Sturnus Vulgaris Linnaeus. European Starling

Home , Aglaia cucullata, Antillean siskin, Arctic redpoll, Azores bullfinch, Black oropendola, Bohemian waxwing

FAMILY STURNIDAE 523

Distribution.--Resident in the LesserAntilles from Saba, St. Eustatius(where possibly extirpated),and St. Kitts southto Dominica, and on St. Vincent. Notes.--AlthoughC. ruficaudaand C. gutturalisusually have been considered conspecific [Cinclocerthiaruficauda, Trembler], we treat thesedistinctive forms as allospecies(Storer 1989).

Cinclocerthiagutturalis (Lafresnaye).Gray Trembler. Rarnphocinclusgutturalis Lafresnaye, 1843, Rev. Zool. [Paris]6: 67. (desAntilles = Martinique.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Tropical Deciduous Forest, Secondary Forest (0-900 m). Distribution.--Resident in the LesserAntilles on Martinique and St. Lucia. Notes.--See commentsunder C. ruficauda.

Family STURNIDAE: Starlings Notes.--See comments under Mimidae.

Genus STURNUS Linnaeus SturnusLinnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10): 167. Type, by tautonymy,Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus(Sturnus, prebinomial specific name, in synonymy).

Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus.European Starling. Sturnusvulgaris Linnaeus,1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 167. (in Europa, Africa = Sweden.) Habitat.--Generally in human-disturbedhabitats, including cultivated lands, pastures, suburbs,and cities; usually avoids natural, undisturbed areas such as forest,grasslands, and desert. Distribution.--Breeds from Iceland, the Faeroe and Shetland islands, northern Scandi- navia, northernRussia, and central Siberia southto the Azores, southernEurope, Asia Minor, Iran, the Himalayas,northern Mongolia, and Lake Baikal. Wintersfrom the breedingrange south to northernAfrica, India, andnortheastern China (casually to Thailand). Casualin Labrador (about 1878) and Greenland(regularly). Introducedin the United States(New York City, 1890); now breedsfrom east-centraland southeasternAlaska, southernYukon, northernBritish Columbia(including the QueenChar- lotte Islands),southern Mackenzie, southernKeewatin, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northernQuebec, southern Labrador, and Newfoundlandsouth to central Baja California, northern Sinaloa, southernNew Mexico, southernTexas, the Gulf coast, southernFlorida (to Key West), and Bermuda,with an isolatedpopulation in Mexico City and a breeding record from Veracruz.Winters throughoutthe breedingrange and southto Veracruz,the BahamaIslands (south to Grand Turk), and easternCuba. Also introducedand established on Jamaicaand Puerto Rico, and in South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Polynesia. Reportedcasually in the HawaiianIslands (Oahu), on Bermuda,in the Virgin Islands(St. Croix), the CaymanIslands (Cayman Brac), and in the summernorth to westernand northern Alaska, northernMackenzie, and SouthamptonIsland; an individual recordedin Panama (Canal area) was questionablya natural vagrant. Notes.--Also knownas the Starlingor CommonStarling. Sturnus vulgaris and S. unicolor Temminck,1820 [SpotlessStarling], of the westernMediterranean region, constitutea superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Genus ACRIDOTHERES Vieillot AcridotheresVieillot, 1816, Analyse,p. 42. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Paradisaea tristis Linnaeus. 524 FAMILY PRUNELLIDAE

Acridotheres tristis (Linnaeus). Common Myna. Paradisceatristis Linnaeus,1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 167. Basedon "Le Merle des Philippines"Brisson, Ornithologie 2: 278, pl. 26, fig. 1. (in Philippinis,error = Pondich6ry.) Habitat.--Open country,forest edge, agricultural areas, and suburbs;in Asia, opencountry, primarilyin the vicinity of humanhabitation. Distribution.---Residentfrom easternIran, Turkestan,and the Himalayassouth to India, Sri Lanka, southeasternAsia, and the Andaman Islands. Introducedand establishedin the Hawaiian Islands (in 1865, now abundanton all main islandsfrom Kauai eastward,and recentlyon Midway), SouthAfrica, Malaya, Australia, New Zealand, and on many islands in the South Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans;a populationin southernFlorida known since 1983 is increasingand expanding(Stevenson and Anderson 1994). Notes.--Also known as Indian Myna or House Myna.

Acridotherescristatellus (Linnaeus). Crested Myna. Gracula cristatella Linnaeus,1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 109. Basedon "The Chinese Starlingor Blackbird" Edwards,Nat. Hist. Birds 1: 19, pl. 19. (in China.) Habitat.--Open country,cultivated lands, and aroundhuman habitation. Distribution.--Resident in central and eastern China, Taiwan, and northern Indochina. Introducedand establishedin southwesternBritish Columbia(Vancouver region), Japan, andthe Philippines(Luzon). Reports in northwesternOregon (Portland) and Florida (Dade County) are basedon escapedcage birds. Also reportedin PuertoRico, statusuncertain.

Genus GRACULA Linnaeus Gracula Linnaeus,1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1' 108. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Gracula religiosaLinnaeus.

Gracula religiosa Linnaeus.Hill Myna. Gracula religiosaLinnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 108. (in Asia = Java.). Habitat.--Primarily open woodland;in Old World, forest, secondgrowth, and scrub. Distribution.---Resident[religiosa group] from India (exceptsouthern peninsular), south- easternAsia, extreme southernChina, and Hainan southto the Andaman and Nicobar islands, and the East Indies (eastto Palawanand Alor); and [indica group]in southernpeninsular India and Sri Lanka. Introducedand established[religiosa group] in PuertoRico (casualvagrant to Mona and Vieques islands),and in the Indian Ocean on ChristmasIsland; escapesin the Hawaiian Islands(Oahu, 1960 and 1961) andsouthern Florida have persisted for yearswithout evidence of establishment. Notes.--Also known as TalkingMyna or Indian Hill Myna and,in Old World literature, as the Grackle. Groups:G. religiosa [EasternHill-Myna] and G. indica (Cuvier, 1829) [SouthernHill-Myna].

Family PRUNELLIDAE: Accentors Notes.--Sibley and Ahlquist (1981a, 1990) providedevidence from DNA-DNA hybridization indicatingthat this family is mostclosely related to the Ploceidaeand, alongwith the Motacillidae,belongs to a groupof familiesthat includesthe nine-primmedoscines.

Genus PRUNELLA Vieillot

Prunella Vieillot, 1816, Analyse,p. 43. Type, by monotypy,"Fauvette de haie" Buffon = Motacilla modularis Linnaeus. FAMILY MOTACILLIDAE 525

Prunella montanella (Pallas). Siberian Accentor. Motacilla rnontanella Pallas, 1776, Reise Versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs 3: 695. (in Dau- uriam = Dauria.) Habitat.--Breeds in open coniferousor mixed woodland (spruce,birch) and riverine scrub;in winter, open woodlandwith scruband secondgrowth. Distribution.--Breeds in the mountains of Siberia. Wintersfrom southernManchuria and Japan south to centralChina, in migrationoccurring throughMongolia. Casual in Alaska (Point Barrow, St. Lawrence and Nunivak islands, and Shemya in the Aleutians);sight reports from Fairbanks,Kenai Peninsula,and Juneau. Accidental in British Columbia, Washington,and Idaho. Notes.--Also known as Mountain Accentor.

Family MOTACILLIDAE: Wagtailsand Pipits Notes.--For relationshipsof the family, seeSibley and Ahlquist(198 lb, 1990) and comments under Prunellidae.

Genus MOTACILLA Linnaeus

Motacilla Linnaeus,1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 184. Type, by tautonymy,Motacilla alba Linnaeus(Motacilla, prebinomialspecific name, listed in synonymy).

Motacilla fiava Linnaeus.Yellow Wagtail. Motacillafiava Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 185. (in Europa = Sweden.) Habitat.--Breeds in tundra with thickets of dwarf willow or birch; in Eurasia, also wet meadows,moorlands, edges of wetlands,and coastalscrub; in winter,cultivated fields, moist grassyfields, and mudflats,often roostingin reedbedsand cane-fields.Often associatedwith livestock. Distribution.--Breeds in North America in northern and western Alaska (south to St. Lawrenceand Nunivak islands,and on the mainlandto the NushagakRiver), northernYukon, and extreme northwesternMackenzie; and in the Palearctic from the British Isles, southern Scandinavia, northern Russia, and northern Siberia south to northwestern Africa, the Med- iterraneanregion, Asia Minor, Iran, Turkestan,northern Mongolia, centralManchuria, Kam- chatka, and the Kuril and Commander islands. Winters in the Old World from northern Africa, India, Southeast Asia, eastern China, and the Philippinessouth to southernAfrica, the East Indies, and (rarely) northernAustralia. Migrates regularly throughcoastal western Alaska and the westernAleutians, and in the Old World throughoutEurope, the Mediterraneanregion, and Asia (exceptunsuitable regions in centralAsia and the Himalayas),including Japan and Korea. Casual in the western Aleutians, Pribilof Islands, central and south-coastal Alaska, central Yukon, British Columbia,western Washington, California, Iceland,the FaeroeIslands, north- em Scandinavia,the easternAtlantic islands,and New Guinea;a sightreport from Alabama. Notes.--Variation in this speciesis complex, and relationshipsbetween morphologically distinguishablegroups are uncertain(Sammalisto 1961, Vaurie 1957b, 1959). If more than one speciesis recognized,North American populationsand recordswould pertain to the easternEurasian M. tschutschensisGmelin, 1789 [Alaska Yellow-Wagtail].

Motacilla citreola Pallas. Citrine Wagtail. Motacilla citreola Pallas, 1776, Reise versch. Prob. Russ. Reischs., 3: 696. (in Siberia orientaliore = East Siberia.) Habitat.--Wet meadows,marshes, scrubby tundra, and along banksof slow streamsand lakes, almost always near water; in winter, marshes,edges of wetlands,irrigated ricefields, and reedbeds. 526 FAMILY MOTACILLIDAE

Distribution.--Breeds in central Eurasiafrom Russia to Siberia, Mongolia, and China, southto northernAfghanistan and throughthe Himalayasto the Tibetanplateau. Wintersto Iran, southernAfghanistan, India, northernThailand, and Burma. Accidentalin Mississippi(Starkville, OktibbehaCounty, 31 January-1February 1992; 1992, Amer. Birds 46: 278; photographin DeBenedictis1995).

Motaci!la cinerea Tunstall. Gray Wagtail. Motacilla Cinerea Tunstall, 1771, Ornithol. Br., p. 2. Based on the "Gray Water Wagtail" Pennant,Br. Zool., and "La Bergeronettejaune" Brisson,Ornithologie 3: 471, pl. 23, fig. 3. (No locality given = Wycliffe, Yorkshire,England.) Itabitat.--Along watercourses,most frequently swift flowing streamsin mountainous country,less frequently along seashores or sluggishstreams, in opencountry such as pastures and meadowswith nearbyrocky areasand brushnearby, and aroundhuman habitation; in winter,primarily open areasin lowlandsnext to shorelineswith little or no vegetation. Distribution.--Breeds from the British Isles, southern Scandinavia, central Russia, and central Siberia south to the eastern Atlantic islands, northwesternAfrica, the Mediterranean region, Asia Minor, Iran, the Himalayas,northern Mongolia, Manchuria,northern Korea, and Japan. Wintersfrom northernAfrica, Arabia, Iraq, southernIran, Afghanistan,India, Southeast Asia, southernChina, and Taiwan southto centralAfrica, Sri Lanka, the Malay Peninsula, East Indies, and western New Guinea. Migrates casually(primarily in spring)through the Commanderand westernAleutians (Attu, Agattu,Shemya, Buldir, Amchitka), occasionally reaching the Pribilofs(St. Paul)and St. Lawrence Island. A sightreport for California (SalinasRiver).

Motaci!la alba Linnaeus.White Wagtail. Motacilla alba Linnaeus,1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 185. (in Europa = Sweden.) Habitat.--Arctic coastalcliffs, villages,and debris,locally gravel flats of rivers;in Eur- asia,almost any kind of opencountry from tundraand desert edge to marginsof watercourses, towns, and cultivated areas. Often associatedwith livestock. Distribution.--Breeds [alba group] in North America in westernAlaska from Cape Lis- burne southto St. LawrenceIsland and Norton Sound,probably farther south;and in the Old World from Greenland,Iceland, and northernEurasia south (except most of British Isles) to the northernMediterranean region, Asia Minor, southernRussia, southern Siberia, and northernChina; [yarrelli group] in the British Isles, rarely the adjacentcoasts of continental Europe; and [personatagroup] in Iran, extreme southernRussia, western China, and Pakistan. Winters[alba group] from the southernparts of the breedingrange in Eurasiasouth to southernAfrica, the coastsof the Indian Ocean, East Indies, and Philippines. Migrates [alba group]through the easternAtlantic islands,and islandsfrom Japansouth to the Philippines. Resident[subpersonata group] in Morocco. Casualor accidental[alba group]in the Pribilofs,central Alaska (Fairbanks), Washington (Whidbey Island), California (Point PiedraBlanca, Oxnard), Louisiana(Cameron Parish), and Baja California(La Paz); sightreports for British Columbia,Sonora, and Trinidad. An old reportfrom northernQuebec is questionable.See further commentsunder M. lugens. Notes.--Known in the Old World as Pied Wagtail. Groups:M. alba [White Wagtail], M. yarrelli Gould, 1837 [British Pied Wagtail], M. personataGould, 1861 [MaskedWagtail], M. subpersonataMeade-Waldo, 1901 [MoroccanWagtail]. Motacilla alba and M. lugens are sympatricwith limitedhybridization in Kamchatkaand southernUssuriland (Kistchinski and Lobkov 1979); they formerly were consideredconspecific (Dement'ev and Gladkov 1954). Motacilla alba, M. lugens,M. grandis Sharpe, 1885 [JapaneseWagtail], M. aguimp Dumont,1821 [AfricanPied Wagtail], and M. madaraspatensisGmelin, 1789 [White-browed Wagtail] appearto constitutea superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990). For further notes on taxonomyand specieslimits, see Stepanyan(1978) and Cramp (1988). FAMILY MOTACILLIDAE 527

Motacilla lugens Gloger. Black-backedWagtail. Motacilla lugensGloger, 1829, Isis von Oken, col. 771. (Kamchatka.) Habitat.--Primarily near seacoasts,also in forest edge, second-growthwoodland, and around towns and human habitation. Distribution.--Breeds occasionallyin westernand southwesternAlaska (Nome, andAttu in Aleutian Islands), and in easternAsia from southernUssuriland, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, and (possibly)the CommanderIslands south to the Kuril Islandsand northernJapan. Winters from easternChina, Korea, and Japan southto southeasternChina, Taiwan, the Seven Islands of Izu and Bonin Islands. Migrates through Manchuria, northeasternChina, and (mostly in spring) the western Aleutian Islands (Near Islands,casually east to Amchitka and Adak). Casual or accidentalon St. Lawrence Island, and in southeasternAlaska (Glacier Bay), Oregon (Eugene,Lower Elk River), California (McKinleyville, Tiburon,Watsonville, Port Hueneme), and North Carolina (Cedar Island). Sight reportsor photographsof individuals in the Aleutians,southeastern Alaska, British Columbia,western Washington, Arizona (Grand Canyon), and elsewherein Oregonand California are indeterminateas to species(Morlan 1981), as are sight reportsfrom Michigan and Barbados. Notes.--See comments under M. alba.

Genus ANTHUS Bechstein AnthusBechstein, 1805, Gemein.Naturgesch. Dtsch. (ed. 2) 2: 302. Type, by subsequent designation(Sharpe, 1885), Alauda trivialis Linnaeus.

Anthus trivialis (Linnaeus).Tree Pipit. Alauda trivialis Linnaeus,1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 166. (in Svecia = Sweden.) Habitat.--Open and partly open situationswith scatteredtrees and bushes. Distribution.--Breeds throughmost of Eurasia. Winters southto tropical Africa and India. Accidentalin Alaska (Cape Prince of Wales, 23 June 1972; Kessel 1989). Notes.--Also known as Brown Tree-Pipit.

Anthus hodgsoniRichmond. Olive-backed Pipit. Anthusmaculatus (not Vieillot, 1818) "Hodgson" Jerdon, 1864, Birds India "3" [= 2 (2)]: 873. (India = Bengal.) Anthus hodgsoniRichmond, 1907, in Blackwelder,Publ. Carnegie Inst., no. 54, 1(2): 493. New name for Anthus maculatusJerdon, preoccupied. Habitat.--Taiga, edgesof coniferousand mixed forest,bogs, alpine scrub,and montane forest,including clearings and adjacentmeadows; in winter,open woodland, tree plantations, secondgrowth, and farm groves. Distribution.--Breeds from northeastern Russia and central Siberia south to the Hima- layas, westernChina, Mongolia,Japan, and the Kuril Islands. Wintersfrom India, SoutheastAsia, easternChina, Korea, andJapan south to southeastern China, the Philippines,Taiwan. and the Ryukyu Islands. Migrates casuallythrough the westernAleutians (Attu, Agattu, Shemya,Buldir), occasionally reachingthe Pribilofs (St. Paul) and St. LawrenceIsland. Accidentalin Nevada (Reno); a sightreport for Baja California and the Hawaiian Islands (Kure). Notes.--Also knownas Olive Tree-Pipit,Indian Tree-Pipit, Oriental Tree-Pipit, Hodgson's Tree-Pipit, or SpottedPipit.

Anthus gustavi Swinhoe. PechoraPipit. Anthusgustavi Swinhoe, 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 90. (Amoy, [China].) Habitat.--Woody and shrubbytundra, swampy scrub, and wet meadowswith sedgesand reeds;in migration and winter, open woodlandand marshes. 528 FAMILY MOTACILLIDAE

Distribution.--Breeds [gustavigroup] from northeasternSiberia (east to the BeringStrait) southto Kamchatkaand the CommanderIslands; and [menzbierigroup] in southernUs- suriland. Winters[gustavi group] from easternChina, Korea, and the Ryukyu Islandssouth to the East Indies and Moluccas;and [menzbierigroup] presumably in southernChina. Casual [gustavigroup] in Alaska on St. Lawrence Island and in the westernAleutians (Attu), also in Great Britain, Norway, Finland, Poland, and Iceland. Notes.--Groups: A. gustavi [PechoraPipit] and A. menzbieriShulpin, 1928 [Menzbier's Pipit].

Anthus cervinus (Pallas). Red-throatedPipit. Motacilla cervina Pallas, 1811, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat.1:511. (Siberia near the Kolyma, and Kamchatka = Kolyma.) I-Iabitat.--Rocky areas with mat tundra in coastal mountainsand lowlands; in the Old World, wet grassyareas in tundra;in migration and winter, open grasslandsand cultivated fields, most frequentlynear water. Distribution.---Breeds in North America in westernAlaska (St. Lawrence Island, and on the mainlandfrom Cape Lisburne south to Wales, probably also on Little Diomede and Sledgeislands) and possibly northern Yukon; and in Eurasiafrom northernScandinavia east acrossnorthern Russia and northernSiberia to the ChukotskiPeninsula, possibly also Kam- chatka and the Kuril Islands. Winters in the Old World from northern Africa east across Asia Minor, Iran, and India to southeastern China, and south to central Africa, Southeast Asia, the East Indies, and Philippines. Migrates throughthe westernAleutian islands(east to Shemyaand Buldir), and in the Old World throughcentral Eurasia from Italy eastto Sakhalin,Korea, the Ryukyu Islands, and Taiwan, rarely throughnorthwestern, central and southernCalifornia (in fall primarily alongcoasts and in the ChannelIslands), the FaeroeIslands, and British Isles. Casual or accidentalin the Hawaiian Islands (Kure), Gulf of Alaska (Middleton Island), northeasternArizona, Baja California, Colima, and Michoacfin;sight reportsfor British Columbia and Washington.

Antbus rubescens(Tunstall). American Pipit. Alauda RubescensTunstall, 1771, Ornithol. Br., p. 2. Basedon "The Lark from Pen- silvania" Edwards,Glean. Nat. Hist. 2: 185, pl. 297. (Pennsylvania-- Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.) Habitat.--Tundra, rocky Arctic and alpine slopes,and alpine meadows(breeding); seacoasts,beaches, mudflats, wet meadows,sandy areas,pastures, and cultivatedfields (nonbreeding). Distribution.---Breedsin North America throughoutAlaska (includingthe easternAleu- tian Islands),from northernYukon souththrough British Columbia,southwestern Alberta, Washington,and westernMontana, locally on mountaintops from Oregon,Utah, and Col- orado south to California (the Sierra Nevada, and on Mt. San Gorgonio), northernBaja California (possibly),northern Arizona (San Franciscoand White mountains),and northern New Mexico, and from the CanadianArctic islands(northern Banks east to northernBaffin islands) south to south-central and southeasternMackenzie, southern Keewatin, northern Manitoba, extremenorthern Ontario, southernLabrador, Newfoundland, and, locally, south- easternQuebec (Gasp6 Peninsula), New Hampshire(Mt. Washington),and northernMaine (Mt. Katahdin); and in easternSiberia west to the Taimyr Peninsulaand southto northern Transbaicalia, northern Ussuriland, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, and the Kuril Islands. Winters in coastal areas north to southern British Columbia and southern New York (casuallyin Alaska in the Aleutiansand on Kodiak Island, and from the southernUnited Statescasually in the interior and northeastas far as southernCanada) south to Guatemala, southernMexico (includingthe YucatanPeninsula), the Gulf coast,southern Florida, and (rarely) the West Indies (BahamaIslands south to San Salvador,Jamaica, and Swan, Prov- FAMILY BOMBYCILLIDAE 529 idencia, and San Andr6s islands); and in eastern Asia south to eastern China, SoutheastAsia, Japan,and the Ryukyu Islands. Migratesregularly throughout North Americabetween the breedingand wintering ranges. Casualor accidentalin the Hawaiian Islands(Kure), ClippertonIsland (sightreport), E1 Salvador,and Bermuda,and in Iceland, the British Isles, Germany,and Italy. Notes.--Formerly regardedas conspecificwith A. spinoletta (Linnaeus, 1758) [Water Pipit] but sympatricwith the latterin the Transbaicaliaregion of southernSiberia (Nazarenko 1978). Also stronglygenetically differentiated from A. spinoletta(Zink et al. 1995). For further noteson taxonomyand specieslimits, see Stepanyan(1978) and Knox (1988a).

Anthus spragueii (Audubon). Sprague'sPipit. Alauda SpragueiiAudubon, 1844, Birds Amer. (octavo ed.) 7: 334, pl. 486. (Near Ft. Union [western North Dakota].) Habitat.--Well-drained short-grassprairie (breeding);also in pasturesand fields with medium-heightgrass (nonbreeding). Distribution.--Breeds from north-centralBritish Columbia (locally), north-centralAl- berta, central Saskatchewan, and west-central and southern Manitoba south to Montana, western South Dakota, North Dakota, and northwestern Minnesota. Winters from south-central and southeasternArizona, southern New Mexico, central and easternTexas, southernKansas, southern Oklahoma, Arkansas, southernMissouri, Tennessee, northwesternMississippi, and Louisiana souththrough Mexico (except the northwestern portion) to northernMichoacfin, Puebla, and central Veracruz,casually north to southern California. Migrates primarily throughthe easternGreat Plains, casuallywest (primarily in fall) to southwestern Alberta, California, and northwestern Mexico. Casual in Illinois, Michigan, western Ontario, Ohio, Massachusetts,and the Gulf and southernAtlantic states(Mississippi east and north to South Carolina); sight reportsfrom Guerrero,Maine, Delaware, Virginia, and North Carolina. Notes.-•A close relationshipbetween A. spragueii and the South AmericanA. furcatus Lafresnayeand d'Orbigny, 1837, has been suggested(Hall 1961); they may constitutea superspecies(Mayr and Short 1970).

Anthus lutescensPucheran. Yellowish Pipit. Anthuslutescens Pucheran, 1855, Arch. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris7: 343. (Br6sil = vicinity of Rio de Janeiro.) Habitat.--Pastures/AgriculturalLands, Low SeasonallyWet Grassland(0-1300 m; Trop- ical Zone). Distribution.--Residenton the Pacificslope of Panama(western Chiriqu/east to eastern Panamfiprovince, also both slopesin the Canal area); and in South America west of the Andes in coastal Peru and northern Chile, and locally east of the Andes from eastern Colombia,Venezuela, and the Guianassouth to centralArgentina, Uruguay, and southeastern Brazil.

Family BOMBYCILLIDAE: Waxwings Notes.--Sibley and Ahlquist (1990) presentedevidence from DNA-DNA hybridization that the Bombycillidae,which in their classificationincluded also the Ptilogonatidaeand Dulidae, are most closelyrelated to a group of families, the Muscicapoidea,that includes the Cinclidae,Muscicapidae, Turdidae, Sturnidae, and Mimidae.

Genus BOMBYCILLA Vieillot

BombycillaVieillot, 1808, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amer. Sept., 1: 88. Type, by monotypy, Bombycilla cedrorumVieillot. 530 FAMILY PTILOGONATIDAE

Botnbycillagarrulus (Linnaeus).Bohemian Waxwing. Lanius Garrulus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 95. (in Europa & America boreali = Sweden.)

I-Iabitat.--Open coniferousor deciduousforest and edge, muskeg,and, less frequently, mixed coniferous-deciduouswoodland; in migrationand winter,also parks and suburbswith fruiting trees and shrubs. Distribution.--Breeds in North America from western and northern Alaska, northern Yukon, northwestern and southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, and extreme west-central Quebec south to south-coastal Alaska, and throughinterior British Columbia and northernand southwesternAlberta to northernWash- ington,northern Idaho, and northwestern Montana; and in Eurasiafrom northernScandinavia east across northern Russia to northern Siberia, and south to Amufiand and Kamchatka. Winters in North America from central, south-coastal and southeastern Alaska, northern British Columbia, southwesternMackenzie, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundlandsouth irregularly or sporadicallyto southernCalifornia, northern (casually southern)Arizona, northern (casually southern)New Mexico, northern Texas, Oklahoma, northwestern Arkansas, southern Illinois, central Indiana, northern Ohio, West Virginia, Pennsylvania,and New Jersey(casually to Maryland and District of Columbia); sight reportssouth to southernTexas and Virginia; and in Eurasiafrom the breedingrange south to the British Isles, central and southeasternEurope, Asia Minor, Iran, Turkestan, Mongolia, Manchuria, Ussuriland,Korea, Japan,and the Kuril Islands. Casual in the Pribilofs (St. Paul), Aleutians (Attu, Amchitka), Greenland, Iceland, the Faeroe Islands,Mediterranean region and islandsoff Japan(south to the Volcano Islands). Notes.--Also known as GreaterWaxwing and, in Old World literature,as the Waxwing.

Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot. Cedar Waxwing. Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot, 1808, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amer. Sept., 1, livr. 10,: 88, pl. 57. (Am6rique depuisle Canadajusqu'au Mexique; restrictedto Pennsylvaniaby Burleigh, 1963, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington76: 177-180.) Habitat.--A varietyof openwoodland types, either deciduous or coniferous,forest edge, secondgrowth, parks, and orchards;in migration and winter, occurringwherever there are fruiting trees and shrubs. Distribution.---Breeds from southeasternAlaska, central British Columbia, northern Al- berta, northern Saskatchewan,northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, south-centralQuebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland south to northern California (primarilyDel Norte andHumboldt counties, casually to OrangeCounty in southern California),northern Utah (rarely),Colorado (locally), westernOklahoma (rarely), Kan- sas, northwesternArkansas, central Missouri, southernIllinois, east-centralMississippi, northernAlabama, northern Georgia, and SouthCarolina. Recorded in summer(and breeding suggested)in northernNew Mexico. Winters from southern British Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, southernOntario, southernQuebec, New York, New England, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south through the continentalUnited States,Middle America to central Panama(the Canal area and Pearl Islands),and Bermuda,irregularly to the BahamaIslands, the Greater Antilles, and the Cayman Islands. Casual in central and south-coastalAlaska (Fairbanks,Cordova, Middleton Island), in the RevillagigedoIslands (SocorroIsland; sight reports),the LesserAntilles (Guadeloupeand Dominica), Netherlands Antilles (Aruba), Colombia, and northern Venezuela.

Family PTILOGONATIDAE: Silky-flycatchers Notes.--Sometimes includedin the Bombycillidae(e.g., Sibley and Monroe 1990). See commentsunder Bombycillidae. FAMILY PTILOGONATIDAE 531

Genus PHAINOPTILA Salvin Phainoptila Salvin, 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 367. Type, by original designation, Phainoptila melanoxanthaSalvin.

Phainoptila melanoxantha Salvin. Black-and-yellowSilky-flycatcher. Phainoptila melanoxanthaSalvin, 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,p. 367. (CostaRica = San Francisco, Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (1200-3000 m; Subtropicaland Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica (Cordillera de Guanacasteto Cordillera de Talamanca)and westernPanama (east to Veraguas).

Genus PTILOGONYS Swainson Ptiliogonys[sic] Swainson,1827, Philos. Mag. (n.s.) 1: 268. Type, by monotypy,Pti- liogonyscinereus Swainson. Notes.--The usual citation, with the spelling Ptilogonys, is to Swainson, 1824, a work that was not published(see Browning 1989b). Ptiliogonysmay be consideredan incorrect spelling and Ptilogonys,as later used by Swainson,a justifiable emendation(Sibley and Monroe 1990: 506).

Ptilogonyscinereus Swainson.Gray Silky-flycatcher. Ptiliogonys [sic] cinereusSwainson, 1827, Philos. Mag. (n.s.) 1: 368. (Tablelandof Mexico, Real del Monte [Hidalgo]; Browning, 1989, Auk 106: 743-746.) Habitat.--Pine-Oak Forest,Pine Forest (1100-3200 m; Subtropicaland Temperate zones). Distribution.--Resident in the highlandsfrom southernSonora, Sinaloa, southernChi- huahua,western Durango, Zacatecas,central Nuevo Le6n, and southwesternTamaulipas south to central Guatemala. Accidentalin southern(Laguna Atascosa N.W.R.; Lasley and Pincelli 1986, DeBenedictis 1991) and western (El Paso; 12 Jan.--5 March 1995; 1995, Nat. Aud. Soc. Field Notes 49: 168-169) Texas.Reports from Californiaand Arizona are usuallyregarded as escapedcage- birds.

Ptilogonyscaudatus Cabanis. Long-tailed Silky-flycatcher. Ptilogonyscaudatus Cabanis, 1861, J. Ornithol. 8 (1860): 402. (Irazti, Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest (1800-3000 m; Subtropicaland Temperate zones). Distribution.--Resident in the mountainsof Costa Rica (north to the Cordillera Central) and westernPanama (western Chiriqu0.

Genus PHAINOPEPLA Baird PhainopeplaBaird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv. R. R. Pac. 9: xix, xxxiv, 923. Type, by original designation,Ptilogonys nitens Swainson.

Phainopepla nitens (Swainson).Phainopepla. Ptilogonysnitens Swainson, 1838, Animals in Menageries,in Lardner,Cabinet Cyclo- pedia 98' 285. (Mexico.) Habitat.--Desert washes,mesquite, juniper and oak woodland,tall brush,and riparian woodland,mainly where fruiting mistletoepresent (Tropical to Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds from interior northern California (also once on Santa Catalina Island), southernNevada, southernUtah, southern(casually western) New Mexico, and westernTexas south to southernBaja California, Jalisco,Guanajuato, San Luis Potosf,and west-central Veracruz. 532 FAMILY PARULIDAE

Winters from central California, southern Nevada, central Arizona, southern New Mexico, and western Texas south to northwestern Oaxaca and Veracruz. Regular in fall on Channel Islands (off California). Casual or accidentalin southern Oregon, Colorado, southernTexas, Nebraska(Alliance), southernOntario (Wallacetown, London), Wisconsin,and Rhode Island (Block Island); sight reportsfor GuadalupeIsland and Massachusetts.

Family DULIDAE: Palmchats Notes.--Sometimesincluded in the Bombycillidae(e.g., Sibley and Monroe 1990). See commentsunder Bombycillidae.

Genus DULUS Vieillot Dulus Vieillot, 1816, Analyse,p. 42. Type, by monotypy,"Tanagra esclave" Buffon = Tanagra dominica Linnaeus.

Dulus dominicus (Linnaeus). Palmchat. Tanagra dominicaLinnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1' 316. Based on "Le Tangara de S. Domingue" Brisson,Ornithologie 3: 37, pl. 2, fig. 4. (in Dominica = Santo Domingo, Hispaniola.) Habitat.--Secondary Forest, Tropical DeciduousForest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen ForestEdge, nestingprimarily in royal palm (0-1800 m). Distribution.--Resident on Hispaniola (including Gonave Island).

Family PEUCEDRAMIDAE: Olive Warbler

Genus PEUCEDRAMUS Henshaw PeucedrarnusHenshaw, 1875, Ann. Rep. Geogr.Explor. West 100th Merid., p. 201. Type, by original designation,Sylvia olivacea Giraud = Sylvia taeniata Du Bus de Gisignies. Notes.--The elevationto family rank of Peucedrarnusis basedon morphologyand breeding biology (George 1962, 1968) and on biochemicalsystematics (DNA-DNA hybridization data; Sibley and Ahlquist 1990, Harshman 1994), supportingthe distinctivenessof this specieswith referenceto the other membersof the nine-primariedassemblage.

Peucedramustaeniatus (Du Bus de Gisignies).Olive Warbler. Sylvia tceniataDu Bus de Gisignies, 1847, Bull. Acad. R. Sci. Lett. Beaux-ArtsBelg. 14: 104. (le Mexique -- San Crist6bal,Chiapas.) Habitat.--Pine Forest,Pine-Oak Forest; locally firs (1700-3100 m). Distribution.---Breeds from central and southeasternArizona, southwesternNew Mexico, northernChihuahua, northern Coahuila, southern Nuevo Le6n, andwestern Tamaulipas south throughthe highlandsof Mexico, Guatemala,E1 Salvador,and Hondurasto north-central Nicaragua. Wintersprimarily throughthe breedingrange, although most individualswinter southof Arizona and New Mexico; recordedin winter also in Nayarit. Some movementto lower elevationsin winter in northernportion of range. Casual in western Texas and south-central New Mexico.

Family PARULIDAE: Wood-Warblers

Genus VERMIVORA Swainson VerrnivoraSwainson, 1827, Philos. Mag. (n.s.) 1, p. 434. Type, by monotypy,Sylvia solitaria Wilson = Certhia pinus Linnaeus. FAMILY PARULIDAE 533

Helminthophaga(not Bechstein,1803) Cabanis, 1850, Mus. Heineanum 1: 20. Type, by original designation,Motacilla chrysopteraLinnaeus. HelminthophilaRidgway, 1882, Bull. Nuttall Ornithol. Club 7: 53. New name for HelminthophagaCabanis, preoccupied. Notes.--The generaVermivora, Parula, and Dendroica are closelyrelated (Lowery and Monroe in Paynter 1968); someauthors (e.g., Griscom, in Griscom and Sprunt 1957: 349) suggestthat all be mergedin Vermivora.In a studyof geneticvariation using allozymes, however,three speciesof Vermivoraclustered separately from four speciesof Dendroica (Barrowcloughand Corbin 1978); unfortunately,the more Dendroica-likespecies of Ver- mivora, such as V. pinus and V. chrysoptera,were not included. We also suspectthat Vermivorais not a monophyleticgroup. Relationshipsin this assemblagerequire further study. tVermivora bachmanii (Audubon). Bachman's Warbler. SylviaBachmanii Audubon, 1833, Birds Amer. (folio) 2: pl. 185 (1834, Ornithol.Biogr. 2: 483). (a few miles from Charleston[= Edisto River], in South Carolina.) Habitat.--Moist deciduouswoodland and swamp; in migration and winter also open woodland,pine, and scrub(see commentsbelow). Distribution.--Probably extinct. Bred formerly in northeasternArkansas, southeastern Missouri, southwesternKentucky, central Alabama, and southeasternSouth Carolina. Re- cordeddu.ring breeding season (and possiblybreeding) from south-centralMissouri and Virginia southto Louisiana,Mississippi, and southernAlabama. Wintered in Cuba and the Isle of Pines. Accidental in Florida. In migrationrecorded from the Gulf coastregion (from Florida to Louisiana),Florida Keys, and BahamaIslands (Cay Sal). Althoughthe speciesis still reportedon the basisof songor sightings,the last confirmed record was in 1962 near Charleston,South Carolina; the photo of a female in Florida in 1977 (Barber 1985) is not definitive, nor is a sight report of a female in Cuba in 1980 (Ripley andMoreno 1980). Vermivorabachmanii might have been a bamboospecialist, and the historicaldecline of "cane" (= bamboo)in the southeasternUnited Statesmay be linked to the disappearanceof this species(Remsen 1986).

Vermivorapinus (Linnaeus).Blue-winged Warbler. Certhia PinusLinnaeus, 1766, Syst.Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 187. Basedlargely on "The Pine- Creeper" Edwards,Glean. Nat. Hist. 2: 140, pl. 277. (in America septentrionali= Philadelphia,Pennsylvania.) Habitat.--Second-growthdominated by shrubs,from over-grownfields to forestedge; in migrationmay be foundin any woodedhabitat; in winter,favors second-growth. Distribution.--Breeds from easternNebraska (formerly), Missouri, central Iowa, south- easternMinnesota, southern Wisconsin, central Michigan, northernOhio, southernOntario, centralNew York, southernVermont, southern New Hampshire,and extremesouthern Maine southto northeasternOklahoma (casually),northern Arkansas, central Tennessee, northern Alabama, northernGeorgia, southwestemNorth Carolina, westernand northernVirginia, Maryland, andnorthern Delaware. Summer records for westernSouth Carolina and Colorado, but breedingnot confirmed.Breeding distribution has expandeddramatically to the north and northeastover the last century. Wintersfrom Puebla,Veracruz, and Oaxacasouth through Middle America (both slopes, including the Yucatan Peninsula,but less commonlyon the Pacific drainage)to central Panama (east to the Canal area and easternPanamfi province). Many winter sight reports from southeasternUnited States,especially Florida, but few confirmedrecords. Casual in Bermuda, the Bahamas, and the Greater Antilles, and accidental in coastal California, Texas, North Carolina,and Mississippi;December-early January reports from Kentuckyand New York. Migrates throughthe easternUnited States(casually west to the easternfoothills of the Rockies and central and southernTexas; also rare in the extreme southeast),eastern Mexico 534 FAMILY PARULIDAE

(Gulf slope),and Bermuda,rarely throughCuba, Jamaica,Hispaniola, and the Bahamaand Cayman islands.Recorded annually in Newfoundland. Casual north to southern Saskatchewan,southern Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, west to California, Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas, and south to northern Colombia;sight reports for Washington,Oregon, southern Manitoba, Alberta, northernBaja California, and the Caicosand Virgin islands. Notes.--This specieshybridizes regularly and extensivelywith V. chrysopterain a dy- namic situation,producing variable hybrids that have resultedin the namingof two extreme types, V. "leucobronchialis"Brewster, 1874 and V. "!awrencii" Herrick, 1875. The hybrids are more variable than thesehybrid types would suggest.In many regions V. chrysoptera has been replacedby V. pinus, the extent of interbreedingdiminishing with this shift, but the situationis complexand locally variable. See Parkes(1951), Short (1963), Ficken and Ficken (1968, 1970), Gill and Murray (1972), Murray and Gill (1976), Gill (1980, 1987, 1997), and referencestherein. The two speciesconstitute a superspecies(Mayr and Short 1970).

Verntivorachrysoptera (Linnaeus). Golden-winged Warbler. Motaci!la chrysopteraLinnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 333. Based on "The Golden-wingedFly-catcher" Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist. 2: 189, pl. 299. (in Pen- sylvania = near Philadelphia,Pennsylvania.) Habitat.--Second-growthdominated by shrubsand denseherbaceous growth, from overgrown fields to forest edge, bogs;in migrationand winter, primarily forest edge and tall second-growth,especially in foothills and mountains. Distribution.--Breeds in southernManitoba, northern Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, northernIllinois (locally), extremenorthern Indiana, southern Ontario, extreme southwestern Quebec,New York, westernVermont, New Hampshire(locally), westernMassachusetts, and northwesternConnecticut, and souththrough Pennsylvania, northern New Jersey,western Maryland, WestVirginia, extremeeastern Kentucky, eastern Tennessee, western North Car- olina, and northernGeorgia. Formerly bred in southeasternIowa, Missouri,northern Ohio, central Illinois, southernConnecticut, Rhode Island, and northwesternSouth Carolina. Breed- ing rangehas been contracting in the southernand eastern portions of its range,but expanding in the northernportion. Bred once in northeasternNorth Dakota and once in Colorado. Recordedin summer(and possiblybreeding) in southeasternMaine. Wintersfrom Chiapasand Guatemala(casually southern Veracruz and the YucatanPen- insula) souththrough Middle America (mostlyon the Caribbeandrainage north of Panama) to centralColombia and northernVenezuela, and rarely in the GreaterAntilles (eastto Puerto Rico). Accidental in southernTexas, southernArizona, and coastalCalifornia. Migrates througheastern North America eastof the Rockies(rare alongthe GreatPlains and in the extreme southeast)south to south-centralTexas and the Gulf coast, recorded rarely in easternMexico (Gulf-Caribbeanslope), Bermuda, and the northwesternBahama Islands. Casual or accidentalin southernSaskatchewan, Oregon, California, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, western Texas, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Greenland, and Great Britain; sight reportsfor northernBaja California, Nevada, Idaho, Wyoming, Clip- perton Island, the Virgin Islands (St. John), Trinidad, and Ecuador. Notes.--See commentsunder V. pinus.

Vermivoraperegrina (Wilson). TennesseeWarbler. Sylvia peregrina Wilson, 1811, Amer. Ornithol. 3: 83, pl. 25, fig. 2. (banks of the Cumberland River in Tennessee.) Habitat.---Coniferousand deciduouswoodland (usually open, with brushyundergrowth, and with herbaceousground-cover), alder and willow thickets(especially in westernportions of range), edgesof bogs,and open deciduoussecond growth; in migrationand winter in a variety of woodedhabitats (especially where floweringtrees present) and densescrub, also (especiallyin fall) weed fields (especiallygiant ragweed). FAMILY PARULIDAE 535

Distribution.--Breeds from southeasternAlaska (rare), southeasternYukon, northwestern and southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, north-centralQuebec, southernLabrador, and Newfoundland south to south-centralBritish Columbia, southwesternand south-centralAlberta, northwesternMontana (rare and local), southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northern Minnesota, extreme northern Wiscon- sin, northernMichigan, southernOntario, northeasternNew York, northeasternVermont, northernNew Hampshire,central Maine, and Nova Scotia. Wintersfrom Guerreroand southernVeracruz south through Middle America (including islands off the Caribbean coast) to Colombia, northern Ecuador, and northern Venezuela. Regularon Bermudaand the westernWest Indies, and regular to casualin coastalCalifornia, southern Arizona, the Gulf Coast, and southern Florida, but few records are later than December.Sight reportsfrom Tennessee,Georgia, Illinois, and New York. Migrates regularly throughcentral and easternNorth America (west to westernMontana and the Rockies), easternMexico, Bermuda, the Bahama Islands, Greater Antilles (east to Hispaniola,rarely to the Virgin Islands),the Cayman Islands, and islandsin the western CaribbeanSea (Providencia,San Andrts), alsorarely but regularlythrough California (more commonlyin fall). Casual elsewhere in western North America from southwestern British Columbia and Coloradosouth to northernBaja California, northernSonora, southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and western Texas, also in central Alaska and the British Isles. Accidental on ClippertonIsland and the RevillagigedoIslands (Socorro Island, sight reports), and in Green- land, Iceland, and the Faeroe Islands.

