Osteological Guide of Songbirds from Central Europe

Ornis Hungarica 2015. 23(2): 62–155. DOI: 10.1515/orhu-2015-0016 Osteological guide of songbirds from Central Europe

Jenő (Eugen) Kessler

Jenő (Eugen) Kessler 2015. Osteological guide of songbirds from Central Europe. – Ornis Hun- garica 23(2): 62–155.

Abstract The author provides an osteological guide to songbirds, based on 11 skeletal parts of 51 genera, at the genus level for ornithologists studying owl pellets, paleontologists and archae- zoologists. The mandible, the coracoid bone, the scapula, the humerus, the ulna, the carpometacarp, the first phalanx bone of the second finger, the femur, the tibiotars, the tarsometatars and the claw bone are presented. The morphological characteristics and method of measurement of the examined skeletal parts and the photographs of the appropriate bones are illustrated on 52 plates and 17 figures. The measurement data are also pro vided in 11 size tables. For every discussed bone, 3-6 characteristics are chosen, and their codes consist of 3-6 letters. In case of overlaps, dimensions are the determining factors, and for the humerus and the ulna, the ensemble of the two bone end pairs can be used.

Keywords: Central-Europe, guide, osteology, Paleornithology, archeozoology, Passerines

Összefoglalás A szerző 51 énekesmadár genus 11 vázrészének morfológiai jellemzőin alapuló csonthatározót ál- lított össze a bagolyköpeteket vizsgáló ornitológusoknak, paleontológusoknak, archaeozoológusoknak ajánlva. A dolgozatban az alsó állkapocs (mandibula), a hollócsőrcsont (coracoideum), a lapocka (scapula), a felkarcsont (humerus) és a singcsont (ulna), a kézközépcsont (carpometacarpus), a kézujjperc (phalanx proximalis digiti majoris), a combcsont (femur), a lábszárcsont (tibiotarsus), a csüd (tarsometatarsus) és a karomcsont (phalanx ungularis) jellemzői találhatók. A vizsgált vázrészek morfológiai jellegei, mérési módja és a csontok fényképe 52 táblaképen és 17 ábrán talál- ható. Tájékoztatási célból a mérési adatokat is közöljük 11 táblázatban. A határozó a kiválasztott morfológiai jellegek kódolásán alapszik. Minden tárgyalt csonton 3-6 jelleg került kiválasztásra, és ennek megfelelően a kódok 3-6 betűből állnak. Átfedések esetén a méretek az irányadóak, illetve a felkarcsontnál és a singcsontnál a két-két csontvég együttese használható.

Kulcsszavak: Közép-Európa, határozó, csonttani, paleornitológia, archeozoológia, énekesmadarak

Department of Paleontology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, Hungary, e-mail: [email protected]

Introduction The current work wishes to aid this work by providing codes as well as images and Despite the numerous songbird skeletal measurement data. parts remaining in owl pellets, rocks from The preparation of the guide was limi the Neogene period and at archaeological ted to the material of the recent osteological sites alike, the identification of these is still collection available in the Paleontological lagging behind all across Europe due to the and Geological Department of the Hungari- lack of an ample comparative skeleton col- an Natural History Museum. There are only lection, and a relatively easy-to-use guide- 48 (or 46-47) because not all genera had all book. the skeleton parts, or they were not in ample J. Kessler 63 condition to photograph, hence the lower code, which can be used to identify the ap- number of shown parts than the number of propriate genus from the bone. The typical processed genera (51). code types are presented for skeletal parts Only those skeletal parts are presented via tables and figures. which have remained complete and which The guide is supplemented by 52 tables carry morphological characteristics that are and 17 figures, with 4-4 tables for each characteristic at the genus level. discussed skeletal part. Eight of these are On the skull, only the tip of the mandi graphical illustrations (in case of the man- bula, the proximal end of the coracoid and dibula and scapula), while other bones are the scapula from the pectoral girdle are de- presented by original photographs. The pre- scribed. On the upper limb, the humerus, the paratory state of the bones in the collection ulna, the metacarpus bones (carpometacar- influenced the colour and sharpness of the pus) and the first phalanx bone of the second photographs. The degreased skeletal parts finger (phalanx proximalis digiti majoris) appear more bright and sharp, while those completely, whereas on the lower limb, remaining greased are less sharp and are the femur, the tibiotarsus, the distal end of darker. Colour and sharpness were modified the tarsometatarsus and the claw (phalanx by transforming the original colour image to ungularis) are described. The point is that greyscale. since both ends (epiphysis) of either a hu- Since more than half of the discussed 51 merus or an ulna are enough for a definition, genera represent several species which pri- and often the ends surface separately or par- marily differ in size or color of their feath- tially because the bone itself is broken, they ers, we also attach tables of dimensions for both can be traced as parts of the same bone each skeletal part for information. The di- and had been coded as such. mensions are taken from one specimen. In In the case of other long bones, only the case of genera containing several species, end part, which had been easier to define, the lower and upper limits of all the species was coded. are given. Other parts of the excessively fragile From practical considerations we used the skull, vertebrae, ribs, the sternum, the pel- taxonomy after Cramp (1998). (Except of vis (synsacrum), the clavicula, the radius, a Lusciniola, wich was separated from Acro- few carpi (carpale) and the fibula (perone- cephalus.) um) are not presented here. Finally, it was not possible to show bones Since the largest family of the order of from the same sides of each skeletal part on songbirds (Passeriformes), the Corvidae, the pictures. is relatively well-known (Kessler & Mold- vai 1993, Tomek & Bochenski 2000), gene ra belonging to here are not discussed. Method How ever, the Western Jackdaw (Corvus monedula) is used to illustrate anatomical For every discussed skeletal part, the ana- and dimensional characteristics. tomical terminology (Baumel et al. 1979) The distinctive feature of the guide lies in and method of measurement (von den Dri- the method of coding. Each discussed skele esch 1976, Gál 2002, Kessler 2013) of the tal part of each genus receives a 3-6-letter bone in question is given, illustrated by the 64 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2) appropriate bone of the Western Jackdaw. Anatomical terminology (after: Milne-Ed- Arrows indicate the coded characteristics. wards 1867-68, Fürbringer 1888, Lam For each anatomical character, a number brecht 1933, Ballmann 1966, Mourer-Chau- of different types are differentiated, which viré 1975, Baumel et al. 1979, Gilbert et al. received capitalized codes. We attempted 1981, Cheneval 1983, Jánossy 1985, More- to keep the number of codes at a minimum, no 1985, 1986, 1987, Cuisin 1989, Ujhelyi since we had to take into account the indi- 1992, Kessler & Moldvai 1993, Solti 1996, vidual differences and, in the case of genera Tomek & Bochenski 2000, Kessler 2013a). featuring several species, the differences be- Plate with morphological characters tween them. This way we could make sure (Figure 1). that even the more or less similar anatomical features can be classified easier and we 1. mandibula: could avoid subjective judgement. a. rostrum mandibulae; Based on the characteristics used, we con- b. the immersed part of the rostrum; structed a code consisting of 3-6 letters. The c. ramus mandibulae; majority of these is typical for a single gene ra, but in a few cases, for more than one. 2. coracoideum: In such cases, either the difference in size a. acrocoracoideum; will define where they belong, or for similar b. tuberculum brachiale (processus acro- sizes, the tables and figures provide guid- coracoideus); ance. (The tables with the bone sizes in- c. sulcus musculi supracoracoidei; clude genera with a single species, and ge d. processus procoracoideus; ne ra with several species. In the first case, e. processus glenoidalis coracoidei; only a single size of the species is given. In the latter case, the limits of the smallest spe- 3. scapula: cies and the biggest species from the genus a. dorsal branch of the acromion; are given.) b. lateral branch of the acromion; During genus identification, we create the c. the pit between the branches of the acro- code for the specific bone (or end of bone) mion; and match it with the appropriate code in d. acromion; this guide. The images of genera with simi e. processus glenoidalis scapulae; lar (but not identical) codes can give further help. 4. humerus (proximal epiphysis): It is worth noting that the fewer of the a. tuberculum ventrale; characteristics are coded, the higher the b. crista bicipitalis; chance of overlapping. Regarding overlap- c. the edge between crista bicipitalis and ping of the humerus and ulna, we have to corpus humeri; take into account the codes of both of the d. fossa pneumotricipitalis; epiphyses. e. caput humeri; Since for a definition of guaranteed ac- f. crista deltopectoralis; curacy the recent comparative osteological collection is absolutely required, this current 5. humerus (distal epiphysis): guide can only serve information purposes. a. tuberculum supracondylare ventrale; Figure 1 Morphological characters Corvus monedula L. 1758 bones; (A – mandibula; B – coracoideum; C – scapula; D – humerus prox.; E – humerus dist.; F – ulna prox.; G – ulna dist.; H – carpometacarpus; I – phalanx prox. dig. maj.; J – femur dist.; K – tibiotarsus dist.; L – tarsometatarsus dist.; M – phalanx ungularis) 1. ábra Morfológiai jellegek Corvus monedula L. 1758 csontokon (A – alsó állkapocs; B – hollócsőrcsont; C – lapocka; D – felkarcsont proximális epifízis; E – felkarcsont disztális epifízis; F – singcsont prox. epifízis; G – singcsont diszt. epifízis; H – kézközépcsont; I – szárny ujjperc; J – combcsont diszt. epifízis; K – lábszárcsont diszt. epifízis; L – csüd diszt. epifízis; M – karomcsont) 66 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2) b. processus flexorius; 12. tarsometatarsus (distal epiphysis): c. processus supracondylaris dorsalis; a. margo medialis; d. incisura intercondylaris; b. trochlea metatarsi II.; c. trochlea metatarsi III.; 6. ulna (proximal epiphysis): d. trochlea metatarsi IV.; a. olecranon; e. incisura intertrochlearis medialis; b. cotyla dorsalis; f. incisura intertrochlearis lateralis; c. tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis; 13. phalanx ungularis: a. tuberculum extensorium; 7. ulna (distal epiphysis): b. cotyla articularis a. condylus dorsalis; c. tuberculum flexorium b. sulcus intercondylaris; d. the curvature of the margo plantaris c. condylus ventralis; e. apex phalangis; d. tuberculum carpale; Measurement manner: (after: von den 8. carpometacarpus: Driesch 1976, Gál 2002, Kessler 2013b) a. trochlea carpalis; Plate with measurement manner (Figure 2): b. processus extensorius; TL – total length (a) c. processus alularis; PL – partial length: mandibula – length d. fovea subalularis; of the rostrum (b), scapula – length of the e. protuberantia metacarpale majus; proximal end (a) f. facies articularis digitale minor; Bp – breadth of the proximal end (b) Bc – breadth of the corpus (c); mandibula – 9. phalanx proximalis digiti majoris: breadth of the rostrum (a) a. margo proximalis; Bd – breadth of the distal end (d) b. tuberculum ventralis; PB – partial breadth: mandibula – breadth c. tuberculum dorsalis; of the ramus mandibulae (c) d. margo dorsalis; e. margo distalis; Abbrevations: No. sp – measured number of species 10. femur (distal epiphysis): LTB – coracoideum – length of the tubercu- a. condylus medialis; lum brachialis (b) b. sulcus intercondylaris; c. condylus lateralis; d. epicondylus medialis; The codification e. epicondylus lateralis; 1. Mandibula (Figure 4, Plate 1–4, Table 1) 11. tibiotarsus (distal epiphysis): a. epicondylus lateralis; 1.1. the pointed end of the rostrum man- b. epicondylus medialis; dibulae: c. incisura intercondylaris; – A. short and medium width: Aegithalos; d. tuberositas retinaculi; Bombycilla; J. Kessler 67

– B. short and width: Carduelis; Cocco Cinclus; Emberiza; Galerida; Hippolais; thraustes; Chloris; Delichon; Emberiza; Locustella; Lullula; Luscinia; Monticola; Hirundo; Loxia; Passer; Pinicola; Plec- Oenanthe; Parus; Phylloscopus; Prunel- trophenax; Pyrrhula; Riparia; Serinus; la; Saxicola; Sitta; Sturnus; Sylvia; Trog- – C. medium long and width: Fringilla; La- lodytes; nius; Muscicapa; Oriolus; – B. slightly protruding above: Aegithalos; – D. medium long and medium width: Acro- Anthus; Bombycilla; Eremophila; Mota- cephalus; Anthus; Calandrella; Cinclus; cilla, Plectrophenax; Remiz; Eremophila; Erithacus; Hippolais; Lul- – C. wide or medium protruding above: De- lula; Luscinia; Oenanthe; Parus; Phoe lichon; Erithacus; Lanius; Muscicapa; nicurus; Phylloscopus; Prunella; Remiz; Oriolus; Phoenicurus; Plectrophenax; Saxicola; Sitta; Sturnus; Sylvia; Turdus; – D. strongly protruding above: Hirundo; – E. long and narrow: Certhia; Troglodytes; Riparia; Melanocorypha; – F. long and medium width: Alauda; Cet- – E. slightly protruding below: Carduelis; tia; Galerida; Locustella; Melanocory- Fringilla; Passer; Serinus; pha; Monticola; Motacilla; – F. strongly protruding below: Chloris; Coc- cothraustes; Loxia; Pinicola; Pyrrhula; 1.2. the immersed part of the rostrum: – A. semicircular: Aegithalos; Bombycilla; Alaudidae: Alauda FCA; Calandrella Carduelis; Emberiza; Hippolais; Musci- DCA; Eremophila DCB; Galerida FCA; capa; Oenanthe; Sylvia; Lullula DDA; Melanocorypha DED; – B. semi-circle in the middle with small Hirundinidae: Delichon BBC; Hirundo tip: Anthus; Delichon; Monticola; Mota- BCD; Riparia BDD; cilla; Parus; Paridae: Aegithalos AAB; Parus DBA; Re- – C. ovoid: Alauda; Calandrella; Cinclus; miz DHB; Eremophila; Galerida; Hirundo; Lanius; Certhiidae: Certhia EEA; Melanocorypha; Sittidae: Sitta DEA; – D. ovoid with small tip: Locustella; Lullu- Muscicapidae: Erithacus DFC; Luscinia la; Riparia; Troglodytes; DHA; Monticola FBA; Muscicapa CAC, – E. pointed: Acrocephalus; Certhia; Sitta; Oenanthe DAA; Phoenicurus DGC; Saxi- – F. semi-circle with small recess: Eritha- cola DGA; cus; Oriolus; Prunella; Turdidae: Turdus DGA; – G. shouldered recess: Cettia; Coccothra- Oriolidae: Oriolus CFC; ustes; Loxia; Phoenicurus; Phylloscopus; Sylviidae: Acrocephalus DEA; Cettia FGA; Saxicola; Sturnus; Turdus; Hippolais DAA; Locustella FDA; Phyllos- – H. wide semi-circle: Luscinia; Muscica- copus CGA; Sylvia CAA; pa; Fringilla; Plectrophenax; Remiz; Motacillidae: Anthus DBB; Motacilla – I. wide semi-circle with small tip: Chlo- FBB; ris; Passer; Pinicola; Pyrrhula; Serinus; Bombycillidae: Bombycilla AAB; Troglodytidae: Troglodytes EDA; 1.3. the form of the ramus mandibulae: Cinclidae: Cinclus DCA; – A. straight: Acrocephalus; Alauda; Ca- Prunellidae: Prunella DFA; landrella; Certhia; Cettia; Chloris; Laniidae: Lanius CCC; 68 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2)

Sturnidae: Sturnus DGA; FDA: Locustella; Passeridae: Passer BIE; FGA: Cettia; Fringillidae: Carduelis BAE; Chloris BIF; Coccothraustes BGF; Fringilla CHE; Loxia 2. Coracoideum (Figure 5, Plate 5–8, BGF; Pinicola BIF; Pyrrhula BIF; Serinus Table 2) BIE; Emberizidae: Emberiza BAA; Plectrophe- 2.1. the processus acrocoracoideus (tuber- nax BHB; culum brachiale): – A. long and blunt: Aegithalos; Certhia; AAB: Aegithalos; Bombycilla; Emberiza; Hippolais; Luscinia; Luscini- BAA: Emberiza; ola; Muscicapa; Phoenicurus; Phyllosco- BAE: Carduelis; pus; Regulus; Saxicola; Sitta; BBC: Delichon; – B. long and pointed: Acrocephalus; BCD: Hirundo; Cettia; Erithacus; Oenanthe; Oriolus; BDD: Riparia; Sylvia; BGF: Coccothraustes; Loxia; – C. short and blunt: Alauda; Anthus; Bom- BHB: Plectrophenax; bycilla; Calandrella; Carduelis; Chloris; BIE: Passer; Serinus; Coccothraustes; Delichon; Galerida; La- BIF: Chloris; Pinicola; Pyrrhula; nius; Locustella; Loxia; Lullula; Melano- CAC: Muscicapa; corypha; Monticola; Motacilla; Parus; CCC: Lanius; Passer; Pinicola; Pyrrhula; Remiz; Ripa- CFC: Oriolus; ria; Sturnus; Troglodytes; CHE: Fringilla; – D. short and pointed: Fringilla; Hirundo; DAA: Hippolais; Oenanthe; Sylvia; Panurus; Plectrophenax; Prunella; DBA: Parus; Turdus; DBB: Anthus; DCA: Calandrella; Cinclus; 2.2. the acrocoracoideum: DCB: Eremophila; – A. symmetrical: Aegithalos; Alauda; An- DDA: Lullula; thus; Carduelis; Chloris; Coccothra- DEA: Acrocephalus; Sitta; ustes; Emberiza; Erithacus; Galerida; DED: Melanocorypha; Loxia; Luscinia; Lullula; Melanocory- DFA: Prunella; pha; Monticola; Motacilla; Muscicapa; DFC: Erithacus; Oenanthe; Panurus; Pinicola; Phyllosco- DGA: Phylloscopus; Saxicola; Sturnus; pus; Plectrophenax; Pyrrhula; Remiz; Ri- Turdus; paria; Sitta; Sturnus; DGC: Phoenicurus; – B. assymmetric: Acrocephalus; Bomby- DHA: Luscinia; cilla; Calandrella; Certhia; Cettia; De- DHB: Remiz; lichon; Fringilla; Hippolais; Hirundo; EDA: Troglodytes; Lanius; Locustella; Lusciniola; Oriolus; EEA: Certhia; Parus; Passer; Phoenicurus; Prunella; FBA: Monticola; Regulus; Saxicola; Sylvia; Troglodytes; FBB: Motacilla; Turdus; FCA: Alauda; Galerida; J. Kessler 69

