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Steciana Doi:10.12657/Steciana.020.007 ISSN 1689-653X 2016, Vol. 20(2): 53–62 Steciana doi:10.12657/steciana.020.007 www.up.poznan.pl/steciana ISSN 1689-653X LICHENS OF ŁOMŻA TOWN (PODLASIE, NORTH-EASTERN POLAND) ANNA MATWIEJUK, PAULINA CHOJNOWSKA A. Matwiejuk, P. Chojnowska, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Konstanty Ciołkowski 1 J, 15-245 Białystok, Poland, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] (Received: January 21, 2016. Accepted: March 29, 2016) ABSTRACT. This paper presents new distribution stands for 70 species of lichenized town from Łomża town (Podlasie, NE Poland). The investigations in the area of Łomża were carried out in the years 2014–2015, on 34 research stands. Seven species have been put on the Red list of the lichens in Poland (Cieśliński et al. 2006), including Rhizocarpon lavatum in critically endangered – CR, Ramalina fastigiata, R. fraxinea in the endangered category – EN, in the Ramalina farinacea in the vulnerable category – VU and Evernia prunastri, Hypogymnia tubulosa, Physcia aipolia in the category of near threatened – NT and five have been put under legal protection, two of which are strictly (Ramalina fastigiata, R. fraxinea) and three of which are partial- ly protected (Cladonia arbuscula, Hypogymnia tubulosa, Ramalina farinacea). The lichens occur on following substrate types: soil, decaying wood, bark of all trees and shrubs species, boulders, concrete, foundation, mortar, plaster and bryophytes. KEY WORDS: Lichens, distribution, urban area, north-eastern Poland INTRODUCTION 2013), Supraśl (MATWIEJUK 2015). This area, which constitutes over 11% of Poland, is in many ways Investigations on lichens in Poland have been carried greatly differentiated from other parts of Poland. out in a large number of big and small towns, fre- Its idiosyncratic geological structure, features of quently of a health-resort character, situated in the climate and the plant cover, as well as the history, lowlands as well as the mountains. On the territory ethnographic background and economic relations of of Poland lichen biota has been compiled for big cit- the region determine its separate nature (KONDRACKI ies, such as Lublin (RYDZAK 1953), Radom (Cieśliński 1972). 1974), Warszawa (Zimny & kuCińska 1974), Kielce This inspired lichenological investigations in (TOBOROWICZ 1976), Kraków (KISZKA 1977), Słupsk Łomża, the fourth largest urban centre in north-east (śpiewakowski & iZydorek 1981), Gdańsk, Sopot, Poland after Białystok, Olsztyn, Suwałki. Gdynia (FałtynowiCZ et al. 1991), Rzeszów (PUS- The aim of the study was to present documen- TELNIAK 1991), Przemyśl (KISZKA 1999). However, tation illustrating biodiversity of lichen biota in the data concerning small towns populated by up to a area of Łomża, taking into consideration the habitat few thousand inhabitants are not numerous, e.g. for conditions of species. Muszyna, Wisła (RYDZAK 1956a), Wołczyn (RYDZAK 1956 b), Duszniki Zdrój, Polanica Zdrój (RYDZAK STUDY AREA 1959), Limanowa (Jagiełło 1983), Drezdenko (LIP- NICKI 1984). No comprehensive studies on lichens City towering over Narew – such a picturesque view have been carried out in north-eastern Poland ex- appears in the eyes of travelers who enter here from cept for Bia ło wieża (RYDZAK 1957, MATWIEJUK 2011), the Piątnica. Łomża buildings occupied high nadnar- Olsztyn (KUBIAK 2005), Białystok (MATWIEJUK 2007), wiańska slope and location is, of course, is a great as- Ciechanowiec (MATWIEJUK & KOLANKO 2007), Miel- set. Over 1,000 years ago, when in the area assumed nik (MATWIEJUK 2008), Boćki (MATWIEJUK 2009a), the first settlement from the picturesque position Drohiczyn (MATWIEJUK 2009b), Narew (MATWIEJUK & were more important considerations defensive. Cas- KOROBKIEWICZ 2012 a), Ełk (MATWIEJUK & WÓJTOWICZ tle, which is still acting on the imagination of the 54 Anna Matwiejuk, Paulina Chojnowska Table 1. The emissions in Łomża in 2014 scape Park Dolina Narwi (www.lomza.polskiemiasta. Emissions in 2014 (µg/m3) info/bibliografia). SO2 NO2 dust PM 10 dust PM 2.5 The city is located in the temperate climate zone Total 6.5 15.9 29.5 28.0 transition. The average annual temperature is 7.1°C, Data source: WIOŚ Białystok. average annual rainfall of about 500 mm. Air humid- ity childbearing in the range of 80–82%. The growing remains can be found near the present town, guarded season lasts about 200 days (GÓRNIAK 2000). the trade route and crossing on Narew. Since 1418 The green areas located in the city occupy an area Łomża enjoys the city charter. Her fate was kind to of ​​29.91 ha. Squares, lawns and memorials occupy an the sixteenth century. Two more centuries experi- area of ​​12.13 ha. In addition, the city’s area are three enced her mercilessly, just as World War II, when he urban parks – the Jakub Waga Park, People’s Park and destroyed almost 80% of the buildings. Neverthe- Pope John Paul II the Pilgrim Park, which occupy an less, the city has retained interesting sights, which is area of ​​17.78 ha. These