Vermivoracelata (Say). Orange-crownedWarbler. Sylvia celatus Say, 1823, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mount. 1:169 (note). (Engineer Cantonmentnear Council Bluff -- Omaha, Nebraska.) Habitat.--Open, brushy deciduousand mixed deciduous-coniferouswoodland, dense chaparral,riparian thickets, and aspengroves (especially in Rocky Mountain region); in migrationand winter, a varietyof woodedhabitat edges, especially with denseundergrowth. Distribution.--Breeds from western and northern Alaska, Yukon, northwestern and southern Mackenzie, northern Alberta, northern Saskatchewan,northern Manitoba, northern On- tario, central Quebec, and central Labrador south to southernAlaska (west to the Alaska Peninsulaand Kodiak Island), southwesternand central California (includingthe Channel Islands),northwestern B aja California(including Los Coronadosand Todos Santos islands), locallyin Nevada,southern Utah, southeasternArizona, southern New Mexico, andextreme westernTexas (Guadalupeand, probably,Davis mountains),and, east of the Rockies,to southernSaskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northeasternNorth Dakota (probably),central Ontario, south-centralQuebec, and southernLabrador. Winters from coastalBritish Columbia (rare) south coastallyto coastalCalifornia, and from northernCalifornia, southernNevada, central Arizona, southernNew Mexico (rarely), Texas(not Panhandle),central Oklahoma, central Arkansas, the centralportions of the Gulf states,South Carolina, eastern North Carolina,and southeasternVirginia (casuallynorth to the northern contiguousUnited States and southeasternAlaska) south to southernBaja California, Guatemala,E1 Salvador,Belize (questionably),the YucatanPeninsula (rarely), and southernFlorida, rarely to Bermudaand the BahamaIslands. Migratesregularly through the United Statesprimarily west of the Appalachians. Casual north to northern Alaska and northern Mackenzie, and in the Pribilof Islands, the Maritime Provinces,Newfoundland, and Cuba. Accidentalin Greenland.A reportfrom Costa Rica requiresverification.

Vermivora ruficapi!!a (Wilson). Nashville Warbler. Sylvia ruficapillaWilson, 1811, Amer. Ornithol. 3: 120, pl. 27, fig. 3. (near Nashville, Tennessee.) Habitat.--Open, brushydeciduous or coniferouswoodland, second growth, regenerating burns and clear-cuts,forest-bordered bogs and brush, and brushy riparian growth; in migrationand winter, a variety of woodlandand scrubhabitats. 536 FAMILY PARULIDAE

Distribution.--Breeds from extreme southwesternand southerninterior British Columbia, southernAlberta (rarely), and westernMontana south through Washington (except western portion), Oregon, and central Idaho to northwesternand south-centralCalifornia (to San Bernardino Mountains), and extreme west-centralNevada (Carson Range); and from central Saskatchewan,central Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec (including Anticosti and Magdalenislands), extreme southwestern Newfoundland (casually), New Brunswick,Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia south to southern Manitoba, northeastern North Dakota, northernand east-centralMinnesota, southern Wisconsin, central Michigan, southeastern Ontario,northeastern West Virginia, westernMaryland, westernVirginia (rare), southeastern Pennsylvania(rare), northernNew Jersey,southeastern New York, northernConnecticut, and Rhode Island. Formerly bred southto Illinois, northeasternOhio, and southernCon- necticut. Casual in Labrador. Wintersfrom southernSonora, Durango, Nuevo Le6n, and extremesouthern Texas south throughMexico (sight reportsonly from the Yucatan Peninsula)to Guatemala,Belize, E1 Salvador,and centralHonduras; also rarely or irregularly in coastalCalifornia, and casually north to western Washingtonand southernArizona, and along the Gulf coast, southern Florida, the Bahama and Cayman Islands,Cuba, and Jamaica.Several Decemberrecords farther north in the United States and Nova Scotia. Migrates regularlythrough California, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, andthe centralUnited Statesfrom the Plainsstates east to theAppalachians, rarely through southern Baja California, the Rockies, and southeasternUnited States. Casualin Bermudaand Greenland;sight reports from southernAlaska (MiddletonIsland), Costa Rica, and Panama (ChiriquO. Notes.--Vermivora ruficapilla and V. virginiae are closely related and constitutea superspecies(Johnson 1976, Brush and Johnson1976); Mayr and Short (1970) also included V. crissalisin this superspecies.See commentsunder V. crissalis.

Vermivora virginiae (Baird). Virginia's Warbler. Helminthophagavirginiae Baird, 1860, in Baird, Cassin,and Lawrence,Birds N. Amen, p. xi, Atlas, pl. 79, fig. 1. (Cantonment[= Fort] Burgwyn, N.M.) Itabitat.--Brushy arid montanewoodland, oak thickets,mountain mahogany groves, coniferous scrub, and chaparral;in migration and winter, also in arid scrub,open woodland, and secondgrowth. Distribution.--Breeds from in montaneareas in the Great Basin region in easternCal- ifornia (White Mountains,eastern slope of Sierrasin Mono and Inyo counties;Clark Moun- tain, New York Mountains), Nevada (except northwest),southeastern Idaho, Utah, south- westernWyoming, westernColorado, northern New Mexico; and alsoin southernCalifornia (San Bernardinoand San Gabriel mountains),central Wyoming, easternranges of Rocky Mountains in Colorado and New Mexico, central and southeasternArizona, central and southernNew Mexico, and westernTexas (Guadalupe and, probably,Davis mountains). Wintersfrom southernNayarit and Guanajuatosouth to Morelos and centralOaxaca (west of the Isthmusof Tehuantepec),casually north to southernCalifornia. Accidentalin Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Migrates from southernCalifornia, Arizona, New Mexico, and westernand northern Texas souththrough northern Mexico (except Baja California), rarely but regularly through southern and central coastal California and east to western Kansas, western Oklahoma, and northern Texas. Casualor accidentalin southernOregon, northern coastal California, southeasternTexas, southwesternLouisiana, Ontario, Nova Scotia,Labrador (Goose Bay), Michigan (Dearborn), andNew Jersey;sight reports for New Brunswick,Missouri, northern Baja California,Belize, northern Guatemala (Pet6n), and the Bahamas(Grand Bahama). Notes.--See commentsunder V. ruficapi!!a.

Vermivora crissalis (Salvin and Godman). Colima Warbler. Helminthophila crissalis Salvin and Godman, 1889, Ibis, p. 380. (Sierra Nevada de Colima, Mexico.) FAMILY PARULIDAE 537

Habitat.--Pine-Oak Forest;in migration and winter, also open woodlandand scrub; primarily in brushy,humid Pine-OakForest (1800-3000 m). Distribution.--Breeds in southwesternTexas (ChisosMountains), western and central Coahuila, western and southern Nuevo Le6n, northeasternZacatecas, northern San Luis Potosiand southwesternTamaulipas (Miquihuana). Wintersfrom southernSinaloa south through Jalisco, Colima, andMichoac•n to Guerrero, casuallyto northernOaxaca. Casualin southernTexas (Santa Ana, sightreport). Notes.--For a detaileddiscussion of range and habitat, see Lanninget al. (1990). The view of Phillips et al. (1964) that V. crissalisis conspecificwith V. virginiae and V. ruff- capilla, despiteradical differences in plumage,song, and body size,has not beenentertained seriouslyby subsequentauthors. See commentsunder V. ruficapilla.

Vermivora luciae (Cooper). Lucy's Warbler. Helminthophagalucite J. G. Cooper, 1861, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (1)2: 120. (Fort Mojave, near lat. 35ø in the ColoradoValley [Arizona].) Habitat.--Gallery Forest,Arid LowlandScrub, primarily mesquite or mesquite-cottonwood woodlandalong streams and washes,locally alsoin montanecanyons with broadleaf woodland;in migration and winter, arid brush and thickets(0-1500 m). Distribution.--Breedsfrom southeasternCalifornia (north to Inyo County), southern Nevada,and southern Utah southto northeasternBaja California,southern Arizona, northern Sonora, southwesternNew Mexico, and westernTexas (Brewster,Hudspeth, and Presidio counties), and once in extreme southwesternColorado. Wintersin westernMexico from southernSonora south to Oaxaca,casually north to central coastaland southernCalifornia and upper Rio Grandevalley of Texas. Migratesthrough northwestern Mexico, rarely southernCalifornia (casually north to Point Reyes and the Farallon Islands). Casualor accidentalin Oregon(Florence), Baja California (away from Rio Colorado), southernLouisiana (Cameron Parish, Mississippi River delta), andMassachusetts (Ipswich).

GenusPARULA Bonaparte Parula Bonaparte,1838, Geogr. Comp. List, p. 20. Type,by monotypy,Sylvia americana Latham = Parus americanus Linnaeus. OreothlypisRidgway, 1884, Auk 1: 169. Type, by originaldesignation, Compsothlypis gutturalis Cabanis. Notes.--See comments under Vermivora.

Parula gutturalis (Cabanis). Flame-throatedWarbler. Compsothlypisgutturalis Cabanis, 1861, J. Ornithol. 8 (1860): 329. (Irazfi, CostaRica.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (1800-3000 m; Subtropicaland lower Temperate zones). Distribution.--Resident in the highlandsof CostaRica (CordilleraCentral, Dota Moun- tains, and Cordillerade Talamanca)and westernPanama (western Chiriquf). Notes.--Oftenplaced in the genusVermivora (Eisenmann 1955) or, occasionally,in the monotypicgenus Oreothlypis (Ridgway 1902).

Parula superciliosa(Hartlaub). Crescent-chestedWarbler. Conirostrumsuperciliosum Hartlaub, 1844, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 7: 215. (Guatemala.) Habitat.--Pine-Oak Forest,Montane Evergreen Forest (900-3400 m; Subtropicaland lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in the highlandsfrom southeasternSonora, southern Chihuahua, western Durango, Nayarit, Jalisco, northern Nuevo Le6n, southernSan Luis Potosf, and 538 FAMILY PARULIDAE westernTamaulipas south through Mexico, Guatemala,E1 Salvador,and Hondurasto north- centralNicaragua. Northernmost populations are partly migratory. Casualnorth to southernArizona (HuachucaMountains, Ramsey Canyon, Patagonia) and Sonora.Sight report from Texas (Big Bend National Park). Notes.--Also known as Hartlaub's Warbler or Spot-breastedWarbler. Often includedin the genusVermivora (Eisenmann 1955).

Parula americana (Linnaeus). Northern Parula. Parus americanusLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 190. Basedon "The Finch- Creeper" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina I: 64, pl. 64. (in America septentrionali= South Carolina.) Itabitat.--Open humid deciduousforest, riparian woodland,swamps, locally humid coniferousforest, all with at least sometree lichensor Spanishmoss for nestsites; in migration and winter, alsohumid lowland forest, secondgrowth, and scrub. Distribution.--Breeds from southeasternManitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia south (but rare or absentin much of upper Midwest-Great Lakes region and southernNew England) to south-centraland southernTexas (west to Tarrant, Kerr, and Hidalgo counties),the Gulf coast,and southern Florida (to Collier and Palm Beach counties),and west to the easternedge of the Plains states (extreme easternNebraska, eastern Kansas,eastern Oklahoma, easternTexas); and casually in central and southernCalifornia, central Arizona (Verde Valley), New Mexico (near Bernalillo),Rio GrandeValley of Texas,and northernSonora. Wintersfrom southernTamaulipas (sparingly), Veracruz, and Oaxaca (casually from northern California, southernArizona, northernSonora, and coastalLouisiana; perhaps annually in southernTexas) south through Mexico (primarily on the Gulf-Caribbeandrainage and offshoreislands) to Guatemalaand Belize, rarely to Nicaragua and Costa Rica, also sight reports from the Caribbean coast of Panama; and from central Florida, Bermuda, and the Bahama Islandssouth throughout the West Indies to Tobago,casually to Curacaoand Isla Los Roques,off Venezuela.Accidental in Illinois. Several Decemberrecords from central United States north to southern Canada Migrates primarily through easternNorth America, Bermuda, and northeasternMexico, rarely but regularlyto California, casuallyelsewhere in westernNorth America from British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan,Montana (sight report), and Wyoming southward. Casual or accidental in Newfoundland, Greenland, Iceland, the British Isles, and France. Sight reportfor Alaska (Middleton Island). Notes.--Also known as Parula Warbler.Moldenhauer (1992) and Regelski and Molden- hauer (1996) describeda major songdifference between eastern and westernpopulations of this species.Parula americana and P. pitiayumi constitutea superspecies(Mayr and Short 1970).

ParMa pitiayumi (Vieillot). TropicalParula. Sylvia pitiayumi Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv. 6d.) 11: 276. Based on "Pico de Punzondel celestepecho de oro" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pgx. Parag.I: 421 (no. 109). (Paraguay.) Itabitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Tropical De- ciduousForest, SecondaryForest, Gallery Forest; in Texas, primarily in live oaks with Spanishmoss (0-2600 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident [pitiayumigroup] from southernSonora, southwestern Chihua- hua, Sinaloa, westernDurango, Nayarit (includingthe Tres Marias and Isabela islands), Jalisco, San Luis Potosl, Nuevo Le6n, and southernTexas (lower Rio Grande Valley north to King Ranch; casuallyto EdwardsPlateau and Big Bend areas) southlocally through Middle America to Panama(including Isla Coiba), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela(including Margarita Island), Tobago,Trinidad, and the Guianassouth, west of the Andes to northwesternPeru and east of the Andes to northernArgentina and southern Brazil (exceptabsent from most of Amazonia); and [graysonigroup] on SocorroIsland, in the RevillagigedoIslands. Northernmost populations [pitiayumi group] are partly migratory. FAMILY PARULIDAE 539

Casual [pitiayumi group] in southernBaja California, southernArizona, southwestern Texas(Big Bend,Edwards Plateau), coastal Texas, and southwesternLouisiana, and [graysoni group] in southernBaja California (confirmationof theserecords is needed). Notes.--Also known as Olive-backedWarbler. Groups: P. pitiayumi [Tropical Parula] and P. graysoni(Ridgway, 1887) [SocorroWarbler]. See commentsunder P. americana.

GenusDENDROICA Gray DendroicaG. R. Gray, 1842,List GeneraBirds, app., p. 8. Type,by originaldesignation, Motacilla coronata Linnaeus. Notes.--See commentsunder Vermivora and Catharopeza.

Dendroica petechia (Linnaeus).Yellow Warbler. Motacilla petechia Linnaeus,1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 334. Basedon "The Yellow Red-pole" Edwards,Glean. Nat. Hist. 1: 99, pl. 256, fig. 2. (in America septentrionali = Barbados.) Habitat.--[aestiva group] Primarily riparian woodlandsand thickets,particularly those dominatedby willow or cottonwood,also locally in early successionalstages dominated by saplings,wooded suburbs, shelterbelts, regenerating burns and clearcuts,and aspenwoodland; in migrationand winter, also open woodland,brushy areas, tall weeds, mangroves, and marshand forestedge (Tropical to Temperatezones); [petechia group] Mangrove Forest, Arid Lowland Scrub, Tropical DeciduousForest, SecondaryForest; and [erithachorides group]Mangrove Forest, Secondary Forest, Arid Lowland Scrub (TropicalZone). Distribution.--Breeds [aestivagroup] from northwesternand north-centralAlaska, northern Yukon, northwesternand central Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan,northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, central Labrador, and Newfoundland south to central Alaska (west to the Alaska Peninsulaand Unimak Island), northernBaja California, through the central plateau region of Mexico to northernGuerrero, Puebla, and southeasternSan Luis Potosf, and to central and northeasternTexas (formerly), central Oklahoma, central Arkansas,central Alabama, central Georgia, extreme northwesternSouth Carolina, and central North Carolina. Winters [aestiva group] from southern(casually northern) California, southwesternAri- zona, northern Mexico, the southernGulf Coast (primarily December records), and the BahamaIslands south through Middle America, the southernLesser Antilles (north to St. Vincent), and South America (mostly east of the Andes) to Peru and Amazonian Brazil. Rare to casual in Florida, and annual in December in Newfoundland. Resident[petechia group] from southernFlorida (Florida Bay area and the Florida Keys) and the Bahama Islands south throughoutthe West Indies (south to St. Lucia, Barbados, and the Grenadines,and includingthe Cayman, Providencia,and San Andr6s islands),to the northern coast of Venezuela (west to Falc6n) and islands offshore, and on Cozumel Island (off QuintanaRoo); and [erithachoridesgroup] from southernBaja California (south of lat. 27ø N.), Sonora,and southernTamaulipas south along both coastsof Middle America (includingthe Bay Islandsoff Hondurasand CocosIsland off CostaRica) to easternPanama (on the Pacificcoast east only to westernDari6n, but includingEscudo, Coiba, and the Pearl islands),along the west coastof SouthAmerica from northwesternColombia southto central Peru (also the GalapagosIslands), and east alongthe northerncoast of Colombiato north- westernVenezuela (east to the ParaguanaPeninsula). Migrates [aestivagroup] throughTexas and the Gulf Coast region southof the breeding range, Florida, Bermuda,and Cuba. Casualor accidental[aestiva group] in northernAlaska, islandsin the Bering Sea (St. Lawrence Island, Nunivak, and the Pribilofs), the Queen Charlotte Islands, Southampton Island (Northwest Territories), Baffin Island, northernBolivia, Greenland,Iceland, and the BritishIsles; and [erithachoridesgroup] in the RevillagigedoIslands (Socorro; sight reports) and southernTexas (CameronCounty, Rockport). Notes.--Groups: D. aestiva (Gmelin, 1789) [Yellow Warbler], D. petechia [Golden War- bler], and D. erithachoridesBaird, 1858 [MangroveWarbler]. Klein and Brown (1994) have clarified relationshipsamong populations in this complex. 540 FAMILY PARULIDAE

Dendroica pensylvanica (Linnaeus). Chestnut-sidedWarbler. Motacilla pensylvanicaLinnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 333. Basedon "The Red- throatedFly-catcher" Edwards,Glean. Nat. Hist. 2: 193, pl. 301. (in Pensylvania= Philadelphia.) Habitat.--Early successionalstages of regeneratingdeciduous forest, locally in thickets of mountainlaurel and, in extremewestern portion of range, tall deciduouswoodland; in migrationin any woodedhabitat; in winter, tropicalforest edge and second-growth. Distribution.--Breeds from northeasternBritish Columbia (local), east-centralAlberta, central Saskatchewan,central Manitoba, central Ontario, central Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia south to north-central North Dakota, central Min- nesota,eastern Nebraska (formerly), central Iowa, southernMissouri, northernArkansas, northernIllinois, south-centralIndiana, and central Ohio, in the Appalachianssouth through West Virginia, easternKentucky, western Virginia, easternTennessee, and easternNorth Carolinato northeasternAlabama, north-central Georgia, and northwestern South Carolina, and to centralMaryland and Delaware. Casual in north-centraland east-centralColorado. Wintersfrom Oaxaca,southern Veracruz, Chiapas, and Guatemala(casually farther north to southernCalifornia, southernArizona, and in southernFlorida) souththrough Middle America(primarily on the Caribbeanslope north of CostaRica) to easternPanama, casually to northernColombia, Venezuela, and Trinidad. Casual (mainly December) in southernTexas and southernLouisiana and accidentalin Bermuda(sight report). Migrates primarilythrough the easternUnited States(east of the Rockies),Bermuda (only casuallyin spring),Bahama Islands, Greater Antilles (Cuba and Jamaica,also sightreports from Hispaniola,Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands),and easternMexico (also Nayarit, otherwisenot recorded Pacific slope north of Guerrero),rarely through western North Amer- ica from southernBritish Columbia, Idaho, and Montana south to southernCalifornia, Ar- izona, and New Mexico. Casual or accidentalin southerninterior British Columbia, Bermuda, Barbados, and Green- land; accidentalin Great Britain; sight reportsfrom southernAlaska (Middleton Island), central Baja California, and westernEcuador.

Dendroica magnolia (Wilson). Magnolia Warbler. Sylvia magnoliaWilson, 1811, Amer. Ornithol. 3: 63, pl. 23, fig. 2. (the Little Miami, near its junctionwith the Ohio... [and] not far from fort Adamson the Mississippi = Fort Adams, Mississippi.) Habitat.--Open moistconiferous (especially spruce and fir) or mixed coniferous-deciduouswoodland, forest edge, and second growth; in migrationand winter, a varietyof wooded habitatsand tall weeds(especially giant ragweed). Distribution.--Breeds from southeasternAlaska (probably),northeastern British Colum- bia, southeasternYukon, west-central and southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, north-centralManitoba, northern Ontario, and Labrador (locally), Newfoundland, and south- centraland eastern Quebec (including Anticosti and Magdalen islands) south to south-central British Columbia, south-centralAlberta, central Saskatchewan,southern Manitoba, north- centraland northeastern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, central Michigan, southern Ontario, north-centraland south-centralOhio (local), southeasternWest Virginia, westernVirginia, westernMaryland, northeasternPennsylvania, northwestern New Jersey,and Connecticut. Also locally in southernWisconsin (Baraboo Hills), west-centralIndiana (Montgomery County), and in the high mountainsof easternTennessee and westernNorth Carolina.Sum- mer records for California and Colorado. Winters from Oaxaca, Puebla, San Luis PotosL central Veracruz, Bermuda, the Greater Antilles, and the Cayman and Bahamaislands (casually north to centralCalifornia, south- westernArizona, northernSonora, southern Texas, the Gulf coast, and Virginia) south throughMiddle Americato westernPanama (rarely eastto Canal area and easternPanampi province),and eastin the West Indies (at leastrarely) to the Virgin Islands;also, rare in southernFlorida, and casualin California, Arizona, and coastalTexas. Many December records from eastern North America, north to southernCanada. FAMILY PARULIDAE 541

Migratesprimarily through eastern North America east of theRockies, rarely but regularly in western North America. Casual or accidental in western and northern Alaska, Newfoundland, Barbados, north- westernColombia, Greenland, and the British Isles; sight reports for northernBaja California, ClippertonIsland, the LesserAntilles, Trinidad,Tobago, and northernVenezuela. Notes.--Dendroicalutea, based on Muscicapalutea Linnaeus, 1776, has been officially suppressed(I.C.Z.N. 1956c).

Dendroicatigrina (Gmelin). Cape May Warbler. Motacilla tigrina Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 985. Basedon "Le Figuier brun de Canada" Brisson,Ornithologie 3: 515, pl. 27, fig. 4. (in Canada.) Habitat.--Primarily spruceforest, usually in open standsand often mixed with other trees, sprucebogs; in migrationand winter, a variety of woodedhabitats, especially in floweringtrees and palms. Distribution.---Breeds from southeasternYukon, northeasternBritish Columbia, southwesternand south-centralMackenzie, northernAlberta, northernSaskatchewan, central Man- itoba, central Ontario, south-centralQuebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and southwesternNewfoundland south to central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southeasternManitoba, northeastern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, northern (casually central) Michigan, southernOntario, northeasternNew York, northeasternVermont, northern New Hampshire,and east-centralMaine. Recordedin summer(and possiblybreeding) on Anticosti Island (Quebec). Wintersin coastalsouthern Florida, Bermuda, the West Indies (primarilythe Bahamas andGreater Antilles, less commonly in the LesserAntilles), the Caribbeanslope of Middle America from Veracruz (rarely San Luis Potosf) and the Yucatan Peninsulato Honduras. Rare also on Pacific slopefrom Oaxacato E1 Salvador(casually from Sonorato Jalisco). Rarealso in Nicaragua,Costa Rica, andPanama; recorded casually in winteralso in Cali- fornia, southern Arizona, southernCanada, the central and eastern United States, Trinidad, Tobago, the NetherlandsAntilles, and Caribbean islandsoff Colombia and Venezuela.. Migrates primarily throughthe midwestern,eastern, and southeasternstates, rarely (oc- curringmostly in spring)south of Arkansasand Tennesseeand west of Alabama. Casualnorth and west to northern,central and south-coastalAlaska (Point Barrow, Fair- banks,Middleton Island), Labrador,elsewhere in westernNorth America southto California, southernNevada, southernArizona, New Mexico, and Chihuahua, and to Isla Providencia (in the westernCaribbean Sea); sight reports for Washington,Sonora, Revillagigedo Islands (Socorro), northern Colombia, and Great Britain.

Dendroica caerulescens (Gmelin). Black-throated Blue Warbler. Motacilla caerulescensGmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 960. Based on "La Fauvette bleu•tre de St. Domingue" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois. 5: 164. (in insula S. Dominici = Hispaniola.) Habitat.--Deciduousor mixeddeciduous-coniferous woodland and secondgrowth, usually with denseundergrowth, and on mountainor hill countryslopes; in migrationand winter,also other foresttypes, open woodland,and scrub. Distribution.--Breedslocally in easternSaskatchewan, southeastern Manitoba (probably), and from southwesternand central Ontario, southernQuebec, New Brunswick,Prince Ed- ward Island, and Nova Scotia southto extremenortheastern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, centralMichigan, southernOntario, northeasternOhio (formerly), in the Appalachians throughWest Virginia, westernMaryland, eastern Kentucky, western Virginia, easternTen- nessee,and western North Carolina to extremenortheastern Georgia and northwestern South Carolina,and to northeasternPennsylvania, northern New Jersey,southern New York, and southernNew England. Recordedin summer(and possiblybreeding) on Anticosti and Magdalenislands. Summer records for Oregon,Arizona, and Colorado. Wintersfrom southernFlorida (rare) and the Bahama Islands souththrough the Greater Antilles (eastto Tortolain the Virgin Islands),and the CaymanIslands, and in the Yucatan 542 FAMILY PARULIDAE

Peninsulaand Belize, casuallyin BritishColumbia, Washington, Oregon, California, Arizona, the Gulf Coast,Bermuda, St. Martin, Antigua,Guadeloupe, Dominica, andthe SwanIslands. Rare to casual along Caribbeancoast from southernVeracruz throughMiddle America to northernColombia and Venezuela.One Januaryspecimen from Idaho, and scatteredrecords in eastern North America north to Minnesota, Ontario, and New York. Migrates througheastern North Americaeast of the Rockies(rarely westto easternTexas), rarely to California (mostly in fall), and casually elsewherein western North America (recordedfrom interior British Columbia, Oregon, Alberta, Saskatchewan,and Mantana southto southernBaja California, southernArizona, southernNew Mexico, southernTexas, and Veracruz). Rare but regular in Newfoundland. Casual or accidentalon St. Kitts (sight report), Nuevo Le6n, Greenland, and Iceland.

Dendroica coronata (Linnaeus).Yellow-rumped Warbler. Motacilla coronataLinnaeus, 1766, Syst.Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 333. Basedon "The Golden- crownedFly-catcher" Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist. 2: 187, pl. 298. (in Pensylvania= Philadelphia.) Habitat.--Primarily openconiferous or mixedconiferous-deciduous forest and woodland; in migration and winter, virtually any wooded habitat, including suburbs,low scrub (especially Myrica thicketsin easternportion of winter range), and weedy fields. Distribution.--Breeds [coronatagroup] from westernand central Alaska, northern Yukon, northwestern and central Mackenzie, southwesternKeewatin, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, northern Labrador, and Newfoundland south to southern and southeasternAlaska, northern British Columbia, central and southwesternAlberta, southern Saskatchewan,north-central North Dakota (probably), northernMinnesota, northern Wis- consin, central Michigan, southernOntario, in the Appalachiansto easternWest Virginia and northwesternVirginia, and to easternPennsylvania, extreme northeasternMaryland (casually), and Massachusetts;and [auduboni group] from extreme southeasternAlaska, south-coastaland central British Columbia (including VancouverIsland), southernAlberta, southwesternSaskatchewan (Cypress Hills), centraland southeastern Montana, southwestern North Dakota, western South Dakota, and northwestern Nebraska south to south-central and easternCalifornia (to Cuyumacaand New York mountains),northern Baja California(Sierra San Pedro M•rtir), central and southeasternArizona, southernNew Mexico, western Chi- huahua,New Mexico, and extremewestern Texas (Guadalupe and, probably,Davis mountains), also in the mountainsof western Durango, easternChiapas (Volc•n Tacan•), and western Guatemala. Winters [coronata group] from the Pacific states,Arizona, Colorado, and Kansaseast acrossthe centralUnited Statesto southernOntario and New England(occasionally farther north) souththrough the southernUnited States,Middle America, and the West Indies to easternPanama (including the Pearl Islands),islands off Middle America (includingSocorro in the RevillagigedoIslands), islandsin the westernCaribbean Sea, and Barbados;and [audubonigroup] from southwesternBritish Columbia, southeasternWashington, Idaho, westernMontana (rarely), Colorado,and centraland southernTexas south (mostly in highlands)to southernBaja California,the RevillagigedoIslands (Socorro), and through Mexico to Guatemala and western Honduras. Casualor accidental[coronata group] north to King William and Southamptonislands, and in Tobago, Colombia, Venezuela, Greenland, Iceland, the British Isles, and Siberia (ChukotskiPeninsula); and [audubonigroup] on Attu in the AleutianIslands, and in eastern North America from southernOntario, southernQuebec, Newfoundland, and Massachusetts southto Arkansas,Louisiana, Ohio, Alabama, Pennsylvania, New Jersey,and North Carolina. Sight reportsfor southernFlorida, Bermuda,and westernPanama (Chiriqu•. Reports[audubonigroup] from CostaRica are regardedas erroneous. Notes.--The two groupshave often been regarded as distinct species, D. coronata[Myrtle Warbler] and D. auduboni(J. K. Townsend,1837) [Audubon'sWarbler]; free interbreeding occursin a narrowhybrid zonein mountainpasses in the JasperPark area,Alberta, and the Pine Passarea, British Columbia(Hubbard 1969, Barrowclough1980). FAMILY PARULIDAE 543

Dendroica nigrescens(Townsend). Black-throated Gray Warbler. Sylvia nigrescensJ. K. Townsend,1837, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia7: 191. (No locality given = near Fort William, Portland, Oregon.) I-Iabitat.--Open, dry coniferousor mixed coniferous-deciduouswoodland with brushy undergrowth,pinyon-juniper, pine-oak association,and oak woodland; in migration and winter, also in a variety of forest, woodland,and scrubhabitats. Distribution.--Breeds from southwesternBritish Columbia(including Vancouver Island), westernWashington, central Oregon, southernIdaho, central and southernWyoming, and northwesternand central Colorado south, primarily in mountains,to northernBaja California, south-centraland eastern California (to Laguna and New York mountains),central and southeasternArizona, northeasternSonora, southern New Mexico, and (possibly)extreme westernTexas (GuadalupeMountains). Winters from central California (casually north to Washingtonand once in British Co- lumbia), southernArizona, and southernTexas southto central Oaxaca (west of Isthmus of Tehuantepec)and Veracruz.Casually along the Gulf coastto southernFlorida. Migrates regularlybetween breeding and wintering grounds,and eastto westernKansas. Casual north to Alberta and Saskatchewan,across the northeasternregion from eastern Montana, South Dakota, Minnesota,Wisconsin, Michigan, southernOntario, Quebec,New York, Massachusetts,New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland south to Ohio, Ken- tucky, Pennsylvania,New Jersey,and Virginia, and through the Gulf statesfrom eastern Texaseast to southeasternGeorgia and southernFlorida; sight reports from othermidwestern and easternstates, Alaska (Mitkof Island), and Guatemala (Duefias). Notes.--Dendroica nigrescens,D. virens, D. occidentalis,and D. townsendihave been subjectedto phylogeneticanalysis based on mtDNA restrictionsites by Berminghamet al. (1992), who found that D. townsendiand D. occidentaliswere sisterspecies and that D. nigrescenswas the basal speciesin the group. See commentsunder D. townsendi.

Dendroica chrysoparia Sclater and Salvin. Golden-cheekedWarbler. Dendroecachrysoparia Sclater and Salvin, 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 298. (In reip. Guatemalensisprovincia Ver• Pacis, inter montes = Tactic, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala.) I-Iabitat.--Mixed oak-juniperwoodland, often mixed with ash, maple, sycamores,and otherdeciduous trees; in migrationin a variety of openwoodland, scrub, and thicket habitats; in winter, montanepine and pine-oak association. Distribution.--Breeds in centralTexas from Dallas County southto the EdwardsPlateau region (south to Medina and Bexar counties,and west to Real and Kerr counties). Wintersin the highlandsof Chiapas,Guatemala, Honduras, and north-centralNicaragua. Migrates rarely throughMexico (reportedCoahuila, Nuevo Le6n, andTamaulipas; a record from Pueblais questionable,one from Sinaloais erroneous). Accidentalin California (Farallon Islands) and Florida (PineliasCounty); sight reports from easternTexas, Morelos, and the Virgin Islands. Notes.--See comments under D. townsendi.

Dendroica virens (Gmelin). Black-throated Green Warbler. Motacilla virens Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 985. Based on "The Black-throated Green Fly-catcher" Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist. 2: 190, pl. 300. (in Pensilvania= Philadelphia.) Habitat.--Open coniferous(primarily balsam fir or spruce)or mixeddeciduous-coniferous woodlandand edge, also in cypressswamps in southeasterncoastal portion of range; in migrationand winter, a varietyof woodedhabitats, but in Middle Americain winterconfined mostly to montaneregions (but typically at lower elevationsthan D. townsendiand D. occidentalis). Distribution.--Breeds from northeastern British Columbia, northern Alberta, north-central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, central Ontario, central Quebec, southern Labrador, 544 FAMILY PARULIDAE and Newfoundland south to central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northern and east-centralMinnesota, northernWisconsin, southern Michigan (locally to southern Wisconsin,northern Illinois, south-centralIndiana, southernOhio), Pennsylvania,New Jer- sey, and southernNew England, and south throughAppalachian region througheastern Kentucky, West Virginia, westernMaryland, westernVirginia, easternTennessee, western North Carolina, central Alabama, extreme northern Georgia, and northwesternSouth Car- olina; also in northwesternArkansas (Ozark Mountains), and the coastalplains from south- easternVirginia to easternSouth Carolina (CharlestonCounty). Summerrecords for Wash- ington, California, Arizona, and Colorado. Winters from Colima (casually north to coastalCalifornia), Nuevo Le6n, southernand southeasternTexas, extreme southeasternLouisiana, southernFlorida, Bermuda (rare), and the Bahama Islands souththrough eastern and southernMexico (west to San Luis Potos/, Hidalgo,Morelos, Puebla, and Oaxaca), Central America, Cuba, the Isle of Pines,the Cayman Islands, and Jamaica(casually east to the Virgin Islands) to central Panama (east to the Canal area and easternPanamfi province, rarely to Darien). Accidentalin southeasternAr- izona. Early winter recordsfor many statesalong the Atlantic Coast and also Nova Scotia. Migrates primarily throughNorth America eastof the Rockiesand throughMiddle Amer- ica (includingboth lowlandsfrom Oaxacasouthward), rarely to California, Arizona, Sonora, and New Mexico, casuallyelsewhere in westernNorth America north to southernBritish Columbia, southern Alberta, and southern Saskatchewan. Casualor accidentalin southeasternAlaska (ChichagofIsland), southwesternBritish Co- lumbia, NorthwestTerritories, the RevillagigedoIslands (SocorroIsland), ClippertonIsland (sight report), and the Lesser Antilles (St. Martin, Barbuda,Guadeloupe, Dominica, Bar- bados), Netherlands Antilles, and Trinidad, and in Colombia, Venezuela, Greenland, off Iceland, and Germany. Notes.--See comments under D. townsendi.

Dendroica townsendi (Townsend). Townsend's Warbler. Sylvia Townsendi(Nuttall MS) J. K. Townsend,1837, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 7: 191. (forestsof the Columbia River = Fort Vancouver,Washington.) I-Iabitat.--Tall and moistconiferous and mixed coniferous-deciduousforest; in migration and winter, also humid forest,pine-oak association,oak woodland,and tall secondgrowth, primarily in montanesituations. Distribution.--Breeds from east-central Alaska, southern Yukon, northwestern and central British Columbia, and extreme west-centralAlberta (once in CypressHills of southwestern Saskatchewan)south to south-coastaland southeasternAlaska, northwesternWashington, centraland northeastern Oregon, central Idaho, western Montana, and (casually)northwestern Wyoming. One summerrecord from coastalCalifornia. Wintersfrom extreme southwesternBritish Columbia (rare) and coastalWashington south to coastalsouthern California (rarely to northernBaja California), and also rarely in Sierra Nevada foothills in California, southern Arizona, southwesternTexas (Chisos and Davis mountains).Also from northernMexico (Sonora east to Nuevo Le6n) south through the highlandsof Mexico and CentralAmerica (exceptBelize) to CostaRica (casuallyto western Panama). Casual or accidentalin winter in the Queen Charlotte Islands, easternOregon, southern Nevada, Utah, southern New Mexico, and the southeastern United States. Migrates primarily throughthe westernUnited Stateswest of the Great Plainsand western Texas, rarely throughthe Mexican lowlands. Casualor accidentalin the westernAleutians (Shemya), northern Alaska (Point Barrow), the RevillagigedoIslands (Socorro), Great Plainsregion (from centralAlberta, southeastern Saskatchewan, North Dakota, and Minnesota south to Nebraska, Kansas, western Oklahoma, Iowa, and Illinois), the easternregion (from southernOntario, Newfoundland, New York, New Hampshire,and Nova Scotiasouth to Pennsylvania,New Jersey,Massachusetts, Rhode Island, the Gulf statesfrom easternTexas east to Florida), Bermuda, Bahamas (Grand Turk Island and Grand Bahama),Cuba (Cayo Coco), and northernColombia; sight reportsfrom Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Maine, and North Carolina. Notes.--Dendroica townsendi,D. occidentalis, D. virens, and D. chrysoparia constitute a superspecies(Mengel 1964). Dendroica townsendiand D. occidentalishybridize to a FAMILY PARULIDAE 545 limited extent where parapatric(Morrison and Hardy 1983). See commentsunder D. nigrescens.

Dendroica occidentalis (Townsend). Hermit Warbler. Sylviaoccidentalis J. K. Townsend,1837, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia7: 190. (forests of the Columbia River = Fort Vancouver,Washington.) I-Iabitat.--Coniferousforest, usually cool and moist, especially where Douglas-fir present; in migration,a variety of woodedhabitats; in winter,primarily montaneforest and pine-oak association. Distribution.--Breedsfrom westernWashington south through the coastranges and Cas- cades(mostly westernslopes) to northernCalifornia (Marin County), and southin interior throughthe Sierra Nevada Mountains (to Kern County), including extreme west-central Nevada; also small populationsin Santa Cruz Mountainsof centralCalifornia and in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains of southern California. Winterslocally in coastalCalifornia (mainly from Point Reyes southto SantaBarbara County;casually north to westernOregon and southto SanDiego County),and from Sinaloa and Durangosouth through the highlandsof Mexico and Central America (exceptBelize) to north-centralNicaragua. Casual in interior California, southernArizona, and southern Texas; accidental in Missouri and Nova Scotia. Migrates through the southwesternstates (from California and Arizona east to southern New Mexico and westernTexas), Baja California, and mostof Mexico (exceptthe Yucatan Peninsula). Casualin Utah, Colorado,and along the Gulf coastfrom southeasternTexas to southeastern Louisiana. Accidental in Kansas, Minnesota, Wisconsin, southern Ontario, and Newfound- land; sightreports for Wyoming, Minnesota,southern Quebec, New Brunswick,Massachu- setts,Connecticut, Costa Rica, and westernPanama (Chiriqu0. Notes.--See comments under D. townsendi.

Dendroica fusca (Mfiller). BlackburnianWarbler. Motacilla fusca P. L. S. Mtiller, 1776, Natursyst.,Suppl., p. 175. (Guyana = French Guiana.) Itabitat.--Mature coniferous(primarily hemlock, balsam fir, and spruce)and mixed coniferous-deciduousforest, locally in deciduousforest in Appalachians;in migration,a variety of woodedhabitats; in winter,primarily MontaneEvergreen Forest, Secondary Forest. Distribution.--Breeds from central Alberta (local), central Saskatchewan,central Man- itoba, central Ontario, southernQuebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and southwesternNewfoundland south to southern Manitoba, central Minnesota, central Wisconsin,southwestern Michigan, southernOntario, northernIndiana (probably),eastern Ohio (local), Pennsylvania,in the Appalachiansthrough West Virginia, westernMaryland, easternKentucky, western Virginia, easternTennessee, and westernNorth Carolinato north- centralGeorgia and northwesternSouth Carolina (breeding not confirmed),and to northern New Jersey,southeastern New York, andMassachusetts. Recorded in summer(and possibly breeding)in South Dakota, Colorado, central Ontario, and central Quebec. Wintersfrom Costa Rica (rare) Panama(primarily Dari6n), Colombia, and northernVen- ezuela southin Andes of Ecuadorto centralPeru, casuallyto northernBolivia. Casualin winter in coastalCalifornia, accidentalin coastalOregon, and one Januaryrecord from Ontario; many winter sight reportsfor Gulf Coast and Florida, but no documentedwinter recordsfrom anywherein easternUnited States. Migrates regularly throughthe easternUnited States(west to the Plains statesand central Texas),Bermuda, Bahama Islands, Greater Antilles (exceptJamaica), the CaymanIslands, easternMexico, both slopesof Middle America from Oaxacaand Veracruzsouthward (more frequentlyon the Caribbeanslope), islands in the westernCaribbean Sea (Swan,Providencia, and San Andr6s), and the Netherlands Antilles. Casualin westernNorth America (mostfrequently recorded in coastalareas in fall) from British Columbia,Washington, Montana, and Coloradosouth to northernBaja California 546 FAMILY PARULIDAE

(annualin small numbersin coastalcentral and southernCalifornia), southernArizona, and southernNew Mexico, also in the LesserAntilles (Barbados,Grenada), Tobago, Trinidad (sight reports), and Greenland.Accidental in Surinam, Brazil, at sea off Iceland, and the British Isles (sight reports).