2.3. the sulcus musculi supracoracoidei: Muscicapidae: Erithacus BAAC; Lusci – A. symmetrically semicircular: Acroce nia AABA; Monticola CAAC; Muscica- phalus; Certhia; Erithacus; Lanius; Me pa AAAC, Oenanthe BAAC; Phoenicurus lanocorypha; Monticola; Muscicapa; Oe- ABBB; Saxicola ABBC; nanthe; Pyrrhula; Turdus; Turdidae: Turdus DBAC; – B. asymmetrically semicircular: Aegitha- Oriolidae: Oriolus BBBC; los; Bombycilla; Carduelis; Cettia; Chlo- Sylviidae: Acrocephalus BBAB; Cet- ris; Coccothraustes; Delichon; Galerida; tia BBBA; Hippolais ABBA; Locustella Hippolais; Hirundo; Luscinia; Lusci CBCB; Lusciniola ABBA; Phylloscopus niola; Oriolus; Panurus; Parus; Phoeni AABA; Regulus ABBB; Sylvia BBBB; curus; Phylloscopus; Regulus; Remiz; Ri- Motacillidae: Anthus CACC; Motacilla paria; Saxicola; Sitta; Sturnus; Sylvia; CACA; – C. flattened: Alauda; Anthus; Calandrella; Bombycillidae: Bombycilla CBBA; Emberiza; Fringilla; Locustella; Loxia; Troglodytidae: Troglodytes CBCC; Lullula; Motacilla; Passer; Pinicola; Prunellidae: Prunella DBCB; Plectrophenax; Prunella; Troglodytes; Laniidae: Lanius CBAB; Sturnidae: Sturnus CABC; 2.4. the processus procoracoideus: Passeridae: Passer CBCB; – A. missing: Bombycilla; Cettia; Delichon; Fringillidae: Carduelis CABB; Chloris Galerida; Hippolais; Hirundo; Luscinia; CABB; Coccothraustes CABC; Fringil- Lusciniola; Motacilla; Panurus; Parus; la DBCC; Loxia CACC; Pinicola CACC; Phylloscopus; Remiz; Riparia; Pyrrhula CAAC; – B. slightly overhanging: Acrocephalus; Emberizidae: Emberiza AACC; Plectro- Aegithalos; Alauda; Carduelis; Chloris; phenax DACC; Lanius; Locustella; Melanocorypha; Pas- ser; Phoenicurus; Prunella; Regulus; Sit- AAAC: Muscicapa; ta; Sylvia; AABA: Luscinia; Phylloscopus; – C. strongly protruding: Anthus; Caland- AABB: Aegithalos; Sitta; rella; Certhia; Coccothraustes; Emberi- AACC: Emberiza; za; Erithacus; Fringilla; Loxia; Lullula; ABAC: Certhia; Monticola; Muscicapa; Oenanthe; Orio- ABBA: Hippolais; Lusciniola; lus; Pinicola; Plectrophenax; Pyrrhula; ABBB: Phoenicurus; Regulus; Saxicola; Sturnus; Troglodytes; Turdus; ABBC: Saxicola; BAAC: Erithacus; Oenanthe; Alaudidae: Alauda CACB; Calandrella BBAB: Acrocephalus; CBCC; Galerida CABA; Lullula CACC; BBBA: Cettia; Melanocorypha CAAB; BBBB: Sylvia; Hirundinidae: Delichon CBBA; Hirundo BBBC: Oriolus; DBBA; Riparia CABA; CAAB: Melanocorypha; Paridae: Aegithalos AABB; Panurus CAAC: Monticola; Pyrrhula; DABA; Parus CBBA; Remiz CABA; CABA: Galerida; Riparia; Remiz; Certhiidae: Certhia ABAC; CABB: Carduelis; Chloris; Sittidae: Sitta AABB; CABC: Coccothraustes; Sturnus; 70 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2)

CACA: Motacilla; Oriolus; Panurus; Parus; Phoenicurus; CACB: Alauda; Pinicola; Plectrophenax; Prunella; Pyr CACC: Anthus; Loxia; Lullula; Pinicola; rhula; Remiz; Riparia; Saxicola; Serinus; CBBA: Bombycilla; Delichon; Parus; Sitta; Sturnus; Sylvia; Troglodytes; CBCB: Locustella; Passer; CBCC: Calandrella; 3.3. the apex dorsalis (dorsal branch): DABA: Panurus; – A. short and blunted: Acrocephalus; Cer- DACC: Plectrophenax; thia; Cettia; Delichon; Erithacus; Hirun- DBAC: Turdus; do; Locustella; Panurus; Plectrophenax; DBCB: Prunella; Riparia; Sitta; DBCC: Fringilla; – B. short and pointed: Serinus; Troglody- tes; 3. Scapula (Figure 6, Plate 9–12, Table 3) – C. long and blunted: Anthus; Carduelis; Coccothraustes; Emberiza; Eremophila; 3.1. the length of the branches of acromion: Fringilla; Hippolais; Lanius; Loxia; Lus- – A. symmetrically (equal): Acrocephalus; ciniola; Melanocorypha; Motacilla; Mus- Anthus; Calandrella; Carduelis; Certhia; cicapa; Oenanthe; Oriolus; Parus; Pas- Cettia; Coccothraustes; Delichon; Embe- ser; Phylloscopus; Pinicola; Prunella; riza; Hippolais; Locustella; Lullula; Lus- Pyrrhula; Sturnus; Turdus; ciniola; Monticola; Motacilla; Oenanthe; – D. long and pointed: Bombycilla; Ca- Parus; Passer; Phylloscopus; Pyrrhula; landrella; Chloris; Galerida; Monticola; Sturnus; Sylvia; Turdus; Phoenicurus; Saxicola; Sylvia; – B. asymmetrically (unequal): Alau- – E. with a cut-off end: Alauda; Lullula; da; Bombycilla; Chloris; Eremophila; Luscinia; Remiz; Erithacus; Fringilla; Galerida; Hirun- do; Lanius; Loxia; Luscinia; Melanoco- 3.4. the apex lateralis (lateral branch): rypha; Muscicapa; Oriolus; Panurus; – A. short and blunted: Certhia; Delichon; Phoenicurus; Pinicola; Plectrophenax; Erithacus; Galerida; Lanius; Melanoco- Prunella; Remiz; Riparia; Saxicola; Seri- rypha; Loxia; Oriolus; Phoenicurus; Pi- nus; Sitta; Troglodytes; nicola; Plectrophenax; Saxicola; Troglo- dytes; 3.2. the shape of the branches of acromion: – B. short and pointed: Bombycilla; Cettia; – A. symmetrically (equal): Acrocephalus; Hirundo; Locustella; Remiz; Carduelis; Coccothraustes; Delichon; – C. long and blunted: Acrocephalus; Ala- Emberiza; Erithacus; Hippolais; Luscini- uda; Anthus; Calandrella; Carduelis; ola; Motacilla; Muscicapa; Passer; Phyl- Coccothraustes; Emberiza; Eremophila; loscopus; Turdus; Fringilla; Hippolais; Lullula; Luscinia; – B. asymmetrically (unequal): Alau- Lusciniola; Motacilla; Monticola; Mus- da; Anthus; Bombycilla; Calandrella; cicapa; Oenanthe; Panurus; Parus; Pas- Certhia; Cettia; Chloris; Eremophila; ser; Phylloscopus; Pyrrhula; Riparia; Fringilla; Galerida; Hirundo; Lani- Sylvia; Sturnus; Serinus; Turdus; us; Locustella; Loxia; Lullula; Luscinia; – D. long and pointed: Chloris; Sitta; Melanocorypha; Monticola; Oenanthe; J. Kessler 71

3.5. the pit between the branches: Prunellidae: Prunella BBCAD; – A. deep and symmetrical: Alauda; Bom- Laniidae: Lanius BBCAA; bycilla; Calandrella; Carduelis; Chloris; Sturnidae: Sturnus ABCCB; Coccothraustes; Emberiza; Fringilla; La- Passeridae: Passer AACCA; nius; Lullula; Melanocorypha; Motacil- Fringillidae: Carduelis AACCA; Chlo- la; Muscicapa; Oenanthe; Oriolus; Pa- ris BBDDA; Coccothraustes AACCA; rus; Passer; Remiz; Sylvia; Turdus; Fringilla BBCCA; Loxia BBCAD; Pini- – B. deep and unsymmetrical: Anthus; Ere- cola BBCAB; Pyrrhula ABCCC; Serinus mophila; Phoenicurus; Pinicola; Serinus; BBBCB; Sturnus; Emberizidae: Emberiza AACCA; Plec – C. shallow and symmetrical: Acrocepha- trophenax BBAAC; lus; Cettia; Delichon; Erithacus; Galeri- da; Hippolais; Hirundo; Locustella; AAAAC: Delichon; Luscinia; Lusciniola; Monticola; Phyllos AACCA: Carduelis; Coccothraustes; Em- copus; Plectrophenax; Pyrrhula; Ripa beriza; Motacilla; Passer; Turdus; ria; Troglodytes; AAACC: Acrocephalus; – D. shallow and unsymmetrical: Certhia; AACCC: Hippolais; Lusciniola; Phyllos- Loxia; Panurus; Prunella; Saxicola; Sitta; copus; ABAAD: Certhia; Alaudidae: Alauda BBECA; Calandrel- ABABC: Cettia; Locustella; la ABDCA; Eremophila BBCCB; Galerida ABBAB: Serinus; BBDAC; Lullula ABECA; Melanocorypha ABCCA: Emberiza; Oenanthe; Parus; BBCAA; ABCCB: Anthus; Sturnus; Hirundinidae: Delichon AAAAC; Hirun- ABCCC: Pyrrhula; do BBABC; Riparia BBACC ABDCA: Calandrella; Sylvia; Paridae: Panurus BAACD; Parus ABDCC: Monticola; ABCCA; Remiz BBEBA; ABECA: Lullula; Certhiidae: Certhia ABAAD; BAAAC: Erithacus; Sittidae: Sitta BBADD; BACCA: Muscicapa; Muscicapidae: Erithacus BAAAC; Lusci- BBAAC: Plectrophenax; nia BBECC; Monticola ABDCC; Muscica- BBABC: Hirundo; pa BACCA, Oenanthe ABCCA; Phoenicu- BBACB: Anthus; rus BBDAB; Saxicola BBDAD; BBACB: Loxia; Turdidae: Turdus AACCA; BBACC: Riparia; Oriolidae: Oriolus BBCAA; BBACD: Panurus; Sylviidae: Acrocephalus AAACC; Cet- BBADD: Sitta; tia ABABC; Hippolais AACCC; Locustel- BBBAC: Troglodytes: la ABABC; Lusciniola AACCC; Phyllosco- BBBCB: Serinus; pus AACCC; Sylvia ABDCA; BBBCD: Saxicola; Motacillidae: Anthus ABCCB; Motacilla BBCAA: Lanius; Melanocorypha; Oriolus; AACCA; BBCAB: Pinicola; Bombycillidae: Bombycilla BBDBA; BBCAD: Loxia; Prunella; Troglodytidae: Troglodytes BBBAC; BBCCA: Fringilla; 72 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2)

BBCCB: Eremophila; – D. rounded and not prominent: Bombycil- BBDAB: Phoenicurus; la; Lanius; Lullula; Luscinia; Melanoco- BBDAC: Galerida; rypha; Motacilla; Muscicapa; Panurus; BBDAD: Saxicola; Saxicola; BBDBA: Bombycilla; – E. slightly pointed distally: Alauda; Mon- BBDDA: Chloris; ticola; Oenanthe; Phoenicurus; Turdus; BBEBA: Remiz; BBECA: Alauda; 4.3. the distal edge of the crista bicipitalis: BBECC: Luscinia; – A. flatly curved: Alauda; Bombycilla; Chloris; Cinclus; Delichon; Fringilla; 4. Humerus (proximal epiphysis) (Figure 7, Loxia; Luscinia; Panurus; Passer; Pini- Plate 13–16, Table 4) cola; Prunella; Riparia; Sturnus; – B. strongly curved: Acrocephalus; Aegi 4.1. the tuberculum ventrale: tha los; Anthus; Carduelis; Certhia; Cet- – A. strongly protruding: Alauda; Bomby- tia; Chloris; Coccothraustes; Emberiza; cilla; Certhia; Cettia; Cinclus; Coccoth- Erithacus; Galerida; Hippolais; Hirun- raustes; Delichon; Erithacus; Fringilla; do; Lanius; Locustella; Lullula; Lus- Galerida; Hirundo; Loxia; Lullula; Lus- ciniola; Melanocorypha; Monticola; cinia; Lusciniola; Monticola; Motacilla; Motacilla; Muscicapa; Oenanthe; Orio- Muscicapa; Oenanthe; Oriolus; Passer; lus; Parus; Phoenicurus; Phylloscopus; Phoenicurus; Phylloscopus; Pinicola; Pyrrhula; Saxicola; Serinus; Sitta; Syl- Pyrrhula; Riparia; Saxicola; Serinus; via; Troglodytes; Turdus; – B. poorly protruding: Acrocephalus; Aegithalos; Anthus; Carduelis; Chloris; 4.4. the fossa pneumotricipitalis: Emberiza; Hippolais; Lanius; Locustel- – A. split: Acrocephalus; Alauda; Bomby- la; Melanocorypha; Panurus; Parus; cilla; Certhia; Cettia; Cinclus; Delichon; Prunella; Sitta; Sturnus; Sylvia; Troglo- Galerida; Hirundo; Hippolais; Lanius; dytes; Turdus; Locustella; Lullula; Lusciniola; Melano- corypha; Monticola; Muscicapa; Oenan- 4.2. the projection of the crista bicipitalis: the; Oriolus; Passer; Phoenicurus; Phyl- – A. prominent and rounded: Aegithalos; loscopus; Prunella; Riparia; Saxicola; Anthus; Emberiza; Erithacus; Galerida; Sturnus; Sylvia; Turdus; Hippolais; Lullula; Passer; Phyllosco – B. no split: Aegithalos; Anthus; Cardu- pus; Pinicola; Prunella; Pyrrhula; Ri elis; Chloris; Coccothraustes; Emberi- paria; Serinus; Sitta; Sturnus; Troglo za; Erithacus; Fringilla; Loxia; Luscinia; dytes; Motacilla; Panurus; Parus; Pinicola; – B. prominent and pointed: Fringilla; Lus- Pyrrhula; Serinus; Sitta; Troglodytes; ciniola; – C. truncated: Acrocephalus; Carduelis; Alaudidae: Alauda AEAA; Galerida Certhia; Cettia; Chloris; Cinclus; Coc- AABA; Lullula ADBA; Melanocorypha cothraustes; Delichon; Hirundo; Lanius; BDBA; Lanius; Locustella; Loxia; Oriolus; Pa- Hirundinidae: Delichon ACAA; Hirundo rus; Sylvia; Turdus; ACBA; Riparia AAAA; J. Kessler 73

Paridae: Aegithalos BABB; Panurus ADBA: Lullula; Muscicapa; Saxicola; BDAB; Parus BCBB; ADBB: Motacilla; Certhiidae: Certhia ACBA; AEAA: Alauda; Sittidae: Sitta BABB; AEBA: Monticola; Oenanthe; Phoenicu- Muscicapidae: Erithacus AABB; Lusci- rus; nia ADAB; Monticola AEBA; Muscica- BAAA: Prunella; Sturnus; pa ADBA; Oenanthe AEBA; Phoenicurus BAAB: Sitta; AEBA; Saxicola ADBA; BABA: Emberiza; Hippolais; Turdidae: Turdus BEBA; BABB: Aegithalos; Anthus; Emberiza; Oriolidae: Oriolus ACBA; Sitta; Troglodytes; Sylviidae: Acrocephalus BCBA; Cet- BCAA: Parus; tia ACBA; Hippolais BABA; Locustella BCBA: Acrocephalus; Lanius; Locustella; BCBA; Lusciniola ABBA; Phylloscopus Sylvia; AABA; Sylvia BCBA; BCBB: Carduelis; Parus; Motacillidae: Anthus BABB; Motacilla BDAB: Panurus; ADBB; BDBA: Melanocorypha; Bombycillidae: Bombycilla ADAA; BEBA: Turdus; Troglodytidae: Troglodytes BABB; Cinclidae: Cinclus ACBA: 5. Humerus (distal epiphysis) (Figure 8, Prunellidae: Prunella BAAA; Plate 17–20, Table 4) Laniidae: Lanius BCBA; Sturnidae: Sturnus BAAA; 5.1. the tuberculum supracondylare vent- Passeridae: Passer AAAA; rale: Fringillidae: Carduelis BCBB; Chloris – A. protuberant: Acrocephalus; Aegitha- ACAB; Coccothraustes ACBB; Fringil- los; Bombycilla; Carduelis; Certhia; Cet- la ABAB; Loxia ACAB; Pinicola AAAB; tia; Chloris; Cinclus; Coccothraustes; Pyrrhula AABB; Serinus AABB; Delichon; Emberiza; Erithacus; Hippo- Emberizidae: Emberiza BABB; lais; Hirundo; Loxia; Lullula; Melanoco- rypha; Monticola; Parus; Parus; Passer; AAAA: Riparia; Passer; Pinicola; Riparia; Saxicola; Serinus; Sit- AAAB: Pinicola; ta; Sturnus; Troglodytes; AABA: Galerida; Phylloscopus; – B. not prominent: Alauda; Anthus; Frin- AABB: Erithacus; Pyrrhula; Serinus; gilla; Galerida; Lanius; Locustella; Lus- ABAB: Fringilla; cinia; Lusciniola; Motacilla; Muscicapa; ABBA: Lusciniola; Oenanthe; Oriolus; Panurus; Phoenicu- ACAA: Certhia; Coccothraustes; Deli- rus; Phylloscopus; Prunella; Pyrrhula; chon; Sylvia; Turdus; ACAB: Chloris; Loxia; ACBA: Cettia; Certhia; Cinclus: Hirundo; 5.2. the processus flexorius: Oriolus; – A. slightly overhanging: Alauda; Cardu- ACBB: Coccothraustes; elis; Cinclus; Galerida; Emberiza; Lullu- ADAA: Bombycilla; la; Lusciniola; Sitta; ADAB: Luscinia; 74 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2)

