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Teste-Livro-2Vfinal.Pdf SÉRIE PENSAMENTO MATEMÁTICO @ CIÊNCIA COMPUTAÇÃO Volume II: Da Computabilidade Formal às Máquinas Programáveis João Bosco M. Sobral EDIÇÃO DO AUTOR Jo~aoBosco M. Sobral Da Computabilidade Formal `as M´aquinasProgram´aveis S´erie Pensamento Matem´atico@ Ci^enciada Computa¸c~ao Edi¸c~aodo Autor Laborat´orioe Grupo de Pesquisa UFSC-CNPq Revis~aoT´ecnica Renato Bobsin Machado Dr. em Ci^encias- UNICAMP Programa de P´os-Gradua¸c~aoem Engenharia El´etricae Computa¸c~ao- UNIOESTE Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Centro Tecnol´ogico Departamento de Inform´aticae Estat´ıstica Laborat´orioDMC & NS Projeto de Pesquisa PRPE 2013.1533 Jo~aoBosco M. Sobral Da Computabilidade Formal `as M´aquinasProgram´aveis S´erie Pensamento Matem´atico@ Ci^enciada Computa¸c~ao a 1¯ Edi¸c~ao Florian´opolis Edi¸c~ao do Autor 2015 c 2015 Jo~aoBosco M. Sobral Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Centro Tecnol´ogico Departamento de Inform´aticae Estat´ıstica Laborat´orioDMC & NS Projeto de Pesquisa PRPE 2013.1533 Qualquer parte desta publica¸c~aopode ser reproduzida, desde que citada a fonte, e as fontes originais referenciadas neste livro. Al´emda bibliografia citada, o autor fez uso extensivo de diversos e excelentes sites da Internet, e imagens dos personagens e fatos marcantes na hist´oriada Matem´atica,da L´ogicae da Ci^enciada Computa¸c~ao,aos quais, n~aosendo de sua propriedade, est~ao devidamente referenciados. Conforme declarado `aAg^enciaBrasileira do ISBN, este livro n~ao´epara ser comercializado. Nota - Muito trabalho foi empregado nesta edi¸c~ao.No entanto, podem ocorrer erros de digita¸c~ao,impress~aoou d´uvida sobre os conceitos. Em qualquer das hip´oteses,o autor e editor, solicita a comunica¸c~aono email [email protected], para que o mesmo possa encaminhar a corre¸c~aoda quest~aomencionada. Agradecimentos O autor ´eimensamente grato ao Departamento de Inform´aticae Estat´ıstica pela oportunidade de trazer neste projeto de pesquisa, o fruto da sua forma¸c~aomatem´atica e da experi^enciade ensino de gradua¸c~aoe p´os-gradua¸c~aoem Ci^enciada Computa¸c~ao, nos seus 38 anos na UFSC. Embora, eu n~aotenha sido um professor do ensino em disciplinas de Matem´aticado INE, mas obtive todo o sentimento do elo entre a matem´aticae a l´ogicanas v´arias disciplinas onde atuei: ensino de programa¸c~ao,linguagens formais, redes de compu- tadores, computa¸c~aoparalela e distribuida, sistemas distribuidos, m´etodos formais de especifica¸c~aode sistemas, mobilidade em computa¸c~aoe seguran¸cacomputacional. Agradecimentos pessoais aos colegas do INE, Jerusa Marchi, V^aniaBogorny, Rafael Cancian, Jos´eFletes, Jo~aoDovicchi, Fernando Cruz, Roberto Willrich, Juliana Eyng, Jean Martina, Sergio Peters, Patricia Plentz, Marcelo Menezes Reis, Carla Westphall e Carlos Westphall, com os quais em breves momentos, eu pudi falar do meu trabalho, mas que contribuiram direta ou indiretamente, motivando-me para a realiza¸c~aodo mesmo. Tamb´em,a Lucas Guardalbem pela revis~aoe cria¸c~aodas capas, e a dedica¸c~ao incondicional de Renato Bobsin Machado, incentivador e revisor deste projeto, a quem agrade¸coincondicionalmente. A s´eriede livros