Dendroica dotninica (Linnaeus). Yellow-throatedWarbler. Motacilla dominicaLinnaeus, 1766, Syst.Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 334. Basedmainly on "Le Figuier cendr6de S. Domingue"Brisson, Ornithologie 3: 520, pl. 27, fig. 3. (in Jamaica,Dominica = Hispaniola.) Itabitat.--Pine forest,sycamore-bald cypress swamp, riparian woodland (especially sycamores),and live oak woodland;in migrationand winter, a variety of woodedhabitats, especiallypines and palms. Distribution.--Breeds from central Iowa (rare), extreme southernWisconsin, extreme southwesternMichigan, northern Ohio, centralPennsylvania, central New Jersey,and Con- necticut(casually southern New York) southto easternKansas (local), centralOklahoma, south-centraland easternTexas (west to Uvalde and Real counties),the Gulf coast, and centralFlorida, and alsoin the northernBahama Islands (Grand Bahama, Abaco). Wintersfrom southeasternTexas, the Gulf coast(rare), and SouthCarolina, rarely to southeasternNorth Carolina (casuallyfarther north, and to centralCalifornia, Arizona, and Sinaloa;accidental as far northwestas Idaho) south through Middle America (primarily the Gulf-Caribbeanslope and, in Chiapasand northern Central America, the interior highlands), Bermuda(rare), the BahamaIslands, Greater Antilles (east to the Virgin Islands),Cayman Islands,and to CostaRica (casuallyto Panama). Migratesrarely westto Wyoming,eastern Colorado, and New Mexico, casuallyto Utah and southernArizona. Recordedannually in smallnumbers in California andNewfoundland. Casualor accidentalnorth to southernOregon, Idaho, southernManitoba, Minnesota, centralOntario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick,Nova Scotia,and Newfoundland, Clip- pertonIsland, and to the LesserAntilles (Montserrat,Guadeloupe); sight reports for south- centralMontana, Saskatchewan, Nevada, northern Baja California,and Colombia. Notes.--Mengel (1964) consideredD. dominica,D. graciae,and D. adelaidaeto constitute a superspecies;D. pityophilaalso appears to be closelyrelated to D. graciaeand to belong to this group, but it is sympatricwith D. dominicain the Bahamas.

Dendroica graciae Baird. Grace'sWarbler. Dendroicagracice (Coues MS) Baird, 1865,Rev. AmenBirds 1: 210. (Fort Whipple, near Prescott, Arizona.) Itabitat.--Pine Forest,Pine-Oak Forest, lowland pine savanna(Middle America),locally spruce-firforest in northernportions of range(600-2800 m; Tropicalto Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds from southernNevada, southern Utah, southwesternColorado, northernNew Mexico, and westernTexas (Guadalupe and Davis mountains)south through the mountainsof westernMexico (eastto westernChihuahua, Durango, and westernZa- catecas),Guatemala, E1 Salvador,and Hondurasto north-centralNicaragua; also in the lowlandpine savannaof Belize, easternHonduras, and northeasternNicaragua. Summer records from mountains of eastern and southern California. Wintersfrom Sonoraand Chihuahua south through the breedingrange (occurring east at leastto northernOaxaca), being generallyresident from centralMexico southward.Casual in winter in coastalsouthern California and accidentalin lower ColoradoRiver Valley of Nevada. Casualin California(see above),southwestern Texas (El Paso,Big Bend), and Front Range of central Colorado. Notes.--See comments under D. dominica.

Dendroica adelaidae Baird. Adelaide's Warbler. Dendroicaadelaidce Baird, 1865, Rev. Amen Birds 1: 212. (PuertoRico.) Itabitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest, Tropical Deciduous Forest, Arid Lowland Scrub (0-700 m). FAMILY PARULIDAE 547

Distribution.--Resident on Puerto Rico (including Vieques Island), and in the Lesser Antilles on Barbuda and St. Lucia. Notes.--Lowery andMonroe in Paynter(1968) proposedthat D. adelaidaeand D. graciae were each other's closest relative. See comments under D. dominica.

Dendroicapityophila (Gundlach).Olive-capped Warbler. Sylvicolapityophila Gundlach, 1858, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 6: 160. (Cuba.) Habitat.--Pine Forest (0-2000 m). Distribution.--Resident in the northern Bahama Islands (Grand Bahama and Abaco) and Cuba (Pinar del Rfo and Oriente provinces). Notes.--See comments under D. dorninica.

Dendroica pinus (Wilson). Pine Warbler. Sylvia pinus Wilson, 1811, Amer. Ornithol. 3: 25, pl. 19, fig. 4. (SouthernStates = Georgia.) Habitat.--Pine forestand pine woodland;in migrationand winter,also deciduous forest and woodlandand pine grovesin parks and suburbs. Distribution.--Breeds in southeasternManitoba (possiblyalso locally in easternSas- katchewan),northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southernOntario, southernQuebec, central Maine, and southwesternNew Brunswick south to eastern Okla- homa and easternTexas (west to Bastropand Matagordacounties), the Gulf coast,southern Florida (to Long Pine Key, EvergladesNational Park) and the northernBahama Islands (Grand Bahama, Abaco, Andros, and New Providence), but scarce, local, or absent from muchof the Midwest southof the GreatLakes region and north of centralMissouri, southern Illinois, and southernIndiana; also on Hispaniola. Winters from easternTexas, southeasternOklahoma, Arkansas, southernTennessee, North Carolina, easternVirginia, easternMaryland, and Delaware southto south-centralTexas, the Gulf coast,Florida, Bermuda(rare), and throughthe breedingrange in the Bahamasand on Hispaniola. Casual north (often early winter only) to the southernGreat Lakes region, New York, and New England,and southto southernTexas, extreme northern Tamaulipas, and southernFlorida; also casual in California. Casual north to Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, west to southeasternAlberta, southern Saskatchewan,Montana, Wyoming, easternColorado, western Kansas, and easternNew Mexico, also to California (primarily coastalregion), Arizona, the Florida Keys, Cuba, and Cay Sal (in the Bahamas).Accidental in Greenland;sight reportsfor Oregon and Nuevo Le6n. Sight reportsfrom August and early Septemberfrom Costa Rica require documen- tation.

Dendroica kirtlandii (Baird). Kirtland's Warbler. Sylvicolakirtlandii Baird, 1852, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 5: 217, pl. 6. (near Cleveland, Ohio.) Habitat.--Scrubby jack-pinewith openings;in winter,in low scrub,thickets, and (rarely) deciduous woodland. Distribution.--Breeds in northernMichigan (from Otsego,extreme southwestern Presque Isle, and Alpena countiessouth to Kalkaska, northwesternClare, Roscommon,Ogemaw, andIosco counties) and (formerly)southern Ontario; has recently (1995, 1996) bredin Upper Peninsulaof Michigan. Recordedin summer(and possiblybreeding) in west-centralWis- consin (Jackson,Douglas, and Washburncounties). Wintersevidently in the Bahamas,but winter distributionlargely unknown. Casual(generally in migration)in Minnesota,northern Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, western Pennsylvania,southwestern Quebec, South Carolina, and southernFlorida; sight reports from Kentucky,West Virginia} North Carolina,Alabama, and Georgia;recorded (prior to 1901) from easternMissouri and Virginia. 548 FAMILY PARULIDAE

Dendroica discolor (Vieillot). Prairie Warbler. Sylviadiscolor Vieillot, 1809•Hist. Nat. Ois.Amer. Sept. 2 (1808,livr. 17): 37, pl. 98. (Etats-Unis et les grandesIles Antilles = the Antilles.) Habitat.--Brushy secondgrowth, dry scrub,brushy ridgetops, regenerating pine clearcuts,low pine-juniper,pine barrens, and mangroves; in migrationand winter also in a variety of woodland,second growth, and brushysituations. Distribution.--Breeds from easternOklahoma, central Missouri, southernIllinois, central Indiana, central Ohio, Pennsylvania,southern New York, southernVermont, southernNew Hampshire,and extremesouthern Maine southto easternTexas, central Louisiana, southern Mississippi,southern Alabama, and southernFlorida and the Florida Keys from Volusia Countyand CedarKeys southto MarquesasKeys. Also locally north to easternNebraska (formerly),extreme eastern Kansas, extreme southeastern Iowa (probably,at leastformerly), central Illinois, northern Michigan, southernOntario, and northern New York. Summer records from Manitoba, North Dakota, and Wisconsin. Wintersfrom centralFlorida (casuallyfrom southernTexas, the Gulf coast,and Virginia, mostrecords from Decemberto early Januaryonly), Bermuda(rare), andthe Bahama Islands souththroughout most of the West Indies (casualin southernLesser Antilles) to islandsoff thecoast of northernMiddle America (off QuintanaRoo, Belize, and Honduras), and casually in coastalCalifornia, coastal Georgia, coastal South Carolina, southeastern North Carolina, the Gulf Coastto easternTexas, southern Veracruz, and the Pacificcoast from Nayaritto E1 Salvador.Early winter recordsalong Atlantic coastto Massachusettsand Nova Scotia, and in Kentucky. Migrates casually west through the Plains statesand central Texas. Recordedin small numbersannually in California(primarily fall in coastalareas), Nova Scotia,New Brunswick, and Newfoundland. Casual or accidentalnorth to south-coastaland southeasternAlaska (Middleton Island, Ketchikan),southern Quebec, and PrinceEdward Island, and to Oregon,Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, easternMontana, Wyoming, easternColorado, northern Baja California, CocosIsland, and Colombia;sight reportsfor Washington,New Mexico, SouthDakota, Minnesota,Newfoundland, Guatemala (off the Pacificcoast), Caribbean Nicaragua (pine savanna),Costa Rica, Panama,Clipperton Island, and Trinidad. Notes.--Dendroica discolor and D. vitellina are considered to be each other's closest relatives(Lowery and Monroe in Paynter1968) andto constitutea superspecies(Mayr and Short 1970).

Dendroica vitellina Cory. Vitelline Warbler. Dendroicavitellina Cory, 1886, Auk 3: 497. (Island of GrandCayman, West Indies.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Arid Lowland Scrub. Distribution.--Residentin the Cayman(including Grand Cayman, Little Cayman,and CaymanBrac) and Swan (especiallyLittle Swan)islands, in the CaribbeanSea. Notes.--See comments under D. discolor.

Dendroica palmarum (Gmelin). Palm Warbler. Motacilla palmarum Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 951. Based on the "Bimbe16ou fausseLinotte" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois. 5: 330. (in insulaS. Dominici = Hispaniola.) Habitat.--Openbogs at theedge of borealconiferous forest, and occasionally partly open situationswith scatteredtrees and heavyundergrowth, usually near water; in migrationand winter,primarily secondgrowth habitats, weedy fields, hedgerows, and edgesof marshand mangrovewoodland. Distribution.--Breeds from extreme southeasternYukon, west-centraland southernMac- kenzie, northernAlberta, northernSaskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northernOntario, central Quebec, southernLabrador, and Newfoundland south to northeasternBritish Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, north-central and northeastern Minnesota,northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southernOntario, centralMaine, New FAMILY PARULIDAE 549

Brunswick, and Nova Scotia; also rare and local in northern New York, Vermont, and northern New Hampshire. Wintersfrom southeasternTexas, central Louisiana, southern Mississippi, central Alabama, northern Georgia, South Carolina, easternNorth Carolina, coastalMaryland, and coastal Delaware (casuallynorth to Missouri, the Ohio Valley, and New England;often in early winter only) south to the Gulf Coast of southernFlorida, Bermuda, the Bahama Islands, GreaterAntilles (east to the Virgin Islands),Cayman Islands, islands in thewestern Caribbean Sea, and the YucatanPeninsula (including islands offshore and off Belize); also regularly in coastalareas of Washington,Oregon, and California (casuallysouthwestern British Co- lumbia), from Baja California and Sonorasouth through the Pacific lowlandsto Oaxaca, and in the lowland pine savannaof easternHonduras and northeasternNicaragua. Migrates primarily throughthe centralUnited States(from Montana and the Plains states eastwardto the Atlantic seaboard),regularly through coastal California in fall, and casually elsewherein western North America (from British Columbia, Idaho, and Wyoming south to northernBaja California, southernArizona, and New Mexico). Casualin Alaska (northto Barrow, westto Nunivak Island, and from Kodiak andMiddleton islands to Ketchikan), Guerrero, Veracruz, Costa Rica, Panama, and in the Netherlands Antilles; accidentalin Colombia and Venezuela(photograph; June 1995) and Great Britain; sight reportsfor ClippertonIsland.

Dendroica castanea (Wilson). Bay-breastedWarbler. Sylvia castaneaWilson, 1810, Amer. Ornithol. 2: 97, pl. 14, fig. 4. (Pennsylvania.) Habitat.--Boreal coniferousforest (especiallyspruce, balsam fir) with openings,occasionally adjoining secondgrowth or deciduousscrub; in migration and winter, a variety of woodedhabitats, but primarily second-growthforest and forest edge. Distribution.--Breeds from extreme southeasternYukon, northeasternBritish Columbia, southwesternMackenzie, northernAlberta, northern Saskatchewan,central Manitoba, central Ontario, central Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and western Newfoundland south to east-centralBritish Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southernManitoba, north-centraland northeasternMinnesota, northern Michigan, southern Ontario,southern Quebec, northern New York, northernVermont (rare), northern New Hamp- shire,and southernMaine; alsobred oncein Colorado(Douglas County) and WestVirginia (mated to a D. fitsca). Recordedin summerin northernWisconsin. Winters from Costa Rica (Caribbean lowlands), Panama (Caribbean slope throughout, Pacific slopefrom easternVeraguas eastward) east through Colombia to northwesternVen- ezuela (including Curacaoand TortugaIsland), casuallyin easternVenezuela and Trinidad. Casualin coastalsouthern California and Georgia.Many undocumentedrecords for Florida. Recordedcasually in early winter north to the southernUnited States. Migrates primarily throughthe easternUnited States(west to central North Dakota and the easternPlains states,and central and southernTexas), Bermuda (rare), the Bahamas(fall, rare), Cuba,the CaymanIslands, Jamaica, islands in the westernCaribbean Sea (Providencia, San Andr6s), and Middle America (from southernVeracruz and the YucatanPeninsula south to Panama,casual further north), rarely (mostly alongthe coast)in westernNorth America from Oregon,Idaho, and Montana southto southernCalifornia, southernArizona, and New Mexico. Casualin Labrador,Sonora, Clipperton and the Revillagigedoislands, the easternGreater Antilles (recordedfrom Hispaniola,Mona Island, Puerto Rico, and St. Croix in the Virgin Islands),Lesser Antilles (St. Vincent,Barbados), Greenland, and GreatBritain; sightreports for central Alaska and Ecuador.

Dendroica striata (Forster).Blackpoll Warbler. Muscicapa striata J. R. Forster, 1772, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London 62: 406, 428. (Severn River = Fort Severn,west coastof HudsonBay.) Habitat.---Cool, wet boreal coniferousforest (primarily spruce),usually dominatedby low trees;locally, also mixed coniferous-deciduous second growth, regenerating burns, bogs, and alder thickets;in migration and winter, a variety of woodedhabitats. 550 FAMILY PARULIDAE

Distribution.--Breeds from western and north-central Alaska, central Yukon, northern Mackenzie, southern Keewatin, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, northern Labrador, and Newfoundland south to southern Alaska (west to the Alaska Pen- insula), south-centralBritish Columbia, southwesternand central Alberta, central Saskatch- ewan, central Manitoba, north-central Ontario, southernQuebec, easternNew York, north- westernMassachusetts (Mt. Graylock),central New Hampshire,east-central Maine, andNova Scotia. One breedingrecord for northeasternPennsylvania. Wintersfrom Colombia, Venezuela,and the Guianassouth, mostly east of the Andes, to northeastern Peru and Amazonian Brazil. Casual in Panama, Costa Rica, and Trinidad. Migrates primarily in springthrough the WestIndies, BahamaIslands, and easternNorth America (west to Montana, the Plains states,and central and southernTexas); and in fall mostly acrossnortheastern North America from New England and the Maritime Provinces southto WestVirginia andVirginia, thencemostly at sea(but seeNotes below) overBermuda and the LesserAntilles (north, at least irregularly, to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands) to northernSouth America (including islandsnorth of Venezuela), also regularly in Cali- fornia. Casual elsewhere in western North America from southwestern British Columbia, Utah, and New Mexico southto northernBaja California, southernArizona, and Chihuahua,and in Argentina, southeasternBrazil, Greenland,Iceland, the British Isles, and France.Acci- dental on CornwallisIsland, and in Oaxaca(Tehuantepec City), Chile, and the Galapagos Islands;sight reports for Idaho, Yucatfin,Belize, and ClippertonIsland. Notes.--Transoceanicmigration in this specieshas been questionedby Murray (1989) and is currently the subject of vigorousdebate. See Nesbit et al. (1995) and references therein. Dendroica breviunguis,based on Alauda (Anthus) breviunguisSpix, 1824, sometimesused for this species,is not valid becauseMuscicapa striata Forster,1772, is unaffected by Motacilla striata Pallas, 1764, the latter speciesnow currentlyplaced in the Old World genusMuscicapa; see Banks and Browning (1995).

Dendroica cerulea (Wilson). Cerulean Warbler.

Sylvia cerulea Wilson, 1810, Amer. Ornithol. 2: 141, pl. 17, fig. 5. (Pennsylvania= Philadelphia.)

Itabitat.--Mature deciduousforest; in migration,a varietyof wooded(broadleaf) habitats; in winter,primarily MontaneEvergreen Forest. Distribution.--Breeds from central and southeasternMinnesota, central Wisconsin, central Michigan,southeastern Ontario, New York, Connecticut,and Rhode Island south through central and northeasternIowa and Missouri to southernArkansas, east-central Mississippi, centralAlabama, eastern North Carolina,central Virginia, northeasternMaryland, northern Delaware,and northernNew Jersey.Also rarely or formerly in southeasternSouth Dakota, northern Michigan, southwesternQuebec, northwesternVermont, central Massachusetts, southeasternNebraska, eastern Oklahoma, north-central Texas (to Dallas area), northern Louisiana,northern Georgia, and northwesternSouth Carolina. Wintersfrom Colombiaand Venezuelasouth, mostly alongthe easternslope of the Andes, to southernPeru, perhapsnorthern Bolivia. Migrates through the southeasternUnited States (west to central and southernTexas in spring),Cuba, the Isle of Pines,the CaymanIslands, Jamaica, and, uncommonly,along the Caribbean slope and offshore islands from southernVeracruz, Chiapas, and the Yucatan Peninsula south to Panama (also the Pearl Islands, off Pacific Panama, but not recorded from Nicaragua),casually through the BahamaIslands (recordedfrom Cay Lobos, New Providence).Common springmigrant in Maya Mountainsof Belize. Casual north to southwesternManitoba, North Dakota, northern Minnesota, northern Wis- consin, central Ontario, New Hampshire,Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, in western North America to California, northernBaja California, southernNevada, southeastern Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico; sight reports for Newfoundland, Bermuda, and southeastern Brazil. FAMILY PARULIDAE 551

Dendroicaplumbea Lawrence.Plumbeous Warbler. Dendroecaplumbea Lawrence, 1877, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1 (1877): 47. (Dominica.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Tropical DeciduousForest, Montane Ev- ergreenForest (0-900 m). Distribution.--Resident in the Lesser Antilles (Dominica, Marie Galante, Guadeloupe, and Terre-de-Haut,possibly only a casualvagrant to the latter). Notes.--Kepler and Parkes (1972) regardedD. plumbea, D. pharetra, D. angelae, and Catharopezabishopi as more closely related to one anotherthan to any other member of Dendroica and as possiblyconstituting a superspecies;see commentsunder C. bishopi.

Dendroica pharetra (Gosse).Arrowhead Warbler. Sylvicolapharetra Gosse,1847, Birds Jamaica,p. 163. (Bognie woods,on the top of Bluefields Peak, Jamaica.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (300-1600 m). Distribution.--Resident on Jamaica. Notes.--See commentsunder D. plumbea.

Dendroica angelae Kepler and Parkes.Elfin-woods Warbler. Dendroicaangelae Kepler and Parkes,1972, Auk 89: 3. (ridgebetween the Rfo Sabana and Rfo EspfrituSanto valleys, approximately2.5 km west of Highway 191 on the E1 Toro trail, Sierra de Luquillo, Puerto Rico [elevation780 m].) Habitat.--Elfin Forest,Montane Evergreen Forest (650-1050 m). Distribution.--Resident on PuertoRico (Sierra de Luquillo, Maricao). Notes.--See commentsunder D. plumbea.

Genus CATttAROPEZA Sclater CatharopezaSclater, 1880, Ibis, pp. 40, 73, 74. Type,by originaldesignation, Leucopeza bishopi Lawrence. Notes.--Sometimesmerged in Dendroica(Bond 1967, Kepler andParkes 1972) andoften consideredto be most closely related to that genus(e.g., Lowery and Monroe in Paynter 1968). Robbins and Parker (1997b), however,presented data on voice, behavior, and morphology that suggestthat Catharopezais more closely related to Phaeothlypis.

½atharopezabishopi (Lawrence).Whistling Warbler. Leucopezabishopi Lawrence, 1878, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1 (1877): 151. (St. Vincent.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (300-1000 m) Distribution.--Resident on St. Vincent, in the Lesser Antilles.

Genus MNIOTILTA Vieillot Mniotilta Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 45. Type, by monotypy, "Figuier varig" Buffon = Motacilla varia Linnaeus.

Mniotilta varia (Linnaeus). Black-and-white Warbler. Motacilla varia Linnaeus,1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 333. Basedon the "Small Black and White Creeper" Sloane,Voy. Jamaica2: 309, pl. 265, fig. 1, and "Le Figuier vari6 de S. Domingue" Brisson, Ornithologie 3: 529, pl. 27, fig. 5. (in Jamaica, Dominica = Hispaniola.) Habitat.--Extensive tracts of deciduous and mixed deciduous-coniferous forest and woodland,primarily where tall treespresent; in migrationand winter, a varietyof woodedhabitats. Distribution.--Breeds from extreme southeasternYukon, west-central and southwestern 552 FAMILY PARULIDAE

Mackenzie, northern Alberta, central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, northern Ontario, south-centralQuebec, southern Labrador (probably), and Newfoundlandsouth (at least locally) to northeasternBritish Columbia, central Alberta, southernSaskatchewan, eastern Montana, southwestern South Dakota, western Nebraska, central Kansas, south-central and easternTexas, central Louisiana,southern Mississippi, southern Alabama, central Georgia, central South Carolina, and southeasternNorth Carolina. Recorded in summer in California, Arizona, and Colorado. Wintersfrom southernand coastalnorthern California (rarely), southern Arizona (rarely), Coahuila,Nuevo Le6n, southernTexas, the Gulf Coast(rare), Florida (casuallyfarther north to easternNorth Carolina),Bermuda, and the BahamaIslands south through Middle America and the West Indies (less commonlyin the LesserAntilles) to westernEcuador, Colombia, northernVenezuela, the NetherlandsAntilles, and Trinidad;sight reports for northernPeru. Accidentalin Minnesota.Many early winter recordsin easternUnited Statesnorth to southern Canada. Migrates mostcommonly east of the Rockies,regularly (but rarely) throughBermuda and in western North America from southwestern British Columbia, Idaho, and Montana southward. Casualor accidentalin northernand southeasternAlaska (Colville River delta, Hyder), and northeasternManitoba, and in Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, and the British Isles.

Genus SETOPHAGA Swainson SetophagaSwainson, 1827, Philos.Mag. (n.s.) 1: 368. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Swainson, 1827), Motacilla ruticilla Linnaeus.

Setophagaruticilla (Linnaeus).American Redstart. Motacilla Ruticilla Linnaeus,1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 186. Basedmostly on "The Red-start" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 67, pl. 67, and "The Small American Redstart" Edwards,Nat. Hist. Birds 1: 80, pl. 80. (in America = Virginia.) Itabitat.--Open deciduousand mixed deciduous-coniferous woodland, riparian woodland (especiallycottonwoods and willows), and secondgrowth, locally birch or aspenwoodland; in migrationand winter, a variety of woodedhabitats, especially edges of humid and semihumid tropical forest and mangroves. Distribution.--Breeds from southeasternAlaska, southernYukon, west-central and southern Mackenzie, north-central Saskatchewan, north-central Manitoba, north-central Ontario, south-centralQuebec, southern Labrador, and Newfoundlandsouth, at least locally (or formerly) throughinterior British Columbia,central Washington, and easternOregon to north- westernCalifornia (irregularlyin Del Norte and Humboldtcounties), Idaho, northernUtah (formerly),south-central Colorado (rarely), centralArizona (rarely), eastern Oklahoma, eastern Texas, central Louisiana,central Mississippi,southern Alabama, northwesternFlorida, southernGeorgia, central South Carolina, central North Carolina, and southernVirginia; also casuallyin Cuba. Wintersfrom southernBaja California, Sinaloa,Veracruz, central Florida, and the Bahama Islands(rarely from California,southern Arizona, southernTexas, and the Gulf coast,casually farther north,mostly in early winter) souththrough Middle America,Bermuda, and the West Indies, and in SouthAmerica from Colombia,Venezuela (including islands from the Neth- erlandsAntilles eastto Tobagoand Trinidad), and the Guianassouth to coastallowlands of Peru (sight reports)and northwesternBrazil. Migrates throughoutNorth America (more commonlyin the easternportion). Casualnorth to central and south-coastalAlaska (Denali National Park, Homer, Middleton Island), northern Mackenzie, Banks Island, northern Manitoba, and northeasternQuebec, in the RevillagigedoIslands (San Benedicto and Socorro islands;sight reports), Clipperton Island, at sea near the Azores, Greenland, Iceland, the British Isles, and France.

Genus PROTONOTARIA Baird Protonotaria Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence,Rep. Explor. Surv. R. R. Pac. 9: xix, xxxi, 235, 239. Type, by monotypy,Motacilla protonotariusGmelin = Motacilla citrea Boddaert. FAMILY PARULIDAE 553

Protonotaria ½itrea(Boddaert). Prothonotary Warbler. Motacilla citrea Boddaert,1783, Table PlanchesEnlum., p. 44. Basedon "Figuier •t ventre et t•te jaunes de la Louisiane" Daubenton,Planches Enlum., pl. 704, fig. 2. (Louisiana.) I-Iabitat.--Swamps, wet bottomlandforest, and riparian forest;in migrationand winter, also dry woodland,scrub, and mangroves. Distribution.--Breeds from east-central and southeasternMinnesota, central Wisconsin, southernMichigan, extreme southernOntario (locally), central New York (locally), and northernNew Jersey(casually in Connecticutand RhodeIsland) southto south-centraland easternTexas (west to Medina County),the Gulf coast,and central(locally also southern) Florida, and west to extreme eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and central Oklahoma. Wintersfrom southernVeracruz (rare) and the Yucatan Peninsulasouth on the Caribbean slopeof Middle America (includingnearby islands) to Nicaragua,on both slopesof Costa Rica and Panama, and in South America from Colombia, northwestern Ecuador, and northern Venezuela(including islandsfrom the NetherlandsAntilles east to Tobago and Trinidad), in PuertoRico and (rarely) the Virgin Islands,and casuallyeast to Surinamand north in the Antilles. Casual in winter in coastal California, coastal Texas, southern Florida, and Bermuda.Accidental in Illinois and Georgia. Casual in Decemberin southernLouisiana. Migrates throughthe southeasternUnited States(west to central and southernTexas), Bermuda, the Bahamas,Cuba, the Isle of Pines, the Cayman Islands, and islands in the westernCaribbean Sea, rarely east to the Virgin Islandsand LesserAntilles. Casualnorth to northernOntario, Labrador (sight report), Newfoundland(sight reports), southernQuebec, Nova Scotia, and Maine, and in western North America from southern Washington,Oregon, Nevada, and southernSaskatchewan (sight report) southto southern California, Los Coronado Islands, southern Arizona, and southern New Mexico, and in Sonora,Jalisco, Nuevo Le6n, Clipperton Island (sight reports),Hispaniola, the Galapagos Islands, and Brazil.

GenusHELMITHEROS Rafinesque HelmitherosRafinesque, 1819, J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. 88: 418. Type, by original designation,Helmitheros migratorius Rafinesque= Motacilla vermivora Gmelin. Notes.--See commentsunder Limnothlypis. ttelmitheros vermivorus(Gmelin). Worm-eatingWarbler. Motacilla vermivoraGmelin, 1789, Syst.Nat. 1(2): 951. Basedmainly on "The Worm- eater" Edwards,Glean. Nat. Hist. 2: 200, pl. 305. (in Pensilvania= Philadelphia.) Habitat.--Deciduous forestand damp, bushy ravines with denseundergrowth; also locally in regeneratingclear-cuts; in migration, a variety wooded habitats;in winter, primarily broadleafforest with denseundergrowth. Distribution.--Breeds from northeasternKansas, northern Missouri, southernand eastern Iowa (rarely), southernWisconsin (locally), southwesternMichigan (locally), southernand east-centralOhio, northernPennsylvania, central and southernNew York, and Massachusetts south to extreme eastern Oklahoma, northeastern(locally to southeastern)Texas, south- central Louisiana, southernMississippi, southwestern Alabama, northwesternFlorida (locally), northern(locally to central) Georgia, northwesternand (locally) coastalSouth Car- olina, andNorth Carolina.Recorded in summer(and possiblybreeding) in southernOntario. Winters from southernTamaulipas, Oaxaca, Chiapas, and the Yucatan Peninsulasouth throughMiddle America (more commonlyon the Gulf-Caribbeanslope north of central Costa Rica) to central Panama(east to the Canal area and easternPanamfi province), and on Bermuda,the BahamaIslands, Greater Antilles (eastto the Virgin Islands),the Cayman Islands,and rarely in peninsularFlorida and casuallyin California and coastalTexas. Re- cordedin early winter in Louisiana. Migrates throughthe southeasternUnited States(west to easternColorado and central and southernTexas), eastern Mexico (mostly Gulf slope),and islandsin the westernCarib- bean Sea (Swan, Providencia). 554 FAMILY PARULIDAE

Casual north to southern Saskatchewan,Manitoba, Minnesota, southern Quebec, New- foundland, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, west to Wyoming, North Dakota, eastern South Dakota, Nebraska, western Texas, California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado;sight reports for Oregon,Utah, northernBaja California, Nayarit, and St. Pierre et Miquelon. Accidentalin northernSt. Martin, Antigua, and Venezuela. Notes.--Vermivora americ Linnaeus,1776 (includingthe genus),has been officially suppressed(I.C.Z.N. 1956c).

Genus LIMNOTHLYPIS Stone

LirnnothlypisStone, 1914, Science(n.s.) 40: 26. Type, by original designation,Sylvia swainsonii Audubon. Notes.--Sometimesmerged in Helrnitheros(Griscom and Sprunt1957, Mayr and Short 1970).

Limnothlypis swainsonii (Audubon). Swainson'sWarbler. SylviaSwainsonii Audubon, 1834, BirdsAmer. (folio) 2: pl. 198 (1834, Ornithol.Biogr. 2: 563). (Edisto River, near Charlestonin South Carolina.) Habitat.--Bottomland forest,woodland, and swampswith denseundergrowth and sparse groundcover, dense second-growth, and canebrakes,also in moistmontane deciduous forest with rhododendronthickets, and locally in regeneratingpine forest; in winter, primarily humid forestwith denseundergrowth; more widespreadin migration. Distribution.--Breeds locally from southeasternOklahoma, southern Missouri, southern Illinois, southwesternand easternKentucky, southernWest Virginia, extreme westernand extremesoutheastern Virginia, southeasternMaryland, and southernDelaware (at leastformerly) southto east-centralTexas (west to Gonzales,Bastrop, Lee, and Brazoscounties), the Gulf coast,and northernFlorida. Summerrecords north to southwesternPennsylvania. Wintersin Cuba (includingCayo Real), the CaymanIslands, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands,Veracruz (rare), the YucatanPeninsula, eastern Guatemala (Pet6n), and Belize; casualin Bermudaand the northernBahama Islands (Grand Bahama);one early December specimenfrom Florida Keys. Migrates throughthe southeasternUnited States(west to southernTexas), the Bahama Islands,Tamaulipas, and Chiapas. Rare but regularon Bermuda;one record for SwanIslands. Casual north to eastern Colorado, southern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, northern Illinois, southernOntario, centralOhio, Pennsylvania,central New York, and Massachusetts;sight reportsfor New Mexico. Accidentalin Arizona, Wisconsin,Maine, and Nova Scotia(Seal Island).

Genus SEIURUS Swainson

SeiurusSwainson, 1827, Philos. Mag. (n.s.) 1: 369. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Swainson,1827), Motacilla aurocapilla Linnaeus.

Seiurus aurocapillus (Linnaeus). Ovenbird. Motacilla aurocapillaLinnaeus, 1766, Syst.Nat (ed. 12) 1' 334. Basedon "The Golden- crownedThrush" Edwards,Glean. Nat. Hist. 5: 91, pl. 252. (in Pensylvania,error = at sea, apparentlyoff Haiti.) Habitat.--Mature upland deciduousand mixed deciduous-coniferousforest, rarely in bottomlandwoodland, usually with sparseundergrowth and abundant leaf-litter; in migration and winter, a variety of woodedhabitats. Distribution.--Breeds from northeasternBritish Columbia, extreme southeasternYukon, southern Mackenzie, northern Alberta, central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec (including Anticosti and Magdalen islands), and Newfoundland south to southernAlberta, central and eastern Montana, northeasternWyoming, central Colorado (local), Nebraska, extreme eastern Kansas, southeasternOklahoma, western Ar- FAMILY PARULIDAE 555 kansas,southwestern Tennessee, northern Alabama, northern Georgia, western South Car- olina, and central and northeastern North Carolina. Winters from Sinaloa, southernTexas (rare), southernLouisiana (rare), and North Carolina (casuallynorth to northernCalifornia, the GreatLakes region and New England;most records from Decemberonly) souththrough Middle America (both slopes,more commonlyon the Gulf-Caribbean) and Bermuda and the West Indies to Panama(casual east of the Canal area and easternPanamfi province) and northernVenezuela (including islandsfrom the Nether- lands Antilles east to Tobagoand Trinidad), casuallyin Colombia and westernEcuador. Migrates primarily througheastern North Americafrom the Rockieseastward, and casually to rarely elsewherein westernNorth America from southwesternBritish Columbia, Wash- ington,Idaho, and Montana southto California, Baja California, northwesternMexico, New Mexico, and western Texas. Casualor accidentalin Alaska (PrudhoeBay, Fairbanks),southwestern British Columbia, GuadalupeIsland (off Baja California), ClippertonIsland (sightreports), Greenland, Iceland, and the British Isles.

Seiurus noveboracensis (Gmelin). Northern Waterthrush. Motacilla noveboracensisGmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 958. Based on "The New York Warbler" Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds 2(2): 436. (in Louisiana, et Noveboraci sepibus= New York.) Habitat.--Thickets near slow-movingstreams, ponds, swamps, and bogs;in migration and winter, a variety of woodedhabitats, generally near water, often in mangroves. Distribution.--Breeds from western and north-central Alaska, northern Yukon, northwestern and southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern On- tario, northern Quebec, northern Labrador, and Newfoundland south to southern Alaska (west to the base of the Alaska Peninsula), central British Columbia, northeasternWash- ington, northern Idaho, western and central Montana, southwesternand central Alberta, southeastern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northern North Dakota, northeastern Min- nesota,central Wisconsin, southern Michigan, southernOntario, extreme northeastern Ohio, southeasternWest Virginia, westernMaryland, Pennsylvania,New York, Connecticut,and RhodeIsland; one breedingrecord from north-centralNorth Carolina(Caswell County). One breedingrecord from Colorado.Recorded in summer(and probablybreeding) in the central CascadeMountains of Oregon. Winters from southernBaja California, Sinaloa, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas,southern Florida, the Bahama Islands, and Bermuda (casually north to British Columbia, the Gulf coast,and Virginia) souththrough Middle America and the West Indies, and in northern SouthAmerica from Colombia,Venezuela (including islands from NetherlandsAntilles east to Tobagoand Trinidad), and the Guianassouth to Ecuador.Recorded annually in winter in southern coastal California, southern Texas, and southern Louisiana. Migrates regularlythroughout most of North America,most commonly east of the Rockies. Casual on St. Lawrence Island, northern Alaska, coastal British Columbia, Banks Island, northernBaja California, Peru, Greenland,the British Isles, France,the Canary Islands,and Siberia (Chukotski Peninsula);sight reports for the Revillagigedo Islands (Socorro) and ClippertonIsland.

Seiurus motacilla (Vieillot). Louisiana Waterthrush. Turdus motacilla Vieillot, 1809, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amer. Sept. 2 (1808, livr. 14): 9, pl. 65. (Kentucky.) Habitat.--Along shaded,fast-flowing, usually rocky streamsin forestand woodland,and locally in swamps;in migrationand winter, a variety of woodedhabitats, usually near fast- flowing water. Distribution.--Breeds from easternNebraska (formerly), easternKansas, north-central Iowa, east-centraland southeasternMinnesota, west-central Wisconsin, central Michigan, southernOntario, central and northeasternNew York, central Vermont,central New Hamp- shire, and southernMaine southto west-centralOklahoma, central Texas (west to Bandera 556 FAMILY PARULIDAE

County), centralLouisiana, southern Mississippi, southern Alabama, northern Florida (south to the Gainesvillearea), centraland southwesternGeorgia, central South Carolina, and North Carolina; recordedin summerin southernQuebec. Wintersfrom southernSonora, southern Nuevo Le6n, southwesternTamaulipas, and the BahamaIslands (casually north to southernCalifornia, southeasternArizona, southernFlor- ida, andaccidental in Maryland) souththrough Middle America(both slopes, although more commonlyon the Gulf-Caribbean)and the WestIndies (southto St. Vincentin the Lesser Antilles) to easternPanama, northern Colombia (rare), northwesternVenezuela, and Trinidad. Migrates primarily throughthe southeasternUnited States(west to centraland southern Texas) and northernMexico; also Bermuda (rare). Casualnorth to northeasternMinnesota, northern Michigan, Nova Scotia,and in California, Baja California, easternColorado, and New Mexico. Accidentalin Greenland.Sight reports for the Dakotas and New Brunswick.

Genus OPORORNIS Baird OporornisBaird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin,and Lawrence,Rep. Explor. Surv. R. R. Pac. 9: xix, xxxii, 240, 246. Type, by original designation,Sylvia agilis Wilson. Notes.--Sometimesmerged in Geothlypis(Lowery and Monroe in Paynter1968).

Oporornisformosus (Wilson). KentuckyWarbler. Sylviaformosa Wilson, 1811, Amer. Ornithol. 3: 85, pl. 25, fig. 3. (Kentucky.) Habitat.--Humid deciduousforest with denseundergrowth, dense second growth, shady ravines,and swampedges; in migration,a varietyof woodedhabitats; in winter,primarily broadleaf forest with denseundergrowth. Distribution.--Breeds from eastern Nebraska, central and northeastern Iowa, southern Wisconsin,northern Illinois, northernIndiana, extreme southernMichigan, northernOhio, Pennsylvania,northern New Jersey,south-central (formerly) and southeasternNew York, and(presumably) extreme southwestern Connecticut south to south-centraland eastern Texas (west to Kerrville), the Gulf coast (east to SuwaneeCounty in Florida), centralGeorgia, and SouthCarolina, and west to easternKansas and centralOklahoma. One breedingrecord for southernMinnesota. In 1992, many summeredand may have attemptedto breed in California. Summer records for Ontario and Massachusetts. Wintersfrom Nayarit, Oaxaca,southern Veracruz, and the YucatanPeninsula south through Middle America (primarily the Caribbeanslope, rare and local on the Pacific slopenorth of centralCosta Rica) to Panama,and rarely to northernColombia and northernVenezuela. Casual in coastalCalifornia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands,and the NetherlandsAntilles. Accidentalin northernLouisiana, Bermuda, and Cuba (sight report). Migrates primarily through the southeasternUnited States (west to easternColorado, easternNew Mexico, and westernTexas), northeastern Mexico, Cuba, Hispaniola,Jamaica, and the Cayman Islands,rarely east to PuertoRico, the Virgin and Bahamaislands, and Bermuda. Casual north to eastern Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, southern Ontario, central New York, northernNew England, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland,in westernNorth America from California east throughUtah, Arizona, and northernSonora to easternColorado and New Mexico, and in the LesserAntilles (Guadeloupe);sight reportsfor northernAlaska, Washington,Oregon, Alberta, Saskatchewan,Manitoba, Wyoming, the Dakotas,Nevada, and southernQuebec.

Oporornis agilis (Wilson). ConnecticutWarbler. Sylvia agilis Wilson, 1812, Amer. Ornithol. 5: 64, pl. 39, fig. 4. (Connecticut.) Habitat.--Spruce and tamarackbogs, jack pine barrens(locally), also openpoplar or aspenwoodland in westernportion of range;in migrationand winter, a variety of wooded and semi-openhabitats. Distribution.--Breeds from northeasternBritish Columbia (rare, local) eastacross central FAMILY PARULIDAE 557

Alberta, central Saskatchewan,central Manitoba, and northernOntario to south-centralQue- bec, and south to southernManitoba, northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, and south-centralOntario. Winterrange poorly understood, and only a few documentedrecords are knownfrom Decemberto February.Recorded from northeasternColombia and Venezuela south to Am- azonian and central Brazil. Migrates throughthe Atlantic states(primarily in fall, rarely north to southernNew England,New Brunswick,and Nova Scotia),the east-centralUnited Stateswest of the Appalachiansand east of the Rockies(mostly in spring,casually west to easternColorado and central Texas), and in both seasonsthrough the southeasternstates, Bermuda (rare), Bahama Islands, Netherlands Antilles, and Venezuela. Casual or accidental in southern British Columbia, Newfoundland, California (mostly Farallon Islands),Utah, southernArizona, Montana, Nebraska,Kansas, Oklahoma, New- foundland(sight report), western Panama (Bocas del Toro),the Greater Antilles (Hispaniola, and Mona Island off PuertoRico), the LesserAntilles (St. Martin), and southernPeru; sight reportsfor Oregon,Wyoming, Clipperton Island (sight report), and islands off Belizeand Caribbean Honduras.