– B. strongly overhanging with rounded Passer; Phoenicurus; Phylloscopus; Pi- ends: Anthus; Bombycilla; Certhia; Chlo- nicola; Prunella; Pyrrhula; Saxicola; Se- ris; Coccothraustes; Emberiza; Fringilla; rinus; Sturnus; Sylvia; Troglodytes; Locustella; Monticola; Motacilla; Musci- – B. asymmetric: Acrocephalus; Aegitha- capa; Oriolus; Panurus; Passer; Phoeni- los; Delichon; Hippolais; Oriolus; Ripa- curus; Prunella; Pyrrhula; Riparia; Saxi- ria; Sitta; Turdus; cola; Serinus; Sturnus; Troglodytes; – C. strongly overhanging with severed 5.5. the processus supracondylaris dorsalis: ends: Acrocephalus; Aegithalos; Cet- – A. single and slightly protruding: Pru- tia; Erithacus; Hippolais; Lanius; Loxia; nella; Luscinia; Oenanthe; Parus; Pinicola; – B. single and strongly protruding: Cinc- Sylvia; Turdus; lus: Delichon; Lanius; Locustella; Loxia; – D. markedly protruding conically: Mela- Melanocorypha; Muscicapa; Panurus; nocorypha; Phylloscopus; Serinus; Troglodytes; Turdus; – E. asymmetrical strongly protruding: De- – C. two-pronged equal: Aegithalos; Alau- lichon; Hirundo; Riparia; da; Certhia; – D. two-pronged unequal: Acrocepha- 5.3. the incisura intercondylaris: lus; Anthus; Bombycilla; Carduelis; Cet – A. concave and wide: Alauda; Cinclus: tia; Chloris; Coccothraustes; Emberiza; Coccothraustes; Delichon; Emberiza; Erithacus; Fringilla; Galerida; Hippo- Galerida; Lusciniola; Melanocorypha; lais; Hirundo; Lullula; Luscinia; Luscini Phoenicurus; ola; Monticola; Motacilla; Oenanthe; – B. slightly concave: Anthus; Chlo- Oriolus; Parus; Passer; Phylloscopus; ris; Fringilla; Lanius; Lullula; Lusci Phoenicurus; Pinicola; Pyrrhula; Ripa nia; Monticola; Motacilla; Muscicapa; ria; Saxicola; Sitta; Sturnus; Sylvia; Oenanthe; Oriolus; Panurus; Parus; Pas- ser; Prunella; Pyrrhula; Saxicola; Seri- Alaudidae: Alauda BAAAC; Galerida nus; Sitta; Sylvia; Troglodytes; BAAAD; Lullula AAABD; Melanocorypha – C. pointed and wide: Acrocephalus; Aegi ADAAB; thalos; Bombycilla; Carduelis; Certhia; Hirundinidae: Delichon AEABB; Hirundo Cettia; Erithacus; Hippolais; Hirundo; AECAD; Riparia AECBD; Locustella; Loxia; Phylloscopus; Pinico- Paridae: Aegithalos ACCBC; Panurus la; Riparia; Sturnus; Turdus; BBBAB; Parus ACBAD; Certhiidae: Certhia ABCAC; 5.4. the condylus dorsalis: Sittidae: Sitta AABBD; – A. rounded: Alauda; Anthus; Bomby- Muscicapidae: Erithacus ABCAD; Lusci- cilla; Carduelis; Certhia; Cettia; Chlo- nia BCBAD; Monticola ABBAD; Muscica- ris; Cinclus; Coccothraustes; Emberiza; pa BBBAB; Oenanthe BCBAD; Phoenicu- Erithacus; Fringilla; Galerida; Hirun- rus BBAAD; Saxicola ABBAD; do; Lanius; Locustella; Loxia; Lullula; Turdidae: Turdus BCCBB; Luscinia; Lusciniola; Lusciniola; Mela- Oriolidae: Oriolus BBBBD; nocorypha; Monticola; Motacilla; Mus- Sylviidae: Acrocephalus ACCBD; Cettia cicapa; Oenanthe; Panurus; Parus; ACCAD; Hippolais ACCBD; Locustella J. Kessler 75

BBCAB; Lusciniola BAAAD; Phyllosco- BBBBD: Oriolus; pus BDCAD; Sylvia BCBAD; BBCAB: Locustella; Motacillidae: Anthus BBBAD; Motacilla BCBAB: Lanius; BBBAD; BCBAD: Luscinia; Oenanthe; Sylvia; Bombycillidae: Bombycilla ABCAD; BCCBB: Turdus; Troglodytidae: Troglodytes ABBAB; BDCAD: Phylloscopus; Cinclidae: Cinclus AAAAB; Prunellidae: Prunella BBBAA; 6. Ulna (proximal epiphysis) (Figure 9, Laniidae: Lanius BCBAB; Plate 21–24, Table 5) Sturnidae: Sturnus ABCAD; Passeridae: Passer ABBAD; 6.1. the olecranon: Fringillidae: Carduelis AACAD; Chlo- – A. short and pointed: Alauda; Certhia; Hi- ris ABBAD; Coccothraustes ABAAD; rundo; Locustella; Muscicapa; Pyrrhula; Fringilla BBBAD; Loxia ACCAB; Pini- – B. short and blunt: Aegithalos; Cardue- cola ACCAD; Pyrrhula BBBAD; Serinus lis; Chloris; Coccothraustes; Erithacus; ABBAB; Galerida; Hippolais; Lullula; Oenanthe; Emberizidae: Emberiza ABAAD; Oriolus; Parus; Phoenicurus; Phyllosco- pus; Pinicola; Plectrophenax; Regulus; AAAAB: Cinclus; Remiz; Riparia; Saxicola; Sitta; AAABD: Lullula; – C. long, narrow and pointed: Calandrel- AABBD: Sitta; la; Delichon; Fringilla; Luscinia; Passer; ABAAD: Coccothraustes; Emberiza; Prunella; Turdus; ABBAB: Serinus; Troglodytes; – D. long and blunt: Acrocephalus; Anthus; ABBAD: Chloris; Monticola; Passer; Bombycilla; Cinclus; Emberiza; Eremo- Saxicola; phila; Loxia; Lusciniola; Lanius; Mota- ABCAC: Certhia; cilla; Panurus; Serinus; Sturnus; Sylvia; ABCAD: Bombycilla; Erithacus; Sturnus; Troglodytes; ACBAD: Parus; ACCAB: Loxia; 6.2. the cotyla dorsalis: ACCAD: Cettia; Pinicola; – A. semicircular: Aegithalos; Anthus; Bom- ACCBC: Aegithalos; bycilla; Calandrella; Carduelis; Certhia; ACCBD: Acrocephalus; Hippolais; Chloris; Cinclus; Erithacus; Fringilla; ADAAB: Melanocorypha; Hippolais; Lanius; Loxia; Lullula; Lus- AEABB: Delichon; cinia, Motacilla; Muscicapa, Parus; Pas- AECAD: Hirundo; ser; Phoenicurus; Phylloscopus; Plec- AECBD: Riparia; trophenax; Prunella; Pyrrhula; Regulus; BAAAC: Alauda; Remiz; Riparia; Sitta; Sturnus; Turdus; BAAAD: Galerida; Lusciniola; – B. conical: Acrocephalus; Coccothraus- BBAAD: Phoenicurus; tes; Galerida; Eremophila; Hirundo; Lo- BBBAA: Prunella; custella; Panurus; Serinus; BBBAB: Muscicapa; Panurus; – C. elongated conical: Luscinola; Sylvia; BBBAD: Anthus; Fringilla; Motacilla; – D. truncated: Alauda; Emberiza; Oenan- Pyrrhula; the; Saxicola; Troglodytes; 76 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2)

– E. asymmetrical: Delichon; Oriolus; Pi- Troglodytidae: Troglodytes DDB; nicola; Cinclidae: Cinclus DAA; Prunellidae: Prunella CAB; 6.3. the tuberculum ligamentum collatera- Laniidae: Lanius DAB; lis ventralis: Sturnidae: Sturnus DAB; – A. developed: Aegithalos; Alauda; An- Passeridae: Passer CAA; thus; Bombycilla; Calandrella; Certhia; Fringillidae: Carduelis BAB; Chlo- Cinclus; Delichon; Eremophila; Eritha ris BAB; Coccothraustes BBB; Fringilla cus; Fringilla; Galerida; Hippolais; CAA; Loxia DAA; Pinicola BEA; Pyrrhula Hirundo; Loxia; Lullula; Luscinia; Lus- AAA; Serinus DBA; ciniola; Motacilla; Muscicapa; Oenan- Emberizidae: Emberiza DDB; Plectrophe- the; Parus; Passer; Phoenicurus; Pini- nax BAA; cola; Plectrophenax; Pyrrhula; Regulus; Remiz; Riparia; Saxicola; Sitta; Serinus; AAA: Certhia; Muscicapa; Pyrrhula; Sylvia; Turdus; ABA: Hirundo; – B. undeveloped: Acrocephalus; Cardue- ABB: Locustella; lis, Chloris; Coccothraustes; Emberiza; ABD: Monticola; Lanius; Locustella; Oriolus; Panurus; ADA: Alauda; Phylloscopus; Prunella; Sturnus; Troglo- BAA: Aegithalos; Erithacus; Hippolais; dytes; Lullula; Parus; Phoenicurtus; Plectrophe- nax; Regulus; Remiz; Riparia; Sitta; Alaudidae: Alauda ADA; Calandrella BAB: Carduelis; Chloris; Phylloscopus; CAA; Eremophila DBA; Galerida BBA; BBA: Galerida; Lullula BAA; BBB: Coccothraustes; Hirundinidae: Delichon CEA; Hirundo BDA: Oenanthe; Saxicola; ABA; Riparia BAA; BEA: Pinicola; Paridae: Aegithalos BAA; Panurus DBB; BEB: Oriolus; Parus BAB; Remiz BAA; CAA: Calandrella; Fringilla; Luscinia; Certhiidae: Certhia AAA; Passer; Turdus; Sittidae: Sitta BAA; CAB: Prunella; Muscicapidae: Erithacus BAA; Luscinia CEA: Delichon; CAA; Muscicapa AAA; Oenanthe BDA; DAA: Anthus; Bombycilla; Cinclus: Loxia; Phoenicurus BAA; Saxicola BDA; Motacilla; Turdidae: Turdus CAA; DAB: Lanius; Sturnus; Oriolidae: Oriolus DEB; DBA: Eremophila; Serinus; Sylviidae: Acrocephalus DBB; Hippolais DBB: Acrocephalus; BAA; Locustella ABB; Lusciniola DCA; DBB: Panurus; Phylloscopus BAB; Regulus BAA; Sylvia DCA: Lusciniola; Sylvia; DCA; DDB: Emberiza; Troglodytes; Motacillidae: Anthus DAA; Motacilla DAA; Bombycillidae: Bombycilla DAA; J. Kessler 77

7. Ulna (distal epiphysis) (Figure 10, Plate Fringilla, Galerida; Hirundo; Locus- 25–28, Table 5) tella; Lullula; Lusciniola; Parus; Phoe- nicurus; Phylloscopus; Plectrophenax; 7.1. the shape of the condylus dorsalis: Regulus; Remiz; Serinus; Sitta; Troglo- – A. pointed cone: Aegithalos; Calandrel- dytes; la; Carduelis; Delichon; Emberiza; Ere- – C. rounded: Alauda; Bombycilla; Cardu- mophila; Galerida; Loxia; Lusciniola; elis; Certhia; Coccothraustes; Erithacus; Phylloscopus; Regulus; Riparia; Sitta; Erithacus; Hippolais; Lanius; Luscinia; Sylvia; Turdus; Motacilla; Muscicapa; Oenanthe; Orio- – B. blunted cone: Acrocephalus; Alauda; lus; Panurus; Passer; Pinicola; Prunel- Anthus; Chloris; Cinclus; Coccothraustes; la; Pyrrhula, Saxicola; Sturnus; Turdus; Erithacus; Fringilla; Hippolais; Hirun- do; Lanius; Locustella; Lullula; Luscinia; 7.4. the shape of the tuberculum carpale: Motacilla, Parus; Phoenicurus; Pinicola; – A. semicircular: Aegithalos; Alauda; Plectrophenax; Prunella; Pyrrhula; Re Bombycilla, Calandrella; Certhia; Chlo- miz; Saxicola; Serinus; Troglodytes; ris; Coccothraustes; Emberiza; Ere- – C. rounded: Bombycilla; Certhia; Musci- mophila; Erithacus; Fringilla, Galeri- capa, Oenanthe; Oriolus; Panurus; Pas- da; Hippolais; Hirundo; Lanius; Loxia; ser; Sturnus; Lullula; Luscinia; Lusciniola; Muscica- pa, Panurus; Passer; Pinicola; Plectro- 7.2. the shape of the sulcus intercondy- phenax; Pyrrhula; Serinus; Sitta; Stur- laris: nus; Sylvia; Troglodytes; Turdus; – A. curved: Acrocephalus; Anthus; Ca- – B. conical: Phoenicurus; Phylloscopus; landrella; Cinclus; Delichon; Emberi- – C. asymmetrical: Acrocephalus; Anthus; za; Eremophila; Erithacus; Fringilla; Carduelis; Delichon; Locustella; Mota- Galerida; Hippolais, Lanius; Locustel- cilla; Oenenthe; Oriolus; Parus; Prunel- la; Loxia; Lullula; Luscinia; Lusciniola; la; Remiz; Riparia; Saxicola; Oriolus; Parus; Phoenicurus; Phyllosco- – D. truncated: Cinclus; Regulus; pus, Plectrophenax; Prunella; Pyrrhula; Regulus; Remiz; Saxicola; Serinus; Sitta; Alaudidae: Alauda BCCA; Calandrel- Sylvia; Troglodytes; Turdus; la AAAA; Eremophila AABA; Galerida – B. asymmetrically curved: Aegithalos; AABA; Lullula BABA; Carduelis; Riparia; Hirundinidae: Delichon AAAC; Hirundo – C. pointed: Alauda; Bombycilla; Cer- BCBA; Riparia ABAC; thia; Chloris; Coccothraustes; Hirundo; Paridae: Aegithalos ABBA; Panurus Motacilla; Muscicapa; Oenanthe; Pa- CCCA; Parus BABC; Remiz BABC; nurus; Passer; Pinicola; Sturnus; Certhiidae: Certhia CCCA; Sittidae: Sitta AABA; 7.3. the shape of the condylus ventralis: Muscicapidae: Erithacus BACA; Lusci- – A. conical: Calandrella; Delichon; Em- nia BACA; Muscicapa CCCA; Oenan- beriza; Loxia; Riparia; Sylvia; the CCCC; Phoenicurus BABB; Saxicola – B. blunt cone: Acrocephalus; Aegithalos; BACC; Anthus; Chloris; Cinclus; Eremophila; Turdidae: Turdus AACA; 78 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2)

Oriolidae: Oriolus CACC; BCCA: Alauda; Coccothraustes; Pinicola; Sylviidae: Acrocephalus BABC; Hippo- BCCC: Motacilla; lais BACA; Locustella BABC; Luscinio- CACC: Oriolus; la AABA; Phylloscopus AABB; Regulus CCCA: Bombycilla; Certhia; Muscicapa; AABD; Sylvia AAAA; Panurus; Passer; Sturnus; Motacillidae: Anthus BABC; Motacilla CCCC: Oenanthe; BCCC; Bombycillidae: Bombycilla CCCA; 8. Carpometacarpus (Figure 11–12, Plate Troglodytidae: Troglodytes BABA; 29–32, Table 6) Cinclidae: Cinclus BABD; Prunellidae: Prunella BACC; 8.1. the shape of the a trochlea carpalis: Laniidae: Lanius BACA; – A. semicircle: Acrocephalus; Aegithalos; Sturnidae: Sturnus CCCA; Anthus; Calandrella; Carduelis; Erit- Passeridae: Passer CCCA; hacus; Fringilla; Galerida; Hirundo; Fringillidae: Carduelis ABCC; Chloris Loxia; Motacilla; Oenanthe; Oriolus; BCBA; Coccothraustes BCCA; Fringil- Parus; Passer; Phoenicurus; Plectrophe- la BABA; Loxia AAAA; Pinicola BCCA; nax; Regulus; Saxicola; Sylvia; Turdus; Pyrrhula BACA; Serinus BABA; – B. symmetrically cone: Delichon; Prunella; Emberizidae: Emberiza AAAA; Plectro- – C. symmetrically blunt cone: Alauda; phenax BABA; Bombycilla; Chloris; Coccothraustes; Emberiza; Eremophila; Hippolais; Lani- AAAA: Calandrella; Emberiza; Loxia; Syl- us; Locustella; Lullula; Luscinia; Mon- via; ticola; Muscicapa; Pinicola; Pyrrhula; AAAC: Delichon; Riparia; Serinus; Sitta; Sturnus; Troglo- AABA: Eremophila; Galerida; Luscinio- dytes; la; Sitta; – D. asymmetrically cone: Certhia; AABB: Phylloscopus; Cinclus; Panurus; Phylloscopus; AABD: Regulus; AACA: Turdus; 8.2. the form of the processus extensorius: ABAC: Riparia; – A. straight pointy cone: Aegithalos; Hip- ABBA: Aegithalos; polais; Luscinia; Parus; Regulus ABCC: Carduelis; – B. slanting pointy cone: Certhia; Cinclus; ACBB: Erithacus; Coccothraustes; Hirundo; BABA: Fringilla; Lullula; Plectrophenax; – C. straight blunt cone: Acrocephalus; Serinus; Troglodytes; Alauda; Anthus; Emberiza; Erithacus; BABB: Phoenicurus; Loxia; Lullula; Motacilla; Muscicapa; BABC: Acrocephalus; Anthus; Locustella; Phylloscopus; Plectrophenax; Prunella; Parus; Remiz; Pyrrhula; Saxicola; BABD: Cinclus; – D. leaning blunt cone: Bombycilla; Ca- BACA: Erithacus; Hippolais; Lanius; Lus- landrella; Cinclus; Delichon; Eremophila; cinia; Luscinia; Pyrrhula; Lanius; Locustella; Monticola; Oriolus; BACC: Prunella; Saxicola; Passer; Pinicola; Serinus, Sitta; Sturnus; BCBA: Chloris; Hirundo; Troglodytes; Turdus; J. Kessler 79

– E. rounded tips: Carduelis; Chloris; Em- 8.4. the character of the protuberantia beriza; Fringilla; Loxia; Oenanthe; Pa- metacarpale majus: nurus; Sylvia; – A. advanced cone-shaped: Aegithalos; Bombycilla; Cinclus; Hirundo; Musci- – F. asymmetrically: Galerida; Phoenicu- capa; Phylloscopus; Pinicola; Pyrrhula; rus; Riparia; Regulus; Riparia; Sitta; – B. advanced blunt cone-shaped: Certhia; 8.3. the shape of the processus alularis: Delichon; Monticola; Passer; Prunella; – A. rectangular: Acrocephalus; Alauda; – C. undeveloped conical: Acrocephalus; Anthus; Chloris; Erithacus; Hippolais; Alauda; Anthus; Calandrella; Cardue- Hirundo; Lanius; Loxia; Lullula; Mota lis; Chloris; Coccothraustes; Eremophi- cilla; Oenanthe; Phylloscopus; Plectro- la; Fringilla; Galerida; Hippolais; Loxia; phenax; Saxicola; Serinus; Turdus; Luscinia; Motacilla; Panurus; Parus; – B. rounded rectangular: Calandrella; Phoenicurus; Saxicola; Serinus; Sturnus; Carduelis; Delichon; Eremophila; Frin- – D. undeveloped flattened: Emberiza; gilla; Monticola; Panurus; Phoenicurus; Erithacus; Locustella; Lullula; Oriolus; Pinicola; Prunella; Sturnus; Plectrophenax; Sylvia; Turdus; – C. conical: Aegithalos; Bombycilla; Cin – E. miss: Lanius; Oenanthe; Troglodytes; clus; Coccothraustes; Galerida; Lusci nia; Oriolus; Parus; Passer; Pyrrhula; 8.5. the shape of the facies articularis di- Riparia; Sitta; Troglodytes; gitale minor: – D. irregular: Certhia; Emberiza; Locus- – A. pointly concave: Acrocephalus; Alauda; tella; Muscicapa; Regulus; Sylvia; Erithacus; Hippolais; Luscinia; Oenan the; Panurus; Pinicola; Prunella; Sylvia; 8.4. the form of the fovea subalularis: Turdus; – A. conical groove: Aegithalos; Alauda; – B. rounded: Aegithalos; Carduelis; Cer- Erithacus; Hippolais; Luscinia; Motacil- thia; Cinclus; Locustella; Loxia; Lullula; la; Panurus; Passer; Phoenicurus; Phyl- Passer; Phylloscopus; Plectrophenax; loscopus; Pinicola; Prunella; Pyrrhula; – C. cut-off: Anthus; Chloris; Coccothraus- Saxicola; Sylvia; tes; Galerida; Motacilla; Oriolus; Parus; – B. irregular conical groove: Acrocepha- Pyrrhula; Riparia; Troglodytes; lus; Anthus; Calandrella; Galerida; Lul- – D. wavy: Bombycilla; Emberiza; Phoeni- lula; Plectrophenax; curus; Saxicola; Serinus; – C. trapezoidal groove: Bombycilla; Certhia; – E. concave: Calandrella; Delichon; Ere- Emberiza; Eremophila; Hirundo; Lanius; mophila; Fringilla; Hirundo; Lanius; Monticola; Muscicapa; Sitta; Sturnus; Monticola; Muscicapa; Regulus; Sitta; – D. irregular trapezoidal groove: Cocco Sturnus; thraustes; Riparia; Serinus; – E. semicircular groove: Cinclus; Deli- Alaudidae: Alauda CCAACA; Calandrella chon; Regulus; Turdus; ADBBCE; Eremophila CDBCCE; Galerida – F. miss: Carduelis; Chloris; Fringilla; AFCBCC; Lullula CCABDB; Locustella; Loxia; Oenanthe; Oriolus; Hirundinidae: Delichon BDBEBE; Hirun- Parus; Troglodytes; do ABACAE; Riparia CFCDAC; 80 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2)