intitulada Pensamento Matem´atico@ Ci^enciada Com- puta¸c~ao ´eaqui iniciada, no INE-UFSC, aberta aos que lidam com matem´atica, l´ogicae ci^enciada computa¸c~ao,a qual n~aoseria possivel ser publicada facilmente, sem o template ABNTeX2, a liberdade de edi¸c~aodo autor na Ag^enciaBrasileira do ISBN, o servi¸code cataloga¸c~aoda BU-UFSC e a proje¸c~aodo sistema Reposit´orio Institucional da UFSC. Lista de ilustra¸c~oes Figura 1 { Noam Chomsky - Quatro fam´ıliasde linguagens e gram´aticas... 5 Figura 2 { O mecanismo de Anticyth`ere .................... 10 Figura 3 { Heron - Inventor, matem´atico, engenheiro e escritor grego, que realizou excelentes trabalhos em Mec^anica.............. 11 Figura 4 { John Napier - O criador dos logaritmos naturais. ......... 12 Figura 5 { Willian Oughtred - O criador da r´eguade c´alculoem 1622. 13 Figura 6 { Uma t´ıpicar´egua de c´alculo circular................. 14 Figura 7 { Uma r´eguade c´alculodo tipo mais convencional usada nos anos 1960, com as escalas mais comuns. ................. 14 Figura 8 { O cursor de uma r´eguade c´alculonos anos 1960. ......... 15 Figura 9 { Schickard em 1623 - O pioneiro a construir uma m´aquinade calcular mec^anica. .......................... 16 Figura 10 { Schickard - Essa sim, ´ea primeira m´aquinade calcular. 16 Figura 11 { Pascal - Contribuiu para a Matem´atica,F´ısicae a Filosofia de Matem´atica............................... 17 Figura 12 { La Pascaline - A primeira calculadora mec^anicado mundo, plane- jada por Blaise Pascal em 1642.................... 18 Figura 13 { A primeira m´aquinade calcular de Leibniz. ............ 19 Figura 14 { A segunda m´aquina de calcular de Leibniz.............. 19 Figura 15 { A terceira m´aquina de calcular de Leibniz.............. 20 Figura 16 { Jacquard - A primeira ideia dos cart~oesperfurados. 21 Figura 17 { Jacquard - O tear de Jacquard no Mus´eedes Arts et M´etiers. 21 Figura 18 { Charles Thomas - M´aquinacomercial capaz de efetuar as quatro opera¸c~oesaritm´eticasb´asicas:a Arithmometer. .......... 22 Figura 19 { Arithmometer - A calculadora mec^anicade Charles Thomas. 22 Figura 20 { Arithmometer em 1848 - m´aquinacomercial para efetuar as quatro opera¸c~oesaritm´eticasb´asicas..................... 23 Figura 21 { Charles Babbage: o inventor da m´aquinaanal´ıtica- um computa- dor mec^anico.............................. 24 Figura 22 { Babage - Uma r´eplicade parte do calculador diferencial e da anal´ıtica. ............................... 24 Figura 23 { A precursora de programa¸c~aoda m´aquinaanal´ıtica . 25 Figura 24 { O projeto original da Odhner-Arithmometer............. 27 Figura 25 { Frank S. Baldwin - Sem sucesso nas vendas de sua m´aquinade calcular................................. 28 Figura 26 { Frank S. Baldwin - A sua m´aquinade calcular de 1875. 29 Figura 27 { William Burroughs - Apresentou a primeira m´aquinade calcular com teclado............................... 29 Figura 28 { Patente no. 388,116 da \Burroughs calculating machine" em 1888. 30 Figura 29 { Burroughs - A primeira calculadora com teclado. ......... 31 Figura 30 { Burroughs - O modelo desktop de 1910. .............. 31 Figura 31 { Hollerith - A mudan¸cana maneira de se processar os dados. 32 Figura 32 { O cart~aoperfurado aperfei¸coadopor Hollerith............ 