Oporornisphiladelphia (Wilson). Mourning Warbler. SylviaPhiladelphia Wilson, 1810, Amer.Ornithol. 2: 101, pl. 14, fig. 6. (within a few miles of Philadelphia,Pennsylvania.) Itabitat.--Open brushydeciduous woodland and secondgrowth (especially burns, regeneratingclear-cuts); in migrationand winter, thickets, weedy fields, ' scrub, and woodland undergrowth,primarily in humid regions. Distribution.--Breeds from northeastern British Columbia, southeastern Yukon, northeasternand central Alberta, central Saskatchewan,central Manitoba, central Ontario, south- central and southeasternQuebec, and Newfoundland south to southernManitoba, north- central and northeastern North Dakota, central Minnesota, central Wisconsin, northeastern Illinois, southernMichigan, and northern Ohio, in the higherAppalachians to easternWest Virginia,western Maryland, and northwestern Virginia, and to northeasternPennsylvania, southeasternNew York, and westernMassachusetts. Casual in westernNorth Carolina. Wintersfrom southernNicaragua south through Costa Rica and Panamato westernCo- lombia, easternEcuador (rare), and southernVenezuela. Accidental in southernCalifornia and Oaxaca. Migratesprimarily through the Mississippiand Ohio valleys(west to easternMontana, the Plainsstates, and central Texas, casually to centralColorado, eastern New Mexico,and westernTexas), rarely in the southeasternstates (only casually in SouthCarolina, Georgia, andFlorida east of panhandle),and regularly through eastern and southern Mexico, northern Central America, and Bermuda. Casual or accidentalin south-coastalAlaska (Middleton Island), south-centralBritish Columbia,California (mostly Farallon Islands), Nevada, Wyoming, northern Arizona, His- paniola,Puerto Rico, Curacao,and Greenland;sight reports from Washington,Oregon, southernBaja California,Cuba, the BahamaIslands, and Vieques Island (off PuertoRico). Notes.--Oporornisphiladelphia and O. tolmieiare eachother's closest relatives (Lowery andMonroe in Paynter1968), hybridize (Cox 1973), andconstitute a superspecies(Pitoc- chelli 1990).

Oporornistolmiei (Townsend).MacGillivray's Warbler. SylviaTolmiei J. K. Townsend,1839, Narr. JourneyRocky Mount., etc., p. 343. (the Columbia = Fort Vancouver,Washington.) Itabitat.--Coniferousforest edge, brushy hillsides, regenerating clearcuts and burns, and willow-alderriparian thickets; in migrationand winter, a varietyof openwooded habitats, weedy fields. Distribution.--Breeds from southeasternAlaska, southernYukon, northern British Co- lumbia, westernand southernAlberta, extreme southwesternSaskatchewan, central Montana, 5 5 8 FAMILY PARULIDAE and southwesternSouth Dakota south, primarily in the mountains,to southernCalifornia (San Jacinto Mountains), southeasternArizona, and southernNew Mexico; also in south- easternCoahuila and Nuevo Le6n (Cerro Potosf). Wintersfrom southernBaja California, southernSonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Nuevo Le6n south,mostly in the highlands,through Middle America (except Belize) to western Panama (Chiriquf, casually east to the Canal area). Casual in coastalCalifornia, southern Arizona, southern Texas, and southern Louisiana. Migrates primarily through western North America from the western Great Plains and central Texas westward, casually east to Minnesota, central South Dakota, easternKansas, northwestern Missouri, Illinois, eastern Texas, and southern Louisiana. Casual or accidental in northern Alaska, Northwest Territories, northeastern British Co- lumbia, Illinois, Massachusetts,and Georgia. Notes.--See commentsunder O. philadelphia.

Genus GEOTHLYPIS Cabanis Trichas (not Gloger, March 1827) Swainson,June 1827, Philos. Mag. (n.s.) 1: 433. Type, by monotypy, Trichas personatusSwainson = Turdus trichas Linnaeus. GeothlypisCabanis, 1847, Arch. Naturgesch.13: 316, 349. New name for Trichas Swainson,preoccupied. ChamcethlypisRidgway, 1887, Man. N. Amer. Birds, p. 225. Type, by original designation, Geothlypispoliocephala Baird. Notes.--See commentsunder Oporornis.

Geothlypistrichas (Linnaeus). Common Yellowthroat. Turdus Trichas Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 293. Based on "The Maryland Yellow-Throat" Edwards,Glean. Nat. Hist. 1: 56, pl. 257, fig. 2. (in America septentrionali = Maryland.) Habitat.--Marshes (especiallycattail), thicketsnear water, bogs, brushypastures, old fields, and, locally, undergrowthat edge of humid forest; in migration and winter more widespread,but mostly in marshy,brushy, or weedy areas(Tropical to Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds [trichasgroup] from southeasternAlaska (westand north to Glacier Bay), central Yukon, southwesternNorthwest Territories,northern Alberta, northernSas- katchewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, and Newfoundland south to northernBaja California, in Mexico to Veracruz(and possiblyOaxaca), and to southern Texas, the Gulf coast, and southern Florida. Winters[trichas group] from northernCalifornia (rarely or casuallyto southwesternBritish Columbiaand Washington),southern Arizona, southernNew Mexico (rarely), southernTex- as,the Gulf states,and Maryland (casuallynorth to Coloradoand Missouri; recorded annually in the southernGreat Lakes) souththrough Middle America, the Greater Antilles (east to the Virgin Islands),Bermuda, and the Cayman and Bahamaislands to centralPanama (east to the Canal areaand easternPanamfi province, casually to Dari6n), andcasually to northern Colombiaand the Lesser Antilles (Dominica); questionably reported from northernVenezuela and Tobago. Resident[chapalensis group] in Jalisco. Migrates [trichasgroup] broadly through North America and also throughBermuda and islands in the western Caribbean Sea. Casual[trichas group] in centraland south-coastal Alaska, Hudson Bay, northernLabrador, on ClippertonIsland (sight report), Greenland,and the British Isles. Notes.--Groups: G. chapalensisNelson, 1903 [Chapala Yellowthroat] and G. trichas [Common Yellowthroat]. Specieslimits and relationshipswithin the genus are generally poorly understoodand requirefurther study.

Geothlypisbeldingi Ridgway. Belding'sYellowthroat. Geothlypisbeldingi Ridgway, 1882, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 5: 344. (SanJos6 del Cabo, Baja California.) FAMILY PARULIDAE 559

I-Iabitat.--Freshwater Marshes,possibly Saltwater/Brackish Marshes. Distribution.--Residentin central(north to lat 28ø N.) and southernBaja California. Notes.--Also known as Peninsular Yellowthroat. See comments under G. trichas.

Geothlypisfiavovelata Ridgway. Altamira Yellowthroat. GeothlypisfiavovelataRidgway, 1896, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 18 (1895): 119. (Alta Mira, near Tampico,Tamaulipas, Mexico.) I-Iabitat.--Freshwater Marshes (Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident in central and southernTamaulipas, extreme easternSan Luis Potosf and northern Veracruz. Notes.---Also known as Yellow-crowned Yellowthroat. See comments under G. trichas.

Geothlypisrostrata Bryant. BahamaYellowthroat. Geothlypisrostratus Bryant, 1867, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11 (1866): 67. (Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas.) I-Iabitat.--Arid Lowland Scrub;thickets in open pine woodland. Distribution.--Resident in the northernBahama Islands (Grand Bahama, Andros, New Providence,Eleuthera, Little Abaco, Great Abaco and Cat Island. Reportsfrom Florida are unsatisfactory. Notes.--See comments under G. trichas.

Geothlypissemifiava Sclater. Olive-crowned Yellowthroat. Geothlypissemifiava Sclater, 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,p. 273. (In rep. Equator = Babahoyo,Ecuador.) I-Iabitat.--Riparian Thickets,Second-growth Scrub (0-1800 m; Tropicaland lower Sub- tropical zones). Distribution.--Resident in Middle America from northeasternHonduras (Rfo Segovia[ = Coco]) southin the Caribbeanlowlands of Nicaraguaand CostaRica (locally also on the Pacificslope in theArenal region) to westernPanama (Bocas del Toro); and in SouthAmerica in western Colombia and western Ecuador.

Geothlypisspeciosa Sclater. Black-polled Yellowthroat. Geothlypisspeciosa Sclater, 1859, Proc.Zool. Soc. London(1858), p. 447. (In Mexico = headwaters of the Rfo Lerma, M•xico.) I-Iabitat.--Freshwater Marshes(1700-2900 m; Subtropicaland Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in the highlandsof easternMichoacfin (Lago Patzcuaro,Lago Cuitzeo),southern Guanajuato (Lago Yuriria, PresaSolis), M•xico (upperRfo Lerma,Lago Zumpango),and (formerly) Distrito Federal(Lago Texcoco).

Geothlypisnelsoni Richmond. Hooded Yellowthroat. Geothlypiscucullata Salvin and Godman,1889, Ibis, p. 237. (Cofre de Perote,Jalapa, [Veracruz,]Mexico.) Not Sylviacucullata Latham, 1790 -- Geothlypisaequinoctialis (Gmelin). Geothlypisnelsoni Richmond, 1900, Auk 17: 179. New name for G. cucullataSalvin and Godman,preoccupied. I-Iabitat.--Pine-Oak ForestEdge (2000-3100 m; Subtropicaland Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident from southeastern Coahuila and central Nuevo Le6n south througheastern San Luis Potosf,Hidalgo, Puebla, central Veracruz, and Distrito Federal to western and central Oaxaca.

Geothlypisaequinoctialis (Gmelin). MaskedYellowthroat. Motacilla aequinoctialisGmelin, 1789, Syst.Nat. 1(2): 972. Basedon "Figuier olive de Cayenne"Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 685, fig. 1. (in Cayenna-- Cayenne.) 560 FAMILY PARULIDAE

Habitat.--Riparian Thickets,Freshwater Marshes, Arid MontaneScrub, Second-growth Scrub(0-2100 m; TropicalZone, in Panamaknown only from upperTropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident[chiriquensis group] in southwesternCosta Rica (CarlasGordas district) and westernPanama (Volcfin de ChiriquL in westernChiriquf); [auricularisgroup] on the Pacific slope from westernEcuador to central Peru; and [aequinoctialisgroup] in eastern Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guianas, and northeasternBrazil, and from southeasternPeru, eastern Bolivia, andcentral Argentina east to Uruguayand southernBrazil. Notes.--Groups:G. chiriquensisSalvin, 1872 [Chiriqui Yellowthroat],G. auricularis Salvin,1884 [Black-loredYellowthroat] (see Ridgely and Tudor 1989), and G. aequinoctialis [MaskedYellowthroat]. Based on allozymicdivergence and disjunct distributions, Escalante- Pliego(1991) suggestedthat more than one species may be included within G. aequinoctialis; resolutionof this issue awaits more extensivesampling and detailedanalysis. Lowery and Monroe in Paynter(1968) consideredG. chiriquensisto be a species.

Geothlypispoliocephala Baird. Gray-crownedYellowthroat. Geothlypispoliocephala Baird, 1865, Rev. Amer. Birds. 1: 225. (MazatlSn,Sinaloa.) Habitat.--Second-growth Scrub, Riparian Thickets, lowland pine savanna;dense grass with adjacentbrush, weedy fields (0-1500 m; Tropicaland Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from northern Sinaloa, southernTamaulipas, and (formerly) southernTexas (primarily Brownsville area) southalong both slopesof Middle Americato westernPanama (western Chiriqui). Two recentrecords and two sightreports from southern Texas. Notes.--Also knownas Ground Chat. Often placed in themonotypic genus Chamaethlypis, but see Eisenmann(1962b).

GenusMICROLIGEA Cory Ligea (not Illiger, 1801 [Crustacea],nor Drybowski, 1876 [Mollusca])Cory, 1884, Auk 1: 1. Type, by originaldesignation, Ligea palustrisCory. Ligia (not Weber,1795 [Crustacea],Fabricius 1798 [Crustacea],nor Dupre, 1829 [Lep- idoptera])Cory, 1884, Birds Haiti San Domingo,p. 34. Emendationof Ligea Cory, preoccupied. Microligea Cory, 1884, Auk 1: 290. New name for Ligea Cory and Ligia Cory, preoccupied. Notes.--Althoughprobably parulid, relationships of this genusotherwise are uncertain, Formerly includedMicroligea montana,now placed in the genusXenoligea (Lowery and Monroe in Paynter 1968).

Microligea palustris (Cory). Green-tailedWarbler. Ligea palustrisCory, 1884, Auk 1: 1, pl. 1. (SantoDomingo = Rfo Villa, Dominican Republic.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Tropical DeciduousForest, Secondary Forest;frequents dense undergrowth of montaneforest, lessfrequently in scrubof semi- arid lowlands (0-2000 m). Distribution.--Residenton Hispaniola(in Haiti mostlyin low elevationsof northwestern Haiti andhigh elevationsin Massif de la Selle,more widespread in theDominican Republic), including Beata Island. Notes.--Also known as Gray-breastedGround Warbler or Green-tailedGround Warbler.

Genus TERETISTRIS Cabanis

TeretistrisCabanis, 1855, J. Ornithol. 3: 475, 476. Type, by original designation,An- abatesfernandinae Lembeye. FAMILY PARULIDAE 561

Teretistrisfernandinae (Lembeye). Yellow-headedWarbler. Anabatesfernandinae Lembeye, 1850, Aves Isla Cuba, p. 66, pl. 5, fig. 2. (Cuba = western Cuba.) Itabitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Tropical DeciduousForest (0-500 m). Distribution.--Resident in western Cuba (east to southwesternLas Villas and western Matanzasprovinces, also Cayo Cantiles) and the Isle of Pines.

Teretistrisfornsi Gundlach.Oriente Warbler. Teretistrisfornsi Gundlach, 1858, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 6: 274. (easternpart of Cuba.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Pine Forest, Arid Lowland Scrub (0-1500 m). Distribution.--Resident in easternCuba (ranging west along the north coast to eastern Matanzas province, also on Cayo Coco, Cayo Romano, Cayo Saeffa, Cayo Guajaba, and Cayo Sabinal).

Genus LEUCOPEZA Sclater LeucopezaSclater, 1876, Proc.Zool. Soc.London, p. 14. Type,by monotypy,Leucopeza sennperiSclater.

Leucopezasemperi Sclater.Semper's Warbler. Leucopezasemperi Sclater, 1876, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 14, pl. 2. (St. Lucia.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (400-900 m). Distribution.--Resident (at least formerly) in the highlandsof St. Lucia (in the Lesser Antilles); possiblyextinct. Last confirmedreport in 1972.

Genus WILSONIA Bonaparte WilsoniaBonaparte, 1838, Geogr.Comp. List, p. 23. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Ridgway, 1881), Motaci!!a ,titrata Gmelin = Muscicapa citrina Boddaert.

Wilsonia citrina (Boddaert). Hooded Warbler. Muscicapa Citrina Boddaert, 1783, Table PlanchesEnlum., p. 41. Based on "Gobe- mouchede la Louisiane"Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 666, fig. 2. (Louisiana.) Habitat.--Deciduous or mixed deciduous-pineforest with denseunderstory, especially along streams,rivers, and ravines, secondgrowth; in migration and winter, a variety of wooded habitats. Distribution.inBreeds from central and northeasternIowa (rare and local), southeastern Minnesota(casually), central Wisconsin(local), southernMichigan (locally farther north), extreme southernOntario, central and southeasternNew York, Massachusetts(casually), Connecticut,and Rhode Island southto centraland eastern Texas (south to MatagordaCounty and westto BastropCounty), the Gulf coast,and northernFlorida, and westto southeastern Nebraska(formerly), eastern Kansas (casually) and easternOklahoma, with casualbreeding in southernCalifornia (Kern and Los Angelescounties, 1992). Summerrecords for Colorado and Arizona. Wintersprimarily on Gulf-Caribbeanslope of Middle Americafrom southernTamaulipas (rare) to Panama(east rarely to the Canal area, includingIsla Coiba), rarely or casuallyon Pacific Slope of Middle America, and (rare) in Bermuda,the Bahamas,and the Greater Antilles;casual in Washington,coastal California, southern Texas, southern Louisiana, South Carolina, and southern Florida, and in northern Colombia, northern Venezuela, the Lesser Antilles, and the Netherlands Antilles. Migrates regularly through the easternPlains states(west to easternColorado, 'eastern New Mexico, and westernTexas), southeastern states, the Antilles (eastto the Virgin Islands, 562 FAMILY PARULIDAE and casuallyto Saba, St. Kitts [sight report], and Martinique), the Cayman and Bahama islands,Bermuda, and islandsin the westernCaribbean Sea, rarely to California. Casual elsewhere in western North America from Northwest Territories, Washington, Oregon,Idaho, and Montanasouth to Arizona and New Mexico; alsonorth to southeastern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan,northern Ontario, northern Minnesota, southernQuebec, Newfoundland,New Brunswick,and Nova Scotia;also in Trinidad;sight reports for British Columbia, Utah, northernBaja California, and the British Isles.

Wilsoniapusi!la (Wilson). Wilson's Warbler. Muscicapapusilla Wilson, 1811, Amer. Ornithol. 3: 103, pl. 26, fig. 4. (southernStates, . . . lower parts... of New Jerseyand Delaware = southernNew Jersey.) I-Iabitat.--Breeds in riparianthickets (especially alder-willow), moist undergrowth, dense second-growth,and bogs;in migrationand winter, occupiesa variety of open woodland, thickets,brush, scrub, and forestundergrowth. Distribution.--Breeds from western and northern Alaska, northern Yukon, northwestern and east-central Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, northern Labrador, and Newfoundland south to southernAlaska (west to the Alaska Peninsula and Unimak Island), central coastal California (and in mountains of the interiorto San BernardinoMountains; formerly southto SanDiego County),west-central and northeastern Nevada, south-central Utah, southwestern Colorado, and northern New Mexico, and to southwesternand east-centralAlberta, central Saskatchewan,southern Man- itoba, extreme north-central and northeastern Minnesota, extreme northwestern Wisconsin, northernMichigan (Upper Peninsula,rare), south-centralOntario, southernQuebec, extreme northeasternNew York (Adirondacks), northern Vermont (rare), central Maine, and central Nova Scotia. Wintersfrom coastalCalifornia (rare), southernBaja California,southern Sonora, southern Texas,southern Louisiana, and Florida (rarely southernMississippi and southernAlabama) souththrough Middle America (rarely in the YucatanPeninsula) to westernPanama (Chi- riqu/), rarely to centralPanama. Casual north to British Columbia,Arizona, New Mexico, Kentucky, Ontario, Connecticut,and Nova Scotia. One record for Alaska (Kodiak). Migrates regularly throughNorth America west of the Appalachians,less commonly throughthe Atlantic and southeasternstates, rarely throughthe BahamaIslands and the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico). Accidental in northernBaffin Island, Colombia, Greenland,and Great Britain. A sight report for the RevillagigedoIslands (Socorro Island). Notes.--Also known as PileolatedWarbler or Black-cappedWarbler.

Wilsonia canadensis (Linnaeus). Canada Warbler. Muscicaœacanadensis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst.Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 327. Basedon "Le Gobe- mouchecendr• de Canada" Brisson,Ornithologie 2: 406, pl. 39, fig. 4. (in Canada.) Itabitat.--Moist woodlandwith denseundergrowth (especially aspen-poplar), bogs, and tall scrubalong streams;in migrationand winter, a variety of woodedhabitats. Distribution.--Breeds from extreme southeasternYukon, northeasternBritish Columbia, northern Alberta, central Saskatchewan,central Manitoba, northern Ontario, south-central Quebec(including Anticosti Island), New Brunswick,Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia south to central Alberta, southern Manitoba, northern Minnesota, southernWisconsin, northern Illinois (local), southernMichigan, northernIndiana (local), and southeasternOhio (local), through the Appalachiansto easternKentucky, easternTennessee, northwestern Georgia,western North Carolina,western Virginia, westernMaryland, andeast-central Penn- sylvania,and to northernNew Jersey,southeastern New York, and southernNew England. Winters in South America (rarely or casually in Middle America north to Costa Rica) from northernColombia and Venezuelasouth, mostly on the east slopeof the Andes, to southernPeru and border of southernVenezuela and northernBrazil (Tepui region). A December record for Honduras. No documentedwinter records for the United States (or anywherenorth of CostaRica). FAMILY PARULIDAE 563

Migrates mostly throughNorth America east of the Rockies(rarely throughthe southeasternstates in spring),Middle America(absent on Pacificslope of Mexico northof Oaxaca) and, rarely, Newfoundland,Bermuda, and the BahamaIslands (Grand Bahama,New Prov- idence, Exuma). Casualin westernNorth Americain easternOregon, Montana, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado,and in the GreaterAntilles (Cuba, Jamaica,Puerto Rico,and the Virgin Islands); sight reports for southwesternBritish Columbia and Wyoming. Accidentalin Alaska (Barrow),southern Mackenzie District, the LesserAntilles (Guade- loupe),Bonaire, Greenland, and Iceland;sight reports for Baja Californiaand Clipperton Island.

GenusCARDELLINA Bonaparte Cardellina(Du Busde GisigniesMS) Bonaparte,1850, Consp. Gen. Avium 1(2): 312. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Baird, 1865), Cardellina amicta Du Bus de Gi- signies= Muscicaparubrifrons Giraud.

Cardellina rubrifrons (Giraud). Red-facedWarbler. Muscicaparubrifrons Giraud, 1841, Descr. Sixteen New Spec.N. Amer.Birds, pl. [7], fig. 1 and text. (Texas,error -- Mexico.) Habitat.--Pine Forest,Pine-Oak Forest, Riparian Thickets; locally also mixed aspen- coniferouswoodland (1500-3100 m; upperSubtropical and Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breedsfrom centralArizona and southwesternNew Mexico (casuallyin the Sandia Mountains) souththrough Sonora,western Chihuahua, and Sinaloa to western Durango. Wintersfrom Sinaloaand Durango south through the highlandsof Mexico(ranging east to west-centralVeracruz) and Guatemala to E1Salvador and western Honduras. One February record from Arizona. Casual or accidentalin California (Farallon Islands, and southernCalifornia mainland, whereit possiblybreeds), Wyoming, Colorado, western and southern Texas, and southwestern Louisiana;a sight report for southernNevada.

Genus ERGATICUS Baird ErgaticusBaird, 1865, Rev. Amer.Birds. 1: 237, 264. Type, by originaldesignation, Setophagarubra Swainson.

Ergaticus ruber (Swainson).Red Warbler. Setophagarubra Swainson,1827, Philos.Mag. (n.s.) 1: 368. (woodsof Valladolid, Mexico -- Morelia, Michoacfin.) Habitat.--Pine Forest,Pine-Oak Forest (2100-3200 m; upperSubtropical and Temperate zones,to lower SubtropicalZone in winter). Distribution.---Resident[melanauris group] in the mountainsof southwesternChihuahua, easternSinaloa, and westernDurango; and [ruber group] from Jalisco,Michoacfin, and Guerreroeast to Hidalgo, easternPuebla, central Veracruz,and central Oaxaca(west of the Isthmusof Tehuantepec). Rangesin winter [bothgroups] to lower elevations. Notes.--Groups: E. melanaurisMoore, 1937 [Black-earedWarbler] and E. ruber [Red Warbler].Ergaticus ruber and E. versicolormay constitute a superspecies(Sibley and Mon- roe 1990).

Ergaticus versicolor(Salvin). Pink-headedWarbler. Cardellinaversicolor Salvin, 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,p. 188, pl. 24, fig. 1. (Volcfinde Fuego,Totonicapam, and Chilasco,Guatemala.) 564 FAMILY PARULIDAE

Habitat.--Pine-Oak Forest, Montane Evergreen Forest (2100-3000 m; Subtropicaland Temperatezones). Distribution.--Residentin the mountainsof centraland southeasternChiapas, and Gua- temala (east to the Sierra de las Minas). Notes.--See comments under E. ruber.

Genus M¾10BORUS Baird

Erythrosoma[subgenus] Swainson, 1832, in Swainsonand Richardson,Fauna Bor.- Amer. 2 (1831): 201. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Richmond, 1917), Setophaga picta Swainson.Nomen oblitum. MyioborusBaird, 1865, Rev. Amen Birds. 1: 237, 257. Type, by original designation, Setophagaverticalis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny = Setophagaminiata Swainson.

Myioboruspictus (Swainson).Painted Redstart. Setophagapicta Swainson, 1829, Zool. Illus. (2)1: pl. 3 and text. (Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico.) Habitat.--Pine-Oak Forest, Pine Forest; prefersmoist, shadedcanyons (1100-3100 m; upper Tropical to lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds from northwestern and central Arizona, southwesternNew Mexico, westernTexas (Chisos and Davis 'mountains), and central Nuevo Le6n souththrough the mountainsof Middle America to north-centralNicaragua; summers casually, and breedsor attemptsto breed occasionally,in southernCalifornia (LagunaMountains, San Bernardino Mountains, and Clark Mountain). Wintersfrom southeasternArizona (rare), easternSonora, central Chihuahua,central Nue- vo Le6n, and centralTamaulipas south through the remainderof the breedingrange. Casual in California. Casualmigrant in (mostly southern)California, southwesternArizona, southernNevada, southern Utah, western Montana, Colorado, and northern and eastern New Mexico. Acci- dentalin Ohio, Michigan, southernOntario, New York, Massachusetts,and Louisiana; sight reports for British Columbia, Baja California, Wisconsin,central and southeasternTexas, Alabama, and Georgia. Notes.--Formefiy placedin the genusSetophaga, but seeParkes (1961).

Myioborus miniatus (Swainson). Slate-throatedRedstart. Setophagaminiata Swainson,1827, Philos. Mag. (n.s.) 1: 368. (woods of Valladolid, Mexico = Morelia, Michoacfin.) Habitat.-•Montane EvergreenForest, SecondaryForest, Pine-Oak Forest (600-2500 m; upper Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from southernSonora, southern Chihuahua, Durango, Zacatecas, southeasternCoahuila, southernNuevo Le6n, and San Luis Potosf souththrough the mountains of Mexico, Guatemala, and E1 Salvador to Honduras; and from Costa Rica and Panama (Chiriquf, Veraguas,eastern Panama, Dari6n) and in the coastalmountains of Venezuela, the Tepuiregion of Venezuela,extreme northern Brazil, andGuyana, and in the Andesfrom Venezuelaand Colombiasouth, on the westernslope to northwesternPeru and on the eastern slope to central Bolivia. Accidental in spring in southeasternNew Mexico (Lea County) and southernArizona (Miller Canyon,also sight reports from Cave Creek Canyon);and a sightreport for western Texas (Big Bend).

Myioborus torquatus (Baird). Collared Redstart. Setophagatorquata Baird, 1865, Rev. Amer. Birds. 1: 261. (San Jos6,Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Semihumid/Humid MontaneScrub, Secondary Forest, Elfin Forest(1400-3500 m; upper Subtropicaland Temperatezones). FAMILY PARULIDAE 565

Distribution.--Resident in the mountainsof Costa Rica (northwestto the Cordillera de Tilarfin) and westernPanama (Chiriquf and adjacentBocas del Toro).

Genus EUTHLYPIS Cabanis EuthlypisCabanis, 1850, Mus. Heineanum1' 18. Type, by originaldesignation, Euth- !ypislachryrnosa Cabanis = Basileuteruslachryrnosa Bonaparte.

Euthlypis lachrymosa(Bonaparte). Fan-tailed Warbler. Basileuteruslachryrnosa (Lichtenstein MS) Bonaparte,1850, Consp.Gen. Avium 1(2): 314. (Mexico = Laguna Huetulacfin,Veracruz.) Habitat. TropicalDeciduous Forest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, Montane Ev- ergreenForest, Gallery Forest; usually in steep,shaded, rocky canyons (100-1900 m; Trop- ical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residenton the Pacific slopeof Mexico from southernSonora south to Guatemala,E1 Salvador,and Honduras(locally alsoin interiorvalleys) to centralNicaragua and on the Gulf slopeof Mexico from easternSan Luis Potosfand southernTamaulipas to Veracruz and north-central Oaxaca. Casualor accidentalin northernBaja California (SantoDomingo), northeastern Sonora, and southeasternArizona (about six records).

Genus BASILEUTERUS Cabanis BasileuterusCabanis, 1849, in Schomburgk,Reisen Brit.-Guiana 3 (1848): 666. Type, by monotypy,Basileuterus verrnivorus Cabanis = Setophagaauricapilla Swainson = Sylvia culicivora Deppe. Notes.--See commentsunder Phaeothlypis.

Basileuterusculicivorus (Deppe). Golden-crowned Warbler. Sylviaculicivora "Lichtenst[ein]." W. Deppe,1830, Preis.Verz. S•iugeth.V6gel, etc., Mex., p. 2. (Mexico = Jalapa, Veracruz.) Habitat.--TropicalLowland Evergreen Forest, Montane Evergreen Forest, Secondary Forest(0-2100 m; Tropicaland Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident[culicivorus group] in Nayaritand Jalisco, and from Nuevo Le6n andTamaulipas south on the Gulf-Caribbeanslope of SanLuis PotosLVeracruz, Hidalgo, Puebla,Veracruz, Tabasco, southern Campeche, and Quintana Roo, andon both slopesfrom Guerreroand Oaxacasouth through Chiapas and CentralAmerica to westernPanama (Chi- riquf, Veraguas,and Herrera); [cabanisigroup] in the SantaMarta Mountainsand Andesof Colombiaand northern Venezuela; and [auricapillus group] northeastern Colombia (Boyacfi), the coastalmountains of Venezuela,and Trinidad; the Tepuiregion of Venezuelaand western Guyana;and easternand centralBrazil from Maranh•o southto Uruguay,Paraguay, and northeasternArgentina and southwestto centralBolivia and northwesternArgentina. Chsual[culicivorus group] in southernTexas (about eight records, mainly in winterin lower Rio Grande Valley). Notes.--Groups:B. culicivorus[Stripe-crowned Warbler], B. cabanisiBerlepsch, 1879 [Cabanis'sWarbler], and B. auricapillus (Swainson,1838) [Golden-crownedWarbler].

Basileuterusrufifrons (Swainson).Rufous-capped Warbler. Setophagarufifrons Swainson, 1838, Animatsin Menageries,in Lardner,Cabinet Cy- clopedia98: 294. (Mexico = Real del Arriba, M6xico.) Habitat.--TropicalDeciduous Forest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest Edge, Second- ary Forest,Pine-Oak Forest,Arid Montane Scrub (0-2800 m; Tropical and Subtropical zones). Distribution.--Resident[rufifrons group] from northernSonora, western Chihuahua, Sin- 566 FAMILY PARULIDAE aloa, westernDurango, Nayarit, Jalisco,Guanajuato, San Luis Potosf,central Nuevo Le6n, and westernTamaulipas south through Mexico (except southeasternand the YucatanPen- insula)to centralGuatemala; [salvini group] in southernVeracruz, Tabasco, northern Oaxaca, northernChiapas, Belize, and northernGuatemala; and [delattrii group]from southeastern Chiapas,southern Guatemala, E1 Salvador,and Hondurassouth through Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama(including Isla Coiba), and northernColombia to northwesternVenezuela. Casual[rufifrons group] in southeasternArizona (mainly Huachuca,Whetstone, Pajaritos, and Chiricahua mountains,with attemptednesting in Cave Creek Canyon in 1977), and westernand southernTexas (Brewster,Webb, Kendall, and Uvalde counties,and Corpus Christi; also a sightreport from Starr County). Notes.--The groupshave frequentlybeen treated as species(Hellmayr 1935): B. rufifrons [Rufous-cappedWarbler], B. salvini Cherrie, 1892 [Salvin'sWarbler], and B. delattrii Bon- aparte, 1854 [Chestnut-cappedWarbler], but intergradationbetween salvini and delattrii occurs in Guatemala, E1 Salvador, and Honduras (Monroe 1968, contra Howell and Webb 1995).

Basileuterus belli (Giraud). Golden-browed Warbler. Muscicapa belli Giraud, 1841, Descr. Sixteen New Spec. N. Amer. Birds, pl. [4], fig. 2 and text. (Texas, error = Mount Orizaba, Veracruz.) Itabitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Pine-Oak Forest(1300-3100 m; Subtropicaland Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident from southeasternSinaloa, western Durango, Nayarit, Jalisco, Michoacfin,M6xico, Hidalgo, easternSan Luis Potosf,and southwesternTamaulipas south throughthe mountainsof southernMexico, Guatemala,and E1 Salvador to centralHonduras. Notes.--Also known as Bell's Warbler.

Basileuterusmelanogenys Baird. Black-cheekedWarbler. Basileuterusrnelanogenys Baird, 1865, Rev. Amer. Birds 1: 248. ("San Jos6?," Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Elfin Forest,Montane Evergreen Forest, Secondary Forest; prefers bamboo- choked ravines and understory of oak forest (1200-3500 m; Subtropical and Temperate zones). Distribution.--Resident in the mountainsof Costa Rica (Cordillera Central southward) and westernPanama (Chiriqui and Veraguas). Notes.--Basileuterus rnelanogenysand B. ignotusconstitute a superspeciesand are sometimes treatedas conspecific(Lowery and Monroe in Paynter 1968).

Basileuterusignotus Nelson. Pirre Warbler. Basileuterusrnelanogenys ignotus Nelson, 1912, Smithson.Misc. Collect. 60(3): 21. (Mount Pin'i, at 5,200 feet altitude, near head of Rio Limon, [Dari6n,] eastern Panama.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Elfin Forest(1200-1500 m; Subtropicaland lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in the mountains of eastern Panama (Cerro Pirre and Cerro Ta- carcuria, eastern Dari6n). Notes.--See commentsunder B. rnelanogenys.

Basileuterus tristriatus (Tschudi). Three-stripedWarbler. Myiodioctestristriatus Tschudi, 1844, Arch. Naturgesch.10: 283. (RepublicaPeruana = San Pedroplantation, near Lurfn, error [ = valley of Vitoc, depto.de Junin,Peru].) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, SecondaryForest (800-2500 m; upper Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in the mountainsof Costa Rica (north to Cordillera de Tilarfin) FAMILY PARULIDAE 567 and westernPanama (east to Veraguas);in easternPanama (easternPanam• province and Dari6n); in coastal mountainsof Venezuela; in Santa Marta Mountains and Andes from Colombiasouth, on the westernslope to centralEcuador and on the easternslope to central Bolivia.

Genus PHAEOTHLYPIS Todd PhaeothlypisTodd, 1929, Proc.U.S. Natl. Mus. 74(7): 8. Type, by originaldesignation, Muscicapafulvicauda Spix. Notes.--Sometimesmerged in Basileuterus(Ridgely andTudor 1989, Sibley andMonroe 1990). See commentsunder Catharopeza.

Phaeothlypisfulvicauda (Spix). Buff-rumpedWarbler Muscicapafulvicauda Spix, 1825, Avium Spec. Nov. Bras. 2: 20, pl. 28, fig. 2. (No locality given = Sao Paulo de Olivenqa, Rio Solim0es,Brazil.) Habitat., --Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest, usually along rocky and rapidly flowing streamsand rivers (0-1100 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident on the Caribbeanslope of Honduras(west to the Sula Valley) and Nicaragua,on both slopesof Costa Rica (exceptthe dry northwest)and Panama,and in South America from Colombia south, west of the Andes to northwestern Peru and east of the Andes in central Colombia, easternEcuador, easternPeru, western Amazonian Brazil, and northern Bolivia. Notes.--Phaeothlypisfulvicauda and P. rivularis (Wied, 1821), of easternSouth America, constitutea superspeciesand are often consideredconspecific (Meyer de Schauensee1970).

GenusZELEDONIA Ridgway ZeledoniaRidgway, 1889, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 11 (1888): 537. Type, by monotypy, Zeledonia coronata Ridgway. Notes.--Formerly consideredrelated to the muscicapidassemblage (with turdidaffinities) and placedin the monotypicfamily Zeledoniidae,but now regardedas parelid (seeSibley 1968).

Zeledonia coronata Ridgway. Wrenthrush. Zeledoniacoronata Ridgway, 1889, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 11 (1888): 538. (Laguna del Volc•n de Po•s, Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Elfin Forest(1500-3500 m; Subtropicaland Tem- perate zones). Distribution.--Resident in the highlandsof Costa Rica (north to Cordillera de Tilarfin) and westernPanama (western Chiriquf and Veraguas).

Genus ICTERIA Vieillot Icteria Vieillot, 1807, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amen Sept. 1 (livr. 1): iv, 85. Type, by monotypy, Icteria dumicola Vieillot = Turdus virens Linnaeus. Notes.--Althoughplacement of this genusin the Pamlidaehas been questioned frequently (e.g., Eisenmann1962b, Ficken and Ficken 1962, Mayr and Short 1970), moleculardata supportits traditionalplacement (Sibley and Ahlquist 1982c). lcteria virens (Linnaeus). Yellow-breasted Chat. Turdusvirens Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 171. Basedon "The yellow brested Chat" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 50, pl. 50. (in America = SouthCarolina, 200 or 300 miles from the sea.) Habitat.--Dense second-growth,riparian thickets, and brush (Tropical to Temperate zones). 568 FAMILY PARULIDAE

Distribution.--Breeds from southern British Columbia, southern Alberta, southern Sas- katchewan, western and central North Dakota, southernMinnesota (casually?), southern Wisconsin, southernMichigan, extreme southernOntario (local), and central New York (formerly northto Connecticutand RhodeIsland, casually to southernVermont and southern New Hampshire)south to south-centralBaja California, on Pacific slopeto northernSinaloa, in interior over plateauto Zacatecas,(formerly) on Atlantic slope to southernTamaulipas, and to the Gulf coast and northern Florida. Wintersfrom southernBaja California, southernSinaloa, southernTexas, southernLou- isiana, and southernFlorida (casually northward,primarily in early winter only, to western Oregon, California, the Great Lakes region, New York, and New England) souththrough Middle America to westernPanama (rarely to westernBocas del Toro). Casual in Bermuda and the Bahama Islands. Migrates rarely throughBermuda and the northernBahama Islands (Grand Bahama,Aba- co, Bimini, Andros). Casual north to western Washington,eastern North Dakota, southernManitoba, northern Minnesota,northern Michigan, northernOntario, southernQuebec, New Brunswick,Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland.Accidental or casualin Cuba, Grand Cayman, and Greenland.

Genus GRANATELLUS Bonaparte Granatellus(Du Bus de GisigniesMS) Bonaparte,1850, Consp.Gen. Avium 1(2): 312. Type, by monotypy,Granatellus venustus Bonaparte. Notes.--Systematicposition uncertain; it may not be a parulid (Lowery and Monroe in Paynter 1968).

Granatellus venustusBonaparte. Red-breasted Chat. Granatellusvenustus (Du Bus de GisigniesMS) Bonaparte,1850, Consp.Gen. Avium 1(2): 312. (Mexico = near Comitfin,Chiapas.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest (0-1200 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident [venustusgroup] in the Pacificlowlands of Mexico from northern Sinaloa and westernDurango southto Chiapas; and [francescaegroup] in the Tres Mafias Islands (Isla Matra Madre). Notes.--Groups: G. venustus[Red-breasted Chat] and G. francescae Baird, 1865 [Tres Mafias Chat]. Granatellus venustus,G. sallaei, and the South American G. pelzelni Sclater, 1865 [Rose-breastedChat], may constitutea superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Granatellus sallaei (Bonaparte).Gray-throated Chat. Setophagasallcei (Bonaparte and SclaterMS) Bonaparte,1856, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 42: 957. (southern Mexico = Ctrdoba, Veracruz.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest (Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident from southern Veracruz and the Yucatan Peninsula south in the Gulf-Caribbean lowlands of Tabasco,northern Oaxaca, and northern Chiapas to northern Guatemala and Belize. Notes.--See comments under G. venustus.

Genus XENOLIGEA Bond Xenoligea[subgenus] Bond, 1967, Birds W. Indies, 12th Suppl.,p. 20. Type, by original designation,Microligea montanaChapman. Notes.--Formerly treated as a subgenusof Microligea. Relationshipsof Xenoligea are uncertain.Although here placed within Parulidae,the genuspossibly has thraupidaffinities (Lowery and Monroe in Paynter 1968).

Xenoligea montana (Chapman).White-winged Warbler. Microligea montanaChapman, 1917, Bull. Amen Mus. Nat. Hist. 37: 330. (LomaTina, 1566 m, 18047' N, 70049' W., Azua Peninsula,Dominican Republic.) FAMILY COEREBIDAE 569

Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (950-2000 m). Distribution.--Residentin the highermountains of Hispaniola. Notes.--Also known as White-wingedGround Warbler.

Family COEREBIDAE: Bananaquits

Genus COEREBA Vieillot CoerebaVieillot, 1809,Hist. Nat. Ois. Amer.Sept. 2 (livr. 21): 70. Type,by monotypy, Certhia flaveola Linnaeus.

½oerebafiaveola (Linnaeus).Bananaquit. CerthiafiaveolaLinnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1:119. Basedmainly on "Luscinia s. Philomelae fusco& luteovaria" Sloane,Voy. Jamaica2: 307, pl. 259, fig. 3, and "The Black andYellow Creeper" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds3: 122, pl. 122, upper fig. (in America = Jamaica.) Habitat.--TropicalLowland Evergreen Forest Edge, Secondary Forest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Tropical Deciduous Forest, Arid Lowland Scrub,Second-growth Scrub (0-1500 m; Tropicalto lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident[baharnensis group] in the BahamaIslands (from GrandBahama andLittle Abacosouth to GreatInagua and Turks Islands); and [fiaveola group] throughout the Antilles (includingmany smallcays and islands in the westernCaribbean Sea, but absent fromCuba and the SwanIslands), and on mainlandand nearby islands from central Veracruz, northernOaxaca, and Chiapas(also the islandsof Cancun,Cozumel, and Cayo Culebra) souththrough the Gulf-Caribbeanlowlands of northernCentral America to Nicaragua(in- cludingislas Providencia and San Andr6s),on both slopesof CostaRica (exceptthe dry northwest)and Panama(including Coiba and the Pearl islands),and in SouthAmerica from Colombia(including Isla Gorgona),Venezuela (including islands from the NetherlandsAn- tilles eastto Tobagoand Trinidad), and the Guianassouth, west of the Andes to northwestern Peru andeast of the Andesto southernBolivia, Paraguay,extreme northeastern Argentina, and southern Brazil. Rangesirregularly [bahamensis group] to southernFlorida (north to BrevardCounty; most frequentlyrecorded in PalmBeach and Broward counties). Casual off Cuba(Cayo T/o Pepe, Gibara). Notes.--Groups:C. bahamensis(Reichenbach, 1853) [BahamaBananaquit] and C. fiaveola [CommonBananaquit]. See Seutinet al. (1994) for relationshipsamong populations in the Caribbeanregion.

Family THRAUPIDAE: Tanagers

GenusCONIROSTRUM Lafresnayeand d'Orbigny ConirostrurnLafresnaye and d'Orbigny,1838, Mag. Zool. [Paris]8(2): pl. 77-79, p. 25. Type, by monotypy,Conirostrurn cinereurn Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny.

Conirostrumleucogenys (Lafresnaye). White-eared Conebill. DacnisLeucogenys Lafresnaye, 1852, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2) 4: 470. (Colombia= Bogotfi.) Habitat.--TropicalLowland Evergreen Forest Edge, Gallery Forest,Secondary Forest (0-1300 m; Tropical Zone). Distributiøn'--Residentfrom easternPanama (eastern Panamfi province in the Bayano River valley, and Dari6n) east to northernColombia and northern Venezuela.