Paridae: Aegithalos AACAAB; Panurus ADCABB: Passer; DEBACA; Parus ADCFCC; ADCFCC: Parus; Certhiidae: Certhia DBDCBB; ADCFDC: Oriolus; Sittidae: Sitta CDCBAE; AEAFEA: Oenanthe; Muscicapidae: Erithacus ACAADA; Lusci- AEBFCB: Carduelis; nia CACACA Monticola CDBCBE; Musci- AEBFCE: Fringilla; capa CCDCAE; Oenanthe AEAFEA; Phoe- AEDADA: Sylvia; nicurus AFBACD; Saxicola ACAACD; AFBACD: Phoenicurus; Turdidae: Turdus ADAEDA; AFCBCC: Galerida; Oriolidae: Oriolus ADCFDC; BCBBBA: Prunella; Sylviidae: Acrocephalus ACABCA; Hippo- BDBEBE: Delichon; lais CAAACA; Locustella CDDFDB; Phyl- CAAACA: Hippolais; loscopus DCAAAB; Regulus AADEAE; CACACA: Luscinia; Sylvia AEDADA; CBCDCC: Coccothraustes; Motacillidae: Anthus ACABCC; Motacilla CCAACA: Alauda; ACAACC; CCABDB: Lullula; Bombycillidae: Bombycilla CDCCAD; CCCAAC: Pyrrhula; Troglodytidae: Troglodytes CDCFEC; CCDCAE: Muscicapa; Cinclidae: Cinclus DBCEAB: CCDCED: Emberiza; Prunellidae: Prunella BCBABA; CDACEE: Lanius; Laniidae: Lanius CDACEE; CDBAAA: Pinicola; Sturnidae: Sturnus CDBCCE; CDBCBE: Monticola; Passeridae: Passer ADCABB; CDBDCD: Serinus; Fringillidae: Carduelis AEBFCB; Chloris CDBCCE: Eremophila; Sturnus; CFAFCC; Coccothraustes CBCDCC; Frin- CDCBAE: Sitta; gilla AEBFCE; Loxia ACAFCB; Pinico- CDCCAD: Bombycilla; la CDBAAA; Pyrrhula CCCAAC; Serinus CDCFEC: Troglodytes; CDBDCD; CDDFDB: Locustella; Emberizidae: Emberiza CCDCEDD; Plec- CEDAAB: Aegithalos; trophenax ACABDB; CFAFCC: Chloris; CFCDAC: Riparia; AACAAB: Aegithalos; DBCEAB: Cinclus; AADEAE: Regulus; DBDCBB: Certhia; ABACAE: Hirundo; DCAAAB: Phylloscopus; ACAACC: Motacilla; DEBACA: Panurus; ACAACD: Saxicola; ACAADA: Erithacus; 9. Phalanx proximalis digiti majoris ACABCA: Acrocephalus; (Figure 13, Plate 33–36, Table 7) ACABCC: Anthus; ACABDB: Plectrophenax; 9.1. the form of the margo proximalis: ACAFCB: Loxia; – A. strongly bulging: Acrocephalus; Aegi ADAEDA: Turdus; thalos; Anthus; Calandrella; Cardue- ADBBCE: Calandrella; lis; Certhia; Cettia; Coccothraustes; J. Kessler 81

Eremophilla; Erithacus; Lanius; Loxia; – C. flattened: Alauda; Galerida; Prunella; Lullula; Motacilla; Muscicapa; Parus; Serinus; Phylloscopus; Prunella; Sylvia; – D. rounded: Anthus; Bombycilla; Cardu- – B. weakly bulging: Alauda; Bombycilla; elis; Certhia; Delichon; Fringilla; Hirun- Chloris; Delichon; Emberiza; Fringilla; do; Luscinia; Motacilla; Plectrophenax; Galerida; Hippolais; Hirundo; Montico- Pinicola; Riparia; la; Oenanthe; Oriolus; Phoenicurus; Pi- nicola; Pyrrhula; Regulus; Riparia; Saxi- 9.4. the character of the margo dorsalis: cola; Serinus; Sitta; Sturnus; Turdus; – A. rounded: Eremophilla; Galerida; Hip- – C. concave: Locustella; Lusciniola; Trog- polais; Lullula; Monticola; Oriolus; lodytes; Pyrrhula; – D. wavy: Cinclus; Luscinia; – B. straight: Anthus; Lanius; Loxia; Mus- – E. flattened:Passer; Plectrophenax; cicapa; Phylloscopus; Pinicola; Prunel- la; Sitta; Troglodytes; 9.2. the form of the tuberculum ventralis: – C. wavy: Acrocephalus; Aegithalos; Ala- – A. rounded: Alauda; Anthus; Certhia; uda; Bombycilla; Calandrella; Carduelis; Eremophilla; Erithacus; Fringilla; Hip- Certhia; Cettia; Chloris; Cinclus; Coc- polais; Lanius; Locustella; Loxia; Lus- cothraustes; Delichon; Emberiza; Eritha- cinia; Motacilla; Muscicapa; Parus; cus; Fringilla; Hirundo; Locustella; Lus- Phoenicurus; Phylloscopus; Pyrrhula; cinia; Lusciniola; Motacilla; Oenanthe; Regulus; Serinus; Sitta; Sturnus; Troglo- Parus; Passer; Phoenicurus; Plectrophe- dytes; Turdus; nax; Regulus; Riparia; Saxicola; Serinus; – B. flattened: Emberiza; Lullula; Plectro- Sturnus; Sylvia; Turdus; phenax; – C. upwards protruding: Acrocephalus; 9.5. the character of the margo distalis: Aegithalos; Bombycilla; Carduelis; Cet- – A. rounded: Acrocephalus; Aegithalos; tia; Chloris; Cinclus; Coccothraustes; Alauda; Calandrella; Carduelis; Certhia; Delichon; Galerida; Hirundo; Luscinio- Cinclus; Eremophilla; Galerida; Locus- la; Monticola; Oriolus; Passer; Prunella; tella; Loxia; Lullula; Lusciniola; Mota- Riparia; Sylvia; cilla; Oenanthe; Oriolus; Passer; Phoe- – D. conical: Calandrella; Oenanthe; Pini- nicurus; Prunella; Pyrrhula; Saxicola; cola; Saxicola; Sturnus; Sylvia; – B. flattened:Chloris; Emberiza; Hippola- 9.3. the form of the tuberculum dorsalis: is; Lanius; Monticola; Pinicola; Regulus; – A. conical: Acrocephalus; Aegithalos; Cet- – C. wavy: Anthus; Bombycilla; Cettia; Coc- tia; Cinclus; Chloris; Coccothraustes; Em- cothraustes; Delichon; Erithacus; Fringil- beriza; Eremophilla; Erithacus; Hippolais; la; Hirundo; Luscinia; Muscicapa; Parus; Locustella; Loxia; Lusciniola; Montico- Phylloscopus; Plectrophenax; Riparia; Se- la; Muscicapa; Oenanthe; Oriolus; Parus; rinus; Sitta; Troglodytes; Turdus; Passer; Phoenicurus; Pyrrhula; Regulus; Saxicola; Sitta; Troglodytes; Turdus; Alaudidae: Alauda BACCA; Calandrella – B. hook shaped: Calandrella; Lanius; ADBCA; Eremophila AAAAA; Galerida Lullula; Phylloscopus; Sturnus; Sylvia; BCCAA; Lullula ABBAA; 82 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2)

Hirundinidae: Delichon BCDCC; Hirundo ACACA: Acrocephalus; Aegithalos; BCDCC; Riparia BCDCC; ACACC: Cettia; Coccothraustes; Paridae: Aegithalos ACACA; Parus ACBCA: Sylvia; AAACC; ACCBA: Prunella; Certhiidae: Certhia AADCA; ACDCA: Carduelis; Sittidae: Sitta BAABC; ADBCA: Calandrella; Muscicapidae: Erithacus AAACC; Lusci- BAAAA: Pyrrhula; nia DADCC; Monticola BCAAB; Muscica- BAAAB: Hippolais; pa AAABC; Oenanthe BDACA; Phoenicu- BAABC: Sitta; rus BAACA; Saxicola BDACA; BAACA: Phoenicurus; Turdidae: Turdus BAACC; BAACB: Regulus; Oriolidae: Oriolus BCAAA; BAACC: Turdus; Sylviidae: Acrocephalus ACACA; Cet- BABCA: Sturnus; tia ACACC; Hippolais BAAAB; Locustel- BACCA: Alauda; la CAACA; Lusciniola CCACA; Phyllos- BACCC: Serinus; copus AABBC; Regulus BAACB; Sylvia BADCC: Fringilla; ACBCA; BBACB: Emberiza; Motacillidae: Anthus AADBC; Motacilla BCAAA: Oriolus; AADCA; BCAAB: Monticola; Bombycillidae: Bombycilla BCDCC; BCACB: Chloris; Troglodytidae: Troglodytes CAABC; BCCAA: Galerida; Cinclidae: Cinclus DCACA: BCDCC: Bombycilla; Delichon; Hirundo; Prunellidae: Prunella ACCBA; Riparia; Laniidae: Lanius AABBB; BDACA: Oenanthe; Saxicola; Sturnidae: Sturnus BABCA; BDDBB: Pinicola; Passeridae: Passer ECACA; CAABC: Troglodytes; Fringillidae: Carduelis ACDCA; Chloris CAACA: Locustella; BCACB; Coccothraustes ACACC; Frin- CCACA: Lusciniola; gilla BADCC; Loxia AAABA; Pinico- DADCC: Luscinia; la BDDBB; Pyrrhula BAAAA; Serinus DCACA: Cinclus; BACCC; EBDCC: Plectrophenax; Emberizidae: Emberiza BBACB; Plectro- ECACA: Passer; phenax EBDCC; 10. Femur (distal epiphysis) (Figure 14, AAAAA: Eremophila; Plate 37–40, Table 8) AAABA: Loxia; AAABC: Muscicapa; 10.1. the shape of the condylus medialis: AAACC: Erithacus; Parus; – A. semicircle: Aegithalos; Bombycilla; AABBB: Lanius; Calandrella; Carduelis; Certhia; Cet- AABBC: Phylloscopus; tia; Cinclus; Coccothraustes; Delichon; AADCA: Certhia; Motacilla; Erithacus; Galerida; Hippolais; Hirun- AADBC: Anthus; do; Locustella; Loxia; Lullula; Montico- ABBAA: Lullula; la; Motacilla; Oriolus; Parus; Passer; J. Kessler 83

Phoenicurus; Phylloscopus; Pinicola; – C. conical: Calandrella; Emberiza; Frin- Regulus; Sitta; Sturnus; Troglodytes gilla; Locustella; Lusciniola; Plectrophe- – B. blunt cone: Alauda; Anthus; Chloris; nax; Riparia; Saxicola; Emberiza; Eremophila; Fringilla; Lani- us; Luscinia; Lusciniola; Oenanthe; Plec- 10.4. the form of the epicondylus medialis: trophenax; Prunella; Pyrrhula; Remiz; Ri- – A. pointedly protruding: Acrocephalus; paria; Saxicola; Serinus; Sylvia; Turdus; Calandrella; Coccothraustes; Delichon; – C. asymmetrically: Acrocephalus; Fringilla; Hippolais; Parus; Phyllosco- pus; Pinicola; Serinus; Sturnus; 10.2. the character of the sulcus intercon- – B. rounded protruding: Cettia; Emberi dylaris: za; Eremophila; Erithacus; Galerida; Lo- – A. deeply concave: Acrocephalus; Aegi custella; Luscinia; Monticola; Passer; thalos; Alauda; Calandrella; Carduelis; Pyrrhula; Regulus; Saxicola; Troglodytes; Cettia; Chloris; Cinclus; Eremophila; – C. bulging: Aegithalos; Alauda; Anthus; Erithacus; Fringilla; Lanius; Locustella; Bombycilla; Carduelis; Certhia; Cinclus; Lullula; Monticola; Motacilla; Oenan- Loxia; Lullula; Motacilla; Oriolus; Phoe- the; Oriolus; Phoenicurus; Phylloscopus; nicurus; Plectrophenax; Remiz; Sitta; Pinicola; Pyrrhula; Saxicola; Sturnus; – D. not arching: Chloris; Hirundo; Lanius; Troglodytes; Lusciniola; Oenanthe; Prunella; Riparia; – B. weakly concave: Certhia; Delichon; Sylvia; Turdus; Emberiza; Galerida; Hippolais; Hirun- do; Loxia; Lusciniola; Parus; Prunella; 10.5. the form of the epicondylus lateralis: Regulus; Remiz; Serinus; Sylvia; – A. conical protruding: Acrocephalus; Em- – C. asymmetrically concave: Anthus; Lus- beriza; Fringilla; Passer; cinia; Passer; Riparia; – B. rounded protruding: Alauda; Caland- – D. flattened: Coccothraustes; Plectrophe- rella; Carduelis; Loxia; Lullula; Parus; nax; Sitta; Turdus; Phylloscopus; Pinicola; Plectrophenax; – E. wavy: Bombycilla; Prunella; Pyrrhula; Serinus; – C. bulging: Aegithalos; Anthus; Bombycil- 10.3. the shape of the condylus lateralis: la; Chloris; Cinclus; Coccothraustes; De- – A. broadly rounded: Acrocephalus; An- lichon; Eremophila; Erithacus; Hippolais; thus; Certhia; Cettia; Chloris; Eremo- Hirundo; Lanius; Locustella; Loxia; Lus- phila; Delichon; Galerida; Hippolais; cinia; Lusciniola; Monticola; Motacilla; Hirundo; Oenanthe; Oriolus; Passer; Oenanthe; Regulus; Remiz; Riparia; Syl- Phylloscopus; Prunella; Pyrrhula; Re via; Sitta; Sturnus; Troglodytes; Turdus; miz; Sturnus; Sylvia; Turdus; – D. not arching: Certhia; Cettia; Galerida; – B. rounded: Aegithalos; Alauda; Bomby- Oriolus; Phoenicurus; Saxicola; cilla; Carduelis; Cinclus; Coccothraus tes; Erithacus; Lanius; Loxia; Lullula; Alaudidae: Alauda BABCB; Calandrella Luscinia; Monticola; Motacilla; Parus; AACAB; Eremophila BAABC; Galerida Phoenicurus; Pinicola; Regulus; Serinus; ABABD; Lullula AABCB; Sitta; Troglodytes; Hirundinidae: Delichon ABAAC; Hirun- do ADADC; Riparia BCCDC; 84 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2)

Paridae: Aegithalos AABCC; Parus ABABD: Galerida; ABBAB; Remiz BBACC; ABACD: Certhia; Certhiidae: Certhia ABACD; ABBAB: Parus; Sittidae: Sitta ADBCC; ABBCC: Loxia; Muscicapidae: Erithacus AABBC; Lusci ABBDC: Regulus; nia DABBC; Monticola ACBBC; Oenan- ACABA: Passer; the BAADC; Phoenicurus AABCD; Saxi- ACBBC: Monticola; cola BBABD; ACBDC: Sylvia; Turdidae: Turdus BDADC; ADADC: Hirundo; Oriolidae: Oriolus AAACD; ADBAC: Coccothraustes; Sylviidae: Acrocephalus CAAAA; Cet- ADBCC: Sitta; tia AAABD; Hippolais ABAAC; Locustel- AEBCC: Bombycilla; la AACBC; Lusciniola BBCDC; Phyllos- BAABB: Pyrrhula; copus AAAAB; Regulus ABBBC; Sylvia BAABC: Eremophila; ACBDC; BAADC: Chloris; Oenanthe; Motacillidae: Anthus BCACC; Motacilla BACAA: Fringilla; AABCC; BABCB: Alauda; Bombycillidae: Bombycilla AEBCC; BABCC: Remiz; Troglodytidae: Troglodytes AABBC; BABDC: Lanius; Cinclidae: Cinclus AABCC; BBABD: Prunella; Saxicola; Prunellidae: Prunella BBADB; BBBAB: Serinus; Laniidae: Lanius BABDC; BBCBA: Emberiza; Sturnidae: Sturnus AAAAC; BBCDC: Lusciniola; Passeridae: Passer ACABA; BCACC: Anthus; Fringillidae: Carduelis AABCB; Chloris BCCDC: Riparia; BAADC; Coccothraustes ADBAC; Fringilla BDADC: Turdus; BACAA; Loxia ABBCC; Pinicola AABAB; BDCCB: Plectrophenax; Pyrrhula BAABB; Serinus BBBAB; CAAAA: Acrocephalus; Emberizidae: Emberiza BBCBA; Plectro- DABBC: Luscinia; phenax BDCCB; 11. Tibiotarsus (distal epiphysis) (Figure AAAAB: Phylloscopus; 15, Plate 41–44, Table 9) AAAAC: Sturnus; AAABD: Cettia; 11.1. the shape of the epicondylus medialis: AAACD: Oriolus; – A. blunt cone: Alauda; Acrocephalus; Aegi AABAB: Pinicola; thalos; Bombycilla; Calandrella; Certhia; AABBC: Erithacus; Troglodytes; Coccothraustes; Emberiza; Eremophila; AABCB: Carduelis; Lullula; Erithacus; Fringilla; Hippolais; Lanius; AABCC: Aegithalos; Cinclus: Motacilla; Loxia; Luscinia; Monticola; Motacilla; AABCD: Phoenicurus; Muscicapa; Oenanthe; Oriolus; Parus; AACAB: Calandrella; Passer; Phoenicurus; Pinicola; Plectro- AACBC: Locustella; phenax; Pyrrhula; Remiz; Saxicola; Seri- ABAAC: Delichon; Hippolais; nus; Sitta; Sturnus; Troglodytes; Turdus; J. Kessler 85

