSF), for the GNU Project, and grant the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition. Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya You are free to use software and its source code as you want You can redistribute the software even can charge for distribution The package must include the source code or an offer to make the source code available Software has no guarantee, you ca offer your own guarantee and even charge for it If you modify the software any modification must remain unpatented or if patented be made the source code must be made available for everyone’s use. Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Everything is a file. Small, single purpose programmers’. Ability to Chain programmers’ together to perform complex tasks. Avoid captive user interfaces. Configuration data stored in text. Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya.
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