Genus NESOSPINGUS Sclater NesospingusSclater, 1885, Ibis, p. 273. Type, by monotypy,Chlorospingus speculiferus Lawrence. 5'70 FAMILY THRAUPIDAE

Nesospingusspeculiferus (Lawrence). Puerto Rican Tanager. Chlorospingus? speculiferusLawrence, 1875, Ibis, p. 383, pl. 9, fig. 1. (Porto Rico.) Itabitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, SecondaryForest (200-1200 m). Distribution.--Residentin the highlandsof PuertoRico.

Genus CHLOROSPINGUS Cabanis ChlorospingusCabanis, 1851, Mus. Heineanum1: 139. Type, by virtual monotypy, Chlorospingusleucophrys Cabanis = Arremonophthalmicus Du Bus de Gisignies.

Chlorospingusophthalrnicus (Du Bus de Gisignies).Common Bush-Tanager. Arremon ophthalmicusDu Bus de Gisignies,1847, Bull. Acad. R. Sci. Lett. Beaux- Arts Belg., 14, p. 106. (Mexico = Jalapa,Veracruz.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest (1000-2500 m; upperTropical and Subtropicalzones, in nonbreedingseason to lower Tropical Zone, in SouthAmerica also to lower TemperateZone). Distribution.---Resident[ophthalmicus group] in the highlandsfrom Guerrero,Puebla, Hidalgo, southeasternSan Luis Potosf souththrough Middle America to westernPanama (westernChiriquf and Bocasdel Toro), and in SouthAmerica in the coastalMountains of Venezuela,locally in the WesternAndes of Colombiaand Ecuador,in the CentralAndes of Colombia, and in the Eastern Andes of Venezuela and Colombia south to northwestern Argentina;and [punctulatus group] in thehighlands of westernPanama (Veraguas and Coc16). Notes.--Specieslimits within the genusare poorly understood.The two groupshave sometimes(e.g., Storerin Paynter1970)been regardedas separatespecies, C. ophthalmicus [Brown-headedBush-Tanager] and C. punctulatusSclater and Salvin, 1869 [DottedBush- Tanager],but intergradationwas reportedby Olson (1993b); C. inornatusis sometimes regardedas a race of C. ophthalmicus,whereas C. tacarcunaeis considereda race of C. ophthalmicus(Zimmer 1947) or a race of C. fiavigularis (Hellmayr 1936).

Chlorospingustacarcunae Griscom.Tacarcuna Bush-Tanager. Chlorospingustacarcunae Griscom, 1924, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 141, p. 11. (Mt. Tacarcuna,east slope, alt. 4600 ft., easternPanama.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Elfin Forest,Montane Evergreen Forest Edge (850- 1500 m; upperTropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in easternPanama in westernSan Blas (Cerro Brewster),eastern Panamfiprovince (Cerro Azul, Cerro Jefe) and easternDari6n (Cerro Tacarcuna,Cerro Mall). Notes.--See commentsunder C. ophthalrnicus.

Chlorospingusinornatus (Nelson). Pirre Bush-Tanager. Hylospingusinornatus Nelson, 1912, Smithson.Misc. Collect. 60(3): 18. (Mount Pirri, at 5,200 feet altitude, easternPanama.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Elfin Forest,Montane Evergreen Forest Edge (800- 1650 m; upperTropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in easternPanama in easternDari6n (Cerro Pirre, Cerro Sapo, and Cana). Notes.--See commentsunder C. ophthalmicus.

Chlorospinguspileatus Salvin. Sooty-cappedBush-Tanager. Chlorospinguspileatus Salvin, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1864), p. 581. (Volcan de Cartago [-- Irazfi], Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Elfin Forest, SecondaryForest (1500-3000 m; Subtropicaland lower Temperatezones). FAMILY THRAUPIDAE 571

Distribution.--Resident in the mountainsof CostaRica (north to the Cordillera de Tilarfin) and westernPanama (Chiriquf and Veraguas). Notes.--Includes C. zeledoniRidgway, 1905 [Volcano Bush-Tanager],of the Irazfi and Turrialba volcanoesin central Costa Rica, now shown to be a color morph of C. pileatus (Johnsonand Brush 1972).

Chlorospingusfiavigularis(Sclater). Yellow-throated Bush-Tanager. Pipilopsisfiavigularis Sclater, 1852, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2)4: 8. (Nouvelle-Grenade= Bogota, Colombia.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, SecondaryForest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen ForestEdge (250-1600 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident [hypophaeusgroup] in westernPanama (Bocas del Toro and Veraguas);and [fiavigularisgroup] in South America in the Andes from Colombia south, on the westernslope to southwesternEcuador and on the easternslope to northernBolivia. Notes.--Differencesin iris color and behaviorsuggest that the two groupsmay represent separate species (Isler and Islet 1987), C. hypophaeusSclater and Salvin, 1868 [Drab- breastedBush-Tanager] and C. fiavigularis [Yellow-throatedBush-Tanager]. See comments under C. ophthalrnicus.

Chlorospinguscanigularis (Lafresnaye).Ashy-throated Bush-Tanager. Tachyphonuscanigularis Lafresnaye, 1848, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 11:11. (ad Bogotam,in Colombia = Bogota,Colombia.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, Tropical De- ciduousForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge (300-2600 m; SubtropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident [olivaceicepsgroup] in the mountainsof centralCosta Rica (primarily Caribbeanslope from Rio Reventaz6nto the CordilleraCentral) and extremewestern Panama(western Bocas del Toro, sightreport only); and [canigularisgroup] in SouthAmer- ica from Colombia and northwestern Venezuela south to northwestern Peru and eastern Ecuador. Notes.--Groups: C. olivaceicepsUnderwood, 1898 [Olive-crownedBush-Tanager] and C. canigularis [Ashy-throatedBush-Tanager].

Genus HEMITHRA UPIS Cabanis HernithraupisCabanis, 1850, Mus. Heineanum1 (1851): 21. Type, by original designation, Hylophilus ruficepsWied = Nernosiaruficapilla Vieillot.

Hemithraupisfiavicollis (Vieillot). Yellow-backedTanager. Nernosia fiavicollis Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.. (nouv. 6d.) 22: 491. (l'Am6rique m6ridionale= Cayenne.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, SecondaryForest (0-1000 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from extreme eastern Panama (Rio TUira and Cana, in eastern Dari6n), northern Colombia, southernVenezuela, and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to northern Bolivia and Amazonian and southeastern Brazil.

GenusCHRYSOTHLYPIS Berlepsch ChrysothlypisBerlepsch, 1912, Verb. V Int. Ornithol. Kongr.,Berlin (1911), p. 1080. Type, by originaldesignation, Tachyphonus chrysornelas Sclater and Salvin.

Chrysothlypischrysomelaena (Sclater and Salvin). Black-and-yellowTanager. Tachyphonuschrysomelas Sclater and Salvin, 1869, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 440, pl. 32. (Cordillera del Chucfi, Veraguas,Panama.) 572 FAMILY THRAUPIDAE

Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (350-1600 m; upper Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in Costa Rica (primarily Caribbeanslope north to Arenal) and Panama(Chiriquf, Veraguas, Coc16, western and easternPanam• province,and Dari6n). Notes.--For use of chrysomelaenainstead of chrysomelas,see Deignan (1961).

Genus PHAENICOPHILUS Strickland PhcenicophilusStrickland, 1851, in Jardine,Contrib. Ornithol. 1: 104. Type, by original designation,Phaenicophilus palmarum (Linn.) = Turduspalmarum Linnaeus.

Phaenicophiluspalmarum (Linnaeus). Black-crownedPalm-Tanager. Turduspalmarum Linnaeus,1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 295. Basedin part on "Le Palmiste a teste [= t•te] noire" Brisson,Omithologie 2: 303, pl. 29, fig. 2. (in Cayenna•Palmis, error -- Santo Domingo, Hispaniola.) Habitat.--Secondary Forest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Tropical Deciduous Forest,Montane Evergreen Forest, Mangrove Forest, Arid Lowland Scrub (0-2000 m). Distribution.--Resident on Hispaniola(except the southernpeninsula of Haiti west of the Trouin Valley) and adjacentSaona Island. Notes.--This speciesand the next are very closely related and have been considered conspecific(e.g., Hellmayr 1936). A narrow hybrid zone, with little or no introgression, occursnorth of Marlgot, Haiti (McDonald and Smith 1990, 1994).

Phaenicophiluspoliocephalus (Bonaparte).Gray-crowned Palm-Tanager. Duluspoliocephalus Bonaparte, 1851, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2)3:178. (Hispaniola= Haiti.) Habitat.--Secondary Forest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Tropical Deciduous Forest, Montane EvergreenForest, Mangrove Forest, Arid Lowland Scrub (0-2400 m). Distribution.--Residentin southwesternHisp•aniola (Massif de la Hottearea, in south- westernHaiti, and on adjacentislands (Gonave, Ile-h-Vache, and Grand Cayemite). Notes.--See commentsunder P. palmarum.

GenusCALYPTOPHILUS Cory CalyptophilusCory, 1884, Auk 1: 3. Type, by monotypy,Phoenicophilus frugivorus Cory.

Calyptophilustertius Wetmore.Western Chat-Tanager. Calyptophilustertius Wetmore, 1929, SmithsonianMisc. Coll. 81 (13): 2. (higherslopes of Morne La Hotte, Haiti.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (1500-2200 m). Distribution.--Resident on the higher mountainsof the massifsde la Hotte and la Selle, southernHaiti, and extremesouthwestern Dominican Republic, Hispaniola. Notes.--See Wetmoreand Swales (1931) for treatmentof this andC. frugivorusas separate species(also followed by Pregill and Olson 1981). For a contraryopinion, see Bond and Dod (1977) and Bond (1982). Also known as Highland Chat-Tanager.

Calyptophilusfrugivorus (Cory). EasternChat-Tanager. PhoenicophilusfrugivorusCory, 1883, Q. J. BostonZool. Soc. 2: 45. (SantoDomingo = Almercen [= Villa Rivas], DominicanRepublic.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest (0-2000 m). Distribution.--Resident in the westernDominican Republic (east to Seman• province), and on Gonave Island. Notes.--Also known as Lowland Chat-Tanager.See commentsunder C. tertius. FAMILY THRAUPIDAE 573

Genus RHODINOCICHLA Hartlaub RhodinocichlaHartlaub, 1853, J. Ornithol. 1: 33. Type, by original designation,Fur- narius roseus Lesson. Notes.--Systematic position of this genusis uncertain. Similarities in plumage colors, pattern,and sexualdimorphism suggest that it may be related to the "paruline" genus Granatellus (Storer in Paynter 1970).

Rhodinocichla rosea (Lesson).Rosy Thrush-Tanager. Furnarius roseusLesson, 1832, Illus. Zool., livr. 2, pl. 5. (du Br6sil et du districtpeu connu de San-Jose,error = Caracas, Venezuela.) Habitat. TropicalDeciduous Forest, Secondary Forest, Gallery Forest(0-1700 m; Trop- ical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.---Resident in the Pacific lowlands of Mexico from Sinaloa to western Mi- choacfm(Coahuayana); on the Pacificslope of southernMiddle Americafrom southwestern CostaRica eastto centralPanama (to easternPanam• province, also on the Caribbeanslope in Coc16,Co16n, and the Canal area); and in South America in northern and central Colombia, and northern Venezuela. Notes.--Also known as Rose-breastedThrush-Tanager.

GenusMITROSPINGUS Ridgway MitrospingusRidgway, 1898, Auk 15: 225. Type, by originaldesignation, Tachyphonus cassini [sic] Lawrence.

Mitrospingus cassinii (Lawrence). Dusky-facedTanager. TachyphonusCassinii Lawrence, 1861, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 7: 297. (on the Atlantic side of the Isthmusof Panama,along the line of the PanamaRailroad = Canal Zone.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest Edge, Secondary Forest (0-1200 m; Trop- ical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from Costa Rica (Caribbeanlowlands) souththrough Panama (entire Caribbeanslope, and locally in the Pacific lowlands in Veraguas,eastern PanamJ province,and Dari6n), and locally in northwesternColombia (east to Antioquia)and the Pacific lowlands of western Colombia and western Ecuador.

Genus CHLOROTHRAUPIS Salvin and Godman Chlorothraupis(Ridgway MS) Salvin and Godman,1883, Biol. Cent.-Amer.(Aves) 1: 297. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Ridgway, 1884), Phoenicothraupiscarmioli Lawrence.

Chlorothraupiscarmioli (Lawrence). Olive Tanager. Phoenicothraupiscarmioli Lawrence, 1868, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 9: 100. (An- gostura,Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest (0-1200 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.•Resident [carmioli group]in easternNicaragua (Caribbean slope), Costa Rica (Caribbeanslope, locally on Pacificslope in low passes),and Panama (entire Caribbean slope,and Pacificslope from easternPanam• provinceto Dari6n, generallynorth and east of the valleysof Rfo Chepoand R•o Chucunaque);and [frenata group]in SouthAmerica on the easternslope of the Andesfrom southeasternColombia south to centralBolivia. Notes.--Groups: C. carmioli [Olive Tanager]and C. frenata Berlepsch,1907 [Yellow- lored Tanager].Chlorothraupis carrnioli and C. olivacea constitutea superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990). 574 FAMILY THRAUPIDAE

Chlorothraupisolivacea (Cassin).Lemon-spectacled Tanager. Orthogonysolivaceus Cassin, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia12: 140. (Cor- dilleras Mountains, on the River Truando, New Granada = Rio Truand6, northwestern Colombia.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, Montane EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest (0-1500 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident in extremeeastern Panama (eastern Dari6n, generallysouth and westof the valleysof Rio Chepoand Rio Chucunaque),western Colombia, and northwestern Ecuador. Notes.--Also known as Lemon-browedTanager or Yellow-browed Tanager,the latter applied also to Tangara guttata. See commentsunder C. carmioli.

Genus EUCOMETIS Sclater Comarophagus(not Boie, 1826) Bonaparte,1851, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 32: 81. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Tanagra penicillata Spix. EucometisSclater, 1856, Proc.Zool. Soc.London, p. 117. New namefor Comarophagus Bonaparte,preoccupied.

Eucometispenicillata (Spix). Gray-headedTanager. Tanagra penicillata Spix, 1825, Avium Spec. Nov. Bras. 2: 36, pl. 49, fig. 1. (No locality given = Fonte Bfia, Rio Solimfies,Brazil.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Gallery Forest, River-edgeForest, Sec- ondary Forest (0-600 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident [cristatagroup] on the Gulf-Caribbeanslope from Oaxaca(Isth- mus of Tehuantepec),southern Veracruz, and the YucatanPeninsula south to Honduras,on both slopesof Nicaragua (rare on the Pacific slope), Costa Rica (primarily Pacific slope, locally on Caribbeandrainage), and Panama(locally on Pacificslope throughout, on Carib- beanslope from Canalarea eastward), and in northernand eastern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela;and [penicillatagroup] from southeasternColombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas southto central Bolivia, northernParaguay, and central and easternBrazil. Notes.--Groups: E. cristata (Du Bus de Gisignies, 1855) [Gray-crestedTanager] and E. penicillata [Gray-headedTanager].

Genus LANIO Vieillot Lanio Vieillot, 1816, Analyse,p. 40. Type, by originaldesignation, "Tangara mordor6" Buffon = Tangara fulva Boddaert.

Lanio aurantius Lafresnaye.Black-throated Shrike-Tanager. Lanio AurantiusLafresnaye, 1846, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 9: 204. (in Colombia, error = Guatemala.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (0-1200 m; TropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident from central Veracruz and northern Oaxaca south on the Gulf- Caribbeanslope of Tabasco,Chiapas, southern Campeche, southern Quintana Roo, Guate- mala, and Belize to northernHonduras (east to the La Ceiba region). Notes.--Lanio aurantiusand L. leucothoraxconstitute a superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Lanio leucothorax Salvin. White-throatedShrike-Tanager. Lanio leucothoraxSalvin, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1864), p. 581. (Tucurfiqui, Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest (0-750 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropical zones). FAMILY THRAUPIDAE 575

Distribution.--Resident from easternHonduras (Olancho) south through Nicaragua (Ca- ribbeanslope) and Costa Rica (bothslopes, absent from the dry northwest)to westernPanama (westernBocas del Toro, Chiriquf, Veraguas,Coc16). Notes.--See comments under L. aurantius.

GenusHETEROSPINGUS Ridgway HeterospingusRidgway, 1898, Auk 15: 225. Type, by original designation,Tachy- phonus rubrifrons Lawrence.

Heterospingusrubrifrons (Lawrence).Sulphur-rumped Tanager. Tachyphonusrubrifrons Lawrence, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia17: 106. (Line of the Pan[ama]. R[ail]. Road, near Lion Hill Station = Lion Hill, Canal Zone.) I-Iabitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (0-900 m; TropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident in easternCosta Rica (Caribbean lowlands west to the Rfo Re- ventaz6n) and Panama (entire Caribbean slope, and Pacific lowlands in eastern Panamfi province and Dafi6n, with a sightreport from Veraguas). Notes.--Heterospingusrubrifrons and H. xanthopygiushave been considered conspecific (e.g., Storer in Paynter 1970, Wetmore et al. 1984); they constitutea superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Heterospingusxanthopygius (Sclater). Scarlet-browedTanager. Tachyphonusxanthopygius Sclater, 1855, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1854), p. 158, pl. 69. (in Nov. Grenada = Bogotfi,Colombia.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (0-1100 m; TropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident in easternPanama (easternDarien), westernColombia, and western Ecuador. Notes.--See commentsunder H. rubrifrons.

Genus TACHYPHONUS Vieillot TachyphonusVieillot, 1816,Analyse, p. 33. Type,by monotypy,"Tangara noir" Buffon = Tangara tufa Boddaert.

Tachyphonusluctuosus d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye.White-shouldered Tanager. Tachyphonusluctuosus d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye,1837, Mag. Zool. [Paris] 7(2): 29, pl. 77-79. (Guarayos[Bolivia].) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest, River-edge Forest, Secondary Forest (0- 1000 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residentfrom eastern Honduras (Caribbean slope west to La Ceibaregion) souththrough Nicaragua (Caribbeanslope), Costa Rica (both slopes,absent from the dry northwest),and Panama(entire Caribbeanslope, and Pacificlowlands in westernChiriquf, eastern Panamfi and Dari6n), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwestern Peru and east of the Andes to central Bolivia and central and eastern Brazil.

Tachyphonusdelatrii Lafresnaye.Tawny-crested Tanager. TachyphonusDelatrii Lafresnaye,1847, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 10: 72. (St-Bonaventure= Buenaventura,Colombia.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, Montane Evergreen Forest, Secondary Forest (0-900 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residentfrom easternHonduras (sight report) and easternNicaragua (Ca- ribbeanslope) south through Costa Rica (primarily Caribbeanslope), Panama (entire Ca- 576 FAMILY THRAUPIDAE ribbeanslope, and Pacific slopein Veraguasand Dari6n), and westernColombia (including Gorgona Island) to westernEcuador.

Tachyphonusrufus (Boddaert).White-lined Tanager. Tangara rufa Boddaert,1783, Table PlanchesEnlum., p. 44. Basedon "Le Tangaroux de Cayenne" Daubenton,Planches Enlum., pl. 711. (Cayenne.) Habitat.--SecondaryForest, Gallery Forest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, Second- growth Scrub(0-1500 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residentin CostaRica (primarilyCaribbean lowlands, recently spreading to the southwesternPacific lowlands) and Panama (entire Caribbean slope, on Pacificslope from westernPanamri province eastward), and in SouthAmerica in northwesternEcuador, in the Andeanregion from Colombia (includingthe SantaMarta Mountains)south to south- central Peru, along the coast and Andes of Venezuela(including Isla Margarita, Trinidad and Tobago),and in the Guianas,eastern Brazil (Amaprisouth to Mato Grossoand Bahia, mainly eastof the Rio Tapajos),eastern Bolivia (SantaCruz), centralParaguay, and north- easternArgentina (Misiones southto northernBuenos Aires).

GenusHABIA Blyth Habia Blyth, 1840, in Cuvier, Anim. Kingdom,p. 184. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Oberholser,1922), Tanagrafiammiceps Temminck = $altator rubicusVieillot.

Habia rubica (Vieillot). Red-crownedAnt-Tanager. Staltator [sic] rubicusVieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv. 6d.) 14: 107. Based on "Habia Roxiza" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Prix.Parag. 1:351 (no. 85). (Paraguay.) Habitat. Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Tropical DeciduousForest, Secondary Forest,Montane Evergreen Forest (0-1000 m; TropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident from Nayarit southto south-centralOaxaca, and from southern Tamaulipasand southeasternChiapas south along both slopesof Middle America(including the YucatanPeninsula) to Nicaragua,in CostaRica (Pacificlowlands), and Panama (primarily Pacific lowlands,locally on Caribbeanslope)); also in northernSouth America (isolated populationsin northernColombia, northernVenezuela, and Trinidad), in Amazoniafrom Colombia (Meta and Vaupes) south to central Bolivia and central Brazil, and in eastern Brazil (Pernambucosouth to centralRio Grandedo Sul), southeasternParaguay, and extreme northeasternArgentina (Misiones).

Habia fuscicauda (Cabanis).Red-throated Ant-Tanager. PhoenicothraupisfuscicaudaCabanis, 1861, J. Ornithol. 9: 86. (Costa Rica.) Habitat. TropicalLowland EvergreenForest Edge, River-edge Forest, Secondary Forest, MangroveForest (0-1200 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident [salvini group]from southeasternSan Luis Potosi,southern Ta- maulipas,Puebla, Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, and northernand southeasternChiapas south along both slopesof Middle America (includingthe Yucatan Peninsula,and Meco and Mujeres islands)to Hondurasand northeasternNicaragua; [fuscicauda group] in southern Nicaragua,Costa Rica (mostly Caribbeanslope, and Pacific coastsouth to the Rio Grande de Trircoles),Panama (the Caribbeanslope to Bocasde Toro and the Pacificslope locally in Veraguasand the Canal area) and northernColombia (at least formerly, west through Sucre and C6rdoba to the Rio Sinfi). Notes.--Also known as Dusky-tailedAnt-Tanager. Groups: H. salvini (Berlepsch,1883) [Salvin'sAnt-Tanager] and H. fuscicauda[Red-throated Ant-Tanager]. Habia fuscicauda and the South American H. gutturalis (Sclater, 1854) [Sooty Ant-Tanager]constitute a superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990). See commentsunder H. atrimaxillaris. FAMILY THRAUPIDAE 577

Habia atrimaxillaris (Dwight and Griscom).Black-cheeked Ant-Tanager. Phoenicothraupisatrimaxillaris Dwight and Griscom, 1924, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 142, p. 4. (PuertoJimenez, Golfo Dulce, Prov. de Puntarenas,Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest (Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident in the Pacific lowlands of southwesternCosta Rica (Golfo Dulce region). Notes.--Storer in Paynter(1970) proposedthat atrimaxillaris might be a subspeciesof H. fuscicauda.

Genus PIRANGA Vieillot Piranga Vieillot, 1807, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amer. Sept. 1 (livr. 1): iv. Type, by monotypy, Muscicapa rubra Linnaeus = Fringilla rubra Linnaeus. SpermagraSwainson, 1827, Philos.Mag. (n.s.) 1: 437. Type, by monotypy,Spermagra erythrocephalaSwainson.

Piranga roseogularisCabot. Rose-throatedTanager. Pyranga roseo-gularisCabot, 1846, Boston J. Nat. Hist. 5: 416. (road from Chemax to Yalahao, Yucatan = Yalahau, Quintana Roo.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Secondary Forest (Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Residentin theYucatan Peninsula (including Cozumel, Meco, andMujeres islands), northern Guatemala(Pet6n), and northern Belize.

Pirangafiava (Vieillot). HepaticTanager. Saltator Flayus Vieillot, 1822, in Bonnaterreand Vieillot, Tabl. Encycl. M6th. (Orni- thol.) 2(91): 791. Basedon "Habia Amarilla" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. P•x. Parag. 1:358 (no. 87). (Paraguay.) Habitat.--Pine-Oak Forest,Gallery Forest,Tropical Deciduous Forest, Secondary Forest, Montane EvergreenForest Edge, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, lowland pine savanna;mainly in highlandsnorth of Costa Rica except in lowland pine savanna;the migratorynorthern populations range in nonbreedingseason to lowlandwoodland and forest (600-3000 m; Tropical to Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds [hepatica group] from southeasternCalifornia (San Bernardino and Kingstonmountains, and Clark Mountain, probably also the New York Mountains), northwestern and central Arizona, southeastern Colorado, northern New Mexico, western Texas,Nuevo Le6n, and Tamaulipassouth through the highlandsof Middle America (also the Isthmusof Tehuantepeclowlands) to north-centralNicaragua, and in the lowland pine savannaof Belize, extreme easternHonduras, and northeasternNicaragua. Winters [hepatica group] from northernMexico (casually from central and southernCal- ifornia and southernArizona) souththrough the breedingrange, occurringalso in lowland areas in northern Mexico. Casual [hepaticagroup] north elsewherein California (to Inyo County and the Farallon Islands), and to Baja California, southernNevada (probablybreeds), and southeasternWy- oming, and east to southeasternTexas and southwesternLouisiana. Accidental in Illinois (Beverly). Resident[lutea group]in CostaRica (CordilleraCentral southward)and Panama(both slopes),in the Andesof northernSouth America (locally in northernColombia and northern Venezuela,also Trinidad), western Colombia (Cauca Valley), and on eastslope from northern Peru south to Bolivia (Cochabamba);also west of the Andes from Colombia (Valle) south throughwestern Ecuador to Peru (Lima), and southof the Orinocoin southernVenezuela (Amazonasand Bolivar), northernBrazil, central Guyana, and central Surinam;and [fiava group]in SouthAmerica from easternBrazil (Roraima) and southernGuyana south through much of centraland easternBrazil to easternBolivia, northernArgentina (Mendoza, C6rdoba, and northernBuenos Aires), westernUruguay, and southeasternBrazil. Notes.--Groups: P. hepaticaSwainson, 1827 [Hepatic Tanager],P. lutea (Lesson,1834) 578 FAMILY THRAUPIDAE

[Tooth-billedTanager], and P. fiava [Red Tanager].The three groupsmay representtwo or three species(Ridgely and Tudor 1989).

Piranga rubra (Linnaeus).Summer Tanager. Fringilla rubra Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 181. Based on "The Summer Red-Bird" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 56, pl. 56. (in America = SouthCarolina.) Habitat.--Open deciduouswoodland, swamps, pine and pine-oakwoodland, and cottonwood riparianwoodland; in migrationand winter in a wide variety of woodedhabitats with tall trees. Distribution.--Breeds from southeasternCalifornia (west to Los Angelesand Kern counties, and north to southernInyo County), southernNevada, southwesternUtah, central Ar- izona, central New Mexico, central Texas, west-central Oklahoma, eastern Kansas, south- easternNebraska, southern Iowa, central(rarely northern)Illinois, southernWisconsin (formerly), central Indiana, southern(rarely northern)Ohio, southwesternPennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, easternMaryland and New Jerseysouth to northeasternBaja California, southeasternSonora, northern Durango, southeastern Coahuila, central Nuevo Le6n, southern Texas, the Gulf coast, and southern Florida. Winters from southernBaja California, southernSinaloa, and Veracruz south through Middle America and South America (includingTrinidad) west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to northernBolivia and Amazonian Brazil, rarely north to central coastaland southernCalifornia and southernArizona, and casuallyin Louisiana, southern Florida, the Bahama Islands, and Cuba. Migrates regularlythrough eastern Colorado, northern Mexico, the BahamaIslands, Cuba, Jamaica,the CaymanIslands, and islandsin the westernCaribbean Sea (Swan,Providencia, and San Andr6s). Casual or accidentalnorth to Oregon,Montana, southwesternSaskatchewan, central Man- itoba, Minnesota,Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southernOntario, southwesternQuebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland, to Bermuda (most often in the fall), the LesserAntilles (Mustique in the Grenadines,and Barbados),Clipperton Island, and to the GalapagosIslands, Curaqao,Chile, and Great Britain; sight reports from Idaho and the RevillagigedoIslands (Socorro Island).

Piranga olivacea (Gmelin). Scarlet Tanager. Tanagra olivacea Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 889. Basedprimarily on the "Olive Tanager" Latham, Gen. Synop.Birds 2(1): 218. (in Cayennaet Noveboraco= New York.) Habitat.--Deciduous forestand mature deciduous woodland, especially where oaks common, lessfrequently in mixed deciduous-coniferousforest; in migrationand winter, a variety of wooded habitats with tall trees. Distribution.--Breeds from central North Dakota, eastern Saskatchewan(probably), southern Manitoba, central Ontario, southwesternQuebec, central Maine, southernNew Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south to central Nebraska, eastern Kansas, north-central and southeastern Oklahoma, northwestern and north-central Arkansas, west-central Tennessee, northernAlabama, northernGeorgia, northwesternSouth Carolina, westernNorth Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland. Wintersfrom Panama(rarely, in the lowlands)and Colombia south,east of the Andes, through easternEcuador and Peru to northernBolivia. Migrates primarily throughthe easternUnited States(west to central Texas,rarely to easternColorado and easternNew Mexico), Middle America (primarily the Gulf-Caribbean slopenorth of CostaRica, and in Veracruz,Chiapas, and the YucatanPeninsula), and the West Indies, casuallywest to the easternslopes of the Rockies,in Bermuda(most numerous in the fall), and to the NetherlandsAntilles and Isla Los Roques(off Venezuela). Casual in western North America from southern British Columbia, southern Alberta, and Montana southto California, Baja California, Arizona, andNew Mexico, andin northeastern North America north to Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland. Accidental in Alaska (Point Barrow) and Clipperton Island, and in Iceland and the British Isles. FAMILY THRAUPIDAE 579

Notes.-- Mayr and Short (1970) consideredP. olivacea and P. ludoviciana to constitute a superspecies.

Piranga ludoviciana (Wilson). WesternTanager. Tanagra ludovicianaWilson, 1811, Amer. Ornithol. 3: 27, pl. 20, fig. 1. (prairies of the Missouri, between the Osage and Mandan nations = about two miles north of Kamiah, Idaho County, Idaho.) Habitat.--Open coniferous,mixed coniferous-deciduouswoodland, and aspen forest, primarily in mountains;in migrationand winter, a varietyof woodedhabitats, in Middle America mostly in highlandpine, pine-oak association,and humid forest edge. Distribution.---Breedsfrom southeasternAlaska (probably),northern British Columbia, southernMackenzie, northernAlberta, and central Saskatchewansouth to northernBaja California, central and southeasternArizona, southernNew Mexico, and western Texas; also in western South Dakota and northwesternNebraska; one isolated breeding record from southernWisconsin (Jefferson County, 1877) is questionable. Wintersfrom coastalsouthern California, Baja California,Jalisco, and southern Tamaulipas (casuallynorth to south-coastalBritish Columbia, southernOregon, southernArizona, and southernTexas) souththrough Middle America (mostlyhighlands) to CostaRica, casually in the Gulf Coast region from southeasternTexas and Arkansaseast to southernFlorida. Migrates regularly east to western Nebraska, western Kansas,western Oklahoma, and central Texas. Casual north to central Alaska, southern Yukon, and the Queen Charlotte Islands, and across northeastern North America from Iowa and southern Manitoba and Minnesota east throughWisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, southernOntario, and southernQuebec to New Bruns- wick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland,and southto New York, Pennsylvania,Maryland, Virginia, and SouthCarolina; sight reports elsewhere in easternNorth America.Accidental in northernAlaska (Point Barrow), the Bahama Islands (New Providence),Cuba (C•rdenas), and Panama(western Chiriqu0. Notes.--See comments under P. olivacea.

Piranga bidentata Swainson.Flame-colored Tanager. Pyranga bidentataSwainson, 1827, Philos. Mag. (n.s.) 1' 438. (Temiscaltipec,Mexico = Temascaltepec,M6xico.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Pine-Oak Forest, SecondaryForest (800-2500 m; Subtropicaland Temperatezones). Distribution.---Resident from southern Chihuahua, central Nuevo Le6n, and southern Tamaulipassouth through the interior of Mexico (also the Tres Mafias Islandsoff Nayarit), Guatemala,E1 Salvador,and Hondurasto north-centralNicaragua; in the mountainsof Costa Rica (primarily the Cordillera Central) and westernPanama (western and centralChiriquf). Breedsrarely in southeasternArizona (Chiricahua,Santa Rita, and Huachucamountains). Casualelsewhere in southernArizona (Patagonia). Notes.--Also known as Streak-backedTanager.

Piranga leucopteraTrudeau. White-winged Tanager. Pyranga leucopteraTrudeau, 1839, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia8: 160. (Mexico.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Pine-Oak Forest, Montane Evergreen Forest Edge, SecondaryForest (800-2200 m; upper Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from southeasternSan Luis Potosfand southernTamaulipas south (west to Hidalgo, M6xico, Guerrero,and northernOaxaca) through Middle America (mostly in the highlands,not recordedYucatan Peninsula) to westernPanama (Chiriquf, Veraguas, Herrera); and in South America in the Andes from Colombia and Venezuela south on the westernslope to southwesternEcuador and on the easternslope to central Bolivia; also in the Tepui region of Venezuelaand extremenorthwestern Brazil. 580 FAMILY THRAUPIDAE

Piranga erythrocephala(Swainson). Red-headed Tanager. Spermagraerythrocephala Swainson, 1827, Philos. Mag. (n.s.) 1:437. (Temiscaltipec, Mexico = Temascaltepec,M6xico.) Habitat.--Pine-Oak Forest,Montane Evergreen Forest, Tropical Deciduous Forest (900- 2600 m; Subtropicaland lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident from southeasternSonora and Chihuahuasouth through Sinaloa, Durango, Nayarit, Jalisco,Michoacfin, M6xico (Temascaltepec),Morelos, and Guerreroto Oaxaca (west of the Isthmusof Tehuantepec).

Genus RAMPHOCELUS Desmarest RamphocelusDesmarest, 1805, Hist. Nat. Tangaras,Manakins, Todiers,livr. 1, pl. 28 (and text), p. [1]. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Tanagra brasilia [sic] Linnaeus. PhlogothraupisSclater and Salvin, 1873, Nomencl.Avium Neotrop.,pp. 21,155. Type, by original designation,Tanagra (Tachyphonus)sanguinolentus Lesson.

Ramphocelussanguinolentus (Lesson). Crimson-collared Tanager. Tanagra(Tachyphonus) sanguinolentus Lesson, 1831, Cent.Zool., p. 107, pl. 39. (Mex- ico.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest Edge, SecondaryForest (0-1200 m; Trop- ical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from southernVeracruz, Tabasco, northern Oaxaca, Chiapas, and southernQuintana Roo southon the Gulf-Caribbeanslope of Central America to western Panama(Bocas del Toro, Veraguas,and westernPanamfi province, locally also on Pacific slope of Panama in Veraguas). Notes.--Often placedin the monotypicgenus Phlogothraupis; see Stiles and Skutch (1989) for reasonsfor not includingthis speciesin Ramphocelus.

Ramphocelusdimidiatus Lafresnaye. Crimson-backed Tanager. Ramphocelusdimidiatus Lafresnaye, 1837, Mag. Zool. [Paris] 7(2): 2, pl. 81. (du sud du Mexique et de Carthag•ne,Nouvelle-Grenade = Cartagena,Colombia.) Habitat.--Secondary Forest,Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, Second-growth Scrub (0-1700 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residentin Panama(both slopeswest to Chiriqui andVeraguas, including Coiba and the Pearl islands), northern and western Colombia, and western Venezuela. Notes.--Ramphocelus dimidiatus and the South American R. melanogaster(Swainson, 1838) [HuallagaTanager], R. carbo (Pallas, 1764) [Silver-beakedTanager], and R. bresilius (Linnaeus,1766) [BrazilianTanager] appear to constitutea superspecies(Storer in Paynter 1970).

Ramphoceluspasserinii Bonaparte.Passerini's Tanager. RamphocelusPasserinii Bonaparte, 1831, Antologia [Florence]44 (130): 164. (in Insula Cuba, error = Guatemala.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, SecondaryForest, Second-growth Scrub (0-1700 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distributiøn'--Resident from northeastern Oaxaca, extreme southeastern Veracruz, Ta- basco,and Chiapassouth on the Gulf-Caribbeanslope of Central America from Belize to westernPanama (Bocas del Toro), and on Pacific slopein Costa Rica (central Guanacaste, northern Puntarenas). Notes.--Recognition of R. passerinii and R. costaricensisas separatespecies follows Hackett (1996). Ramphoceluspasserinii (including R. costaricensis)and R. fiammigerus constitutea superspecies(Storer in Paynter 1970). FAMILY THRAUPIDAE 581

Ramphoceluscostaricensis Cherrie. Cherrie'sTanager. Ramphoceluscostaricensis Cherrie, 1891, Auk 8: 62. (Pozo Azul [de Pirrfs], Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, SecondaryForest, Second-growth Scrub (0-1350 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident on Pacific slope of Costa Rica (central Puntarenas,south) and westernPanama (Chiriqui and [formerly?]western Veraguas). Notes.--See commentsunder R. passerinii.

Rarnphocelusfiarnmigerus (Jardine and Selby). Flame-rumpedTanager. RamphopisfiammigerusJardine and Selby, 1833, Illus. Ornithol.3: pl. 131. (Columbia River, error = Antioquia, Colombia.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, SecondaryForest, Second-growth Scrub (0-800 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident [icteronotusgroup] in Panama(west to Bocasdel Toro and Ver- aguas,more commonly on the Caribbeanslope), western Colombia and westernEcuador; and [fiarnrnigerusgroup] in westernColombia (east of the preceding,from the middleCauca Valley southto Narifio). Notes.--The two morphologicallydistinct groupsare sometimesregarded as separate species,R. icteronotusBonaparte, 1838 [Yellow-rumped Tanager], and R. fiamrnigerus [Flame-rumpedTanager], but theyintergrade in the Rio SanJuan region of westernColombia (Sibley 1958). See commentsunder R. passerind.

GenusSPINDALIS Jardineand Selby SpindalisJardine and Selby, 1837, Illus. Ornithol.(n.s.), pt. 2, pl. 9. Type,by monotypy, $pindalisbilineatus Jardine and Selby = Tanagra nigricephalaJameson = Fringilla zena Linnaeus.

$pindalis zena (Linnaeus).Stripe-headed Tanager. Fringilla Zena Linnaeus,1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 181. Based on "The Bahama Finch" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 42, pl. 42. (BahamaIslands = New Provi- dence.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest, Second-growthScrub (0-2000 m). Distribution.--Resident [zena group]in BahamaIslands, Cuba, the Isle of Pines,Grand Cayman,and CozumelIsland off the YucatanPeninsula; [dorninicensis group] Hispaniola (includingGonave Island) and PuertoRico; and [nigricephalagroup] in Jamaica. Ranges[zena group]rarely to southernFlorida (north to the Palm Beach area). Notes.--Groups:S. zena [Stripe-headedTanager], S. dorninicensis(Bryant, 1866) [His- paniolanTanager] and S. nigricephala(Jameson, 1835) [JamaicanTanager].

Genus THRAUPIS Boie ThraupisBoie, 1826, Isis von Oken, col. 974. Type, by virtual monotypy,Tanagra archiepiscopusDesmarest = Tanagra ornata Sparrman.

Thraupis episcopus(Linnaeus). Blue-gray Tanager. TanagraEpiscopus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 316. Basedon "L'Evesque" Brisson,Ornithologie 3: 40, pl. 1, fig. 2. (in Brasilia, error = probablyCayenne.) Habitat.•Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest Edge, Secondary Forest, River-edge Forest, Second-growthScrub (0-2600 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.---Resident from southeastern San Luis Potosf, Veracruz, Puebla, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco,northern and southeasternChiapas, southernCampeche, and southern 582 FAMILY THRAUPIDAE

QuintanaRoo southalong both slopesof Central America to Panama(including Escudo de Veraguas,Coiba, and the Pearl Islands),and in SouthAmerica from Colombia,Venezuela, Tobago,Trinidad and the Guianassouth, west of the Andesto northwesternPeru and east of the Andes to northern Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil. Introducedor escapedabout 1960 in southernFlorida (southernBroward and Dade counties) but disappearedin mid 1970s (Robertsonand Woolfenden1992). Notes.--Formerly called T. virens (Linnaeus,1766); T. episcopushas been ruled to have priority by the I.C.Z.N. (1968). Thraupis episcopusand the South American T. sayaca (Linnaeus,1766) [SayacaTanager] and T. glaucocolpa(Cabanis, 1850) [GlaucousTanager] constitutea superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Thraupis abbas (Deppe). Yellow-wingedTanager. Tanagra Abbas "Lichtens[tein]."W. Deppe, 1830, Preis.-Verz.S•iugeth. V6gel, etc., Mex., p. 2. (Mexico = Jalapa,Veracruz; Binford, 1989, Ornithol. Monogr. 43, p. 345.) Habitat. Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, SecondaryForest, Gallery Forest (0-1600 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from southeasternSan Luis Potosf, southwesternTamaulipas, Veracruz, M6xico, Puebla, northernOaxaca, and northernand southeasternChiapas south along both slopesof Middle America (includingthe YucatanPeninsula) to Hondurasand easternNicaragua (Zelaya). Notes.--Also known as Abbot's Tanager.

Thraupispalmarum (Wied). Palm Tanager. Tanagra palmarum Wied, 1821, Reise Bras. 2: 76. (Canavieras,Bahia, Brazil.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, SecondaryForest, Gallery Forest, Montane EvergreenForest, River-edgeForest (0-1200 m; Tropical and occasionallylower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in easternNicaragua, on both slopesof CostaRica (rare in the dry northwest)and Panama(except for dry Pacific slopefrom Veraguasto westernPanam• province,but includingIsla Coiba), and in SouthAmerica from Colombia,Venezuela, Trin- idad and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to southernBolivia, easternParaguay, and southernBrazil.

Genus BANGSIA Penard BangsiaPenard, 1919, Auk 36: 539. Type, by original designation,Buthraupis arcaei caeruleigularisCherrie [= Ridgway] = Buthraupisarcaei Sclater and Salvin. Notes--Bangsia is sometimes(e.g., Storer in Paynter 1970, Isler and Isler 1987) merged in the genusButhraupis Cabanis.

Bangsia arcaei (Sclaterand Salvin). Blue-and-goldTanager. Buthraupisarccei Sclater and Salvin, 1869, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,p. 439, pl. 31. (Cordillera del Chuc6, Veraguas,Panama.) Habitat. TropicalLowland Evergreen Forest, Montane Evergreen Forest, Tropical Low- land EvergreenForest Edge (300-1200 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in Costa Rica (the Caribbeanslope north to the Cordillera de Tilarfin) and westernPanama (in Chiriquf, on both slopesin Veraguas,and in the Cerro Jefe area of easternPanam• province).