– B. conical: Cinclus; Locustella; Luscinio- 11.4. the character of the tuberositas re- la; Prunella; tinaculi: – C. rounded: Anthus; Carduelis; Delichon; – A. below pointly protruding: Acrocepha- Galerida; Hirundo; Lullula; Melanoco- lus; Anthus; Locustella; Melanocorypha; rypha; Phylloscopus; Regulus; Riparia; Motacilla; Phylloscopus; Sylvia; Sylvia; – B. below rounded protruding: Certhia; Cinclus; Erithacus; Galerida; Hippola- 11.2. the shape of the epicondylus lateralis: is; Loxia; Luscinia; Lusciniola; Montico- – A. rounded; Alauda; Cinclus; Erithacus; la; Oenanthe; Plectrophenax; Prunella; Hirundo; Lullula; Luscinia; Monticola; Pyrrhula; Remiz; Sitta; Parus; Phylloscopus; Riparia; Saxicola; – C. below weakly rounded: Alauda; Ca- Sturnus; Troglodytes; landrella; Delichon; Fringilla; Passer; – B. blunt cone: Aegithalos; Bombycilla; Pinicola; Serinus; Calandrella; Carduelis; Coccothraustes; – D. high pointly protruding: Emberiza; Delichon; Eremophila; Fringilla; Gale- Lullula; Saxicola; Turdus; rida; Hippolais; Lanius; Loxia; Luscini- – E. high rounded protruding: Aegithalos; ola; Motacilla; Muscicapa; Oriolus; Pas- Bombycilla; Carduelis; Coccothraustes; ser; Phoenicurus; Pinicola; Prunella; Eremophila; Lanius; Muscicapa; Parus; Pyrrhula; Regulus; Remiz; Serinus; Sitta; Phoenicurus; Regulus; Remiz; Riparia; Sylvia; Turdus; Sturnus; Troglodytes; – C. conical: Acrocephalus; Anthus; Embe- – F. miss: Hirundo; Oriolus; riza; Locustella; Melanocorypha; Oenan- the; Plectrophenax; Alaudidae: Alauda AABC; Calandrella – D. hook shape: Certhia; ABBC; Eremophila ABBE; Galerida CBBB; Lullula CADD; Melanocorypha CCBA; 11.3. the form of the incisura intercondylaris: Hirundinidae: Delichon CBAC; Hirundo – A. wavy: Acrocephalus; Aegithalos; Coc- CAEF; Riparia CACE; cothraustes; Delichon; Fringilla; Hippo- Paridae: Aegithalos ABAE; Parus AAAE; lais; Lanius; Loxia; Lusciniola; Motacil- Remiz ABAE; la; Muscicapa; Oriolus; Parus; Passer; Certhiidae: Certhia ADDB; Pinicola; Pyrrhula; Regulus; Remiz; Se- Sittidae: Sitta ABAB; rinus; Sitta; Sturnus; Sylvia; Troglodytes; Muscicapidae: Erithacus AADB; Lusci- – B. deeply arched: Alauda; Bombycilla; nia AADB; Monticola AADB; Muscica- Calandrella; Carduelis; Eremophila; Ga- pa ABAE; Oenanthe AADB; Phoenicurus lerida; Melanocorypha; ABCE; Saxicola AADD; – C. asymmetrically arched: Phoenicurus; Turdidae: Turdus ABCD; Prunella; Turdus; Locustella; Phyllosco- Oriolidae: Oriolus ABAF; pus; Riparia; Sylviidae: Acrocephalus ACAA; Hippo- – D. asymmetrically wavy: Anthus; Cer- lais ABAB; Locustella BCCA; Luscinio- thia; Emberiza; Erithacus; Lullula; Lus- la BBAB; Phylloscopus CACA; Regulus cinia; Monticola; Oenanthe; Plectrophe- CBAE; Sylvia CBAA; nax; Saxicola; Motacillidae: Anthus CCDA; Motacilla – E. flattened:Cinclus; Hirundo; ABAA; 86 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2)

Bombycillidae: Bombycilla ABBE; CBAC: Delichon; Troglodytidae: Troglodytes AAAE; CBAE: Regulus; Cinclidae: Cinclus BAEB; CBBA: Melanocorypha; Prunellidae: Prunella BBCB; CBBB: Galerida; Laniidae: Lanius ABAE; CBBE: Carduelis; Sturnidae: Sturnus AAAE; CCDA: Anthus; Passeridae: Passer BBAC; Fringillidae: Carduelis CBBE; Cocco- 12. Tarsometatarsus (distal epiphysis) thraustes ABAE; Fringilla ABAC; Loxia (Figure 16, Plate 45–48, Table 10) ABAB; Pinicola ABAC; Pyrrhula ABAB; Serinus ABAC; 12.1. the character of the margo medialis: Emberizidae: Emberiza ACDD; Plectro- – A. straight: Anthus; Calandrella; Deli- phenax ACDB; chon; Emberiza; Erithacus; Hippolais; Hi- rundo; Lanius; Loxia; Luscinia; Montico- AAAE: Parus; Sturnus; Troglodytes; la; Motacilla; Oenanthe; Oriolus; Passer; AABC: Alauda; Pinicola; Prunella; Regulus; Saxicola; AADB: Erithacus; Luscinia; Monticola; – B. wavy: Alauda; Bombycilla; Cardue- Oenanthe; lis; Cettia; Chloris; Coccothraustes; Ere- AADD: Saxicola; mophila; Fringilla; Galerida; Locustel- ABAA: Motacilla; la; Lullula; Lusciniola; Melanocorypha; ABAB: Hippolais; Loxia; Pyrrhula; Sitta; Muscicapa; Phoenicurus; Plectrophenax; ABAC: Fringilla; Pinicola; Serinus; Pyrrhula; Remiz; Riparia; Sylvia; Troglo- ABAE: Aegithalos; Coccothraustes; Lanius; dytes; Turdus; Muscicapa; Remiz; – C. bulging: Certhia; Sitta; ABAF: Oriolus; – D. concave: Acrocephalus; Aegithalos; ABBC: Calandrella; Parus; Phylloscopus; Sturnus; ABBE: Bombycilla; Eremophila; ABCD: Turdus; 12.2. the shape of the troclea metatarsi II.: ABCE: Phoenicurus; – A. with cut-off end: Anthus; Carduelis; ACAA: Acrocephalus; Chloris; Coccothraustes; Delichon; Frin- ACDB: Plectrophenax; gilla; alerida; Hirundo; Lullula; Melano- ACDD: Emberiza; corypha; Monticola; Motacilla; Passer; ADDB: Certhia; Phoenicurus; Plectrophenax; Prunella; BAEB: Cinclus; Riparia; Sturnus; Turdus; BBAC: Passer; – B. with rounded end: Acrocephalus; Aegi BBAB: Lusciniola; thalos; Alauda; Bombycilla; Calandrel- BBCB: Prunella; la; Emberiza; Eremophila; Lusciniola; BCCA: Locustella; Muscicapa; Oenanthe; Oriolus; Regulus; CACA: Phylloscopus; Remiz; Saxicola; Sitta; Troglodytes; CACE: Riparia; – C. asymmetrically: Certhia; Cettia; Lo- CADD: Lullula; custella; Loxia; Luscinia; Parus; Phyl- CAEF: Hirundo; loscopus; Pyrrhula; CBAA: Sylvia; J. Kessler 87

– D. conical: Erithacus; Hippolais; Lanius; Hirundo; Lanius; Locustella; Loxia; Lus- Pinicola; Sylvia; ciniola; Monticola; Oenanthe; Oriolus; Parus; Passer; Pinicola; Prunella; Ripa- 12.3. the shape of the trochlea metatarsi III.: ria; Sitta; Sturnus; Sylvia; Troglodytes; – A. weakly concave: Aegithalos; Alauda; – B. wide: Acrocephalus; Anthus; Bomby- Anthus; Emberiza; Eremophila; Fringilla; cilla; Certhia; Cettia; Chloris; Erithacus; Hippolais; Hirundo; Lanius; Locustella; Galerida; Hippolais; Lullula; Luscinia; Lusciniola; Motacilla; Oriolus; Pinicola; Melanocorypha; Motacilla; Muscicapa; Plectrophenax; Prunella; Pyrrhula; Sylvia; Phoenicurus; Phylloscopus; Plectrophe- – B. concave: Acrocephalus; Bombycilla; nax; Pyrrhula; Regulus; Remiz; Saxicola; Calandrella; Carduelis; Cettia; Chloris; Turdus; Coccothraustes; Delichon; Erithacus; Ga- lerida; Loxia; Lullula; Luscinia; Melanoco- 12.6. the form of the incisura intertrochle- rypha; Monticola; Muscicapa; Oenanthe; aris lateralis: Parus; Passer; Phoenicurus; Phyllosco- – A. narow: Aegithalos; Alauda; Caland- pus; Regulus; Remiz; Riparia; Saxicola; rella; Carduelis; Chloris; Coccothraus- Sitta; Sturnus; Troglodytes; Turdus; tes; Delichon; Fringilla; Hirundo; Lul- – C. strongly concave: Certhia; lula; Locustella; Luscinia; Lusciniola; Parus; Passer; Phylloscopus; Regulus; 12.4. the shape of the trochlea metatarsi IV.: Riparia; Sitta; Sylvia; Troglodytes; – A. conical: Cettia; Chloris; Eremophila; – B. wide: Acrocephalus; Anthus; Bomby- Melanocorypha; Monticola; Motacilla; cilla; Certhia; Cettia; Emberiza; Eremo- Muscicapa; Phoenicurus; Prunella; Stur- phila; Erithacus; Galerida; Hippolais; nus; Turdus; Lanius; Loxia; Melanocorypha; Monti- – B. rounded blunt cone: Alauda; Bom- cola; Motacilla; Muscicapa; Oenanthe; bycilla; Carduelis; Certhia; Delichon; Oriolus; Phoenicurus; Pinicola; Plectro- Erithacus; Fringilla; Hirundo; Locustel- phenax; Prunella; Pyrrhula; Remiz; Saxi- la; Oenanthe; Parus; Passer; Phyllosco- cola; Sturnus; Turdus; pus; Pinicola; Plectrophenax; Pyrrhula; Remiz; Remiz; Riparia; Saxicola; Sylvia; Alaudidae: Alauda BBABAA; Calandrella Troglodytes; ABBCAA; Eremophila BBAAAB; Galeri- – C. cut-off: Acrocephalus; Aegithalos; Ca- da BABDBB; Lullula BABBBA; Melano- landrella; Coccothraustes; Emberiza; La- corypha BABABB; nius; Loxia; Lullula; Luscinia; Luscinio- Hirundinidae: Delichon AABBAA; Hi- la; Regulus; rundo AAABAA; Riparia BABBAA; – D. asymmetrically: Anthus; Hippolais; Paridae: Aegithalos DBACAA; Parus Galerida; Oriolus; Sitta; DCBBAA; Remiz BBBBBB; Certhiidae: Certhia CCCBBB; 12.5. the form of the incisura intertrochle- Sittidae: Sitta CBBDAA; aris medialis: Muscicapidae: Erithacus ADBBAB; Lusci- – A. narow: Aegithalos; Alauda; Caland- nia ACBCBA; Monticola AABAAB; Mus- rella; Carduelis; Coccothraustes; Deli- cicapa BBBABB; Oenanthe ABBBAB; chon; Emberiza; Eremophila; Fringilla; Phoenicurus BBBABB; Saxicola ABBBBB; 88 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2)

Turdidae: Turdus BABABB; BABABB: Melanocorypha; Turdus; Oriolidae: Oriolus ABADAB; BABBAA: Carduelis; Riparia; Sylviidae: Acrocephalus DBBCBB; Cettia BABBBA: Lullula; BCBABB; Hippolais ACADBB; Locustella BABCAA: Coccothraustes; BCABAA; Lusciniola BBACAA; Phyllos- BABDBB: Galerida; copus DCBBBA; Regulus ABBCBA; Syl- BBAAAB: Eremophila; via BDABAA; BBABAA: Alauda; Motacillidae: Anthus ABADBB; Motacil- BBACAA: Lusciniola; la ABAABB; BBBABB: Muscicapa; Phoenicurus; Bombycillidae: Bombycilla BBBBBB; BBBBAA: Troglodytes; Troglodytidae: Troglodytes BBBBAA; BBBBBB: Bombycilla; Remiz; Prunellidae: Prunella AAAAAB; BCABAA: Locustella; Laniidae: Lanius ABACBB; BCABBB: Pyrrhula; Sturnidae: Sturnus DABAAB; BCBABB: Cettia; Passeridae: Passer ADBBAA; BDABAA: Sylvia; Fringillidae: Carduelis BABBAA; Chlo- CBBDAA: Sitta; ris BABABA; Coccothraustes BABCAA; CCCBBB: Certhia; Fringilla BAABAA; Loxia ACBCBB; Pi- DABAAB: Sturnus; nicola ABABAB; Pyrrhula BCABBB; DBACAA: Aegithalos; Emberizidae: Emberiza ABACBB; Plec- DBBCBB: Acrocephalus; trophenax BAABBB; DCBBAA: Parus; DCBBBA: Phylloscopus; AAAAAB: Prunella; AAABAA: Hirundo; 13. Phalanx ungularis (Figure 17, Plate AABAAB: Monticola; 49–52, Table 11) AABBAA: Delichon; ABAABB: Motacilla; 13.1. the direction and the form of the tu- ABACBB: Emberiza; Lanius; berculum extensorium: ABADAB: Oriolus; – A. straight and pointed: Anthus; Cocco- ABADBB: Anthus; thraustes; Monticola; Passer; Prunella; ABBBAB: Oenanthe; Pyrrhula; Riparia; Sturnus; Turdus; ABBBBB: Saxicola; – B. straight and blunt: Aegithalos; Acro- ABBCAA: Calandrella; cephalus; Emberiza; Eremophila; Orio- ABBCBA: Regulus; lus; Phoenicurus; Phylloscopus; Pinico- ACADBB: Hippolais; la; Regulus; Saxicola; Serinus; ACBCBA: Luscinia; – C. dorsal rises and pointed: Certhia; Frin- ACBCBB: Loxia; gilla; Galerida; Muscicapa; Sitta; ADABAB: Pinicola; – D. dorsal rises and blunted: Alauda; Hippo- ADBBAA: Passer; lais; Hirundo; Luscinia; Oenanthe; Remiz; ADBBAB: Erithacus; – E. ventral available: Bombycilla; Lanius; BAABAA: Carduelis; Fringilla; Loxia; BAABBB: Plectrophenax; BABABA: Chloris; J. Kessler 89

13.2. the character of the cotyla articularis: 13.5. the form of the apex: – A. weakly concave: Acrocephalus; Aegi – A. narow: Certhia; Coccothraustes; Em- thalos; Alauda; Bombycilla; Cocco- beriza; Fringilla; Hirundo; Muscica- thraustes; Emberiza; Fringilla; Hip- pa; Oenanthe; Passer; Phoenicurus; polais; Lanius; Luscinia; Monticola; Phylloscopus; Riparia; Saxicola; Sitta; Muscicapa; Oenanthe; Oriolus; Phoeni- Turdus; curus; Phylloscopus; Pinicola; Pyrrhula; – B. stout: Acrocephalus; Aegithalos; Remiz; Riparia; Saxicola; Serinus; Sitta; Alauda; Anthus; Bombycilla; Eremophi- Sturnus; Turdus; la; Galerida: Hippolais; Lanius; Loxia; – B. strongly concave: Anthus; Certhia; Luscinia; Monticola; Oriolus; Pinico- Eremophila; Galerida; Hirundo; Loxia; la; Prunella; Pyrrhula; Regulus; Remiz; Passer; Prunella; Regulus; Serinus; Sturnus;

13.3. the shape of the tuberculum flexorium: Alaudidae: Alauda DADAB; Eremophila – A. flattened: Acrocephalus; Anthus; BBCAB; Galerida CBDAB; Bombycilla, Hirundo; Loxia; Monticola; Hirundinidae: Hirundo DBABA; Riparia Riparia; Serinus; Sturnus; AAACA; – B. concave: Aegithalos; Emberiza; Frin Paridae: Aegithalos BABBB; Remiz gilla; Muscicapa; Oenanthe; Phoeni DABBB; curus; Prunella; Pyrrhula; Remiz; Sa Certhiidae: Certhia CBDBA; xicola; Sittidae: Sitta CADBA; – C. pointedly protruding: Eremophila; Muscicapidae: Luscinia DADBB; Monti- Oriolus; cola AAABB; Muscicapa CABBA; Oenan – D. dully protruding: Alauda; Certhia; the DABBA; Phoenicurus BABBA; Saxi- Coccothraustes; Galerida; Luscinia; cola BABBA; Passer; Pinicola; Sitta; Turdus; Turdidae: Turdus AADCA; – E. wavy: Hippolais; Lanius; Phyllosco- Oriolidae: Oriolus BACCB; pus; Regulus; Sylviidae: Acrocephalus BAABB; Hippo- lais DAEBB; Phylloscopus BAEBA; Regu- 13.4. the elbow of the margo plantaris: lus BBECB; – A. weakly arched: Alauda; Eremophila; Motacillidae: Anthus ABACB; Galerida: Loxia; Pinicola; Prunella; Bombycillidae: Bombycilla EAABB; – B. symmetrically strongly arched: Acro- Prunellidae: Prunella ABBAB; cephalus; Aegithalos; Bombycilla; Cer- Laniidae: Lanius EAECB; thia; Emberiza; Hippolais; Hirundo; Sturnidae: Sturnus AAACB; Luscinia; Monticola; Muscicapa; Oenan- Passeridae: Passer ABDCA; the; Phoenicurus; Phylloscopus; Pyrrhu- Fringillidae: Coccothraustes AADCA; la; Remiz; Saxicola; Serinus; Sitta; Fringilla CABCA; Loxia EBAAB; Pini- – C. asymmetrically strongly arched: An- cola BADAB; Pyrrhula AABBB; Serinus thus; Coccothraustes; Fringilla; Lanius; BAABB; Oriolus; Passer; Regulus; Riparia; Stur- Emberizidae: Emberiza BABBA; nus; Turdus; 90 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2)

AAABB: Pyrrhula; DABBA: Oenanthe; AAACB: Sturnus; DABBB: Remiz; AAACA: Riparia; DADAB: Alauda; AAABB: Monticola; DADBB: Luscinia; AADCA: Coccothraustes; Turdus; DAEBB: Hippolais; ABACB: Anthus; DBABA: Hirundo; ABBAB: Prunella; EAABB: Bombycilla; ABDCA: Passer; EAECB: Lanius; BAABB: Acrocephalus; Serinus; EBAAB: Loxia; BABBA: Emberiza; Phoenicurus; Saxicola; BABBB: Aegithalos; BACCB: Oriolus; Acknowledgements BAEBA: Phylloscopus; BBCAB: Eremophila; The author wishes to express his gratitude BADAB: Pinicola; to Mihály Gasparik for acces to recent bird BBECB: Regulus; bone collection in the Natural History Mu- CABBA: Muscicapa; seum of Hungary Budapest, to Béla Sol- CABCA: Fringilla; ti, Tibor Pecsics and Péter Ujhelyi for their CADBA: Sitta; help in the revision of the text and to József CBDAB: Galerida; Vuts and Lóránd Abos for the language re- CBDBA: Certhia; vision. J. Kessler 91