32 Figura 33 { Alonzo Church na University of Princeton: o orientador de Turing. 38 Figura 34 { Stephen Kleene - A classe das fun¸c~oescomput´aveis recursivas. 40 Figura 35 { Alan Turing nos anos 30........................ 49 Figura 36 { A m´aquinade Turing em 1936. ................... 55 Figura 37 { Uma implementa¸c~aoreconhec´ıvel como a m´aquinade Turing. 56 Figura 38 { Bletchley Park - o centro das opera¸c~oesde criptoan´alise. 61 Figura 39 { M´aquinaEnigma - vers~aoda Marinha, exposta em Bletchley Park. 62 Figura 40 { Colossus - decodificava a cifra Lorenz. ............... 62 Figura 41 { ACE - o primeiro computador projetado no Reino Unido. 64 Figura 42 { Diagrama de uma Rede Neural presente no Relat´oriode Turing. 65 Figura 43 { Marvin Minsky - O desenvolvedor das redes neurais imaginadas por Turing. .............................. 71 Figura 44 { Post - O criador do m´etodo da tabela-verdade na L´ogicaProposi- cional.................................. 75 Figura 45 { John von Neumann em 1928. .................... 90 Figura 46 { John von Neumann - no Advanced Research Institute em Princeton (USA) em 1952............................. 94 Figura 47 { Jonh Von Neumann e Openheimer no Projeto Manhattan. 95 Figura 48 { Nyquist - Pesquisa te´oricassobre a Teoria da Informa¸c~ao. 101 Figura 49 { Vannevar Bush - 1940-1944......................103 Figura 50 { Um desenho de um circuito integrado. 104 Figura 51 { Shannon: o precursor da Teoria da Comunica¸c~aode Dados. 105 Figura 52 { Tabela das Portas L´ogicasB´asicas. 107 Figura 53 { Shannon e a matem´aticano Bell Labs em 1955. 108 Figura 54 { Shannon e o experimento do rato el´etriconum labirinto. 109 Figura 55 { Modelo de Comunica¸c~aoShannon. 110 Figura 56 { A F´ormula de Shannon - a quantidade de informa¸c~aonum canal. 111 Figura 57 { Warren Weaver - The Mathematical Theory of Communication. 111 Figura 58 { Claude E. Shannon - A tese de mestrado de Shannon. 113 Figura 59 { Norbert Wiener - o criador da Cibern´etica. 115 Figura 60 { MONIAC - um computador anal´ogicopara modelar o funciona- mento de uma economia........................121 Figura 61 { George Stibitz - A primeira calculadora usando o sistema bin´ario. 122 Figura 62 { George Stibitz (1937) - Sistemas digitais usando a l´ogicabooleana.122 Figura 63 { Aiken - Prop^osum projeto para a constru¸c~aode um computador digital em Harvard...........................123 Figura 64 { Hewlett e Packard - o Surgimento da HP. 123 Figura 65 { Atanasoff - Conceitos para o computador eletr^onico. 124 Figura 66 { John Atanasoff e Clifford Berry - o primeiro computador eletr^onico.125 Figura 67 { John Atanasoff e Clifford Berry - O primeiro computador a usar v´alvulastermi^onicas..........................125 Figura 68 { Konrad Zuse - O primeiro computador program´avel com sistema bin´arioe arquitetura de von Neumann. 126 Figura 69 { Mauchly e Eckert - O primeiro computador eletr^onico,conhecido como ENIAC..............................127 Figura 70 { ENIAC - O primeiro projeto de computador eletr^onico. 127 Figura 71 { V´alvulaTermi^onica- Os primeiros componentes eletr^onicosdos primeiros computadores........................128
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