Genus EUPHONIA Desmarest Euphonia Desmarest,1806, Hist. Nat. Tangaras,Manakins, Todiers,livr. 10, table [pl. 27]. Type, by monotypy,Euphonia olivacea Desmarest = Euphoniaminuta Cabanis. FAMILY THRAUPIDAE 583

PyrrhuphoniaBonaparte, 1850, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 31: 423. Type, by subsequent designation(G. R. Gray, 1855), Fringilla jamaica Linnaeus. Notes.-•The genericname Tanagra Linnaeus,1764, hasbeen suppressed for the purposes of the Law of Priority (but not the Law of Homonymy)by the I.C.Z.N. (1968).

Euphonia jamaica (Linnaeus). JamaicanEuphonia. Fringilla jamaica Linnaeus,1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 323. Basedmainly on Passer Coeruleofuscus Sloane,Voy. Jamaica2: 311, pl. 257, fig. 3. (in Jamaica.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest, Tropical Lowland Ev- ergreenForest Edge (0-1000 m). Distribution.--Resident on Jamaica. Notes.--Often placedin the monotypicgenus Pyrrhuphonia, but see Storer in Paynter (1970).

Euphonia affinis (Lesson).Scrub Euphonia. Tanagra (Euphonia) affinis Lesson, 1842, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 5: 175. (Realejo [Nica- ragua].) Habitat. TropicalDeciduous Forest, Gallery Forest,Secondary Forest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge (0-1000 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident [godmanigroup] in the Pacific lowlandsfrom southeasternSo- nora southto central Guerrero;and [affinis group] from easternSan Luis PotosLsouthern Tamaulipas,Veracruz, Puebla, and northern and southwesternOaxaca (north to nearSantiago PinotepaNacional) and the YucatanPeninsula south along both slopesof Middle America to Honduras,and in the Pacific lowlandsof Nicaraguato northwesternCosta Rica (Guan- acaste). Notes.--Also knownas Lesson's Euphonia or Black-throatedEuphonia. Groups: Euphonia godmaniBrewster, 1889 [Pale-ventedEuphonia] and E. affinis [ScrubEuphonia].

Euphonia luteicapilla (Cabanis).Yellow-crowned Euphonia. Phonasca luteicapilla Cabanis, 1860, J. Ornithol. 8 (1860): 332. (Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest Edge, TropicalDeciduous Forest, Second- ary Forest (0-900 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residentin easternNicaragua, Costa Rica (both slopes,except the dry northwest),and Panama (east to the Canal area and easternDari6n).

Euphonia laniirostris d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye.Thick-billed Euphonia. Euphonialaniirostris d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye,1837, Mag. Zool. [Paris]7(2): 30, pl. 77-79. (Yuracares,Bolivia.) Habitat.---•ver-edge Forest,Gallery Forest,Secondary Forest, Tropical Deciduous For- est, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge (0-1800 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident [melanuragroup] in CostaRica (primarilythe humidsouthwest), Panama(both slopes), and South America from northernand eastern Colombia and northern Venezuela south, east of the Andes, to eastern Peru and western Amazonian Brazil; and [laniirostris group] west of the Andes from westernColombia to northwesternPeru, and east of the Andes in central Peru (west of melanura), northern Bolivia, and adjacentAm- azonian Brazil. Notes.--Groups: E. melanura Sclater,1851 [Black-tailedEuphonia] and E. laniirostris [Thick-billedEuphonia].

Euphonia hirundinacea Bonaparte.Yellow-throated Euphonia. Euphonia hirundinaceaBonaparte, 1838, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1837), p. 117. (Guatamala= Pacific slope,San Joseto Ixtepec, Guatemala.) 584 FAMILY THRAUPIDAE

Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, Gallery Forest, SecondaryForest, Tropical DeciduousForest (0-1200 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from southeasternSan Luis Potos•,southern Tamaulipas, Vera- cruz, Puebla,and northernand (possibly)southeastern Oaxaca southalong both slopesof Middle America (includingthe YucatanPeninsula) to Costa Rica (most commonlyin the dry northwest);reports from westernPanama are questionable(Wetmore et al. 1984). Notes.--Also known as Bonaparte'sEuphonia. With the use of Euphonia insteadof the suppressedTanagra, E. hirundinaceaBonaparte, 1838, is no longerpreoccupied by Tanagra hirundinacea Lesson, 1831; thus the frequently used T. lauta Bangs and Penard, 1919 becomesa synonymof E. hirundinacea.

Euphonia musica (Gmelin). Antillean Euphonia. Pipra musicaGmelin, 1789, Syst.Nat. 1(2): 1004.Based on "L'Organiste"Daubenton, PlanchesEnlum., pl. 809, fig. 1. (in insula S. Dominici = Hispaniola.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Tropical DeciduousForest, Secondary Forest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge (0-2000 m). Distribution.--Resident on Hispaniola(including Gon•ve Island) and PuertoRico, and in the Lesser Antilles (Saba, Barbuda, Antigua, Montserrat, Guadeloupe,Dominica, Mar- tinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and Grenada); there are no recent records for Barbuda, Montserrat, St. Vincent or Grenada. Casualelsewhere in the LesserAntilles (St. Barth61emy,St. Kitts, Terre-de-haut,Bequia). Notes.--Euphonia musica,E. elegantissima,and the South American E. cyanocephala (Vieillot, 1818) [Golden-rumpedEuphonia] constitute a superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990) and are sometimesconsidered to be conspecific,with the English nameBlue-hooded Euphonia.

Euphonia elegantissima(Bonaparte). Elegant Euphonia. Pipra elegantissimaBonaparte, 1838, Proc. Zool. Soc.London (1837), p. 112. (Mexico.) Habitat.--Pine-Oak Forest, Montane EvergreenForest, SecondaryForest, Montane Ev- ergreenForest Edge (1000-2500 m; upper Tropicaland Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from southeasternSonora, southwesternChihuahua, Sinaloa, westernDurango, Nayarit, Jalisco,Guanajuato, San Luis Potosf,central Nuevo Le6n, and southernTamaulipas south through the highlandsof Middle America to westernPanama (Chiriqu•, Veraguas,Coc16). Notes.--See commentsunder E. musica. Called Blue-hoodedEuphonia by A. O. U. (1983).

Euphonia fulvicrissa Sclater.Fulvous-vented Euphonia. EuphoniafulvicrissaSclater, 1857, Proc. Zool. Soc. London(1856), p. 276. ("S[anta]. Martha in New Grenada" = locality uncertain.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest, Secondary Forest, Tropical Lowland Ev- ergreenForest Edge (0-1000 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident in central and easternPanama (west to northernCoc16 and western Panamfi province), and in South America in western Colombia (east to the northern Eastern Andes and the middle Magdalena Valley) and along the Pacific slope southto northwestern Ecuador.

Euphonia imitans (Hellmayr). Spot-crownedEuphonia. Tanagra imitansHellmayr, 1936, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ. (Zool. Set.) 13(9): 63. (El P6zo, Rio T6rraba, Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest, Tropical Lowland Ev- ergreenForest Edge (0-1350 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). FAMILY THRAUPIDAE 585

Distribution.--Resident in southwesternCosta Rica (Pacific slope west to the Gulf of Nicoya) and extreme westernPanama (western Chiriqu0. Accidental in central Costa Rica (San Jost, possiblyan escapedcage bird; a record from Miravalles is erroneous). Notes.mAlso known as Tawny-belliedEuphonia.

Euphonia gouldi Sclater.Olive-backed Euphonia. Euphonia Gouldi Sclater, 1857, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 66, pl. 24. (In Guatimala et Mexico Meridionali = Guatemala.) I-Iabitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge (0-900 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident from Veracruz,northern Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, and southern Quintana Roo southin the Gulf-Caribbean lowlands of Central America to Costa Rica (also known from the Pacific slope of the Cordillera de Guanacaste)and central Panama (Bocas del Toro, westernVeraguas, and Canal area). Notes.--Also known as Gould's Euphonia.

Euphonia rninuta Cabanis.White-vented Euphonia. Euphonia minuta Cabanis, 1849, in Schomburgk,Reisen Br.-Guiana 3 (1848): 671. (British Guiana.) I-Iabitat.--Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, River-edge Forest, SecondaryForest, TropicalLowland EvergreenForest Edge (0-1000 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident locally on the Caribbeanslope of Guatemala,southern Belize, and Nicaragua, and widely on both slopesof Costa Rica (except the dry northwest)and Panama(more widespreadon the Caribbeanslope), and in South America southalong the Pacific slope to northwesternEcuador, and east of the Andes from southernColombia, Venezuela south of the Orinoco, and the Guianas south to central Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil (south to southernAmazonas and Par•, rarely to northern Mato Grosso). A report from Chiapas (Palenque)is questionable. Notes.--The nameE. olivaceaDesmarest, 1806, hasbeen suppressedfor the purposesof the Law of Priority (but not the Law of Homonymy)by the I.C.Z.N. (1968).

Euphonia anneae Cassin.Tawny-capped Euphonia. EuphoniaAnneae Cassin, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia17: 172. (SantaRosa, Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Montane EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest (600-1500 m, locally to 350 m; upper Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in CostaRica (Caribbeanslope north to the Cordillerade Guan- acaste),Panama (locally on both slopes),and extremenorthwestern Colombia (Gulf of Urubfi region).

Euphonia xanthogaster(Sundevall). Orange-bellied Euphonia. Euphonexanthogaster Sundevall, 1834, Vetensk.-Akad.Handl. (1833), p. 310, pl. 10, fig. 1. (Brazil = Rio de Janeiro.) Habitat.--Montane Evergreen Forest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, Secondary Forest (0-2300 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in easternPanama (Daritn), and South America from Colombia, Venezuela,and Guyanasouth, west of the Andes to westernEcuador, and eastof the Andes to northern Bolivia (in Andean foothills) and western Amazonian Brazil; also in eastern Brazil from Bahia south to Rio de Janeiro.

GenusCHLOROPHONIA Bonaparte ChlorophoniaBonaparte, 1851, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2)3: 137. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Tanagra viridis Vieillot = Pipra cyanea Vieillot. 586 FAMILY THRAUPIDAE

Chlorophoniafiavirostris Sclater.Yellow-collared Chlorophonia. ChlorophoniafiavirostrisP. L. Sclater,1861, Proc.Zool. Soc.London, p. 129. (Ecuador.) Habitat.--Montane Evergreen Forest, Montane EvergreenForest Edge (600-1700 m; upperTropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident on the western slope of the Andes of southwesternColombia and northwestern Ecuador. Accidentalon Cerro Pirre, easternDari6n, Panama(photograph [Capparella 1986]).

Chlorophoniaoccipitalis (Du Bus de Gisignies).Blue-crowned Chlorophonia. Euphonia occipitalis Du Bus de Gisignies, 1847, EsquissesOrnithol., livr. 3, pl. 14. (Le Mexique -- Mexico.) Habitat.--Montane Evergreen Forest, to Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest and Sec- ondary Forestin nonbreedingseason (1000-2500 m; SubtropicalZone, to TropicalZone in nonbreedingseason). Distribution.--Resident from central Veracruz and northern and southeastern Oaxaca souththrough Chiapas, Guatemala, E1 Salvador,and Hondurasto north-centralNicaragua. Notes.--Chlorophoniaoccipitalis and C. callophrysconstitute a superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990) and have been treatedas conspecific(e.g., Storerin Paynter 1970).

Chlorophoniacallophrys (Cabanis). Golden-browed Chlorophonia. Triglyphidiacallophrys Cabanis, 1861, J. Ornithol. 8 (1860): 331. (CostaRica.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Montane EvergreenForest Edge (750-2500 m; upperTropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residentin the highlandsof CostaRica (northto the Cordillerade Guan- acaste) and western Panama (Chiriquf and Veraguas),descending to lower elevationsin nonbreedingseason. Notes.--See commentsunder C. occipitalis.

Genus TANGAIM Brisson

Tangara Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie 3: 3. Type, by tautonymy, Tangara Brisson = Aglaia paradisea Swainson= Aglaia chilensisVigors.

Tangara inornata (Gould). Plain-coloredTanager. Calliste inornata Gould, 1855, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,p. 158. (Santa F6 de Bogota [Colombia].) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, SecondaryForest, Tropical Lowland Ev- ergreenForest Edge (0-1000 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Residentin CostaRica (Caribbeanslope only, northto Sarapiqufregion), Panama(entire Caribbean slope, and Pacificslope west to CerroCampana in westernPanamfi province) and northernColombia.

Tangara cabanisi (Sclater). Azure-rumpedTanager. Calliste s. Callispiza Sclateri (not Calliste sclateri Lafresnaye,1854) Cabanis,1866, J. Ornithol. 14: 163. (Costa Cuca, western Guatemala.) Callistecabanisi Sclater, 1868, Ibis, p. 71, pl. 3. New namefor Callistesclateri Cabanis, preoccupied. Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (1100-1700 m; SubtropicalZone). Distributiøn'--Resident in the highlands(Sierra Madre de Chiapas, primarily Pacific slope)of Chiapasand westernGuatemala (Volcfin Santa Maria). Notes.--Also known as Cabanis'sTanager. FAMILY THRAUPIDAE 587

Tangara palmeri (Hellmayr). Gray-and-goldTanager. Calospizapalrneri Hellmayr, 1909, Rev. Fr. Ornithol. 1: 49. (Sipi, Rio Sipi, Choco, Colombia.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Montane Evergreen Forest, Tropical Low- land EvergreenForest Edge (0-1100 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in easternPanama (cerros Sapo, Quia, and Tacarcuna,in eastern Dari6n), and on the Pacific slopeof westernColombia and northwesternEcuador.

Tangaraflorida (Sclaterand Salvin). Emerald Tanager. Callistefiorida Sclaterand Salvin, 1869, Proc.Zool. Soc.London, p. 416, pl. 28. (Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Montane EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest(0-1200 m; upperTropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in the highlandsof Costa Rica (primarily in the CordilleraCen- tral), Panama (entire Caribbean slope, and Pacific slope from eastern Panamfiprovince eastward), western Colombia, and northwesternEcuador.

Tangara icterocephala(Bonaparte). Silver-throated Tanager. Calliste icterocephalaBonaparte, 1851, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 32: 76. (Ecuador = valley of Punta Playa, southof Quito.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest,Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge (600-1600 m; upper Tropical and Sub- tropical zones). Distribution.--Residentin thehighlands of CostaRica (northto Cordillerade Guanacaste, more frequentlyfound on Caribbeanslope), Panama (both slopes);in SouthAmerica in the Western Andes of Colombia and Ecuador and the northern Central Andes of Colombia.

Tangara guttata (Cabanis). SpeckledTanager. Callispiza gutrata Cabanis, 1850, Mus. Heineanum1 (1851): 26. (Roraima, Guiana = Cerro Rotalma, Bolfvar, Venezuela.) Habitat.--Montane Evergreen Forest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, Secondary Forest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge (300-2000 m; upper Tropical and Sub- tropical zones). Distribution.--Resident in Costa Rica (north to Cordillera de Tilar•n), Panama (entire Caribbeanslope, and Pacific slopein westernChiriquf, Veraguas,eastern Panam• province, and easternDari6n), Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Surinam, and extreme northern Brazil. Notes.--Tangara guttata clearly has priority over T. chrysophrys(Sclater, 1851); see Storer in Paynter 1970: 370, footnote).See commentsunder Chlorothraupisolivacea.

Tangara gyrola (Linnaeus).Bay-headed Tanager. Fringilla Gyrola Linnaeus,1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 181. Basedon "The Red-headed Green-Finch" Edwards,Nat. Hist. Birds 1: 23, pl. 23. (in America = Surinam.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest,Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest Edge (0-1800 m; Tropicaland Subtropical zones). Distribution.--Resident[gyroloides group] in CostaRica (northto the CordilleraCentral) and Panama(both slopes),and in SouthAmerica from Colombiasouth, west of the Andes to southwestern Ecuador and east of the Andes to central Bolivia, and western Amazonian Brazil; [viridissimagroup] in northeasternColombia, northern Venezuela, and Trinidad;and [gyrola group] in southeasternVenezuela, the Guianas,and extremenorthern Brazil. Notes.--Distinct morphologicalcharacters suggest that the three groupsmight be recognizedas species,T. gyroloides(Lafresnaye, 1847) [-- T. albertinae(Pelzeln, 1877)] [Bay- 588 FAMILY THRAUPIDAE and-blueTanager], T. viridissima(Lafresnaye, 1847) [Bay-and-greenTanager], and T. gyrola [Bay-headedTanager] (Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Tangara lavinia (Cassin).Rufous-winged Tanager. Calliste Lavinia Cassin, 1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia10: 178. (Isthmusof Darien, New Grenada [= Panama].) Habitat. Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, SecondaryForest (0-1000 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from Honduras(east of the Sula Valley) southon the Caribbean slope(mostly) of CentralAmerica to CostaRica, on both slopesof Panama,and in western Colombia (includingGorgona Island) and northwesternEcuador; erroneously reported from Guatemala.

Tangara cucullata (Swainson).Lesser Antillean Tanager. Aglaia Cucullata Swainson,1834, Ornithol. Drawings,pt. 1, pl. 7. (No locality given = Grenada, Lesser Antilles.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest, Tropical Lowland Ev- ergreenForest Edge (0-850 m). Distribution.--Resident on St. Vincent and Grenada, in the Lesser Antilles. Notes.--Also known as Hooded Tanager,a name now generally applied to the South American Nemosiapileata (Boddaert, 1783).

Tangara larvata (Du Bus de Gisignies).Golden-hooded Tanager. Calliste larvata Du Bus de Gisignies,1846, EsquissesOrnithol., livr. 2, pl. 9. (Tabasco, Mexico.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest Edge, SecondaryForest (0-1200 m; Trop- ical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from southernVeracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco, and Chiapas southon the Gulf-Caribbeanslope of CentralAmerica to Nicaragua,on both slopesof Costa Rica (absentfrom the dry northwest)and Panama(entire Caribbean slope, and Pacific slope in westernChiriquf, westernVeraguas, eastern Panamfi province, and Dari6n), andin western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador. Notes.--Also knownas Golden-masked Tanager. Tangara larvata andthe SouthAmerican T. nigrocincta(Bonaparte, 1838) [Masked Tanager]have been treatedas a single species by some authors(e.g., Meyer de Schauensee1966, 1970). Eisenmann(1957) provided rationalefor treatingthem as separatespecies; they constitutea superspecies(Storer 1969).

Tangara dowii (Salvin). Spangle-cheekedTanager. Calliste dowii Salvin, 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,p. 168. (San Jos6[= Rancho Redondo de San Jos6], Costa Rica.) I-Iabitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Montane EvergreenForest Edge (1100-3200 m; Subtropicaland lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in the mountainsof Costa Rica (north to the Cordillera de Tilarfin) and western Panama (east to Veraguas). Notes.--Some authors(e.g., Storer in Paynter 1970, Isler and Isler 1987) consider T. dowii and T. fucosa as conspecific;we follow Sibley and Monroe (1990) in treatingthem as separatespecies that form a superspecies.

Tangara fueosa Nelson. Green-napedTanager. Tangara fucosus Nelson, 1912, Smithson.Misc. Collect. 60(3): 17. (Mount Pirri, at 5,000 feet altitude, near head of Rio Limon, eastern Panama.) FAMILY THRAUPIDAE 589

Habitat.--Montane Evergreen Forest, Elfin Forest, Montane EvergreenForest Edge (1400-2000 m; SubtropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident in extreme easternPanama (eastern Dari6n on Cerro Mali and Cerro Pirre). Notes.---Also known as Pirre Tanager.See commentsunder T. dowii.

Genus DACNIS Cuvier Dacnis Cuvier, 1816, R•gne Anim. 1 ("1817"): 395. Type, by monotypy,Motacilla cayana Linnaeus. Notes.---The generaDacnis, Chlorophanesand Cyanerpes,formerly placedin the family Coerebidae,are now consideredto be thraupidsrelated to the genus Tangara (Storer in Paynter1970).

Dacnis venusta Lawrence. Scarlet-thighedDacnis. Dacnis venustaLawrence, 1862, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 7: 464. (Atlantic side of the Isthmusof Panama,along the line of the PanamaRailroad = Canal Zone.) Habitat.--Montane Evergreen Forest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, Secondary Forest,Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest Edge (0-1450 m; SubtropicalZone, to Tropical Zone in nonbreedingseason). Distribution.--Resident on both slopesof Costa Rica (north to the Cordillera de Guan- acaste)and Panama, and in westernColombia and northwesternEcuador.

Dacnis cayana (Linnaeus).Blue Dacnis. Motacilla cayana Linnaeus,1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 336. Basedin part on "Le Pipit bleu de Cayenne"Brisson, Ornithologie 3: 534, pl. 28, fig. 1. (in Cayana= Cayenne.) Itabitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, River-edge Forest, SecondaryForest, TropicalLowland Evergreen Forest Edge (0-1200 m; TropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident on the Caribbeanslope of northeasternHonduras (Olancho, Gra- ciasa Dios) and Nicaragua,on both slopesof Costa Rica (exceptthe dry northwest)and Panama, and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to southwesternEcuador and east of the Andes to central Bolivia, eastern Paraguay,northeastern Argentina, and southernBrazil.

Dacnis viguieri Salvin and Godman.Viridian Dacnis. Dacnis viguieri (OustaletMS) Salvin and Godman, 1883, Biol. Cent.-Amer.(Aves) 1: 246, pl. 15A, fig. 3. (Isthmusof Panama,on the shoresof the Gulf of Darien.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge (0-600 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident in extreme eastern Panama (eastern Dari6n) and northwestern Colombia (northern Choc6 and C6rdoba).

Genus CHLOROPHANES Reichenbach ChlorophanesReichenbach, 1853, Hand. Spec.Ornithol., cont. xi, ScansoriaeB. Ten- uirostres,p. 233. Type, by monotypy,Coereba atricapilla Vieillot = Motacilla spiza Linnaeus.

Notes.--See comments under Dacnis.

Chlorophanesspiza (Linnaeus).Green Honeycreeper. Motacilla SpizaLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 188.Based on "The GreenBlack- cap Fly-catcher"Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds 1: 25, pl. 25, upperfig. (in Surinami= Surinam.) 590 FAMILY THRAUPIDAE

Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, River-edge Forest, Gallery Forest, Sec- ondary Forest,Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge (0-1600 m; Tropical and lower Subtropical zones). Distribution.--Resident from northernOaxaca, Chapas, and southernCampeche (Pa- caytfin) southon the Caribbeanslope of Central America to Nicaragua,on both slopesof Costa Rica (exceptthe dry northwest)and Panama,and in SouthAmerica from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwestern Peru and east of the Andes to central Bolivia and Amazonian and southeastern Brazil.

Genus CYANERPES Oberholser

CyanerpesOberholser, 1899, Auk 16: 32. Type, by originaldesignation, Certhia cyanea Linnaeus.

Notes.--See comments under Dacnis.

Cyanerpeslucidus (Sclater and Salvin). Shining Honeycreeper. Coerebalucida Sclater and Salvin, 1859, Ibis, p. 14. (Guatemala.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest, Tropical Lowland Ev- ergreenForest Edge (0-1500 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident locally on the Caribbeanslope of Chiapas,Guatemala, southern Belize, Honduras,and northernNicaragua, and on both slopesof Costa Rica (except the dry northwest)and Panama, and in extreme northwesternColombia (Choc6). Notes.--Sometimesregarded as conspecificwith C. caeruleus(e.g., Hellmayr 1938), but they are sympatricin easternPanama and northwestern Colombia; C. lucidusand C. caeruleus constitutea superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Cyanerpescaeruleus (Linnaeus).Purple Honeycreeper. Certhia cceruleaLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 118. Based on "The Blue Creeper" Edwards,Nat. Hist. Birds 1: 21, pl. 21, upper fig. (Surinami = Surinam.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, River-edge Forest, SecondaryForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, Montane EvergreenForest (0-1100 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in extremeeastern Panama (Jaqu6 and Cerro Qufa, in eastern Dari6n), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to west-central Ecuador and east of the Andes to central Bolivia and Amazonian and eastern Brazil. Notes.--See comments under C. lucidus.

Cyanerpescyaneus (Linnaeus). Red-leggedHoneycreeper. Certhia cyaneaLinnaeus, 1766, Syst.Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 188. Basedin part on "The Black andBlue Creeper" Edwards,Glean. Nat. Hist. 2:114, pl. 264, upperfig. (in Brasilia, Cayania = Surinam.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest, Secondary Forest, Gallery Forest,Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge (0-1200 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident (mostly) from Guerrero, Puebla, eastern San Luis Potos/ and Veracruz southalong both slopesof Middle America (including the YucatanPeninsula) to Panama (including Coiba and the Pearl islands), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela,Trinidad, Tobago,and the Guianassouth, west of the Andes to northwestern Ecuador and east of the Andes locally to southernBolivia, and central and southeastern Brazil. Generally withdrawsfrom the Gulf-Caribbeanslope of Mexico in winter. Casual on Cozumel Island. Records from Cuba (where possibly established),Jamaica, and Bonaire are probablybased on escapedcaged birds. FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE 591

Genus TERSINA Vieillot TersinaVieillot, 1819, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv.6d.) 33: 401. Type, by monotypy, Tersina caerulea Vieillot = Hirundo viridis Illiger. Notes.--This genuswas formerly placed in the monotypicfamily Tersinidaebut seeSibley (1973).

Tersina viridis (Illiger). Swallow Tanager. Hirundo viridis Illiger, 1811, Prodromus,p. 229. Basedon "L'Hirondelle verte" Tem- minck, Cat. Syst. Cab. Ornithol., Quadr.,p. 245. (SandwichIslands, error = eastern Brazil.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest Edge, Secondary Forest, River-edge Forest, Gallery Forest; in breeding seasonrestricted to areas with banks for nest sites (0-1600 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residentin easternPanama (eastern Panamfi province and eastern Dari6n), and in South America south, west of the Andes to northwestern Ecuador and east of the Andes to centralBolivia, Paraguay,northeastern Argentina, and southernBrazil. Southern- most populationsapparently are migratory,at least in part. One photographedon Grand Caymanin 1982 may have been an escapedindividual.

Family EMBERIZIDAE: Emberizids Notes.--The first 16 genera(Volatinia throughEmberizoides) in this family are considered to be tanagersrather than emberizidson the basisof geneticdata by Bledsoe(1988b) and Sibley and Ahlquist (1990). Two of thesegenera (Euneornisand Diglossa) were listed as thraupidsby Storer in Paynter(1970) but were moved to the Emberizinaeby the A.O.U. (1983).

Genus VOLATINIA Reichenbach VolatiniaReichenbach, 1850, Avium Syst.Nat., pl. 79. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Tanagra jacarinia [sic] Linnaeus.

Volatiniajacarina (Linnaeus).Blue-black Grassquit. Tanagrajacarina Linnaeus,1766, Syst.Nat. (ed. 12) 1:314. Basedmainly on "Jacarini" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 210. (in Brasilia = northeasternBrazil.) Habitat.--Second-growth Scrub, Low SeasonallyWet Grassland,Arid Lowland Scrub, Pastures/AgriculturalLands, Riparian Thickets (0-1100 m; Tropical,rarely lower Subtropical zones). Distribution.--Resident from southernSonora, Sinaloa, westernDurango, Nayarit, Jal- isco, Michoacfin, M6xico, Morelos, Puebla, southeastern San Luis Potosf, and southern Tamaulipassouth along both slopesof Middle America (includingthe YucatanPeninsula) to Panama (including Coiba and the Pearl islands), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (including Margarita Island), Tobago,Trinidad, and the Guianassouth, west of the Andes to extreme northernChile and east of the Andes to central Argentina; also on Grenada, in the Lesser Antilles. Casualon Isla Cancun(off QuintanaRoo); an individualcaptured in Cuba was likely an escapedcage bird.

Genus SPOROPHILA Cabanis Sperrnophila(not Richardson,1825) Swainson,1827, Zool. J. 3: 348. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Pyrrhula falcirostris Temminck. Sporophila Cabanis, 1844, Arch. Naturgesch. 10: 291. New name for Spermophila Swainson,preoccupied. Notes.--See commentsunder Oryzoborus. 592 FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE

Sporophila schistacea(Lawrence). Slate-coloredSeedeater. Spermophilaschistacea Lawrence, 1863, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 7: 474. (alongthe line of the Panama Raikoad, on the Atlantic side of Isthmus of Panama -- Lion Hill, Canal Zone.) Habitat. Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, Second-growthScrub, Secondary Forest,mainly where bamboo is seeding(Neudorf and Blanchfield 1994) (0-1500 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident locally in southernBelize, northernHonduras (Lancetilia, Tela), CostaRica (upperTtrraba valley northwestto the Rfo Tarcoles),and Panama(both slopes), and in South America, west of the Andes in Colombia and northwestern Ecuador, and east of the Andes in northern Colombia and Venezuela east to northeastern Brazil, and also locally in extremewestern Amazonia from Colombia to central Bolivia. Two specimensreportedly taken in Oaxaca(confluence of the Rfo Coatzacoalcosand Rfo Sarabia)are of questionableorigin (Binford 1989).

Sporophilaamericana (Gmelin). Variable Seedeater. Loxia americana Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 863. Based on the "Blackbreasted Grosbeak"Latham, Gen. Synop.Birds 2: 148. (America = Cayenne.) Habitat.--Second-growthScrub, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest Edge, TropicalDe- ciduousForest, Secondary Forest (0-1500 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident [corvina group] from northernOaxaca, southern Veracruz, and Tabascosouth on the Gulf-Caribbeanslope of Central America to westernPanama (Bocas del Toro); [aurita group] from the Pacific slope of southwesternCosta Rica (north to the Gulf of Nicoya) souththrough Panama (both slopes,except for Bocasdel Toro), western Colombia,and western Ecuador to northwesternPeru; and [americanagroup] in southeastern Colombia, northeasternVenezuela, Tobago, northeastern Peru, and AmazonianBrazil. Notes.--Groups: S. corvina (Sclater,1860) [Black Seedeater],S. aurita (Bonaparte,1850) [Variable Seedeater],and S. americana [Wing-barredSeedeater]. Although there are differencesin morphologyand vocalizationsbetween the corvinaand aurita groups,intergra- dation occurs in central Panama (Olson 1981a). Stiles (1996b) presentedevidence that Sporophila"aurita" representsintergrades between S. [americana]corvina and S. a hicksi, and that corvina (includingsubspecies ophthalmica and hicksi) is a separatespecies from S. americana.

Sporophilatorqueola (Bonaparte).White-collared Seedeater. Spermophilatorqueola Bonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium 1(2): 495. (Mexico = Ciudad Mtxico.) Habitat.--Second-growth Scrub, Arid Lowland Scrub, Arid Montane Scrub, Riparian Thickets (0-2000 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident [torqueola group] on the Pacific slope and in the interior of Mexico from central Sinaloa and westernDurango souththrough Nayarit, Jalisco,Colima, Guanajuato,Michoacfin, Guerrero, Mtxico, Morelos, and westernPuebla to centralOaxaca (vicinity of OaxacaCity); and [morelletigroup] from southernTexas (western Rio Grande Valley from Falcon Dam area to San Ygnacio; formerly more widespread),Nuevo Le6n, andTamaulipas south on the Gulf-Caribbeanslope through eastern San Luis Potosf,Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco,and the Yucatan Peninsula(including Mujeres, Cozumel, and Cancun islands),and on both slopesof Middle America from Chiapas, Guatemala,and Belize southto extremewestern Panama (Bocas del Toro and Chiriquf). Reportsfrom California and Arizona are consideredto be of escapes. Notes.--Groups: S. torqueola[Cinnamon-rumped Seedeater] and S. morelleti (Bonaparte, 1851) [White-collaredSeedeater or Morellet's Seedeater].This speciesis highly variable and relationshipsbetween various populations are not well understood(Binford 1989). Sporophilanigricollis (Vieillot). Yellow-belliedSeedeater. Pyrrhula nigricollis Vieillot, 1823, in Bonnaterreand Vieillot, Tabl. Encycl. Mtth. (Ornithol.) 3(93): 1027. (Brtsil = Brazil.) FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE 593

Habitat.--Second-growth Scrub, Semihumid/HumidMontane Scrub, Pastures/Agricul- tural Lands (0-2300 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in southwesternCosta Rica (Puntarenas) and Panama (Pacific slope,including Taboga and the Pearl islands,and Caribbeanslope in Co16nand the Canal area), and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela (including ChacachacareIsland), Tobago,Trinidad, Guyana,and Surinamsouth, west of the Andesto northwesternPeru, and east of the Andes (absent from central Amazonia) to southern Bolivia, extreme northeastern Argentina,and southernBrazil; alsoin the southernLesser Antilles (Grenada,and Carriacou in the Grenadines). Accidental in St. Vincent (in the Lesser Antilles).

Sporophila minuta (Linnaeus). Ruddy-breastedSeedeater. Loxia rninutaLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 176. (Surinami = Surinam.) Habitat.--Low SeasonallyWet Grassland,Second-growth Scrub (0-1100 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident on the Pacific slopeof Middle Americafrom Jalisco(rarely north to Nayarit) south to Nicaragua, in southwesternCosta Rica (upper T6rraba Valley) and Panama(Pacific slopethroughout, and Caribbeanfrom the Canal area east to westernSan Blas); and in SouthAmerica from Colombia, Venezuela,Tobago, Trinidad, and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwestern Ecuador and east of the Andes to northern Am- azonian Brazil. Notes.--For reasonsfor treatingS. hypoxanthaCabanis, 1851 [Tawny-belliedSeedeater] of southernSouth America as a separatespecies from S. rninuta, see Short (1969); this treatmenthas been followed by most authors(e.g., Ridgely and Tudor 1989, Ouellet 1992).

Genus ORYZOBORUS Cabanis OryzoborusCabanis, 1851, Mus. Heineanum 1: 151. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Loxia torrida "Gmelin" [= Scopoli] = Loxia angolensisLin- naeus. Notes.--Sometimesmerged in Sporophila(Olson 1981b).

Oryzoborusnuttingi Ridgway. Nicaraguan Seed-Finch. Oryzoborusnuttingi Ridgway, 1884, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 6: 401. (Los Sfibalos,[Rfo San Juan,]Nicaragua.) Habitat.--Riparian Thickets,Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Second-growthScrub (0-500 m; TropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident in the Caribbean lowlands of Nicaragua, northern Costa Rica (Laguna de Arenal, near Finca La Selva), and westernPanama (Bocas del Toro). Notes.--Also known as Pink-billed Seed-Finch.Sometimes regarded as a subspeciesof O. maximiliani Cabanis, 1851 [Great-billed Seed-Finch] but here considereda separate species,following Stiles (1984).

Oryzoborusfunereus Sclater.Thick-billed Seed-Finch. Oryzoborusfunereus Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 378. (Suchapam,Oa- xaca.) Habitat.-- Second-growthScrub, Secondary Forest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge (0-1100 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident from central Veracruz, northernOaxaca, Tabasco,and Chiapas southon the Gulf-Caribbeanslope of Central America to CostaRica (also on Pacific slope in T6rraba region), and in Panama (both slopes,including Coiba and the Pearl islands), western Colombia, and western Ecuador. Notes.--Although O. funereus and South American O. angolensis (Linnaeus, 1766) [Chestnut-belliedSeed-Finch] hybridize to a limited extent in the Magdalena Valley of 594 FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE northernColombia (Olson 1981c),no hybrid swarmexists. They are treatedas a single speciesby manyauthors (e.g., Ridgely and Tudor 1989, Sibley and Monroe 1990), in which case the appropriateEnglish name is Lesser Seed-Finch.

Genus AMA UROSPIZA Cabanis ArnaurospizaCabanis, 1861, J. Ornithol. 9: 3. Type, by original designation,Arnau- rospiza concolor Cabanis. ArnaurospizopsisGriscom, 1934, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. 75: 412. Type, by original designation,Amaurospizopsis relictus Griscom. Notes.--Paynter(1970) suggestedthat Arnaurospiza might belong in the Cardinalidae.

Amaurospiza concolor Cabanis. Blue Seedeater. Arnaurospizaconcolor Cabanis, 1861, J. Ornithol. 9: 3. (CostaRica = Miravalles,Costa Rica.) Habitat.--MontaneEvergreen Forest Edge (especially seeding bamboo) (1000-2200 m; upper Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident[relicta group] in themountains of Jalisco,Colima (sight report), Guerrero,Morelos, and south-central Oaxaca; and [concolor group] locally in Chiapas(Cin- talapa,Tuxtla Gutitrrez),Belize, E1 Salvador(Cerro Verde),Honduras (Lago de Yojoa, Arenal),Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama(Chiriquf, Veraguas, western Panamfi province, Canal area), southwesternColombia, and northwesternEcuador. Notes.--Groups:A. relicta (Griscom,1934) [Slate-blueSeedeater] and A. concolor[Blue Seedeater].

GenusMELOPYRRHA Bonaparte MelopyrrhaBonaparte, 1853, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris37: 924. Type, by subsequent designation(G. R. Gray, 1855), Loxia nigra Linnaeus.

Melopyrrha nigra (Linnaeus).Cuban Bullfinch. Loxia nigra Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 175. Based on "The Little Black Bullfinch" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 68, pl. 68, and "The Black Bullfinch" Albin, Nat. Hist. Birds 3: 65, pl. 69. (in America australi= Cuba.) Habitat.--TropicalLowland Evergreen Forest, Pine Forest, Secondary Forest (90-900 m). Distribution.--Residenton Cuba (includingsome coastal cays), the Isle of Pines,and Grand Cayman Island. Birds reportedfrom southernFlorida were probablyescapes from captivity(Robertson and Woolfenden 1992).

Genus TIARIS Swainson Tiaris Swainson,1827, Philos.Mag. (n.s.) 1: 438. Type,by monotypy,Tiaris pusillus Swainson = Ernberiza olivacea Linnaeus.

Tiaris canora (Gmelin). Cuban Grassquit. Loxia canora Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 858. Basedon the "Brown-cheekedGros- beak" Latham,Gen. Synop.Birds 2(1): 155. (in novaHispania, error = Cuba.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest Edge, Secondary Forest, Pine Forest, Arid Lowland Scrub, Second-growthScrub. Distribution.--Residenton Cuba. Old reportsfrom the Isle of Pinesare not confirmed. Introducedand establishedin the BahamaIslands (New Providence). Severalreports from southern Florida are probably based on escaped cage birds; reportedly bred in Dade County in 1960 but no populationhas becomeestablished (Stevenson and Anderson1994). An old reportfrom SombreroKey is basedon T. bicolor. Notes.-•Also known as MelodiousGrassquit. FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE 595

Tiaris olivacea (Linnaeus). Yellow-faced Grassquit.

Emberiza olivacea Linnaeus,1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1:309. Basedon "Le Bruant de S. Domingue" Brisson, Ornithologie 3: 300, pl. 13, fig. 5. (in Dominica = His- paniola.)

Habitat.--Second-growth Scrub, Arid Lowland Scrub (0-2300 m; Tropical and Sub- tropical zones). Distribution.--Resident from central Nuevo Le6n, eastern San Luis PotosL and southern Tamaulipassouth along the Gulf-Caribbeanslope of Mexico (includingthe YucatanPen- insula, and Cozumel and Holbox islands), Guatemala, and Belize, in E1 Salvador,on both slopesof Honduras,in Nicaragua(Caribbean slope only), on both slopesof CostaRica and Panama(including Isla Coiba), and in westernand centralColombia, northwestern Ecuador, and northwesternVenezuela; also in the Greater Antilles (east to PuertoRico, and including the Cayman Islands). Introduced(discovered in 1974) and establishedin the Hawaiian Islands(in the highlands of Oahu). Accidental in southernTexas (22-24 Jan. 1990, Santa Ana; Amer. Birds 44: 222, 289; DeBenedictis1992) and southernFlorida (near Homestead,7-12 July 1990, Smith et al. 1991; Dry Tortugas,20-24 April 1994, photo, 1994, Nat. AudubonSoc. Field Notes 48: 191); a sight report from Nuevo Le6n.

Tiaris bicolor (Linnaeus). Black-faced Grassquit.

Fringilla bicolor Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 324. Basedon "The Bahama Sparrow"Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina1: 37, pl. 37. (in America -- BahamaIslands.)

Habitat.--Arid Lowland Scrub, Second-growthScrub, Tropical DeciduousForest Edge, TropicalLowland EvergreenForest Edge (0-1300 m; TropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident throughoutthe West Indies (except Cuba, where confinedto variouscays off the northerncoast and off the southerncoast on Cayo Cantiles),on islands in the westernCaribbean Sea (Providencia,Santa Catalina, and San Andr6s), and in northern Colombia and northernVenezuela (including islandsfrom the NetherlandsAntilles east to Tobago and Trinidad). Casual in southernFlorida (Palm Beach County southto SombreroKey). Accidental in easternCuba (near Holgufn).

GenusLOXIPASSER Bryant

LoxipasserBryant, 1866, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 10: 254. Type, by original designation,Spermophila anoxantha Gosse.

Loxipasseranoxanthus (Gosse).Yellow-shouldered Grassquit.

Spermophilaanoxantha Gosse, 1847, Birds Jamaica,p. 247 (footnote). (Mount Edge- cumbe, Jamaica.)

Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, SecondaryForest Edge, Montane EvergreenForest Edge (0-1800 m). Distribution.--Resident on Jamaica. Notes.--Also known as Yellow-backed Finch.

Genus LOXIGILLA Lesson

Loxigilla Lesson,1831, Trait60rnithol., livr. 6, p. 443. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Fringilla noctisLinnaeus. 596 FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE

Loxigilla portoricensis (Daudin). Puerto Rican Bullfinch. Loxia portoricensisDaudin, 1800, Trait60rnithol. 2: 411. (Puerto Rico.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, Tropical De- ciduousForest, SecondaryForest, Mangrove Forest (0-1000 m). Distribution.--Resident on Puerto Rico and on St. Kitts in the Lesser Antilles (at least formerly, last reportedthere in 1929). A reportfrom the Virgin Islands(St. Johns)is regardedas based on an escapedindividual.

Loxigilla violacea (Linnaeus).Greater Antillean Bullfinch. Loxia violaceaLinnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 176. Basedon "The PurpleGross- beak" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 40, pl. 40. (in America = BahamaIslands.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Montane EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest, Arid Lowland Scrub (0-2000 m). Distribution.--Resident throughoutthe BahamaIslands, and in the GreaterAntilles on Hispaniola(including Tortue, Gon•ve, Saona, Beata, and Catalina islands, and •le-h-Vache) and Jamaica;a sight report for southernFlorida (Hypoluxo Island) may have been of an escapedcage-bird (Stevenson and Anderson1994).