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Könyvműhely, Miskolc, pp. 508 (in Hungarian) Figure 2 Measurement methods of bones I. 2. ábra A csontok mérési módja Figure 3 Measurement methods of bones II. 3. ábra A csontok mérési módja Figure 4 Mandibula coding sample (a – the end of the beak; b – the slot of the beak; c – the stem of the beak) 4. ábra Alsó állkapocs kódolási minta (a – a csőr vége; b – a csőr bemélyedése; c – a csőr szára) Figure 5 Coracoideum coding sample (a – the shape of the processus acrocoracoidalis; b – the shape of the acrocoracoideum; c – the form of the sulcus musculus supracoracoidei; d – the existence of the processus procoracoidalis) 5. ábra Hollócsőrcsont kódolási minta (a – a processus acrocoracoidalis alakja; b – az acrocoracoideum alakja; c – a sulcus musculus supracoracoidei formája; d – a processus procoracoidalis léte) Figure 6 Scapula coding sample (a – the lenght of the branches of the acromion; b – the similarity of the branches of the acromion; c – the shape of the apex dorsalis; d – the shape of the apex lateralis; e – the character of the pit between the branches) 6. ábra Lapocka kódolási minta (a – az acromion szárainak a hossza; b – az acromion szárainak a ha- sonlósága; c – a hátoldali nyúlvány alakja; d – az oldalsó nyúlvány alakja; e – a szárak közti mélyedés formája) Figure 7 Humerus (epiph. prox.) coding sample (a – the shape of the tuberculum ventrale; b – the form of the crista bicipitalis; c – the form of the distal edge of the crista bicipitalis; d – the character of the fossa pneumotricipitalis) 7. ábra Felkarcsont (prox. epifízis) kódolási minta (a – a tuberculum ventrale alakja; b – a crista bicipitalis formája; c – a crista bicipitalis disztális élének a formája; d – a fossa pneumotricipitalis jellege) Figure 8 Humerus (epiph. dist.) coding sample (a – the form of the tuberculum supracondylare ventrale; b – the shape of the processus flexorius; c – the form of the processus supracondylaris dorsalis) 8. ábra Felkarcsont (diszt. epifízis) kódolási minta (a – a tuberculum supracondylare ventrale formája; b – a processus flexorius alakja; c – a processus supracondylaris dorsalis formája) Figure 9 Ulna (epiph. prox.) coding sample (a – the shape of the olecranon; b – the form of the cotyla dorsalis; c – the existence of the tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis) 9. ábra Singcsont (prox. epifízis) kódolási minta (a – az olecranon alakja; b – a cotyla dorsalis formája; c – a tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis léte) Figure 10 Ulna (epiph. dist.) coding sample (a – the shape of the condylus dorsalis; b – the form of the sulcus intercondylaris; c – the shape of the condylus ventralis; d – the form of the tuberculum carpale) 10. ábra Singcsont (diszt. epifízis) kódolási minta (a – a condylus dorsalis alakja; b – a sulcus intercondylaris formája; c – a condylus ventralis alakja; d – a tuberculum carpale formája) Figure 11 Carpometacarpus I. coding sample (a – the shape of the a trochlea carpalis; b – the form of the processus extensorius; c – the shape of the processus alularis) 11. ábra Kézközépcsont kódolási minta I. (a – a trochlea carpalis alakja; b – a processus extensorius formája; c – a processus alularis alakja) Figure 12 Carpometacarpus II. coding sample (d – the form of the fovea subalularis; e – the character of the protuberantia metacarpale majus; f – the shape of the facies articularis digitale minor); 12. ábra Kézközépcsont kódolási minta (d – a fovea subalularis formája; e – a protuberantia metacarpale majus jellege; f – a facies articularis digitale minor alakja) Figure 13 Phalanx proximalis digiti majoris coding sample (a – the form of the margo proximalis; b – the form of the tuberculum ventralis; c – the form of the tuberculum dorsalis; d – the character of the margo dorsalis; e – the character of the margo distalis) 13. ábra Kézujjperc kódolási minta (a – a margo proximalis formája; b – a tuberculum ventralis formája; c –a tuberculum dorsalis formája; d – a margo dorsalis jellege; e – a margo distalis jellege) Figure 14 Femur (epiph.dist.) coding sample (a – the shape of the condylus medialis; b – the character of the sulcus intercondylaris; c – the shape of the condylus lateralis; d – the form of the epicondylus medialis; e – the form of the epicondylus lateralis) 14. ábra Combcsont (diszt. epifízis) kódolási minta (a – a condylus medialis alakja; b – a sulcus intercondylaris jellege; c – a condylus lateralis alakja; d – az epicondylus medialis formája; e – az epicondylus lateralis formája) Figure 15 Tibiotarsus (epiph. dist.) coding sample (a – the shape of the epicondylus lateralis; b – the shape of the epicondylus medialis; c – the form of the incisura intercondylaris; d – the character of the tuberositas retinaculi) 15. ábra Lábszárcsont (diszt. epifízis) kódolási minta (a – az epicondylus lateralis alakja; b – az epicondylus medialis alakja; c – az incisura intercondylaris formája; d – a tuberositas retinaculi jellege) Figure 16 Tarsometatarsus (epiph. dist.) coding sample (a – the character of the margo medialis; b – the shape of the troclea metatarsi II.; c – the shape of the trochlea metatarsi III.; d – the shape of the trochlea metatarsi IV.; e – the form of the incisura intertrochlearis medialis; f – the form of the incisura intertrochlearis lateralis) 16. ábra Csüd (diszt. epifízis) kódolási minta (a – a margo medialis jellege; b – a troclea metatarsi II. alakja; c – a troclea metatarsi III. alakja; d – a troclea metatarsi IV. alakja; e – az incisura intertrochlearis medialis formája; f – az incisura intertrochlearis lateralis formája) Figure 17 Phalanx ungularis coding sample (a – the direction and the form of the tuberculum extensorium; b – the character of the cotyla articularis; c – the shape of the tuberculum flexorium; d – the elbow of the margo plantaris; e –the form of the apex) 17. ábra Karomcsont kódolási minta (a – a tuberculum extensorium iránya és formája; b – a cotyla articularis jellege; c – a tuberculum flexorium alakja; d – a margo plantaris görbülete; e – az apex alakja) 108 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2) 1.31 1.12 1.05 1.21 0.92 1.84 0.95 0.98 0.85 0.72 0.97 0.75 1.05 0.82 0.89 0.75 0.78 1.22 0.96 0.62 0.98 0.68 0.85 1.32 0.98-1.07 0.78-0.83 PB-B mm 3.59 2.72 3.39 2.91 3.57 5.74 2.99 2.53 3.43 2.58 3.32 2.97 2.61 2.15 2.64 3.76 3.19 1.38 3.18 1.43 2.17 4.47 3.01 3.05 BC mm 2.63-3.18 2.43-3.24 4.78 6.71 9.82 2.69 2.73 2.77 2.38 4.34 9.92 3.96 6.22 4.81 4.23 9.48 7.22 6.43 7.43 4.92 6.59 5.78 8.01 7.29 6.09 5.03 PL mm 4.54-5.32 6.03-6.09 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 5 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 No.sp Genus – Nemzetség Alauda Calandrella Eremophila Galerida Lullula Melanocorypha Delichon Hirundo Riparia Aegithalos Panurus Erithacus Parus Remiz Luscinia Monticola Muscicapa – Ficedula Muscicapa Oenanthe Phoenicurus Saxicola Turdus Oriolus Certhia Sitta Troglodytes Cinclus Bombycilla Family – Család Family Alaudidae Hirundinidae Paridae Muscicapidae Turdidae Oriolidae Certhiidae Sittidae Troglodytidae Cinclidae Bombycillidae J. Kessler 109 - 2.62 1.73 1.35 1.05 0.73 1.25 0.78 2.14 1.58 0.67 0.83 0.67 0.79 4.23 1.24 1.05-1.21 1.16-1.28 1.21-1.26 0.65-0.75 0.62-0.71 0.72-0.96 0.75-0.91 PB-B mm 7.21 9.75 7.93 7.92 3.42 4.08 2.98 5.18 3.94 2.25 3.71 2.47 2.21 6.14 16.73 BC mm 3.96-4.99 3.69-5.37 4.71-5.47 2.47-4.98 2.99-3.03 2.25-3.19 2.61-3.04 7.94 7.67 7.21 6.83 3.65 3.78 5.42 7.98 0.21 5.21 4.42 6.45 3.48 18.89 11.78 PL mm 4.02-4.51 4.32-4.88 5.81-6.11 6.18-6.45 3.47-5.41 5.29-9.16 5.52-7.86 5 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 5 1 2 1 2 2 4 1 1 1 0 1 0 5 5 3 No.sp (No. sp = number of species; PL – partial= of species; PB number sp = of the apex; Bc of the apex; = breadth – lenght lenght (No. Genus – Nemzetség Carduelis Chloris Coccothraustes Fringilla Loxia Pinicola Pyrrhula Serinus Emberiza Plectrophenax Prunella Lanius Sturnus – Pastor Sturnus Passer Acrocephalus Cettia Hippolais Locustella Lusciniola Phylloscopus Regulus Sylvia Anthus Motacilla mandibula A lessége) ramus mandibulae ) of the ramus – breadth breadth Siz szé – a csőr vég szélesség hossza; PB = részleges hossz – a csőr vég sp = fajszám; PL részleges lsó álkapocs (No. táblázata mérési of table e Family – Család Family Fringillidae Emberizidae Prunellidae Laniidae Sturnidae Passeridae Sylviidae Motacillidae Table 1 Table 1. táblázat 110 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2) 1.67 0.66 0.64 0.59 1.15 1.14 1.18 1.17 1.25 0.97 1.01 1.11 0.91 0.69 0.86 1.35 1.44 1.43 Dc mm 1.35-1.91 0.77-1.26 0.89-1.01 0.82-1.16 0.91-1.01 0.79-0.82 0.88-1.01 4.61 1.93 2.99 2.21 3.69 2.51 4.02 3.92 3.95 3.81 2.83 3.61 1.79 2.46 2.35 4.63 3.84 4.24 4.45-5.52 2.19-2.67 3.01-3.03 2.62-2.83 2.99-3.44 2.97-3.02 2.64-3.19 PL=LTB mm PL=LTB 25.71 11.82 16.01 13.01 17.74 17.29 22.84 18.53 16.75 15.37 15.68 11.47 13.06 14.09 24.41 20.57 24.22 TL mm 24.16-29.24 12.32-13.64 15.08-19.64 14.55-16.23 15.12-15.77 14.55-17.81 18.14-18-17 1 2 1 1 6 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 5 1 1 3 1 4 2 2 3 1 1 No.sp Genus – Nemzetség Certhia Sitta Troglodytes Oriolus Turdus Calandrella Eremophila Lullula Melanocorypha Delichon Hirundo Riparia Aegithalos Panurus Erithacus Luscinia – Ficedula Muscicapa Galerida Parus Alauda Remiz Monticola Oenanthe Phoenicurus Saxicola Bombycilla Cinclus Family – Család Family Certhiidae Sittidae Troglodytidae Cinclidae Oriolidae Turdidae Hirundinidae Paridae Muscicapidae Alaudidae Bombycillidae J. Kessler 111 1.05 1.27 1.41 1.17 1.11 1.12 1.26 0.92 0.75 0.71 0.83 Dc mm 0.75-1.19 0.98-1.03 1.21-1.47 0.84-1.39 0.92-1.24 1.69-1.72 1.16-1.51 0.76-1.02 0.72-0.76 0.63-0.71 0.77-1.04 0.99-1.21 0.87-1.02 ; brachialis tuberculum hossza; Bc = a brachialis tuberculum 3.23 4.29 4.04 3.35 2.66 2.98 2.86 1.97 2.47 2.46 1.78 2.44-3.26 2.62-2.84 3.28-3.67 2.99-4.61 2.71-3.21 4.29-4.47 2.97-4.37 2.41-3.13 2.34-2.58 2.22-3.54 2.38-3.66 3.02-3.63 2.69-3.21 PL=LTB mm PL=LTB 9.91 18.52 23.32 23.46 19.32 17.28 18.04 16.27 14.35 14.25 14.98 TL mm 14.22-16.02 17.67-18.92 18.61-22.08 17.16-21.08 17.94-19.61 26.34-26.61 18.49-23.97 13.24-18.67 13.01-15.36 12.41-13.91 14.32-18.56 17.43-19.14 15.91-16.65 5 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 5 1 2 2 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 3 1 5 5 3 No.sp (No.sp = number of species; TL = total lenght; PL-LTM = partial of the – lenght lenght PL-LTM lenght; TL = total = number of species; (No.sp Genus – Nemzetség Coccothraustes Fringilla Pyrrhula Serinus Emberiza Carduelis Chloris Loxia Pinicola Plectrophenax Passer Sturnus – Pastor Sturnus Lanius Prunella Hippolais Lusciniola Phylloscopus Acrocephalus Cettia Locustella Regulus Sylvia Anthus Motacilla coracoideum coracoideum Hollócsőr diafízis szélessége) Size table of Size Bc = breadth of the corpus) Bc = breadth hossz – a = részleges hossz; PL-LTM TL = teljes sp = fajszám; (No. táblázata mérési csont

Family – Család Family Emberizidae Fringillidae Passeridae Sturnidae Laniidae Prunellidae Sylviidae Motacillidae 2. táblázat Table 2 Table 112 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2) 2.33 0.85 1.16 1.31 1.24 1.39 1.61 1.33 1.93 1.38 1.19 1.21 1.21 1.23 1.11 2.13 1.26 1.95 Bc mm 1.91-2.39 0.81-1.32 1.19-1.37 1.02-1.27 1.25-1.29 1.23-1.29 1.12-1.24 4.21 2.51 2.17 3.18 2.41 3.28 3.76 3.13 3.98 1.71 1.67 1.74 2.07 2.47 1.92 3.29 1.88 2.93 BA mm BA 3.76-4.17 1.87-2.54 2.46-2.49 1.82-2.01 2.27-2.49 2.48-3.19 1.75-2.49 5.78 2.47 3.48 4.29 3.48 4.57 5.12 4.21 5.92 3.15 2.89 2.97 2.71 2.51 2.65 5.01 2.58 5.16 PL mm 4.98-7.39 2.38-3.13 3.52-3.84 2.56-2.91 3.15-3.27 2.78-3.17 2.72-3.39 1 2 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 5 1 1 3 1 4 2 2 3 0 1 No.sp Genus – Nemzetség Oriolus Certhia Sitta Troglodytes Turdus Alauda Calandrella Eremophila Galerida Lullula Melanocorypha Delichon Hirundo Riparia Aegithalos Panurus Parus Remiz Erithacus Luscinia Monticola Muscicapa – Ficedula Muscicapa Oenanthe Phoenicurus Saxicola Cinclus Bombycilla Family – Család Family Oriolidae Certhiidae Sittidae Troglodytidae Turdidae Alaudidae Hirundinidae Paridae Muscicapidae Cinclidae Bombycillidae J. Kessler 113

1.62 1.88 1.91 1.44 1.41 1.85 1.47 2.19 Bc mm 1.14-1.21 1.35-1.36 1.56-1.58 1.37-1.92 1.51-1.64 2.17-2.19 1.32-2.01 1.52-1.62 1.06-1.74 0.91-1.15 0.85-1.17 1.01-1.24 1.11-1.23 1.16-1.59 1.33-1.72 2.69 3.84 2.94 2.84 2.29 2.92 1.75 1.78 BA mm BA 2.29-2.92 2.14-2.42 3.28-3.63 2.42-3.73 2.01-2.08 3.07-3.26 2.01-3.09 2.31-2.81 1.51-1.99 1.62-2.15 1.78-2.08 1.98-2.31 1.95-2.65 1.94-2.56 2.04-2.48 4.69 5.27 4.99 3.96 3.49 4.99 2.88 2.72 PL mm 3.29-3.61 2.83-3.29 3.78-4.11 3.24-5.24 3.91-4.02 5.71-5.79 3.66-4.83 3.88-4.37 2.46-3.26 2.59-3.02 2.15-3.32 2.25-2.88 2.35-3.48 3.14-4.32 3.24-4.23 5 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 5 1 2 2 3 2 4 1 2 3 1 3 0 5 5 3 No.sp (No.sp = number of species; PL = partial lenght – lenght of the proximal end; Bp = breadth of the proximal end; of the proximal end; Bp = breadth = number of species; PL partial of the proximal – lenght (No.sp lenght Genus – Nemzetség Carduelis Chloris Coccothraustes Fringilla Pyrrhula Loxia Pinicola Serinus Emberiza Plectrophenax Passer Sturnus – Pastor Sturnus Lanius Prunella Acrocephalus Cettia Hippolais Locustella Lusciniola Phylloscopus Sylvia Regulus Anthus Motacilla Bc = breadth of the corpus) Bc = breadth Lapock scapula table of scapula Size lapocka szélessége) test Bc a= szélessége; vég a proximális = hossza; Bp vég a proximális – hossz részleges = PL fajszám; = sp (No. táblázata mérési a