areas take up 0.91% of the worth looking at closely. The most important object city. Forests, which belong to the city area occupy 17 is a sixteenth-century cathedral. Certainly Łomża ha are exclusively private property (JastrZębski 2004). would not be what it is, if it were not Narew river, The buildings are evenly spaced on, but clearly which belongs to the natural pearls of north-eastern marked is the center of the city. Polish. Her spring flood waters can admire, without In 2014, it recorded 62 779 residents which puts leaving even outside buildings (ZUBKOWICZ 2009). the city in this regard in 3rd place in Podlaskie (GUS Łomża is a city (town rights June 15, 1418 a year) 2015). with county rights situated in the north-eastern part Łomża belongs to cities with a small number of of Poland in Podlaskie. The city is located in the mid- large point sources of air pollution and relatively low dle reaches of the river Narew, which lies on the mo- share of emissions from these sources (Table 1). Much raine hills, including a high, left-bank embankment of the city is supplied with thermal energy (heating Narew meltwater. The city is surrounded by two ge- and hot water) from urban heating MPEC in Łomża. ographic regions – Mesopotamia Łomża and Narew The main sources of air pollution in Łomża are point Valley. In the north of the city it borders the “Ry- sources: urban heating plant MPEC, PEPEES Com- cerski Kierz” reserve and to the east of Łomża Land- panies Food Industry SA. (WIOŚ 2015). MATERIALS AND METHODS Fieldwork research. The investigations in the area of Łomża were carried out in the years 2014–2015, on 34 research localites (Fig. 1). These stands were established within different places. The habitat was considered a stand within which the census of li- chens was made from all available substrates. The epiphytic lichens were examined for individual trees with a diameter of trunks > 30 cm. At each stand at least five trees were monitored. At each location all species of lichens on the bark of trees from the base up to 2.5 m were recorded. Taxonomic identification. For most taxa, tax- onomic identification was carried out in laboratory conditions. The collected specimens were deter- mined on the basis of morphological and anatomical characters. Lichens were also determined based on the presence of secondary metabolites – test reac- tions. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was used to identify the types of secondary metabolites, mainly from the genus Cladonia, Lepraria and Rhizocarpon. This method was conducted in accordance with the guidelines from ORANGE et al. (2001). The species have been named according to DIEDERICH et al. (2014) and species Melanelixia to HAWKSWORTH et al. (2008, 2011), Circinaria calcarea to NORDIN et al. (2010) and Calogaya decipiens, C. pusilla, Flavoplaca citrina, F. oasis, Fig. 1. Distribution of the stands in Łomża Polycauliona polycarpa, Rusavskia elegans to ARUP et al. Lichens of Łomża town (Podlasie, north-eastern Poland) 55 (2013). The lichen material has been deposited at The distribution of epiphytic lichens on the ter- the Herbarium of the Institute of Biology, University ritory of Łomża is uneven, which is connected with of Bialystok. the fact that many streets and much wasteland are completely deprived of trees. RESULTS Epilithic species. The second largest habitat group – 34 species, comprises rock lichens, of which As a result of the study on the territory of Łomża 70 19 are exclusive epilythes. They colonize both natural lichen species of 32 genera were recorded. The most and anthropogenic substrata. Stones can be found in abundant numbers of species represented here are the open area, agricultural landscape, as well as with- those of genera Lecanora (17), Physcia (6) and Rama­ in the town and built-up areas (walls, underpinnings lina (3). and gravestones). Obligatory saxicolous species in- Lichens occur on following substrata likely to be clude, among others Acarospora fuscata and Rhizocar­ colonized – on the bark of deciduous and coniferous pon lavatum of which the second species is very rare trees and shrubs, wooden constructions, soil, stones, in lowland Poland). Rich lichen biota occurs also on concrete, mortar, plaster and bryophytes. Lichens are antropogenic substrata with properties resembling represented by all morphological forms. In the biota those of rocks, such as concrete, mortar and bricks. of the investigated area, the most dominant lichens These become colonized by calciphilous species and are the ones which form different types of crustose also by species tolerant towards the presence of cal- thalli. They make up 55% of the overall number of cium carbonate, such as Calogaya decipiens, C. pusilla, the species. They can be found in shaded and moist Caloplaca teicholyta, Circinaria calcarea, Flavoplaca citri­ places. Amongst the crustose lichens there is a sig- na, F. oasis, Lecanora albescens, L. dispersa and Xanthoria nificant number of pioneer species colonizing anthro- parietina.
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