Loxigilla noctis (Linnaeus).Lesser Antillean Bullfinch. Fringilla noctisLinnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 320. Basedmainly on "Le P•re noir" Brisson,Ornithologie 3: 118, pl. 7, fig. 1. (in Jamaica,Mexico, Martinica = Martinique.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, SecondaryForest, Tropical Deciduous Forest (0-900 m). Distribution.--Residentin the Virgin Islands(on St. John,since 1971, possiblyintro- duced)and LesserAntilles (from Anguilla and Sabasouth to St. Vincentand Barbados, also on Grenada).

GenusEUNEORNIS Fitzinger Euneornis Fitzinger, 1856, Sitzungsber.K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. K1. 21(2): 316. Type, by original designation,Motacilla carnpestrisLinnaeus. Notes.--Systematicposition uncertain; formerly placedin the Coerebidaeor the Thrau- pidae (Storerin Paynter 1970).

Euneornis campestris(Linnaeus). Orangequit. Motacilla carnpestrisLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 184. Basedon "The Amer- ican Hedge-Sparrow"Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds 3: 122, pl. 122, lower fig. (in Ja- maica.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest (0-1500 m). Distribution.--Resident on Jamaica.

GenusMELANOSPIZA Ridgway MelanospizaRidgway, 1897, Proc.U.S. Natl. Mus. 19 (1886): 466. Type, by original designation,Loxigilla richardsoniCory.

Melanospiza richardsoni (Cory). St. Lucia Black Finch. Loxigilla richardsoniCory, 1886,Auk 3: 382. (Mountainsof SantaLucia, West Indies.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, SecondaryForest (0-1000 m). Distribution.--Resident on St. Lucia, in the Lesser Antilles. FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE 597

GenusPINAROLOXIAS Sharpe Pinaroloxias Sharpe, 1885, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 10: ix, 3, 52. Type, by monotypy, Cactornis inornata Gould.

Pinaroloxias inornata (Gould). Cocos Finch. Cactornis inornata Gould, 1843, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 104. (Bow Island, Low Archipelago,Polynesia, error = Cocos Island.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (0-800 m) Distribution.--Resident on Cocos Island, off Costa Rica.

Genus HAPLOSPIZA Cabanis

Haplospiza Cabanis, 1851, Mus. Heineanum 1: 147. Type, by original designation, Haplospiza unicolor Cabanis. SpodiornisSclater, 1866, Proc. Zool. Soc.London, p. 322. Type,by originaldesignation, Spodiornisjardinii Sclater = Phrygilusrusticus Tschudi. Notes.--See commentsunder Acanthidops.

Haplospizarustica (Tschudi).Slaty Finch. Phrygilusrusticus (Lichtenstein MS) Tschudi,1844, Arch. Naturgesch.10: 290. (Re- publica Peruana= Peru.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest Edge (especiallywhere bamboo is seeding),Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge (1500-2500 m; upper Subtropicaland Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident locally in the highlandsof Middle America in Veracruz(Jalapa), Chiapas(Volcfin Tacanfi), E1 Salvador,Honduras (El Chorro),northwestern Nicaragua (near Matagalpa), Costa Rica (cordillerasCentral and Talamanca),and westernPanama (western Chiriqu•and westernPanamfi province); and in SouthAmerica in the Andesfrom Colombia and Venezuela south to northern Bolivia. Notes.--Often treatedin the monotypicgenus Spodiornis.

GenusACANTHIDOPS Ridgway AcanthidopsRidgway, 1882, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 4 (1881): 335. Type, by original designation,Acanthidops bairdii Ridgway. Notes.---Closelyrelated to the genusHaplospiza and possiblynot separablegenerically from it (Paynter 1970).

Acanthidopsbairdii Ridgway. Peg-billedFinch. Acanthidopsbairdii Ridgway, 1882, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 4 (1881): 336. (Volcan de Irazfi, Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest Edge, especiallywhere bamboois seeding(1500- 3000 m; TemperateZone). Distribution.--Resident in Costa Rica (Tilarfin, Central, and Talamanca cordilleras). Casual in westernPanama (Cerro Punta, Chiriquf, January-March 1979).

GenusDIGLOSSA Wagler DiglossaWagler, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 280. Type, by monotypy,Diglossa baritula Waglet. Notes.--Formerly placedin the family Coerebidaeor in the Thraupidae(Storer in Paynter 1970). 598 FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE

Diglossa baritula Waglet. Cinnamon-belliedFlowerpiercer. Diglossa baritula Waglet, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 281. (Mexico.) Habitat.--Montane Evergreen Forest Edge, Pine-oak Forest Edge, SecondaryForest, Second-growthScrub (1500-3350 m; Subtropicaland Temperatezones). Distribution.--Residentin the highlandsfrom Jalisco,Guanajuato, Hidalgo, and Veracruz south through southernMexico, Guatemala,E1 Salvador,and Honduras to north-central Nicaragua. Notes.--Also known as CinnamonFlowerpiercer. Diglossa baritula andD. plumbeacon- stitutea superspecies,which is a sistergroup to the SouthAmerican D. sittoides(d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye, 1838) [Rusty Flowerpiercer] (Hackett 1995). Diglossa plumbea and D. sittoideswere mergedinto baritula by Paynter (1970) and Wetmore et al. (1984).

Diglossaplumbea Cabanis.Slaty Flowerpiercer. Diglossaplumbea Cabanis, 1861, J. Ornithol. 8(1860): 411. (Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest Edge, Semihumid/HumidMontane Scrub, Second- growth Scrub(1200-3300 m; upper Subtropicaland Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in the mountains of Costa Rica (north to Cordillera de Guana- caste)and westernPanama (western Chiriquf and Veraguas). Notes.--See comments under D. baritula.

Genus SICALIS Boie SicalisBole, 1828, Isis von Oken, col. 324. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Cabanis, 1846), Emberiza brasiliensisGmelin = Fringilla fiaveola Linnaeus. Notes.--Bledsoe (1988b) suggestedthat Sicalis belongsin the Thraupidae.

Sicalisfiaveola (Linnaeus).Saffron Finch. Fringilla fiaveola Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 321. (No locality given = Surinam.) Habitat.--Pastures/AgriculturalLands,Second-growth Scrub; extensive lawns (Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident[fiaveola group] in SouthAmerica west of the Andesin western Ecuador and northwestern Peru, and east of the Andes in northern and eastern Colombia, northernVenezuela, the Guianas,and northeasternBrazil; and [pelzelni group] in eastern Bolivia, Paraguay,eastern and southernBrazil, and Uruguay southto centralArgentina. Introducedand established[fiaveola group] in the HawaiianIslands (since 1966, presently in small numberson Oahu, and along the North Kona coast of Hawaii), central Panama (Canal area), Jamaica, and Puerto Rico (R•o Piedras to Dorado). Notes.--Groups:S. fiaveola [SaffronFinch] and S. pelzelni Sclater, 1872 [Pelzeln'sFinch].

Sicalis luteola (Sparrman).Grassland Yellow-Finch. Emberizaluteola Sparrman,1789, Mus. Carlson.,fasc. 4, pl. 93. (No localitygiven = Surinam.) Habitat.--Low SeasonallyWet Grassland,Pastures/Agricultural Lands (0-3500 m; Trop- ical, locally to Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident[chrysops group] locally in Middle Americain Puebla,Morelos (Pacificdrainage), central and southernVeracruz, northern Chiapas, Tabasco, western Cam- peche, central Guatemala(Duefias, at least formerly), Belize (possibly),the Mosquitiaof easternHonduras, and northeasternNicaragua, Costa Rica (Guanacaste,one record), and Panama(Coc16 and easternPanamfi province); [luteola group]lowlands of SouthAmerica in Colombia,Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guianas,and northernBrazil; and [bogotensisgroup] in the Andes from Colombia south to Peru. Introducedand established[luteola group]in the LesserAntilles on Barbados,whence it FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE 599 has since spreadto the Grenadines(Mustique), St. Vincent, St. Lucia, Martinique, Guade- loupe, and Antigua. Notes.--Also knownas Yellow Grass-Finch.Groups: S. chrysopsSclater, 1862 [Northern Yellow-Finch],S. luteola [GrasslandYellow-Finch], and S. bogotensisChapman, 1924 [Mon- tane Yellow-Finch]. Sicalis luteiventris(Meyen, 1834) [Misto Yellow-Finch], of southern South America, may also be conspecificwith S. luteola (Ridgely and Tudor 1989).

Genus EMBERIZOIDES Temminck EmberizoMesTemminck, 1822, PlanchesColor., livr. 19, text to pl. 114. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Ernberizoidesmarginalis Temminck -- Sylvia herbicola Vieillot.

Ernberizoidesherbicola (Vieillot). Wedge-tailedGrass-Finch. Sylvia herbicola Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv. 6d.) 11: 192. Based on "Cola agudaencuentro amarillo" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Prix. Parag. 2:257 (no. 230). (Paraguay.) Habitat.--Low SeasonallyWet Grassland,Second-growth Scrub (0-1900 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident locally in southwesternCosta Rica (T6rrabaregion) and western and central Panama (ChiriquL Cerro Campana,and the Tocumen-Chepoarea in eastern Panamriprovince); and in South America in Colombia (except far western and southern portions),Venezuela, the Guianas,and northeasternBrazil, and from easternPeru (local), easternBolivia, and easternArgentina east to Atlantic Brazil and Paraguay. Notes.--Also known as Wedge-tailedGround-Finch.

GenusPAROARIA Bonaparte Paroaria Bonaparte,1832 (1831), G. Arcad. Sci. Lett. Arti [Rome] 52: 206. Type, by original designation,Fringilla cucullata Vieillot = Loxia coronata Miller. Notes.--Sometimestreated as a cardinalid,but appearsto be emberizine,or possibly thraupineof uncertainrelationships (see Paynter 1970).

Paroaria coronata (Miller). Red-crestedCardinal. Loxia coronataJ. E Miller, 1776, Var. Subj. Nat. Hist., pt. 1, pl. 2. (No locality given = Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.) Habitat.--Scrub, brushy areas,parks, and residentialareas, mostly in humid regions. Distribution.--Residentfrom northernBolivia, Paraguay,Uruguay, and extreme southern Brazil southto northernArgentina. Introducedand establishedin the Hawaiian Islandsin 1928 on Oahu (where now common), presentlyalso on Molokai and,locally, on Kauai, Lanai, andMaui; andPuerto Rico (Dorado); occursin southernFlorida but as yet there is no persistentwild population(Robertson and Woolfendon 1992). Notes.--Also known as Brazilian Cardinal.

Paroaria capitata (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye).Yellow-billed Cardinal. Tachyphonuscapitatus d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye,1837, Mag. Zool. [Paris] 7(2): 29, pl. 77-79. (Corrientes,rep. Argentina.) Habitat.--Primadly dry kiawe thickets; in South America, forest and woodland, and adjacentpartly open situationswith scatteredtrees, primarily in semi-aridhabitats. Distribution.--Resident from southeasternBolivia, central Brazil (westernMato Grosso), and Paraguaysouth to northernArgentina. Introducedand establishedin the Hawaiian Islands(since 1933, presentlyin smallnumbers along the Kona coast of Hawaii and spreading). 600 FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE

GenusLYSURUS Ridgway LysurusRidgway, 1898, Auk 15: 225. Type, by originaldesignation, Buarrernon crassirostris Cassin.

Lysurus crassirostris(Cassin). Sooty-faced Finch. Buarrernoncrassirostris Cassin, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia17: 170. (Barranca, Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (600-2000 m; Subtropicaland lower Temperate zones). Distribution.--Resident in the mountainsfrom central Costa Rica (AguacateMountains southward)south through Panama (recorded Chiriquf, Bocas del Toro, Veraguas,Coc16, and easternDari6n) to northernColombia (Cerro Tacarcuna). Notes.--Lysuruscrassirostris and the SouthAmerican L. castaneiceps(Sclater, 1860) [Olive Finch] constitutea superspecies;Paynter (1970) and Wetmoreet al. (1984) treated them as conspecific.

GenusPSELLIOPHORUS Ridgway PselliophorusRidgway, 1898, Auk 15: 225. Type,by originaldesignation, Tachyphonus tibialis Lawrence. Notes.--Sometimesmerged in Atlapetes.

Pselliophorustibialis (Lawrence).Yellow-thighed Finch. Tachyphonustibialis Lawrence,1864, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 8: 41. (San Jose, Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest (1500-3400 m; Subtropicaland Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in the mountainsfrom centralCosta Rica (north to Cordillerade Tilarfin) to extremewestern Panama (western ChiriquQ. Notes.--Pselliophorustibialis and P. luteoviridisare closelyrelated and constitutea superspecies.Paynter (1970) suggestedthat P. luteoviridismight be a subspeciesof P. tibialis, but see Wetmore et al. (1984).

Pselliophorusluteoviridis Griscom. Yellow-green Finch. Pselliophorusluteoviridis Griscom, 1924, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 141, p. 10. (Cerro Flores, alt. 6000 ft., easternChiriqui, Panama.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (1200-1800 m; upperSubtropical and Temperate zones). Distribution.--Resident in the mountainsof westernPanama (eastern Chiriquf and adjacent Veraguas). Notes.•See comments under P. tibialis.

Genus PEZOPETES Cabanis PezopetesCabanis, 1861, J. Ornithol.8 (1860): 415. Type, by monotypy,Pezopetes capitalis Cabanis. Notes.--Paynter(1970) suggestedthat Pezopetesmight belong in the genusAtlapetes.

Pezopetescapitalis Cabanis. Large-looted Finch. Pezopetescapitalis Cabanis, 1861, J. Ornithol.8 (1860): 415. (CostaRica.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest Edge, Montane Evergreen Forest, Second-growth Scrub (2150-3350 m; upper Subtropicaland Temperatezones). FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE 601

Distribution.--Resident in the mountains from central Costa Rica (Cordillera Central southward)to extreme westernPanama (westernBocas del Toro and westernChiriqu0.

GenusATLAPETES Wagler AriaperesWaglet, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 526. Type, by monotypy,Ariaperes pileatus Waglet. Notes.--Members of this genusare sometimesknown under the English group name Atlapetes.See commentsunder Pezopetes and Pselliophorus,and underBuarrernon.

Atlapetesalbinucha (d'Orbignyand Lafresnaye).White-naped Brush-Finch. Embernagra albinucha d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye, 1838, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 1: 165. (CartagOne,error -- Caribbeanslope of Mexico; see Paynter[1964a].) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest Edge, Pine-Oak Forest, SecondaryForest, Semi- humid/HumidMontane Scrub,Second-growth Scrub (1000-3350 m; Subtropicaland lower Temperate zones). Distribution.--Resident [albinuchagroup] in the highlandson the Gulf slopein Veracruz, Hidalgo, easternSan Luis Potosf,Puebla, northern Oaxaca, and northernChiapas; a report from the valley of M6xico is considereddoubtful, and thosefrom Colombia are regarded as erroneous;and [gutturalisgroup] in the highlandsof southernChiapas, Guatemala, E1 Salvador,Honduras, north-central Nicaragua, Costa Rica, westernPanama (Chiriquf, Ver- aguas,Coc16, Herrera), and Colombia. Notes.--Groups:A. albinucha(d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye,1838) [White-napedBrush- Finch] and A. gutturalis (Lafresnaye,1843) [Yellow-throatedBrush-Finch]. Although A. gutturalishas been treated as a speciesfor mostof thiscentury (e.g., Ridgway 1901, Hellmayr 1938,A.O.U. 1983,Sibley and Monroe 1990), Paynter(1964a, 1978) showedthat albinucha and gutturaliscannot intergrade because of separationby a dry valley and that they differ only in the amountof yellow on the underparts.

Atlapetespileatus Wagler.Rufous-capped Brush-Finch. Atlapetespileatus Wagler, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 526. (Mexico.) Habitat.--Pine-Oak Forest,Montane Evergreen Forest Edge, Semihumid/Humid Montane Scrub (1225-3400 m; Subtropicaland Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in the Mexican highlandsfrom westernChihuahua, Sinaloa, western Durango,Nayarit, Jalisco,Guanajuato, San Luis Potosf,central Nuevo Le6n, andsouth- westernTamaulipas south to centralOaxaca (west of the Isthmusof Tehuantepec),Puebla, and western Veracruz.

GenusBUARREMON Bonaparte BuarrernonBonaparte, 1850, Consp.Gert. Av., i, p. 483. Type, by subsequentdesignation(Gray, 1855), Ernbernagratorquata Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny. Notes.--Members of the is genuswere formerly placedin Atlapetes,but seeRemsen and Graves (1995).

Buarremon brunneinuchus(Lafresnaye). Chestnut-capped Brush-Finch. Embernagrabrunnei-nucha Lafresnaye, 1839, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 2: 97. (Mexico = Jalapa,Veracruz.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Pine-Oak Forest, Secondary Forest (upper Tropical to lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident [apertusgroup] in the Sierrade los Tuxtlasin southernVeracruz; and [brunneinuchusgroup] locally in the highlandsfrom Guerrero,Hidalgo, easternSan Luis Potosi,and northern Veracruz south through Oaxaca, Chiapas, central Guatemala, northern E1 Salvador,Honduras, Nicaragua, and CostaRica (Cordillerade Tilar•n southward)to 602 FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE

Panama(Bocas del Toro, Chiriqu/, Veraguas,Coc16, western Panamfi province, eastern Da- ri6n), and in South America in the Andes from Colombia and northern Venezuela southto southern Peru. Notes.--Groups: B. brunneinuchus[Chestnut-capped Brush-Finch] and B. apertusWet- more, 1942 [Plain-breastedBrush-Finch].

Buarremon virenticepsBonaparte. Green-striped Brush-Finch. Buarremonvirenticeps Bonaparte, 1855, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 41: 657. (Mexico Desierto de los Leones, near Ciudad M•xico, Distrito Federal.) Itabitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Pine-Oak Forest (1500-3000 m; Subtropicaland Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in the mountains,primarily on the Pacific slope,from southern Sinaloa and westernDurango souththrough Nayarit, Jalisco,Colima, and Michoacgnto M•xico, Distrito Federal, Morelos, and western Puebla. Notes.--Buarremon virenticepsis mergedwith B. torquatusby Paynter(1970) and Wet- more et al. (1984), but see Paynter (1978) and Ridgely and Tudor (1989).

Buarremon torquatus (Lafresnayeand d'Orbigny). Stripe-headedBrush-Finch. Embernagratorquata Lafresnayeand d'Orbigny, 1837, Mag. Zool. [Paris] 7(2): 34. (Yungas,Bolivia.) Itabitat.--Montane Evergreen Forest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, Secondary Forest,Elfin Forest(300-1500 m; upperTropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident [atricapillusgroup] from the highlandsof southwesternCosta Rica (northto the Gulf of Nicoya), eastthrough Panama to northernColombia; and [torquatus group] in SouthAmerica in the Andes in Venezuela,and from Colombia southto north- westernArgentina. Notes.--Groups: B. atricapillusLawrence, 1874 [Black-headedBrush-Finch], and B. torquatus (Lafresnayeand d'Orbigny, 1837) [Stripe-headedBrush-Finch]. Following Paynter (1970), Wetmore et al. (1984), and Remsen and Graves (1995), B. atricapillus is treated in torquatus;it was treated as a separatespecies by A.O.U. (1983) and Ridgely and Tudor (1989).

Genus ARREMON Vieillot Arremon Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 32. Type, by monotypy, "L'Oiseau Silencieux" Buffon = Tanagra taciturna Hermann. Notes.--See commentsunder Arremonops.

Arremon aurantiirostrisLafresnaye. Orange-billed Sparrow. Arremon aurantiirostris Lafresnaye, 1847, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 10: 72. (Panama.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (0-1200 m; TropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident from northernOaxaca, southern Veracruz, Tabasco, and Chiapas souththrough the Gulf-Caribbeanlowlands of CentralAmerica to Nicaragua,on both slopes of CostaRica (exceptthe dry northwest),and Panama, and in SouthAmerica from Colombia south, west and east of the Andes to northern Peru.

GenusARREMONOPS Ridgway ArremonopsRidgway, 1896, Man. North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, pp. 434, 605. Type, by original designation,Embernagra rufivirgata Lawrence. Notes.--Sometimesmerged in Arremon.

Arremonopsrufivirgatus (Lawrence).Olive Sparrow. Embernagra rufivirgata Lawrence, 1851, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 5: 112, pl. 5, fig. 2. (Rio Grande in Texas = Brownsville, Texas.) FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE 603

Itabitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Arid Lowland Scrub,Riparian Thickets (0-1625 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident[superciliosus group] on the Pacific slopefrom centralSinaloa southto central Oaxaca (east to Huamelula)and the Central Valley of Chiapas,and in northwesternCosta Rica (Guanacaste);and [rufivirgatusgroup] in the Gulf-Caribbeanlow- landsfrom centralTexas (north to Uvalde,McMullen, Bee, andRefugio counties), Coahuila, andNuevo Le6n souththrough eastern Mexico (includingthe YucatanPeninsula) to northern Guatemala (Pet6n) and Belize. Notes.--Groups:A. rufivirgatus[Olive Sparrow]and A. superciliosus(Salvin, 1865) [Pa- cific Sparrow].Arremonops rufivirgatus and the South AmericanA. tocuyensisTodd, 1912 [TocuyoSparrow], appearto constitutea superspecies(Mayr and Short 1970).

Arremonopschloronotus (Salvin). Green-backedSparrow. Embernagrachloronota Salvin, 1861, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,p. 202. (In Prov. Ver•e Pacis regione calida = Choctum,Alta Verapaz, Guatemala.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, Tropical DeciduousForest Edge, SecondaryForest, Second-growthScrub (0-900 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident from Tabasco,northern Chiapas, and the southernand eastern YucatanPeninsula south through northern Guatemala and Belize to northernHonduras (west of the Sula Valley, and disjunctlyin Olancho). Notes.--Although once consideredconspecific with A. conirostris,differences in morphology, juvenal plumage, and vocalizationsin northern Honduras confirm the specific distinctnessof A. chloronotus(Monroe 1963b).

Arremonopsconirostris (Bonaparte). Black-striped Sparrow. Arremon conirostrisBonaparte, 1851, Consp. Gen. Avium 1(2): 488. (Brasil, error = Colombia.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, Tropical DeciduousForest Edge, SecondaryForest, Riparian Thickets, Second-growth Scrub (0-1600 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residenton the Caribbeanslope of Honduras(west to the Sula Valley) and Nicaragua, on both slopesof Costa Rica (rare in the dry northwest)and Panama (in- cludingCoiba and the Pearl islands),and in SouthAmerica in northernColombia, Venezuela, and extreme northern Brazil, and west of the Andes in southwestern Colombia and western Ecuador. Notes.--See comments under A. chloronotus.

Genus MELOZONE Reichenbach

MelozoneReichenbach, 1850, Avium Syst.Nat., pl. 79. Type,by subsequentdesignation (Sharpe, 1888), Pyrgita biarcuata Pr6vostand Des Murs.

Melozone kieneri (Bonaparte).Rusty-crowned Ground-Sparrow. Pyrgisoma kieneri Bonaparte, 1851, Consp. Gen. Avium 1(2): 486. (ex Am[erica]. occ[identale].-- San Blas, Nayarit.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Secondary Forest, Arid MontaneScrub, Tropical DeciduousForest Edge (0-1500 m; upper Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residentfrom southeasternSonora south through Sinaloa, western Du- rango, Nayarit, Jalisco, Guanajuato,Colima, Michoac•n, M6xico, Morelos, and Guerrero, to southwesternPuebla and centralOaxaca (west of the Isthmusof Tehuantepec). Notes.--Melozonekieneri and M. biarcuatumwere consideredconspecific by Hellmayr (1938), but see Miller et al. (1957). 604 FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE

Melozone biarcuatum (Pr6vostand Des Murs). Prevost'sGround-Sparrow. Pyrgita biarcuata Pr6vostand Des Murs, 1846, Voy. Venus, Atlas, Zool., Ois., pl. 6. (No locality given = Guatemala.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Montane Evergreen Forest Edge, SecondaryForest (600-1800 m; Subtropicaland lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident [biarcuaturngroup] in the highlandsof Chiapas,Guatemala, E1 Salvador,and westernHonduras (east to the Sula and Comayaguavalleys); and [cabanisi group] in centralCosta Rica (AguacateMountains east to Turrialba). Notes.--Groups:M. biarcuaturn[Prevost's Ground-Sparrow] and M. cabanisi(Sclater and Salvin, 1868) [White-facedGround-Sparrow]. See commentsunder M. kieneri.

Melozone leucotis Cabanis.White-eared Ground-Sparrow. Melozone leucotisCabanis, 1861, J. Ornithol. 8(1860): 413. (Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest Edge (500-2000 m; upper Tropical to Temperate zones). Distribution.--Resident in the highlands(primarily on the Pacific slope)of southeastern Chiapas,Guatemala, E1 Salvador, north-central Nicaragua, and central Costa Rica (Cordillera de Tilarfin and central highlands).

Genus PIPILO Vieillot Pipilo Vieillot, 1816, Analyse,p. 32. Type, by monotypy,"Pinson aux yeux rouges" Buffon = Fringilla erythrophthalrnaLinnaeus. ChloruraSclater, 1862, Cat. Collect.Amer. Birds, p. 117. Type, by monotypy,Fringilla chlorura Audubon. Oreospiza(not Keitel, 1857) Ridgway, 1896, Man. N. Amer. Birds, ed. 2, p. 439. Type, by monotypy,Fringilla chlorura Audubon. OberholseriaRichmond, 1915, Proc.Biol. Soc.Wash. 28: 180. New namefor Oreospiza Ridgway, preoccupied. Notes.-•The genericname HortulanusVieillot, 1807, sometimesused for Pipilo, has no standing(Banks and Browning 1995).

Pipilo chlorurus (Audubon).Green-tailed Towhee. Fringilla chlorura Audubon, 1839, Ornithol. Biogr. 5: 336. (No locality given = Ross' Creek, ca. 20 miles southwestBlackfoot, Bingham County, Idaho.) Habitat.--Chaparral, brushyhillsides, riparian scrub,primarily in mountainsin breeding season;to lowland habitatsin nonbreedingseason. Distribution.--Breeds from southwesternand central Oregon, southeasternWashington, southern Idaho, southwestern and south-central Montana, northwestern and southeastern Wyoming,and north-central Colorado south to southernCalifornia (primarily interior mountains), northernBaja California, southernNevada, central Arizona, southernNew Mexico, and westernTexas (Davis Mountains,presumably breeding; casually in ChisosMountains). Wintersfrom southern(casually central) California, southernArizona, southernNew Mex- ico, and westernand central Texas southto southernBaja California, Jalisco,Guanajuato, Quer6taro,Morelos, Hidalgo, San Luis Potosf,and Tamaulipas. Migrates east throughwestern Nebraska, western Kansas, western Oklahoma, and west- central Texas. Casual north to southwestern British Columbia, southern Saskatchewan, and northern Manitoba, and over most of eastern North America from Minnesota, Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southernOntario, southwesternQuebec, New Hampshire,Maine, andNova Scotia southto Louisiana,Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Cuba, and Cayo Coco; a sight report for central Oaxaca. Notes.--Often treatedin the monotypicgenus Chlorura (or Oberholseria),but seeSibley (1955). FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE 605

Pipilo ocai (Lawrence). Collared Towhee. BuarrernonOcai Lawrence,1865, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 8: 126. (Jalapa,Mexico = Las Vigas, west of Jalapa,Veracruz.) Habitat.--Pine-Oak ForestEdge, Montane Evergreen Forest Edge, Second-growthScrub (1500-3750 m; Subtropicaland Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in the mountains from western Jalisco and extreme northeastern Colima southeastthrough north-central Michoacfin, Guerrero (Sierra Madre del Sur), and eastern Puebla to west-centralVeracruz and central Oaxaca (west of the Isthmus of Te- huantepec). Notes.--Hybridizesextensively with P. rnaculatusin westernportions of the rangebut on a limited basisor not at all in the easternportions (Sibley 1954, Sibley and West 1959).

Pipilo maculatus Swainson.Spotted Towhee. Pipilo rnaculataSwainson, 1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 434. (Real del Monte, [Hidalgo], Mexico.) Habitat.--Open woodland,chaparral, scrub-oak, and riparian thickets(Subtropical and TemperateZones). Distribution.--Breeds [rnaculatusgroup] from southernBritish Columbia (including Van- couver Island), southernAlberta, and southernSaskatchewan south to southernCalifornia (includingSanta Cruz, SantaRosa, SantaCatalina, and San Clementeislands), northwestern Baja California(also mountains of southernBaja Californiaand, formerly, Guadalupe Island), southernNevada, west-centraland southernArizona, and throughthe Mexican highlandsto Chiapasand centralGuatemala, and eastto the centralDakotas, central Nebraska, eastern Colorado, eastern New Mexico, and extreme western Texas. Winters [rnaculatusgroup] from southernBritish Columbia, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Nebraska,and Iowa (casuallyfarther north) south to northernBaja California(also in mountains of southernBaja California), northernSonora, through the Mexican breedingrange to central Guatemala, and east to central Oklahoma and south-central Texas. Resident[socorroensis group] on SocorroIsland, in the RevillagigedoIslands, off western Mexico. Casual [rnaculatusgroup] in southeasternAlaska and northernManitoba, and east to Ontario,Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania,Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey,Arkansas, Louisiana, and Alabama.A recordfrom the British Islesmay pertain to an escapedcage-bird. Notes.--Formerly consideredconspecific with P. erythrophthalrnus(Sibley and West 1959) but seeA.O.U. (1995). The SocorroIsland form hasbeen treated as a distinctspecies P. socorroensisGrayson, 1867 [SocorroTowheel, but seeMayr and Short(1970: 82). See also comments under P. ocai.

Pipilo erythrophthalmus(Linnaeus). Eastern Towhee. Fringilla erythrophthalrnaLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: p. 180. Based on the "Towhee-bird" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1, p. 34, pl. 34. (in America = South Carolina.) Habitat.--Dense secondgrowth, undergrowth of openwoodland, forest edge (Temperate zone). Distribution.--Breeds from southeasternSaskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northeastern North Dakota, northernMinnesota, northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southernOn- tario, southwesternQuebec, northern New York, Vermont, central New Hampshire, and southwesternMaine southto extremenortheastern Texas (at least formerly), northernand easternArkansas, northeastern and south-centralLouisiana, the Gulf coast(from Mississippi eastward),and southernFlorida (excludingthe Florida Keys), and west to northeastern Colorado, western Iowa, southeasternNebraska, eastern Kansas, and eastern Oklahoma. Winters from easternColorado (rare), southeasternNebraska, Iowa, the southernGreat Lakesregion, southern New York, andMassachusetts (rarely farthernorth) south to southern Texas,the Gulf coast,and southernFlorida (rarely the Florida Keys). 606 FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE

Casual north to northernOntario, southernQuebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland, and west to Montana and Colorado. Accidental in the British Isles. Notes.--Pipilo erythrophthalmusand P. maculatuswere formerlyconsidered conspecific [Rufous-sidedTowhee], but see A.O.U. (1995).

Pipilo albicollis Sclater.White-throated Towhee. Pipilo albicollis Sclater,1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 304. (San Miguel de las Peras, Oaxaca, SouthernMexico.) Habitat.--Arid MontaneScrub, Pine-Oak Forest (1150-2800 m; Subtropicaland Tem- perate zones). Distribution.--Residentin the interiorvalleys of easternGuerrero, southern Puebla, and central Oaxaca (west of the Isthmusof Tehuantepec). Notes.--Pipilo rutilusW. Deppe, 1830, sometimesused for this species,is now regarded as a synonymof P. fuscus.

Pipilo fuscus Swainson.Canyon Towhee. Pipilo fuscusSwainson, 1827, Philos.Mag. (n.s.) 1: 434. (Temiscaltepec,Mexico = Temascaltepec,M6xico.) Habitat.-Brushlands,arid scrub,mesquite, riparian thickets, and around human habitation. Distribution.--Resident from northern Arizona, central and northeasternNew Mexico, southeasternColorado, extreme northwesternOklahoma, and western and central Texas south to northernSinaloa (including Isla Tibur6n,off Sonora),and in the Mexican highlandsto northwesternOaxaca, west-central Veracruz, Puebla, and southwesternTamaulipas. Casual in northwesternWyoming, southwesternKansas, and southernTexas. Notes.-See commentsunder P. crissalis.Pipdo fuscusis more closelyrelated to P. albicollis than to P. crissalis (Zink 1988, Zink and Dittmann 1991).

Pipilo crissalis(Vigors). California Towhee. Fringilla crissalisVigors, 1839, in Beechey,Zool. Voy. "Blossom",p. 19. (No locality given = Monterey, Monterey County,California.) Habitat.---Chaparral,brush, riparian thickets, and suburbs. Distribution.--Residentfrom southwesternOregon south through California (from the westernslopes of the SierraNevada andArgus Range westward, and westof the southeastern desertregion) to southernBaja California. Accidentalon TodosSantos Island, off Baja California. Notes.-Molecular and morphometricstudies indicate that P. crissalisis distinctfrom P. fuscus,with which it was previouslymerged, and more closelyrelated to P. aberti than to P. fuscus (Zink 1988, Zink and Dittmann 1991); P. crissalisand P. fuscus also differ also in vocalizations(Davis 1951, Marshall 1964).

Pipilo aberti Baird. Abert's Towhee. Pipdo aberti Baird, 1852, in Startsbury,Explor. Valley Great Salt Lake Utah, p. 325. ("New Mexico" = Gila Bend, MaricopaCounty, Arizona.) Habitat.--Riparian Thickets,Add Lowland Scrub (0-1250 m). Distribution.--Resident from southeasternCalifornia (westto SaltonSea), extreme southern Nevada, southwesternUtah, central and southernArizona, and southwesternNew Mexico southto northeasternBaja California and northwesternSonora.

Genus AIMOPHILA Swainson AitnophilaSwainson, 1837, Class.Birds 2: 287. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), A#nophila rufescens(Swainson) = Pipilo rufescensSwainson. FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE 607

Notes.--Relationshipswithin this genusare poorly understood,and it is probablypoly- phyletic as now constituted(Wolf 1977 and referencestherein). See commentsunder Arn- phispiza.The classificationpresented here follows the proposedphylogeny of Wolf (1977), with four clades of species:(1) ruficauda-hurneralis-rnystacalis-surnichrasti-carpalis;(2) cassinii-botterii-aestivalis;(3) ruficeps-notosticta-rufescens;and (4) quinquestriata.

Aimophila ruficauda (Bonaparte).Stripe-headed Sparrow. Chondestesruficauda Bonaparte, 1853, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 37: 918. (Nicaragua.) Habitat.--Arid Lowland Scrub,Arid Montane Scrub,Tropical Deciduous Forest (0-2000 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residentalong the Pacificslope from southernDurango and Nayarit south throughJalisco, Michoacfin, Guerrero, Morelos, southernPuebla, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Guate- mala (also in add interior in Motagua Valley), E1 Salvador,Honduras, and Nicaragua to northwesternCosta Rica (Guanacaste). Notes.--Also known as Russet-tailedSparrow.

Aimophila humeralis (Cabanis).Black-chested Sparrow. Haemophila humeralis (LichtensteinMS) Cabanis, 1851, Mus. Heineanum 1: 132. (Mexico = Tehotepec,Puebla.) Habitat.--Arid Lowland Scrub, Arid Montane Scrub (0-1500 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from southernJalisco south through Colima, Michoacfin,Gue- rrero, Morelos, and southernPuebla to extreme southwesternOaxaca (near San Jos6Estancia Grande).

Aimophila mystacalis(Hartlaub). Bridled Sparrow. Zonotrichiarnystacalis Hartlaub, 1852, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2)4: 3. (Rio Frio entrePuebla et la ville de Mexico =, Rfo Frfo, betweenPuebla and Mexico City.) Habitat.--Arid Montane Scrub(900-1900 m; upperTropical to lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in the easternportion of M6xico, southwesternMorelos, southern Puebla, west-centralVeracruz, and central Oaxaca (west of the Isthmusof Tehuantepec).

Aimophila sumichrasti(Lawrence). Cinnamon-tailed Sparrow. Haernophilasurnichrasti Lawrence, 1871, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 10: 6. (Tuchitan, Tehuantepec,Mexico = Juchit•in,Oaxaca; Binford, 1989, Ornithol. Monogr.43, p. 347.) Habitat.--Arid Lowland Scrub, Tropical DeciduousForest Edge (0-950 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident on the Pacific slope of Oaxaca (west to Rancho Las Animas) and extreme southwesternChiapas. Notes.--Also known as Sumichrast'sSparrow.

Aimophila carpalis (Coues).Rufous-winged Sparrow. Peucaeacarpalis Coues, 1873, Amer. Nat. 7:322 (footnote).(Tucson, Ariz[ona].) Habitat.--Arid Lowland Scrub, usually where grassy(0-1500 m; SubtropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident from south-centralArizona (north to Tucsonarea) souththrough central and southeastern Sonora to central Sinaloa.

Aimophila cassinii (Woodhouse).Cassin's Sparrow. Zonotrichia CassiniiWoodhouse, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia6: 60. (near San Antonio, Texas.) 608 FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE

Habitat.--Northern TemperateGrassland, Arid Lowland Scrub (0-1800 m). Distribution.--Breeds from southeasternArizona, New Mexico (exceptthe northwestern part of state), central and northeasternColorado, central easternWyoming, southwestern Nebraska, west-central Kansas, and west-central Oklahoma south to northern Chihuahua, westernSan Luis Potos/,northern Tamaulipas, and central and southernTexas. In recent yearssinging males have appearedsporadically, sometimes in large numbers,from southern California east across southern Arizona, in northwestern New Mexico, and north to south- westernSouth Dakota, althoughbreeding has not been confirmedin theseregions. Winters from southeasternArizona, southernNew Mexico (rarely), Sonora,Chihuahua, and westernand south-centralTexas south to southernSinaloa, Zacatecas, Guanajuato, San Luis PotosLand Tamaulipas. Casualor accidentalin California (northto HumboldtCounty), southern Nevada, northern Illinois, Michigan,northern Indiana, southern Ontario, Nova Scotia,Maine, andNew Jersey; a sight reportfor Missouri.

Aimophila aestivalis(Lichtenstein). Bachman's Sparrow. Fringilla aestivalisLichtenstein, 1823, Verz. Doubl.Zool. Mus. Berlin,p. 25. (Georgia.) Habitat.--Open, grassypine woodswith scatteredbushes or understory,brushy or overgrown hillsides,and overgrownfields with thicketsand brambles. Distribution.--Breeds from south-centralMissouri, central and northeasternIllinois, central Indiana, centralOhio, southwesternPennsylvania (now rarely), and centralMaryland south to eastern Oklahoma, eastern Texas, the Gulf coast, and south-central Florida; now generallyabsent (or very local) as a breedingbird in the northeasternportion of the breeding range north of Tennesseeand North Carolina. Winters from eastern Texas, the Gulf states, and Atlantic coast (from southeasternNorth Carolina) souththrough the remainderof the breedingrange (casuallyelsewhere in the northernparts of the breedingrange), and to southernFlorida. Casualnorth to northeasternKansas, southeastern Michigan, southern Ontario (Pt. Pelee; possiblybreeding), New York, and New Jersey. Notes.--Also known as Pine-woodsSparrow.

Aimophila botterii (Sclater).Botteri's Sparrow. Zonotrichiabotterii Sclater,1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1857), p. 214. (vicinity of Orizaba, [Veracruz,] in Southern Mexico.) Habitat.--[botterii group]Northern Temperate Grassland (0-2000 m); [petenicagroup] Northern TemperateGrassland, Pine Forest,lowland pine savanna(0-1600 m); (Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Breeds [botterii group]from southeasternArizona, extremesouthwestern New Mexico (probably),eastern Sonora, Sinaloa, Durango, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas,and southern coastal Texas (north to Klebergand Nueces counties) south through Mexico to Chiapas. Winters [botterii group] from northernMexico souththroughout the remainderof the breedingrange. Resident[petenica group] locally in Tabasco,Yucatfin, Guatemala (lowlands of Pet6n, andcentral highlands), Belize, easternHonduras, northwestern and northeastern Nicaragua, and northwesternCosta Rica (base of Cordillera de Guanacaste). Casual[botterii group]in southernTexas just north of the breedingrange. Notes.--The two groupshave sometimesbeen regardedas distinct species,A. botterii [Botteri's Sparrow]and A. petenica (Salvin, 1863) [Peten Sparrow];extensive variability and apparentintergradation in Tabascoand Veracruz, and similarity in vocalizations,suggest stronglythat a singlespecies should be recognized(Wolf 1977).

Aimophila ruficeps (Cassin).Rufous-crowned Sparrow. Ammodromusruficeps Cassin, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia6: 184. (Ca- laveras River [east of Stockton], California.) FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE 609

Habitat.--Arid rocky and hilly regions with brush, scatteredscrub or short trees, and grassyor weedypatches, also in Mexico in arid scruband pine-oak association (Subtropical and lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident from central California (north to Mendocino and Tehama counties, and includingSanta Cruz, Anacapa,and SantaCatalina islands, with an isolatedcolony in easternSan BernardinoCounty), southwesternUtah, northwesternand central Arizona, central and northeasternNew Mexico, southeasternColorado, western (locally west-central and southeastern)Oklahoma, north-centralTexas, and west-centralArkansas south to southern Baja California(including Todos Santos Island), throughoutMexico to Oaxaca(west of the Isthmusof Tehuantepec),southern Puebla, west-centralVeracruz, and southernTamau- lipas, and to westernand central Texas. Casual in southwestern Kansas and southeastern Texas.

Airnophila rufescens(Swainson). Rusty Sparrow. Pipilo rufescensSwainson, 1827, Philos.Mag. (n.s.) 1: 434. (Temiscaltipec,Mexico = Temascaltepec,M6xico.) Habitat.--Arid Montane Scrub, Pine-Oak Forest, Tropical DeciduousForest, lowland pine savanna(0-2700 m; Tropical to lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident from north-central and eastern Sonora, western Chihuahua, Sin- aloa, northwesternDurango, Nayarit, Jalisco,Guanajuato, eastern San Luis Potos/, and southernTamaulipas south through Middle America(except the YucatanPeninsula) to north- central and northeasternNicaragua and northwesternCosta Rica (base of Cordillera de Guanacaste).

Aimophila notosticta(Sclater and Salvin). Oaxaca Sparrow. Peucceanotosticta Sclater and Salvin, 1868, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 322. (Mexico = probablyPuebla.) Habitat.--Arid Montane Scrub (1500-1900 m; SubtropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident in northwesternand central Oaxaca (east to SantiagoMatatl•n area) and probablyadjacent southwestern Puebla.