Family – Család Family Fringillidae Emberizidae Passeridae Sturnidae Laniidae Prunellidae Sylviidae Motacillidae 3. táblázat Table 3 Table 114 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2) 4.65 4.43 2.75 5.46 6.83 6.09 4.88 6.65 4.86 4.23 3.97 3.01 3.55 3.67 6.36 7.69 Bd mm 3.15-3.19 2.04-4.08 4.26-4.59 3.49-3.52 4.12-4.51 3.93-4.27 3.65-4.11 6.49-8.21 2.31 1.84 1.71 2.25 2.16 2.46 2.28 2.46 1.86 1.64 1.72 1.44 1.54 1.51 2.34 3.11 Bc mm 1.12-1.28 1.44-1.71 1.59-1.68 1.73-1.74 1.56-1.72 1.44-1.76 2.53-3.31 1.312-1.52 6.25 5.67 4.54 6.69 8.16 8.28 6.55 8.03 6.42 6.19 5.49 3.78 4.07 4.54 8.09 12.27 Bp mm 3.17-4.22 3.71-4.98 5.43-5.65 4.36-4.67 5.65-5.68 4.94-5.66 4.67-6.05 8.24-10.85 17.01 18.02 12.07 20.51 24.94 28.01 23.02 27.75 14.06 14.62 12.95 11.28 13.33 15.85 24.88 30.54 TL mm 9.75-12.53 13.76-14.25 17.43-17.73 12.85-13.11 16.75-18.21 17.18-17.46 15.45-18.82 25.71-31.09 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 0 1 3 1 4 2 2 3 6 1 No.sp Genus – Nemzetség Alauda Certhia Sitta Troglodytes Cinclus Bombycilla Calandrella Eremophila Galerida Lullula Delichon Melanocorypha Hirundo Aegithalos Riparia Panurus Parus Remiz Erithacus Luscinia Monticola Muscicapa – Ficedula Muscicapa Oenanthe Phoenicurus Saxicola Turdus Oriolus Family – Család Family Alaudidae Sittidae Troglodytidae Cinclidae Bombycillidae Hirundinidae Paridae Muscicapidae Turdidae Oriolidae Certhiidae J. Kessler 115 4.37 3.96 4.73 4.71 5.38 5.23 5.12 Bd mm 4.18-5.42 4.36-5.11 3.59-4.08 3.01-4.03 3.48-3.99 2.91-3.34 3.31-3.57 3.69-4.13 4.12-5.21 4.57-6.84 6.31-6.47 4.54-4.63 3.75-4.33 4.44-4.62 4.71-5.73 2.03 1.74 1.63 2.91 1.89 2.46 2.03 Bc mm 1.96-2.32 1.66-1.87 1.87-2.11 1.34-1.89 1.33-1.61 1.23-1.28 1.16-1.63 1.52-1.73 1.69-1.71 2.04-2.51 2.67-2.78 1.61-1.68 1.45-1.78 1.71-1.73 2.03-2.05 6.04 4.04 7.85 6.47 7.19 6.67 6.14 Bp mm 5.96-8.05 5.21-6.12 4.09-5.78 3.08-5.04 4.14-4.18 4.12-4.39 4.47-5.48 5.08-5.17 5.96-8.24 8.56-9.03 5.29-6.12 4.76-5.84 6.09-6.12 6.47-6.61 5.14-.6.75 17.95 15.42 23.35 18.19 17.45 23.75 20.22 TL mm 20.08-21.48 18.65-24.99 16.97-18.71 11.97-19.05 11.87-14.62 13.14-14.67 12.19-12.97 13.46-18.17 15.37-17.31 19.51-26.43 27.53-28.95 16.49-19.35 13.49-16.53 18.12-18.65 17.45-18.54 5 5 1 0 3 4 1 2 3 1 3 0 5 2 3 2 2 5 1 1 2 2 1 1 No.sp (No.sp = number of species; TL = total lenght; Bp – breadth of the proximal end; Bc = breadth of the corpus; Bd of the corpus; = breadth end; Bc = breadth of the proximal Bp – breadth lenght; TL = total = number of species; (No.sp Genus – Nemzetség Anthus Emberiza Serinus Plectrophenax Motacilla Acrocephalus Cettia Hippolais Locustella Lusciniola Phylloscopus Regulus Sylvia Prunella Lanius Sturnus – Pastor Sturnus Passer Carduelis Chloris Coccothraustes Fringilla Loxia Pinicola Pyrrhula humerus humerus F of the distal end) Size table of Size szélessége) Bd Bc = a disztális vég = a diafízis szélessége; szélessége; vég hossz; Bp = a proximális TL = teljes sp = fajszám; (No. táblázata elkarcsont mérési

Family – Család Family Motacillidae Emberizidae Sylviidae Prunellidae Laniidae Sturnidae Passeridae Fringillidae 4. táblázat Table 4 Table 116 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2) 1.84 2.89 1.94 3.29 3.88 3.32 2.88 3.51 3.68 3.13 2.93 2.86 2.85 1.93 2.35 2.92 4.91 Bd mm 2.19-2.69 2.46-2.82 1.61-2.49 2.89-3.07 2.31-2.91 3.75-4.89 1.18 1.74 1.07 1.71 2.13 1.92 1.51 1.91 2.25 1.92 1.65 1.54 1.61 1.03 1.22 1.71 2.91 BC mm 1.12-1.34 1.39-1.51 1.21-1.36 1.42-1.63 1.27-1.57 2.13-2.76 2.79 2.34 3.85 4.35 3.96 3.38 3.97 3.92 3.21 3.71 3.13 3.53 2.18 2.61 3.27 5.06 2.26 Bp mm 2.22-2.71 2.79-3.15 2.37-2.69 2.87-2.91 2.61-3.26 4.32-5.48 22.42 14.51 24.97 30.94 29.68 25.73 29.51 34.46 28.95 22.05 23.51 21.67 13.37 18.06 25.01 39.32 16.56 TL mm 15.46-18.71 21.71-22.22 17.15-20.11 22.56-22.94 19.18-25.68 30.67-40.43 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 5 0 1 3 0 4 1 2 3 6 1 1 No.sp Genus – Nemzetség Genus – Nemzetség Sitta Troglodytes Cinclus Bombycilla Alauda Calandrella Eremophila Galerida Lullula Melanocorypha Delichon Hirundo Aegithalos Riparia Panurus Parus Remiz Erithacus Luscinia Monticola – Ficedula Muscicapa Oenanthe Phoenicurus Saxicola Turdus Oriolus Certhia Family – Család Family Sittidae Troglodytidae Cinclidae Bombycillidae Alaudidae Hirundinidae Paridae Muscicapidae Turdidae Oriolidae Certhiidae J. Kessler 117 2.94 2.71 3.05 1.52 3.78 3.75 3.78 02.05 Bd mm 2.52-2.99 2.51-2.97 2.03-2.77 1.89-2.99 1.89-2.16 2.64-3.76 1.97-2.05 2.04-2.75 2.56-3.42 2.99-4.07 4.36-4.58 2.62-2.75 2.29-3.78 2.72-2.99 3.01-3.42 1.89 1.29 1.49 1.75 1.05 1.62 2.06 2.57 BC mm 1.43-1.92 1.42-1.53 0.97-1.58 1.07-1.53 1.03-1.21 1.49-2.19 1.03-1.22 1.14-1.53 1.35-2.19 1.55-2.44 2.41-2.45 1.49-1.51 1.19-1.56 1.58-1.59 1.75-1.84 2.06 3.24 3.29 1.54 3.76 4.01 4.31 3.12 Bp mm 2.99-3.58 2.84-3.28 2.12-3.04 2.05-2.63 2.04-2.48 2.85-4.51 2.02-2.79 2.17-4.01 2.96-3.83 3.23-4.69 4.59-4.93 2.96-3.21 2.38-3.14 3.17-3.29 3.41-3.77 16.19 22.14 23.26 12.48 22.65 28.11 30.43 25.11 TL mm 23.27-28.38 22.01-25.17 15.42-23.54 14.82-19.32 15.15-18.10 22.37-29.22 15.76-17.51 16.44-21.83 23.35-26.99 24.35-34.71 34.38-35.31 19.20-21.71 16.27-21.09 22.73-24.29 22.06-25.11 5 3 4 0 2 3 1 1 5 1 3 1 5 2 3 2 2 5 1 1 2 2 1 1 No.sp (No. sp = number of species; TL = total lenght; Bp – breadth of the proximal end; Bc = breadth of the corpus; Bd = breadth of Bd of the corpus; = breadth end; Bc = breadth of the proximal Bp – breadth lenght; TL = total sp = number of species; (No. Genus – Nemzetség Genus – Nemzetség Anthus Motacilla Acrocephalus Cettia Hippolais Locustella Lusciniola Emberiza Serinus Plectrophenax Phylloscopus Regulus Sylvia Prunella Lanius Sturnus – Pastor Sturnus Passer Carduelis Chloris Coccothraustes Fringilla Loxia Pinicola Pyrrhula ulna Singcson Size table of Size the distal end) szélessége) Bd Bc = a disztális vég = a diafízis szélessége; szélessége; vég hossz; Bp = a proximális TL = teljes sp = fajszám; (No. táblázata t mérési

Family – Család Family Motacillidae Sylviidae Emberizidae Prunellidae Laniidae Sturnidae Passeridae Fringillidae 5. táblázat Table 5 Table 118 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2) 3.91 3.54 4.24 4.08 3.73 3.91 3.68 3.99 2.17 2.81 4.29 2.78 5.51 2.15 2.57 2.43 3.85 4.14 Bp mm 2.37-2.99 2.98-3.18 2.41-2.95 2.55-3.14 2.97-3.09 2.56-3.62 4.51-5.93 8.42 9.05 9.79 8.81 8.95 17.21 14.61 17.05 18.56 16.39 14.99 15.09 14.01 19.15 23.37 13.51 10.33 18.79 TL mm 9.12-10.29 11.94-13.48 10.09-11.84 13.63-14.29 12.69-13.21 10.47-14.51 18.51-25.03 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 5 0 1 2 1 3 2 2 3 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 No.sp Genus – Nemzetség Alauda Calandrella Eremophila Galerida Lullula Melanocorypha Delichon Hirundo Riparia Aegithalos Panurus Parus Remiz Erithacus – Ficedula Muscicapa Luscinia Monticola Oenanthe Phoenicurus Saxicola Turdus Oriolus Certhia Sitta Troglodytes Cinclus Bombycilla Family – Család Family Alaudidae Hirundinidae Paridae Muscicapidae Turdidae Oriolidae Certhiidae Sittidae Troglodytidae Cinclidae Bombycillidae J. Kessler 119 2.62 2.46 3.41 5.11 3.44 4.35 3.09 3.34 3.49 Bp mm 2.94-3.65 2.71-3.03 2.82-3.21 2.53-2.58 2.19-2.69 1.95-2.39 2.38-3.33 3.03-3.73 3.19-4.49 5.07-5.16 3.15-3.55 3.41-4.08 3.25-4.24 7.61 11.29 13.83 15.93 14.25 17.32 14.21 12.21 14.12 TL mm 9.49-13.53 9.48-11.64 9.27-11.93 9.51-10.52 12.12-15.34 12.52-13.77 10.05-13.18 11.62-15.73 13.77-18.45 21.19-21.63 11.77-12.11 13.35-14.08 12.19-16.36 5 3 4 0 2 3 0 3 1 5 2 3 2 1 5 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 1 No.sp (No. sp = number of species; TL = total lenght; Bp – breadth of the proximal end); of the proximal Bp – breadth lenght; TL = total sp = number of species; (No. Genus – Nemzetség Anthus Motacilla Acrocephalus Cettia Hippolais Locustella Lusciniola Phylloscopus Regulus Sylvia Prunella Lanius Sturnus – Pastor Sturnus Passer Coccothraustes Fringilla Loxia Pyrrhula Serinus Carduelis Chloris Pinicola Emberiza Plectrophenax carpometacarpus table of carpometacarpus Size Kézkö szélessége) vég hossz; Bp = a proximális TL = teljes sp = fajszám; (No. táblázata mérési zépcsont

Family – Család Family Motacillidae Sylviidae Prunellidae Laniidae Sturnidae Passeridae Fringillidae Emberizidae Table 6 Table 6. táblázat 120 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2) 3.11 1.48 1.85 1.24 2.81 3.08 2.61 3.04 3.33 3.28 2.52 2.61 3.68 2.83 2.58 3.21 1.78 3.44 2.48 2.15 Bc mm 2.05-2.31 1.71-1.98 2.11-2.36 2.48-4.84 3.21 1.19 1.65 1.02 1.88 2.52 2.18 2.49 2.72 2.33 2.15 2.27 2.85 2.28 1.57 1.81 1.42 2.71 2.05 1.96 Bp mm 1.72-1.87 1.42-1.57 2.51-4.24 1.79-1.93 4.21 6.12 4.91 6.27 9.86 8.97 7.96 9.54 8.94 7.97 9.64 6.41 6.24 5.71 9.09 7.51 6.49 11.44 10.17 10.41 TL mm 5.56-6.68 5.52-7.21 6.32-8.33 8.73-13.16 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 3 1 3 1 1 3 No.sp Genus – Nemzetség Certhia Turdus Oriolus Sitta Troglodytes Cinclus Bombycilla Alauda Calandrella Eremophila Galerida Lullula Melanocorypha Delichon Hirundo Riparia Aegithalos Panurus Parus Remiz Erithacus Luscinia Monticola Muscicapa – Ficedula Muscicapa Oenanthe Phoenicurus Saxicola Family – Család Family Certhiidae Turdidae Oriolidae Sittidae Troglodytidae Cinclidae Bombycillidae Alaudidae Hirundinidae Paridae Muscicapidae J. Kessler 121 - 1.98 2.47 2.64 1.96 2.17 3.27 2.19 1.77 2.82 2.38 1.94 2.15 2.38 1.79 1.27 Bc mm 2.67-2.92 3.17-3.78 1.38-1.56 1.35-1.47 1.31-1.45 1.48-1.65 2.51-2.78 2.05-2.35 1.98-2.11 1.76 1.78 2.21 1.69 1.98 2.74 1.97 1.18 2.39 2.03 1.28 2.18 1.89 1.28 0.98 Bp mm 1.72-1.87 2.95-3.42 1.28-1.36 1.21-1.27 1.16-1.24 1.26-1.37 1.95-2.27 1.67-1.93 1.71-1.82 6.28 7.45 8.46 6.11 7.57 8.27 7.61 5.49 8.22 7.57 5.36 6.85 6.64 5.69 3.85 TL mm 6.19-6.39 5.48-6.43 5.47-5.99 4.41-5.14 5.41-6.65 5.73-7.64 6.61-7.13 6.61-10.27 10.52-11.49 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 3 1 3 1 4 5 3 No.sp Genus – Nemzetség Passer Carduelis Chloris Coccothraustes Fringilla Loxia Pinicola Pyrrhula Serinus Emberiza Plectrophenax Prunella Lanius Sturnus – Pastor Sturnus Acrocephalus Cettia Hippolais Locustella Lusciniola Phylloscopus Regulus Sylvia Anthus Motacilla Kézujjper (No. sp = number of species; TL = total lenght; Bp – breadth of the proximal end; Bc = bre of the proximal Bp – breadth lenght; TL = total sp = number of species; digiti majoris (No. proximalis table of phalanx Size adth of the corpus) Bc = a diafízis szélessége) szélessége; vég hossz; Bp = a proximális TL = teljes sp = fajszám; (No. táblázata c mérési

Family – Család Family Passeridae Fringillidae Emberizidae Prunellidae Laniidae Sturnidae Sylviidae Motacillidae 7. táblázat Table 7 Table 122 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2) 3.21 2.05 3.21 2.44 4.34 3.96 2.78 3.58 3.92 3.29 2.95 2.28 2.26 2.29 2.25 2.72 4.07 4.71 Bd mm 2.51-2.89 2.96-3.29 2.86-3.21 2.61-2.81 2.59-2.63 4.39-5.41 1.49 0.77 1.27 6.01 1.95 1.64 1.32 1.59 1.82 1.48 1.34 0.91 0.95 0.98 1.81 1.81 1.92 2.31 Bc mm 1.17.1.55 1.07-1.18 1.34-1.43 1.17-1.27 1.13-1.21 2.03-2.35 3.01 2.26 3.12 2.31 4.31 4.67 2.78 3.63 3.77 3.18 2.59 2.21 2.28 2.37 2.75 2.55 4.39 4.96 Bp mm 2.44-2.72 2.76-3.43 2.99-3.04 2.51-2.71 2.51-2.62 4.19-5.61 18.41 16.75 13.36 20.39 24.03 11.01 15.78 20.13 21.08 17.81 13.33 12.18 12.66 10.54 15.05 11.56 23.33 25.43 TL mm 11.84-14.85 18.46-19.46 15.57-17.03 15.25-15.34 14.61-15.65 25.54-30.12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 5 1 1 3 1 0 2 2 2 6 1 No.sp Genus – Nemzetség Alauda Sitta Troglodytes Cinclus Bombycilla Certhia Calandrella Eremophila Galerida Lullula Melanocorypha Delichon Hirundo Aegithalos Riparia Erithacus Panurus Parus Remiz Luscinia Monticola Muscicapa Muscicapa Oenanthe Phoenicurus Saxicola Turdus Oriolus Family – Család Family Alaudidae Sittidae Troglodytidae Cinclidae Bombycillidae Hirundinidae Paridae Muscicapidae Turdidae Oriolidae Certhiidae J. Kessler 123 3.06 3.11 2.88 2.18 3.01 3.15 2.84 3.85 2.98 Bd mm 2.62-3.25 2.39-2.91 2.66-3.67 2.59-2.64 2.71-3.02 2.72-3.99 2.01-2.09 2.38-3.33 3.18-4.13 3.39-4.71 4.52-4.84 2.96-3.21 2.41-2.54 2.75-2.78 3.43-3.61 1.32 1.51 1.22 0.95 1.42 1.39 1.41 1.94 1.73 Bc mm 1.24-1.49 1.15-1.34 1.07-1.59 1.15-1.17 1.19-1.41 1.35-1.79 0.88-0.97 1.11-1.45 1.64-1.87 1.49-1.98 2.01-2.29 1.34-1.51 1.09-1.24 1.21-1.49 1.49-1.76 2.99 3.08 2.57 1.86 2.93 3.19 3.28 4.16 3.03 Bp mm 2.76-3.42 2.85-3.07 2.57-3.19 2.77-2.98 2.73-3.02 2.65-4.01 1.88-2.23 2.72-3.49 3.21-4.04 3.58-4.94 4.64-4.97 2.93-3.36 2.19-2.57 2.68-3.05 3.42-3.91 9.89 16.53 18.36 16.71 16.11 18.58 17.37 21.37 18.42 TL mm 16.58-18.35 14.23-16.36 15.35-22.38 14.99-15.88 15.78-19.78 16.35-23.82 12.03-13.32 14.44-18.98 17.67-21.65 18.67-26.01 28.94-29.62 16.38-18.41 15.65-16.71 16.67-19.28 12.68-14.95. 3 3 4 1 1 2 3 1 1 5 1 3 4 1 2 3 2 2 5 1 1 2 2 1 No.sp (No.sp = number of species; TL = total lenght; Bp – breadth of the proximal end; Bc = breadth of the corpus; Bd = breadth of Bd of the corpus; = breadth end; Bc = breadth of the proximal Bp – breadth lenght; TL = total = number of species; (No.sp Genus – Nemzetség Anthus Motacilla Acrocephalus Cettia Pyrrhula Hippolais Locustella Lusciniola Emberiza Serinus Plectrophenax Phylloscopus Sylvia Regulus Prunella Lanius Sturnus – Pastor Sturnus Passer Carduelis Chloris Coccothraustes Fringilla Loxia Pinicola femur femur the distal end) C Size table of Size szélessége) Bd Bc = a disztális vég = a diafízis szélessége; szélessége; vég hossz; Bp = a proximális TL = teljes sp = fajszám; (No. táblázata mérési ombcsont

Family – Család Family Motacillidae Sylviidae Emberizidae Prunellidae Laniidae Sturnidae Passeridae Fringillidae 8. táblázat Table 8 Table 124 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2) 4.13 1.87 2.71 2.09 2.44 2.94 3.17 2.64 3.71 2.08 1.85 1.95 1.92 1.97 2.13 3.55 1.96 3.39 3.55 Bd mm 3.36-4.61 2.05-2.25 2.33-2.78 1.44-1.99 2.36-2.71 2.21-2.24 2.22-2.49 1.93 0.81 1.19 1.03 1.66 1.76 1.61 1.27 1.92 1.01 0.81 0.83 0.84 0.93 1.06 1.91 1.01 1.65 1.63 Bc mm 1.71-2.41 1.03-1.09 1.13-1.44 0.85-0.92 1.25-1.34 0.97-1.04 1.12-1.24 35.91 19.29 27.51 30.21 31.21 33.36 34.01 29.14 39.53 21.12 20.34 19.93 22.24 21.43 30.39 40.64 24.29 39.09 38.67 TL mm 44.45-51.66 23.44-26.16 34.88-36.69 21.81-23.91 28.76-32.89 29.42-30.19 29.39-33.38 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 5 1 1 3 1 3 2 2 3 1 1 No.sp Genus – Nemzetség Certhia Sitta Troglodytes Oriolus Turdus Calandrella Eremophila Galerida Lullula Melanocorypha Delichon Hirundo Riparia Aegithalos Panurus Erithacus Luscinia – Ficedula Muscicapa Parus Alauda Remiz Monticola Oenanthe Phoenicurus Saxicola Cinclus Bombycilla Family – Család Family Certhiidae Sittidae Troglodytidae Oriolidae Turdidae Hirundinidae Paridae Muscicapidae Alaudidae Cinclidae Bombycillidae J. Kessler 125 3.46 3.61 2.63 2.57 2.67 2.64 2.33 2.34 1.61 Bd mm 1.99-2.29 2.38-2.45 2.79-3.17 1.88-3.41 2.45-2.66 3.89-4.95 2.65-3.69 2.13-3.21 2.22-2.28 1.77-1.94 2.11-2.77 2.22-3.16 2.06-2.42 1.67 1.65 1.65 1.18 1.22 1.42 1.41 1.22 0.78 Bc mm 0.93-1.13 1.09-1.15 1.49-1.53 1.15-1.69 1.16-1.36 1.93-1.98 1.41-1.91 1.27-1.52 0.99-1.11 0.82-0.95 0.96-1.46 1.01-1.39 1.15-1.38 35.61 37.94 30.58 27.71 30.27 30.26 31.12 30.55 21.46 TL mm 21.13-25.07 27.92-30.39 26.11-29.38 27.75-37.47 26.85-28.81 47.14-49.85 31.95-40.91 28.02-40.21 27.93-30.32 24.94-26.23 26.55-33.51 30.11-34.59 31.09-31.37 5 0 1 2 2 1 1 1 5 1 2 2 1 3 4 1 2 0 1 3 1 5 5 3 No.sp Genus – Nemzetség Fringilla Pyrrhula Serinus Emberiza Coccothraustes Carduelis Chloris Loxia Pinicola Plectrophenax Passer Sturnus – Pastor Sturnus Lanius Prunella Hippolais Phylloscopus Sylvia Lusciniola Acrocephalus Cettia Locustella Regulus Anthus Motacilla Lábszár (No. sp = number of species; TL = total lenght; Bc = breadth of the corpus; Bd = breadth of the distal end) Bd of the corpus; = breadth Bc lenght; = breadth TL = total sp = number of species; table of tibiotarsus (No. Size szélessége) Bd hossz; Bc = a disztális vég = a diafízis szélessége; TL = teljes sp = fajszám; (No. táblázata mérési csont

Family – Család Family Emberizidae Fringillidae Passeridae Sturnidae Laniidae Prunellidae Sylviidae Motacillidae 9. táblázat Table 9 Table 126 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2) 2.96 2.28 2.75 3.25 2.76 2.21 2.77 2.79 2.52 3.53 1.93 1.71 1.95 1.75 1.87 1.98 3.04 Bd mm 1.54-1.83 1.79-2.29 1.54-1.77 1.75-2.33 1.82-1.93 1.76-2.03 2.98-4.22 1.51 0.82 1.15 1.24 1.26 1.29 1.09 1.29 1.24 1.43 1.05 1.33 0.95 0.84 0.98 0.86 1.32 Bc mm 0.81-0.98 0.95-1.07 0.82-0.84 0.97-1.24 0.79-0.91 0.81-1.01 1.44-1.76 3.14 2.23 2.65 3.71 3.67 2.75 3.91 3.62 2.85 4.94 2.41 2.36 2.25 2.01 2.19 2.35 3.96 Bp mm 2.22-2.47 2.77-3.29 2.23-2.71 2.96-3.47 2.35-2.38 2.39-2.87 3.82-4.86 15.76 19.26 21.34 26.86 22.53 20.41 23.55 25.19 21.41 28.29 11.61 10.48 11.06 17.22 24.33 14.55 28.73 TL mm 16.45-18.91 25.97-27.77 17.06-17.79 22.51-26.06 22.45-22.83 21.29-26.09 31.81-34.43 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 5 1 1 3 1 3 2 2 3 6 No.sp Genus – Nemzetség Certhia Sitta Troglodytes Cinclus Bombycilla Oriolus Alauda Calandrella Eremophila Galerida Lullula Delichon Melanocorypha Hirundo Aegithalos Riparia Erithacus Panurus Parus Remiz Luscinia Monticola Muscicapa Muscicapa Oenanthe Phoenicurus Saxicola Turdus Family – Család Family Certhiidae Sittidae Troglodytidae Cinclidae Bombycillidae Oriolidae Alaudidae Hirundinidae Paridae Muscicapidae Turdidae J. Kessler 127 2.12 1.77 2.19 2.02 1.79 1.38 2.23 2.22 2.71 3.22 Bd mm 2.12-2.49 1.97-2.21 1.86-2.88 2.12-3.03 1.71-1.75 1.66-2.26 1.27-1.42 1.47-2.12 2.15-2.79 3.04-3.46 1.79-1.89 1.75-2.59 1.97-1.99 2.78-2.81 1.05 0.96 0.98 0.96 1.12 0.68 0.94 1.03 1.46 1.42 Bc mm 1.04-1.09 1.01-1.09 0.97-1.48 0.86-1.37 0.91-0.94 0.84-0.98 0.64-0.79 0.84-1.17 1.41-1.73 1.49-1.68 1.11-1.24 0.81-1.11 1.22-1.35 0.93-0.98 2.79 2.93 2.82 3.03 2.58 1.39 3.38 2.84 3.91 4.25 Bp mm 2.41-3.14 2.41-3.11 2.38-3.23 2.69-3.73 2.46-2.52 2.28-2.64 2.09-2.17 2.21-3.19 2.79-3.99 4.33-4.67 2.54-3.33 2.17-2.49 3.34-3.45 26.51-2.85 19.36 22.59 19.35 20.41 21.67 12.17 21.25 18.21 22.33 23.24 TL mm 20.44-26.31 20.07-23.39 20.01-28.77 19.26-26.51 21.17-22.96 21.11-22.04 19.77-20.81 19.77-25.51 21.92-26.79 29.79-33.23 18.68-19.26 14.52-18.79 18.52-19.76 16.84-17.04 1 5 3 3 1 1 3 1 2 3 1 3 1 5 1 3 2 2 4 1 1 2 2 1 No.sp (No. sp = number of species; TL = total lenght; Bp – breadth of the proximal end; Bc = breadth of the corpus; of the corpus; end; Bc = breadth of the proximal Bp – breadth lenght; TL = total sp = number of species; (No. Genus – Nemzetség Anthus Motacilla Acrocephalus Cettia Emberiza Serinus Plectrophenax Hippolais Locustella Lusciniola Phylloscopus Regulus Sylvia Prunella Lanius Sturnus – Pastor Sturnus Passer Carduelis Chloris Coccothraustes Fringilla Loxia Pinicola Pyrrhula Size table of tarsometatarsus Size of the distal end) Bd = breadth szélessége) Csüd mér Bd Bc = a disztális vég = a diafízis szélessége; szélessége; vég hossz; Bp = a proximális TL = teljes sp = fajszám; (No. ési táblázata

Family – Család Family Motacillidae Sylviidae Emberizidae Prunellidae Laniidae Sturnidae Passeridae 10. táblázat Table 10 Table 128 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2) 1.62 1.73 1.52 1.33 1.13 1.59 1.33 1.47 2.04 1.33 1.16 0.78 1.68 1.14 1.89 0.83 1.92 1.58 1.32-1.84 PL- Bp mm PL- 5.35 5.54 6.51 4.34 4.55 5.61 4.07 5.03 3.82 4.65 4.23 6.78 6.32 5.31 7.15 4.29 5.65 6.02 TL mm 5.48-8.21 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 No.sp Genus – Nemzetség Alauda Delichon Aegithalos Eremophila Melanocorypha Hirundo Parus Remiz Calandrella Galerida Lullula Riparia Panurus Erithacus Luscinia Monticola Muscicapa Oenanthe Phoenicurus Saxicola Turdus Oriolus Certhia Sitta Troglodytes Cinclus Bombycilla Family – Család Family Alaudidae Hirundinidae Paridae Muscicapidae Turdidae Oriolidae Certhiidae Sittidae Troglodytidae Cinclidae Bombycillidae J. Kessler 129 - 1.37 1.51 1.79 5.08 1.43 2.68 2.11 1.84 1.52 2.25 1.24 2.03 1.78 1.24 1.02 1.48 1.21-1.45 PL- Bp mm PL- 5.34 6.48 6.32 4.01 5.13 6.95 6.01 6.42 5.25 6.42 5.36 6.45 4.47 4.63 3.83 6.51 TL mm 3.14-6.32 1 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 No.sp Genus – Nemzetség Anthus Motacilla Acrocephalus Prunella Hippolais Lusciniola Phylloscopus Cettia Locustella Regulus Sylvia Lanius Sturnus – Pastor Sturnus Passer Carduelis Chloris Coccothraustes Fringilla Loxia Pinicola Pyrrhula Serinus Emberiza Plectrophenax adth of the proximal end) adth of the proximal (No.sp = number of species; TL = total lenght; PL – Bp partial lenght; TL = total lenght-bre = number of species; ungularis (No.sp table of phalanx Size szélessége) vég K hossz – a proximális hossz; PL – Bp = részleges TL = teljes sp = fajszám; (No. táblázata mérési aromcsont

Family – Család Family Motacillidae Sylviidae Prunellidae Laniidae Sturnidae Passeridae Fringillidae Emberizidae 11. táblázat Table 11 Table 130 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2) (Lower jaw) (Lower (Alsó állkapocs)Mandibula (Alsó Mandibula

2. táblakép Plate 2 Plate (Lower jaw) Mandibula (Lower állkapocs)Mandibula (Alsó

1. táblakép Plate 1 Plate J. Kessler 131 (Lower jaw) (Lower (Alsó állkapocs)Mandibula (Alsó Mandibula

4. táblakép Plate 4 Plate (Lower jaw) (Lower (Alsó állkapocs)Mandibula (Alsó Mandibula

3. táblakép Plate 3 Plate 132 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2) (right side) oracoideum oracoideum (Hollócsőrcsont – jobb oldali) (Hollócsőrcsont Coracoideum C

7. táblakép Plate 6 Plate (right side) oracoideum (Hollócsőrcsont – jobb oldali) (Hollócsőrcsont Coracoideum C

5. táblakép Plate 5 Plate J. Kessler 133 (right side) oracoideum oracoideum (Hollócsőrcsont – jobb oldali) (Hollócsőrcsont Coracoideum C

8. táblakép Plate 8 Plate (right side) oracoideum oracoideum (Hollócsőrcsont – jobb oldali) (Hollócsőrcsont Coracoideum C

7. táblakép Plate 7 Plate 134 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2) (right side) capula capula (LapockaScapula – jobb oldali) S

10. táblakép Plate 10 Plate (right side) capula capula Scapula (LapockaScapula – jobb oldali) S

9. táblakép Plate 9 Plate J. Kessler 135 (right side) capula capula Scapula (LapockaScapula – jobb oldali) S

12. táblakép Plate 12 Plate (right side) capula capula (LapockaScapula – jobb oldali) S

11. táblakép Plate 11 Plate 136 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2) – left side) proximalis ( epiphysis (Felkarcsont, proximális epifízis – bal oldali) proximális Humerus (Felkarcsont, Humerus

14. táblakép Plate 14 Plate – left side) proximalis ( epiphysis (Felkarcsont, proximális epifízis – bal oldali) proximális Humerus (Felkarcsont, Humerus

13. táblakép Plate 13 Plate J. Kessler 137 – left side) proximalis ( epiphysis (Felkarcsont, proximális epifízis – bal oldali) proximális Humerus (Felkarcsont, Humerus

16. táblakép Plate 16 Plate – left side) proximalis ( epiphysis (Felkarcsont, proximális epifízis – bal oldali) proximális Humerus (Felkarcsont, Humerus

15. táblakép Plate 15 Plate 138 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2) epiphysis distalis – left( epiphysis side) (Felkarcsont, disztális epifízis – bal oldali) Humerus (Felkarcsont, Humerus

18. táblakép Plate 18 Plate epiphysis distalis – left ( epiphysis side) (Felkarcsont, disztális epifízis – bal oldali) Humerus (Felkarcsont, Humerus

17. táblakép Plate 17 Plate J. Kessler 139 epiphysis distalis – left ( epiphysis side) (Felkarcsont, disztális epifízis – bal oldali) Humerus (Felkarcsont, Humerus

20. táblakép Plate 20 Plate epiphysis distalis – left ( epiphysis side) (Felkarcsont, disztális epifízis – bal oldali) Humerus (Felkarcsont, Humerus

19. táblakép Plate 19 Plate 140 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2) – left side) proximalis ( epiphysis lna (Singcsont, proximális epifízis – bal oldali) proximális Ulna (Singcsont, U

22. táblakép Plate 22 Plate – left side) proximalis ( epiphysis lna (Singcsont, proximális epifízis – bal oldali) proximális Ulna (Singcsont, U

21. táblakép Plate 21 Plate J. Kessler 141 – left side) proximalis ( epiphysis lna (Singcsont, proximális epifízis – bal oldali) proximális Ulna (Singcsont, U

24. táblakép Plate 24 Plate – left side) proximalis ( epiphysis lna (Singcsont, proximális epifízis – bal oldali) proximális Ulna (Singcsont, U

23. táblakép Plate 23 Plate 142 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2) epiphysis distalis – left( epiphysis side) lna (Singcsont, disztális epifízis – bal oldali) Ulna (Singcsont, U

26. táblakép Plate 26 Plate epiphysis distalis – left ( epiphysis side) lna (Singcsont, disztális epifízis – bal oldali) Ulna (Singcsont, U

21. táblakép Plate 25 Plate J. Kessler 143 epiphysis distalis –left ( epiphysis side) lna (Singcsont, disztális epifízis – bal oldali) Ulna (Singcsont, U

28. táblakép Plate 28 Plate epiphysis distalis – left ( epiphysis side) lna (Singcsont, disztális epifízis – bal oldali) Ulna (Singcsont, U

27. táblakép Plate 27 Plate 144 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2) (right side) arpometacarpus arpometacarpus (Kézközépcsont – jobb oldali) (Kézközépcsont Carpometacarpus C

30. táblakép Plate 30 Plate (right side) arpometacarpus arpometacarpus (Kézközépcsont – jobb oldali) (Kézközépcsont Carpometacarpus C

29. táblakép Plate 29 Plate J. Kessler 145 (right side) arpometacarpus arpometacarpus (Kézközépcsont – jobb oldali) (Kézközépcsont Carpometacarpus C

32. táblakép Plate 32 Plate (right side) arpometacarpus arpometacarpus (Kézközépcsont – jobb oldali) (Kézközépcsont Carpometacarpus C

31. táblakép Plate 31 Plate 146 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2) (right side) halanx proximalis digiti majoris proximalis halanx (Kézujjperc – jobb oldali) digiti majoris (Kézujjperc proximalis Phalanx P

34. táblakép Plate 34 Plate (right side) halanx proximalis digiti majoris proximalis halanx (Kézujjperc – jobb oldali) digiti majoris (Kézujjperc proximalis Phalanx P

33. táblakép Plate 33 Plate J. Kessler 147 (right side) halanx proximalis digiti majoris proximalis halanx (Kézujjperc – jobb oldali) digiti majoris (Kézujjperc proximalis Phalanx P

36. táblakép Plate 36 Plate (right side) halanx proximalis digiti majoris proximalis halanx (Kézujjperc – jobb oldali) digiti majoris (Kézujjperc proximalis Phalanx P

35. táblakép Plate 35 Plate 148 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2) epiphysis distalis – left ( epiphysis side) emur (Combcsont, disztális epifízis – bal oldali) (Combcsont, Femur F

38. táblakép Plate 38 Plate epiphysis distalis – left ( epiphysis side) emur (Combcsont, disztális epifízis – bal oldali) (Combcsont, Femur F

37. táblakép Plate 37 Plate J. Kessler 149 epiphysis distalis – left ( epiphysis side) emur (Combcsont, disztális epifízis – bal oldali) (Combcsont, Femur F

40. táblakép Plate 40 Plate epiphysis distalis – left ( epiphysis side) emur (Combcsont, disztális epifízis – bal oldali) (Combcsont, Femur F

39. táblakép Plate 39 Plate 150 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2) – left side) proximalis ( epiphysis ibiotarsus (Lábszárcsont, disztális epifízis – bal oldali) (Lábszárcsont, Tibiotarsus T

42. táblakép Plate 42 Plate – left side) proximalis ( epiphysis ibiotarsus (Lábszárcsont, disztális epifízis – bal oldali) (Lábszárcsont, Tibiotarsus T

41. táblakép Plate 41 Plate J. Kessler 151 – left side) proximalis ( epiphysis Tibiotarsus disztális epifízis – bal oldali) (Lábszárcsont, Tibiotarsus

Plate 44 Plate 44. táblakép – left side) proximalis ( epiphysis Tibiotarsus disztális epifízis – bal oldali) (Lábszárcsont, Tibiotarsus

43. táblakép Plate 43 Plate 152 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2) epiphysis distalis – right side) ( epiphysis Tarsometatarsus disztális epifízis – jobb oldali) (Csüd, Tarsometatarsus

Plate 46 Plate 46. táblakép epiphysis distalis – right side) ( epiphysis Tarsometatarsus disztális epifízis – jobb oldali) (Csüd, Tarsometatarsus

45. táblakép Plate 45 Plate J. Kessler 153 epiphysis distalis – right side) ( epiphysis arsometatarsus (Csüd, disztális epifízis – jobb oldali) (Csüd, Tarsometatarsus T

48. táblakép Plate 48 Plate epiphysis distalis – right side) ( epiphysis arsometatarsus (Csüd, disztális epifízis – jobb oldali) (Csüd, Tarsometatarsus T

47. táblakép Plate 47 Plate 154 ORNIS HUNGARICA 2015. 23(2) (Claw) halanx ungularis halanx Phalanx ungularis (Karomcsont) Phalanx P

50. táblakép Plate 50 Plate (Claw) halanx ungularis halanx Phalanx ungularis (Karomcsont) Phalanx P

49. táblakép Plate 49 Plate J. Kessler 155 (Claw) halanx ungularis halanx Phalanx ungularis (Karomcsont) Phalanx P

52. táblakép Plate 52 Plate (Claw) halanx ungularis halanx Phalanx ungularis (Karomcsont) Phalanx P

51. táblakép Plate 51 Plate