Aimophila quinquestriata(Sclater and Salvin). Five-stripedSparrow. Zonotrichiaquinquestriata Sclater and Salvin, 1868, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,p. 323. (Mexico = Bolafios, Jalisco.) Habitat.--Arid Montane Scrub;in winter, also to more open grassyareas (50-1850 m; SubtropicalZone; to Tropical Zone in winter). Distribution.--Breeds from southeasternArizona (very locally) south through southeastern Sonora and southwestern Chihuahua. Wintersin centralSonora, northern Sinaloa, and southwesternChihuahua, probably farther south. Resident in northern Jalisco. Accidentaloff Mazatlfin (Isla Pfijaros),southern Sinaloa. Notes.--Treatedas a memberof the genusAmphispiza by the A.O.U. (1983) basedon unpublisheddata, but seePhillips and PhillipsFarfan (1993). This speciesdiffers, however, from otherAimophila in juvenal plumage,molt pattern,plumage pattern, vocalizations, and habitat (Wolf 1977).

Genus ORITURUS Bonaparte OriturusBonaparte, 1851, Consp.Gen. Avium 1(2): 469. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Bonaparte,1856), Oriturus mexicanusBonaparte = Airnophilasuperciliosa Swainson. 610 FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE

Oriturus superciliosus(Swainson). Striped Sparrow. Aimophila superciliosaSwainson, 1838, Animals in Menageries,in Lardner, Cabinet Cyclopedia98: 314, fig. 63e-g. (Mexico.) Habitat.--Northern TemperateGrassland, Pine Forest, Pine-Oak Forest (2100-3300 m; upper Subtropicaland Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident from eastern Sonora, Chihuahua,Durango, western Zacatecas, Aguascalientes,and San Luis Potosf south to western Oaxaca, Puebla, and west-central Veracruz.

Genus TORREORNIS Barbour and Peters TorreornisBarbour and Peters,1927, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club 9: 96. Type, by monotypy, Torreornisinexpectata Barbour and Peters.

Torreornis inexpectata Barbour and Peters. Zapata Sparrow. Torreornis inexpectataBarbour and Peters, 1927, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club. 9: 96. (SantoTomils, Peninsula de Zapata, Cuba.) Habitat.--Arid Lowland Scrub. Distribution.--Resident locally in southwesternCuba (Ci•naga de Zapata area), south- easternCuba (from Baitiquiri to near Imfas and Cajobabo, Oriente province), and Cayo Coco (off northernCamagiiey province).

GenusSPIZELLA Bonaparte Spizella Bonaparte,1831 (1832), G. Arcad. Sci. Lettr. Arti [Rome] 52: 205. Type, by originaldesignation, Fringilla pusilla Wilson.

Spizella arborea (Wilson). American Tree Sparrow. Fringilla arborea Wilson, 1810, Amer. Ornithol. 2: 123, pl. 16, fig. 3. (easternPenn- sylvania.) Habitat.--Open willow, scrub,scrub conifers, and bogs;in migrationand winter alsoin weedy fields, fence-rows,and brush. Distribution.--Breeds from northern Alaska, northern Yukon, northern Mackenzie, Banks Island(probably), central interior Keewatin, northern Quebec, and Labrador south to southern Alaska (Bristol Bay, Alaska Peninsula,and WrangellMountains), south-central British Co- lumbia, southeasternYukon, southernMackenzie, northern Alberta, northern Saskatchewan, northernManitoba, northern Ontario, James Bay, centralQuebec, and northernNewfound- land. Wintersfrom south-coastaland southeasternAlaska (rarely) and southernCanada (British Columbia east to New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia) south to eastern Oregon,northeastern California, central Nevada, northernand east-centralArizona, central New Mexico, north-centralTexas, Arkansas, Tennessee,and North Carolina, casually to coastal and southern California, southern New Mexico, southernTexas, Louisiana, Missis- sippi, Alabama, and South Carolina; sight reportsfor southwesternArizona and northern Florida. Migrates regularly throughoutcentral and southernCanada (including Newfoundland), and rarely in easternCalifornia. Accidentalin California in summer. Notes.--Formerly known in Americanliterature as the Tree Sparrow.

Spizella passerina (Bechstein).Chipping Sparrow. Fringilla passerina(Borkhausen MS) B echstein,1798, in Latham,Allg. Uebers.V6gel 3(2): 544, pl. 120, fig. 1. (Canada = City of Quebec,Quebec.) Habitat.--Open coniferousforest (especiallyearly secondgrowth) and forest edge (especially pine), oak woodland,pine-oak association,and open woodlandand parks; in mi- FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE 611 gration and winter also in a variety of open woodland, and brushy and shrubbyhabitats (Tropical to Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breedsfrom east-central and southeastern Alaska, central Yukon, cent, ral Mackenzie, northernSaskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northernOntario, southernQuebec, and southwesternNewfoundland south to northernBaja California (SierraSan Pedro Mfirtir), southwestern and east-central California, southern Nevada, and central and southeastern Arizona, through the highlandsof Mexico and northernCentral America to north-central Nicaragua,in the Caribbeanlowland pine savannaof Guatemala,Belize, easternHonduras, andnortheastern Nicaragua, and to centraland eastern Texas, the Gulf coast,and northwestern Florida. Winters from central California, southernNevada, central Arizona, central New Mexico, northernTexas, southernOklahoma, Arkansas, Tennessee, Virginia, and southernNew En- gland (casually farther north) south throughoutMexico to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, throughoutthe breedingrange from Oaxacaand Chiapassouthward, and to the Gulf coast and southernFlorida, casuallyto the northernBahama Islands. Migrates rarely but regularly, at least in fall, throughBermuda. Casual or accidental in northern Alaska, the Queen Charlotte Islands, northern Newfound- land, Costa Rica, and Cuba.

Spizella pallida (Swainson).Clay-colored Sparrow. Emberiza pallida Swainson, 1832, in Swainson and Richardson,Fauna Bor.-Amer. 2 (1831): 251. (Carlton-house,Saskatchewan.) Habitat.--Shrubby areasand thickets, especially near water, tall brushin meadows,bushy openingsor burnsin openconiferous or deciduousforest, and dry pastureswith a few shrubs; in migration and winter also in brushy and weedy fields, fence-rows,and arid scrub. Distribution.--Breeds from west-central and southernMackenzie, eastern British Colum- bia, northwesternand central Saskatchewan,northern Manitoba, and central and northeastern Ontario south to easternWashington, southern Alberta, western Montana, northernand southeasternWyoming, western Nebraska (casually), western Kansas (casually), northwestern Iowa, southernWisconsin, northern Illinois, central and southeasternMichigan, southernOntario, southwesternQuebec, and (sporadically)western New York. Wintersfrom southernBaja California,northern Sonora, southern Coahuila, central Nuevo Le6n, and central Texas (casuallyfarther north) souththrough Mexico (mostly in the highlands) to Oaxaca and Veracruz,casually to Chiapasand westernGuatemala (Sacapulas). Migratesthrough the GreatPlains east to theMississippi Valley, rarely west to southeastern Arizona and southernCalifornia, and rarely or casually(most frequently in fall) from New York, Maine, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland south throughPennsylvania, West Virginia, and the Atlantic statesto the Gulf coast,Florida, and SouthCarolina, and casuallyto the northernPacific coast (southern British Columbiasouth- ward) and Cuba. Casual in southeasternAlaska, southwesternBritish Columbia, Idaho, Bermuda, the Ba- hama Islands, and off QuintanaRoo (Cozumel Island). Accidental in northernAlaska (Marsh Creek).

Spizella breweri Cassin.Brewer's Sparrow. SpizellaBreweri Cassin,1856, Proc.Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia8: 40. (westernNorth America, California, and New Mexico = Black Hills, South Dakota.) Habitat.mBrushland,especially sagebrush; in migrationand winter also in desertscrub and creosote bush. Distribution.--Breeds [taverneri group] from southwesternYukon, northwesternBritish Columbia, and west-central Alberta south to mountains of coastal southern and southeastern British Columbia and southwesternAlberta; and [breweri group] from central southern British Columbia, southern Alberta, southwestern Saskatchewan and southwestern North Dakota south (generally east of the Cascadesand the coastranges) to easternand southern California (to westernRiverside County, Mt. Pinos,and the San Gabriel and San Bernardino 612 FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE mountains,formerly elsewhere),southern Nevada, centralArizona, northwesternNew Mex- ico, Colorado (except southeast),southwestern Kansas, northwestern Nebraska, and southwestern South Dakota. Winters [breweri group] from southerninterior (casuallycentral and coastal)California, southern Nevada, western and central Arizona, southern New Mexico, and western and central Texas southto southernBaja California and Sonora(including Isla Tibur6n), in the Mexican highlandsto Jaliscoand Guanajuato;winter range [taverneri group]poorly known, recordedin migration from Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas. Migrates [breweri group] regularly throughwestern Kansasand westernOklahoma. Accidental [breweri group] in southeasternAlaska, southernManitoba, Illinois, Nova Scotia, and Massachusetts,also a sight (and sound) report for Minnesota; and [taverneri group]in east-centralAlaska. Notes.--Differences in vocalizations,ecology, and morphology suggestthat the two groupsmay be distinctspecies, S. taverneriSwarth and Brooks, 1925 [TimberlineSparrow] and S. breweri [Brewer's Sparrow] (J. Barlow, unpublisheddata; see also Doyle 1997).

Spizellapusilia (Wilson). Field Sparrow. Fringilla pusilla Wilson, 1810, Amen Ornithol.2: 131, pl. 16, fig. 2. (Pennsylvania= Philadelphia.) Itabitat.--Old fields, brushyhillsides, overgrown pastures, thorn scrub,deciduous forest edge, sparsesecond growth, and fence-rows. Distribution.--Breeds from easternMontana, North Dakota (exceptnortheastern), central Minnesota,north-central Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southeasternSaskatchewan, southern Ontario, southwesternQuebec, southernMaine, and southernNew Brunswick (at least formerly) southto northeasternColorado (ca, western Kansas,western Oklahoma, central and southernTexas (west to Irion County), the Gulf coast (east to north-centralFlorida), and southernGeorgia; also in southernManitoba (Winnipeg). Wintersfrom Kansas,Missouri, Illinois, southernMichigan, northernOhio, Pennsylvania, central New York, and Massachusetts(casually farther north) southto southeasternNew Mexico, northernCoahuila, central Nuevo Le6n, northernTamaulipas, the Gulf coast,and southern Florida. Casual north to southeasternQuebec (including the Magdalen Islands), New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland, and west to Wyoming, eastern Colorado, California, Arizona, and central New Mexico, and on Bermuda; a sightreport for Newfoundland. Notes.--Spizellapusilla andS. wortheniconstitute a superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Spizella wortheni Ridgway. Worthen'sSparrow. Spizella wortheni Ridgway, 1884, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 7: 259. (Silver City, New Mexico.) Itabitat.--Arid Montane Scrub, mesquite-juniperand yucca-junipergrasslands (1200- 2500 m; upperTropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in southeasternCoahuila and western Nuevo Le6n, and, at least formerly,in centralChihuahua, northwestern and southeasternZacatecas, and southwestern Tamaulipas;also formerly recorded (only duringnon-breeding season) in southernSan Luis Potosf, northern Puebla, and west-central Veracruz. Accidentalin New Mexico (Silver City, 16 June 1884), the type specimen. Notes.--See commentsunder S. pusilla.

$pizella atrogularis (Cabanis).Black-chinned Sparrow. Spinitesatrogularis Cabanis, 1851, Mus. Heineanum 1: 133. (Mexico.) Itabitat.--Chaparral, sagebrush,arid scrub,and brushyhillsides (Subtropical, and lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds from north-central California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, centralArizona, central(rarely northeastern)New Mexico, westernTexas (Guadalupe, and Chisosmountains), central Nuevo Le6n, and southwesternTamaulipas south to northern FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE 613

Baja California, and in the Mexican highlandsto Guerrero,Puebla, and northwesternOaxaca (east to Asunci6n Nochixtlfin). Wintersfrom coastalCalifornia (casually),southern Arizona, southernNew Mexico, western Texas (sporadic),and Nuevo Le6n southto southernBaja California, and throughthe remainderof the breedingrange in Mexico. Casual in southernOregon; sightreports in winter from central Texas.

Genus POOECETES Baird PooecetesBaird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin,and Lawrence,Rep. Explor. Surv. R. R. Pac. 9: xx, xxxix [on pp. 439 and 447, as "Pooccetes"].Type, by monotypy,Fringilla graminea Gmelin.

Pooecetesgramineus (Gmelin). Vesper Sparrow. Fringilla grarninea Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 922. Based on the "Grass Finch" Latham, Gert. Synop. Birds 2(1): 273. (in Noveboraco= New York.) Habitat.--Plains, prairie,dry shrublands,savanna, weedy pastures, fields, sagebrush, arid scrub,and woodland clearings. Distribution.--Breeds from central British Columbia, southern Mackenzie, northern Al- berta, northwesternand centralSaskatchewan, north-central Manitoba, centraland (formerly) northeasternOntario, south-centralQuebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia southto westernOregon, northern and easternCalifornia (to Del Norte, Inyo, and San Bernardinocounties), central Nevada, southwesternUtah, northernand east-central Arizona, south-central New Mexico, Colorado, Missouri, eastern Tennessee,and North Car- olina, generallylocal southof northernIllinois, centralOhio, and (eastof the Appalachians) Maryland. Winters from central California, southernNevada, southwesternUtah, southernArizona, southern New Mexico, western and north-central Texas, southern Oklahoma, Arkansas, southernIllinois (rarely), Kentucky(rarely), West Virginia, southernPennsylvania, and Con- necticut(casually farther north) southto southernBaja California, in the Mexican interior to Oaxaca,Veracruz, and Chiapas,and to southernTexas, the Gulf coast,and centralFlorida. Casual in Yucatfin, central Guatemala, southernFlorida, the Bahama Islands (Grand Ba- hama), and Bermuda.

Genus CHONDESTES Swainson ChondestesSwainson, 1827, Philos.Mag. (n.s.) 1: 435. Type, by monotypy,Chondestes strigatusSwainson -- Fringilla grarnrnacaSay.

Chondestesgrammacus (Say). Lark Sparrow. Fringilla grarnrnacaSay, 1823, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mount. 1: 139. (Prairieson the Missouri between the Kansas and Platte = Bellefontaine, four miles from mouth of Missouri River, Missouri.) Habitat.--Open situationswith scatteredbushes and trees,prairie, forest edge, cultivated areas,orchards, fields with bushyborders, and savanna. Distribution.--Breeds from westernOregon, eastern Washington, southern interior British Columbia, southeasternAlberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northwestern and central Minnesota, westernWisconsin, southernMichigan (formerly), central Ontario, Ohio, and central Pennsylvania(formerly) southto southernCalifornia (chiefly west of the Sierra Nevada), northern Baja California (probably), central Nevada, southernArizona, northeasternSonora, southernChihuahua, Durango, Zacatecas,Nuevo Le6n, northernTa- maulipas,southern and easternTexas, Louisiana, central Alabama, south-centralNorth Car- olina, and westernVirginia, with breedingvery local and irregular east of the Mississippi Valley. Wintersfrom northernCalifornia, southernArizona, southernNew Mexico (rarely), north- central and eastern Texas and the Gulf coast (rarely to southernFlorida) south through 614 FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE

Mexico to southernBaja California, Oaxaca, and Chiapas; casual farther north in western and interior North America and on the Atlantic coast from New York south. Casual in southwesternBritish Columbia, and in the northeast from southernQuebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland southward,and southto Yucatfin,Quintana Roo, Guatemala, E1 Salvador, Honduras, Cuba, Bermuda, and the northern Bahama Islands. Accidentalin the British Isles. Sight reportsfrom the RevillagigedoIslands (Socorro Island) and central Panama (Tocumen).

Genus AMPHISPIZA Coues ArnphispizaCoues, 1874, Birds Northwest(Misc. Publ. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr.),p. 234. Type, by original designation,Ernberiza bilineata Cassin. Notes.--Sometimesmerged in Airnophila(but see Paynter 1970).

Amphispizabilineata (Cassin).Black-throated Sparrow. Ernberizabilineata Cassin,1850, Proc.Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia5:103, pl. 3. (Texas, on the Rio Grande.) Habitat.--Desert scrub,thorn brush,mesquite, and juniper; in migrationand winter also occasionallyin grassyareas and weedy fields away from desertregions (Tropical and Sub- tropical zones). Distribution.--Breeds from easternWashington, south-central and southeasternOregon, southwestern Idaho, western and southern Colorado, extreme western Oklahoma, and north- centralTexas south through eastern California (primarily Colorado,Mojave, andGreat Basin deserts)to southernBaja California (includingmany islands),northern Jalisco, Guanajuato, Quer6taro,Hidalgo, Tamaulipas,and central and southernTexas. Winters from southeastern(casually central) California, southernNevada, central and southeasternArizona, southernNew Mexico, and central and southernTexas souththrough the remainderof the breeding range. Casual in westernNorth America west and north of the breedingrange from Washington, southern interior British Columbia, southern Alberta, and western Montana southward, and on the Los CoronadosIslands. Recorded annually in coastalcentral and southernCalifornia. Casual or accidental in eastern North America (recorded in southernSaskatchewan, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Minnesota, Wisconsin, northern Illinois, Michigan,southern Ontario, Ohio, southernQuebec, New Jersey,Virginia, and north- central Florida).

Amphispiza belli (Cassin). Sage Sparrow. ErnberizaBelli Cassin,1850, Proc.Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia5:104, pl. 4. (California near Sonoma.) Habitat.--[nevadensisgroup] Sagebrush and salt-bush(Atriplex) desertscrub; in migration and winter also in arid plains with sparsebushes, grasslands, and open situationswith scatteredbrush; [belli group]chaparral (dominated by AdenostornafasciculaturnorArternesia californica) and salt-bushdesert scrub. Distribution.-Breeds [nevadensisgroup] primarily in Great Basin from centralinterior Washington,eastern Oregon, southern Idaho, southwestern Wyoming, and northwestern Col- oradosouth to easternCalifornia (southto the OwensValley), southernNevada, southwestern Utah, northeasternArizona, and northwesternNew Mexico. One breedingrecord for eastern Montana. Winters [nevadensisgroup] from southernCalifornia, centralNevada, southwesternUtah, northernArizona, and centralNew Mexico southto centralBaja California, northernSonora, northern Chihuahua, and western Texas. Resident[belli group] in westernCalifornia (from Trinity County south,including San Clemente Island) to central Baja California; and also in San JoaquinValley and Mojave Desert areas of east-centralCalifornia. The latter populations(A. b. canescens)undergo post-breeding,up-slope migrationsinto coastal and Sieveanfoothills (Johnsonand Marten 1992). FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE 615

Casual [nevadensisgroup] in the Pacific coastalregion from southwesternBritish Colum- bia southward,and to westernMontana, easternWyoming, easternColorado, western Kansas, and western Oklahoma, and in Nova Scotia; a sight report for Nebraska. Notes.--The two groups,A. nevadensis(Ridgway, 1873) [Sage Sparrow] and A. belli [Bell's Sparrow], differ in morphology,ecology, and genetics,and generally behave as reproductivelyisolated species in areaswhere both are found (Johnsonand Marten 1992). In spite of the closerappearance of the subspeciescanescens to nevadensis,canescens is more closely related to bellii (Johnsonand Marten 1992). The two groupswere treated as separatespecies by Rising (1996), but canescenswas mistakenlyplaced in nevadensis.

GenusCALAMOSPIZA Bonaparte CalamospizaBonaparte, 1838, Geogr.Comp. List, p. 30. Type, by monotypy,Fringilla bicolor Townsend= Calamospizamelanocorys Stejneger. Notes.--Paynter (1970) suggestedthat Calamospizais closelyrelated to the genusPlec- trophenax.

Calamospiza melanocorysStejneger. Lark Bunting. Fringilla bicolor (not Linnaeus, 1766) J. K Townsend,1837, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil- adelphia7: 189. (plains of Platte River = westernNebraska.) Calamospizamelanocorys Stejneger, 1885, Auk 2: 49. New namefor Fringilla bicolor Townsend,preoccupied. Habitat.--Plains, prairies,meadows, and sagebrush;in migrationand winter also in cultivated lands,brushy areas,and desert. Distribution.--Breeds from southernAlberta, southernSaskatchewan, southwesternMan- itoba (irregularly), and southeasternNorth Dakota southto easternNew Mexico, northern Texas (Panhandle), western Oklahoma (Panhandle), easternKansas, and northwesternMis- souri; also casually in southernCalifornia (San Bernardino County), Utah, southwestern Colorado (Navajo Springs),northwestern New Mexico (Star Lake), and west-centralTexas (northern Trans-Pecosand Edwards Plateau). Winters from central California (casually), southernNevada, central Arizona, southern New Mexico, north-central Texas, southwestern Kansas, and western Oklahoma south to southernBaja California,Jalisco, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Tamaulipas, and southern and eastern Texas. Casual elsewhere in western North America from central British Columbia, central Alberta, and northern Manitoba southward, and in eastern North America from Minnesota, Wisconsin, central Ontario, southernQuebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south to the Gulf coast and Florida.

GenusPASSERCULUS Bonaparte PasserculusBonaparte, 1838, Geogr.Comp. List, p. 33. Type,by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Fringilla savannaWilson = Emberiza sandwichensisGmelin. Notes.--Passerculus is sometimesmerged in Ammodramus(Paynter 1970), which is almostcertainly the sistergenus (Zink and Avise 1990).

Passerculussandwichensis (Gmelin). SavannahSparrow. Emberiza sandwichensisGmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 875. Basedon the "Sandwich Bunting" Latham, Gen. Synop.Birds 2(1): 202. (in Unalaschcaet sinu Sandwich= Unalaska, Alaska.) Habitat.--Open areas,especially grasslands, tundra, meadows,bogs, farmlands,grassy areaswith scatteredbushes, and marshes;[beldingi and rostratusgroups] Saltwater/Brackish Marshes;(Subtropical and Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds [princepsgroup] on Sable Island and the adjacentmainland of Nova Scotia; [sandwichensisgroup] from westernand northernAlaska, northernYukon, 616 FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE northern Mackenzie, northern Keewatin, northern Ontario, islands in JamesBay, northern Quebec, northern Labrador, and Newfoundland south.to southwesternAlaska (including Nunivak Island andthe Aleutianswest to Amukta), coastalregions of west-centralCalifornia (Montereyregion), the interiorof east-centralCalifornia (locally to SanBernardino County), southernNevada, southernUtah, east-centralArizona, northern New Mexico, central Col- orado,Nebraska, Iowa, Kentucky,eastern Tennessee, western Virginia, centralMaryland, westernNorth Carolina (possibly),southeastern Pennsylvania, and northernNew Jersey,on the Pacific coastof Baja California from E1 Rosariosouth to MagdalenaBay, and locally in the interior highlandsof Mexico from Chihuahuaand Coahuila southto Guerreroand Puebla, and in southwesternGuatemala; and [rostratusgroup] from northeasternBaja Cal- ifornia (SanFelipe, mouth of the ColoradoRiver) southalong the coastof Sonorato northern Sinaloa(lat. 25ø N.), probablyalso the San Benito Islandsoff the Pacific coast. Winters [princepsgroup] along the Atlantic coast from central Nova Scotia south to northeasternFlorida; [sandwichensisgroup] from southwesternBritish Columbia,southern Nevada, southwesternUtah, northern Arizona, central New Mexico, Kansas, Missouri, Ten- nessee,southern Kentucky, and, east of the Appalachians,from Massachusetts(casually north to Alaska, the northern United States, southern Ontario, and Nova Scotia) south to southernBaja California (including most adjacentislands), throughout most of Mexico (includingthe YucatanPeninsula) to Guatemala,Belize, E1 Salvador, and northern Honduras, and to southernTexas, the Gulf coast, southernFlorida, Bermuda, the Bahama Islands(south to Rum Cay), Cuba,the Isle of Pines,and Caymanand Swanislands; and [rostratusgroup] in salt marshesfrom central coastaland southernCalifornia (casuallynorth to the SanMateo County and the ChannelIslands) south to southernBaja California (alongboth coasts),and the coasts of Sonora and northern Sinaloa. Resident[beldingi group] in salt marshesof coastalsouthern California (northto Santa Barbararegion) and Baja California (includingthe TodosSantos Islands). Casual or accidental[sandwichensis group] on St. Lawrence Island and in the Pribilofs and westernAleutians (Shemya), north to Seymour,Cornwallis, and Southamptonislands, in the British Isles, and in northeasternAsia (ChukotskiPeninsula, Koryak highlands)and Japan;sight reports for the Hawaiian Islands(Kure) and centralPanama. Notes.--Groups:P. princepsMaynard, 1872 [IpswichSparrow], P. sandwichensis[Sa- vannahSparrow], P. beldingiRidgway, 1885 [Belding'sSparrow], and P. rostratus(Cassin, 1852) [Large-billedSparrow]. The rostratusgroup appearsto be geneticallydistinct (Zink et al. 1991), but more studyneeds to be done on the populationsin Baja California.

Genus AMMODRAMUS Swainson AmrnodrarnusSwainson, 1827, Philos. Mag. (n.s.) 1: 435. Type, by monotypy,Arn- modramusbimaculatus Swainson = Fringilla savannarumGmelin. CentronyxBaird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin,and Lawrence,Rep. Explor. Surv. R. R. Pac. 9: 440. Type, by monotypy,Emberiza bairdii Audubon. AmmospizaOberholser, 1905, Smithson.Misc. Collect. 48: 68. Type, by originaldesignation,Oriolus caudacutusGmelin. Passerherbulus"Maynard" Stone, 1907, Auk 24: 193. Type, by originaldesignation, Ammodramus lecontei Audubon = Emberiza leconteii Audubon. ThryospizaOberholser, 1917, Ohio J. Sci. 17: 332. Type, by originaldesignation, Frin- gilla maritima Wilson. NemospizaOberholser, 1917, Ohio J. Sci. 17: 335. Type, by original designation,Em- beriza henslowii Audubon. Notes.--Generic limits within this grouphave beentreated in a variety of ways, and the genusmay not be monophyletic.The linear sequencebelow is basedon the phylogeny proposedby Zink and Avise (1990). See commentsunder each speciesand also under Passerculus.

Ammodramussavannarum (Gmelin). GrasshopperSparrow. Fringilla SavannarumGmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 921. Based on the "Savanna Finch" Latham,Gen. Synop.Birds 2(1): 270. (in Jamaicae= Jamaica.) FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE 617

Habitat.--Prairie, old fields, open grasslands,cultivated fields, and savanna(Tropical to Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds from eastern Washington, southern interior British Columbia, southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, western and southernOntario, southwesternQuebec, northern Vermont, central New Hampshire,and southernMaine south to southernCalifornia (west of the Sierra Nevada), central Nevada (rare and local), northern Utah, eastern Colorado, eastern New Mexico, northern Texas, Arkansas, northern and east- central Mississippi,central Alabama, central Georgia, central North Carolina, and south- easternVirginia, and from southeasternArizona, southwesternNew Mexico, and south- central Texas southto northernSonora and northernChihuahua; also in central peninsular Florida (primarily KissimmeePrairie region). Populationsare declining and distributionis shrinkingin easternparts of the range. Wintersfrom central(casually northern) California, southernArizona, southernNew Mex- ico (rarely), Texas,central Missouri (rarely), Tennessee,and North Carolina (casuallyfarther north) souththrough Mexico and northernCentral America to north-centralCosta Rica, and in the Bahamas (south to San Salvador), Cuba, and the Isle of Pines. Resident locally in Middle America in Veracruz, Chiapas, Guatemala (Pettn, Izabfil), Belize, Honduras(interior highlandsand easternpine savanna),northwestern Costa Rica, and Panama(Pacific lowlandsin westernChiriquf, easternCool6 and easternPanamfi province); in the Greater Antilles (Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico, including Vieques Island); and in western Colombia (Cauca Valley), western Ecuador (formerly), and the NetherlandsAntilles (Curaqaoand Bonaire). Casual elsewhere west to the Pacific coast from southwesternBritish Columbia southward, and east to New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland; also on Bermuda (regular in fall), in the Swan Islands, and northwesternPanama (Bocas del Toro).

Amrnodrarnusbairdii (Audubon). Baird's Sparrow. Emberiza Bairdii Audubon, 1844, Birds Amer. (octavoed.) 7: 359, pl. 500. (Prairie of the upper Missouri = near Old Fort Union, North Dakota.) Habitat.--Short-grass prairie with scatteredlow bushesand matted vegetation;in migration and winter also in open grasslandsand overgrownfields. Distribution.--Breeds from southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, and southernMan- itoba south to central and eastern Montana, northern South Dakota, and southeastern North Dakota. Wintersfrom southeasternArizona, southernNew Mexico (casually),and the high-plains grasslandsof Trans-PecosTexas southto northernSonora, Durango, Chihuahua,and Coa- huila. Migrates throughthe Plains statesfrom westernKansas east to westernMinnesota, and souththrough eastern and southernNew Mexico, and casuallywest to westernMontana. Many sight recordsrefer to misidentifiedSavannah Sparrows. Accidental or casualin California (Farallon Islands, San Diego), southernTexas, Okla- homa,Wisconsin, New York (Montauk),and Maryland (OceanCity); a sightreport for Ohio.

Amrnodrarnushenslowii (Audubon).Henslow's Sparrow. Emberiza Henslowii Audubon, 1829, Birds Amen (folio) 1: pl. 70 (1831, Ornithol. Biogr. 1: 360). (oppositeCincinnati, in stateof Kentucky.) Habitat.--Open fieldsand meadowswith grassinterspersed with weedsor shrubbyveg- etation,especially in damp or low-lying areas;in migrationand winter alsoin grassyareas adjacentto pine woodsor second-growthwoodland. Distribution.--Breeds from southeasternSouth Dakota (at least formerly), southeastern Minnesota,north-central Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southernOntario, northernNew York, and southernQuebec (casuallyNew England) southto central Kansas,northeastern Oklahoma, southwesternand central Missouri, southernIllinois, northernKentucky, central West Virginia, easternVirginia, northernTennessee (rarely), and central and easternNorth 618 FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE

Carolina; also (at least formerly) in easternTexas (Hams County). The breedingrange in the northwesternand easternportions has decreasedin recent years. Winters in coastal states from South Carolina south to southern Florida, and west to Arkansasand southeasternTexas, casually north to Illinois, Indiana, and New England,and casually southto southernTexas. Sightreports for Colorado,North Dakota,New Brunswick,Nova Scotia,and the Bahama Islands. Notes.---Formerlyplaced in the genusPasserherbulus.

Amtnodratnusleconteii (Audubon). Le Conte's Sparrow. Fringilla caudacuta (not Oriolus caudacutusGmelin) Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol. 1: 459. (in Georgia• americana•interioribus = interior of Georgia.) Emberiza le contell Audubon, 1844, Birds Amer. (octavo ed.) 7: 338, pl. 488. (wet portionsof prairies of upper Missouri = Fort Union, North Dakota.) Habitat.--Moist grassor sedgemeadows, damp matted grassand shrubbytangles on edges of marshesand bogs, and areas of moist or dry, tall, rank grass;in migration and winter also in weedy fields, broomsedge,and cattails. Distribution.--Breeds from northeasternBritish Columbia, southernMackenzie, northern Alberta, northern Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, north-central Ontario, and west-central Quebec south to southern Alberta, northwestern and northeasternMontana, southern Sas- katchewan,North Dakota (exceptsouthwestern), central Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, and northernMichigan, casuallysouth to southeasternSouth Dakota, northeasternIllinois (formerly), and southernOntario. Winters from west-centralKansas (rarely), southernMissouri, central Illinois (rarely), southernIndiana (rarely), western Tennessee,central Alabama, south-centralGeorgia, and SouthCarolina southto easternNew Mexico (rarely), easternand southernTexas, the Gulf coast, and Florida. Migrates regularly throughthe Great Plains (east to the MississippiValley), irregularly throughthe Great Lakes region and Ohio Valley, and casuallyto the eastcoast from Maine southward. Casual north to Nova Scotia and southernYukon, west to south-coastalBritish Columbia, Washington,Oregon, and California, and southto Arizona and Coahuila (Sabinas). Notes.--In thepast usually treated in the literatureas Passerherbulus caudacutus (Latham, 1790) or Ammospizaleconteii (Murray 1968). Its closestrelatives are A. caudacutus,A. nelsoni, and A. maritimus (Zink and Avise 1990).

Ammodramusnelsoni Allen. Nelson'sSharp-tailed Sparrow. Ammodramuscaudacutus var. nelsoniAllen, 1875, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 17, p. 293. (Calumet marshes,Cook Co., n.e. Illinois.) Habitat.--Freshwater marshesand wet meadowsin interior and brackishmarshes along coast; in winter in salt and brackish marshes. Distribution.--Breeds from northeasternBritish Columbia, southernMackenzie, northern Alberta, central Saskatchewan, and northern Manitoba south to south-central Alberta, southern Saskatchewan,northeastern Montana, southernManitoba, North Dakota (exceptsouthwestern), southeasternSouth Dakota (probably), northwesternand central Minnesota,and central Wisconsin(probably); in northernOntario and northwesternQuebec near Hudson Bay and aroundJames Bay; and in southernQuebec (along the St. Lawrence River from Lac St. Pierre eastward),and along the Atlantic coastfrom easternQuebec (includingthe MagdalenIslands), New Brunswick,Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotiasouth to southern Maine (ScarboroughMarsh, Popham Beach). Wintersin coastalmarshes along the mid- to southAtlantic coastsouth to southernFlorida, along the Gulf coastwest to southernTexas and northernTamaulipas, and rarely in coastal California. Migrates presumablythrough the interior United States,rarely but regularly throughthe Great Lakes region but casually elsewherefrom Colorado and the Great Plains east to FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE 619

Michigan, westernPennsylvania, and centralNew York, and casuallyin the west away from coastal areas. Casualin northernBaja California; a sightreport for northeasternWashington. A report from the Yucatan Peninsula is erroneous. Notes.--Often treatedin the genusAmrnospiza (Murray 1968). See notesunder A. caudacutus.

Ammodramus caudacutus (Gmelin). SaltmarshSharp-tailed Sparrow. Oriolus caudacutusGmelin, 1788, Syst.Nat. 1 (1), p. 394. Basedmainly on the "Sharp- tailed Oriole" Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds 1 (2), p. 448. (in Noveboraco = New York.) Habitat.--Salt marshes. Distribution.--Breeds along the Atlantic coastfrom southernMaine (Scarborough,Po- pham Beach) southto North Carolina (Pea Island). Winters in coastal marshesfrom New York (casually from Massachusetts)south to the central east coastof Florida, rarely on the easternGulf coast. Casual in coastal Texas. Notes.-- Often treated in the genusAmmospiza (Murray 1968). This and the previous specieshave beenconsidered conspecific but differ in morphology,song, and habitat,with overlap in a secondarycontact zone in southernMaine (Greenlaw 1993, Rising and Avise 1993).

Ammodramusmaritimus (Wilson). SeasideSparrow. Fringilla rnaritirnaWilson, 1811, Amer. Ornithol. 4: 68, pl. 34, fig. 2. (seaislands along our Atlantic coast = Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey.) Habitat.--Salt marshes,especially Spartina grass, rushes, and tidal reeds,also [rnirabilis group] marshprairie (Muhlenbergia). Distribution.--Breeds [rnaritirnusgroup] from southernNew Hampshireand Massachu- settssouth along the Atlantic coastto northeasternFlorida (southto the St. John'sRiver, formerly to New Smyrna Beach); and along the Gulf coastfrom westernFlorida (southto Tampa Bay) west to southeasternTexas (southto CorpusChristi area). Winters[maritimus group] alongthe Atlantic coastfrom Massachusettssouth through the remainderof the breedingrange, casually to southernFlorida (Flamingoregion); and along the Gulf coastthroughout the breedingrange and southto the mouth of the Rio Grande. Resident[nigrescens group] formerly along the coastof east-centralFlorida (easternOr- angeand northernBrevard counties), now extinct;and [rnirabilisgroup] in southernFlorida (southwesternCollier, Monroe, and southernDade counties). Casual [rnaritirnusgroup] north to Maine (possiblybreeding in southernMaine), southern New Brunswick,and Nova Scotia,and inland in North Carolina (Raleigh). Notes.--Groups:A. rnaritirnus[Common Seaside-Sparrow], A. nigrescensRidgway, 1873 [?Dusky Seaside-Sparrow],and A. mirabilis (Howell, 1919) [Cape Sable Sparrowor Cape Sable Seaside-Sparrow].Often treatedin the genusAmmospiza.

GenusXENOSPIZA Bangs XenospizaBangs, 1931, Proc.N. Engl. Zool. Club 12: 86. Type, by originaldesignation, Xenospizabaileyi Bangs. Notes.--Sometimesmerged in Ammodramus(e.g., Paynter 1970).

Xenospizabaileyi Bangs.Sierra Madre Sparrow. Xenospizabaileyi Bangs, 1931, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club 12: 87. (Bolafios, Jalisco, Mexico.) Habitat.--Pine Forest,Northern Temperate Grassland (2400-3050 m; upper Subtropical and Temperatezones). 620 FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE

Distribution.--Resident in the highlandsof Durango, Jalisco,Morelos, and the Distrito Federal.

Genus PASSERELLA Swainson PasserellaSwainson, 1837, Class.Birds 2: 288. Type, by monotypy,P. iliaca Wilson, iii. 22. f. 4 = Fringilla iliaca Merrem. Notes.--Some authors(e.g., Paynter 1964b, 1970) merge Passerella and Melospiza in Zonotrichia. A broader generic concept would merge these also in Junco (see Mayr and Short 1970: 85). See Zink (1982) for rationale for retainingthem as separategenera, and for supportfor the monophylyof Zonotrichiaand Melospiza.

Passerella iliaca (Merrem). Fox Sparrow. Fringilla iliaca Merrem, 1786, Avium Rar. IconesDescr. 2: 37, pl. 10. (North America Quebec.) Habitat.--Undergrowth of deciduousor coniferousforest, forest edge, woodland thickets, scrub,cut-over lands, chaparral,riparian woodland,streamside undergrowth, low willow and alder thickets,and montanebrushland; in migrationand winter a variety of wooded habitats with dense thickets. Distribution.--Breeds [iliaca group] from northwesternand interior Alaska, northern Yukon, northwestern and central eastern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, and northernLabrador southto southwesternand southerninterior Alaska, northern, central interior, and southeasternBritish Columbia (Mount Revelstoke), southwestern and central Alberta, central Saskatchewan,southern Manitoba, north-central Ontario, southeasternQuebec, and southernNewfoundland; [unalaschensisgroup] on the eastern Aleutian Islands(west to Unalaska),the Shumaginand Semidiislands, the Alaska Peninsula, the Kodiak Island group,the Kenai Peninsula,southeastern Alaska, and the coastaldistricts of British Columbia (including the Queen Charlotte Islands) southto northwesternWash- ington (DestructionIsland, Lopez Island); [schistaceagroup] southeastern British Columbia (CrowsnestPass), southwestern Alberta (WatertonLakes Park), northernIdaho, and western Montana souththrough the mountainsof north-centraland easternOregon to extremecentral eastern California (White Mountains), central Nevada (Shoshone,Toyabe, and Monitor mountains),northeastern Nevada, northern Utah (Raft River, Deep Creek, and Wasatch mountains)southwestern Wyoming, and centralColorado; and [megarhynchagroup] in the mountainsfrom southwesternand south-centralBritish Columbiasouth through central and easternWashington, central and southernOregon through northern California in the northern andinner CoastRanges and in the SierraNevada to the Mono Lake districtand the mountains of southernCalifornia (Mount Pinos, San Gabriel, San Bernardino, and San Jacinto mountains). Winters [iliaca group] in Pacific Coastalregion (rare) from Washingtonsouth to north- westernBaja California,and from southernMinnesota, southern Wisconsin, southern Mich- igan, southernOntario, northernVermont, Maine, and southernNew Brunswick southto southernTexas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and southernFlorida, andcasually to rarely in interior California and southernArizona; [unalaschensisgroup] in Pacific coastalregion from centralBritish Columbiasouth through Washington and Oregonto southernCalifornia, rarely to northwesternBaja California;[schistacea group] from northerninterior California, central Arizona, and northern New Mexico south to southernCalifornia, northern Baja California,southern Arizona and western Texas; and [megarhynchagroup] central California southto southernCalifornia, northernBaja California, and southernArizona. Migrates regularlythroughout eastern North America betweenthe breedingand wintering ranges. Casualor accidental[iliaca group]in Bermuda,Greenland, and Europe, and [unalaschensis group] Japan. Notes.--Groups:P. iliaca [Red Fox-Sparrow],P. unalaschensis(Gmelin, 1789) [Sooty Fox-Sparrow],P. schistaceaBaird, 1858 [Slate-coloredFox-Sparrow], and P. megarhyncha Baird, 1858 [Thick-billed Fox-Sparrow].Correspondence of geneticevidence and plumage types suggestthat the groupsmay representbiological species, but there is at leastlimited FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE 621 hybridizationamong them, especially between the schistacea and megarhyncha groups (Zink 1986, 1991, 1994). Additionalstudy is neededin areasof contactof membersof the groups. Threeof the four groupswere treated as separatespecies by Rising(1996), who considered the schistaceaand rnegarhynchagroups to be conspecific.

Genus MELOSPIZA Baird MelospizaBaird, 1858,in Baird,Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv. R. R. Pac. 9: xx, xl, 440, 476. Type, by originaldesignation, Fringilla rnelodiaWilson. HelospizaBaird, 1858,in Baird, Cassin,and Lawrence, Rep. Explor.Surv. R. R. Pac. 9: xx, xl, 476. Type,by originaldesignation, Fringilla palustrisWilson = Fringilla georgiana Latham. Notes.--See comments under Passerella.

Melospizamelodia (Wilson). SongSparrow. Fringilla melodiaWilson, 1810, Amer. Ornithol. 2: 125, pl. 16, fig. 4. (Canadato Georgia = Philadelphia,Pennsylvania.) Habitat.--Brushy, shrubby,and deepgrassy areas along watercourses and seacoasts,in marshes(cattail, bulrush, and salt), and,mostly in northernand easternportions of the range, in forest,edge, bogs, brushy clearings, thickets, hedgerows, suburbs, and brushy pastures (upper Subtropicaland Temperatezones). Distribution.---Breedsfrom southernAlaska (including the Aleutianswest to Attu), south- central Yukon, northernBritish Columbia, south-centralMackenzie, northernSaskatchewan, northernManitoba, northernOntario, south-centralQuebec, and southwesternNewfoundland southto south-centralBaja Californiaand northern Sonora, locally in theMexican highlands to Michoacfin, M6xico, Tlaxcala, and Puebla, and to northern New Mexico, northeastern Kansas,north-central Arkansas, southern Tennessee, northern Alabama, northernGeorgia, and northwestern and coastal South Carolina. Winters from southernAlaska (residentin the Aleutians), coastal and southernBritish Columbia, the northernUnited States,southern Ontario, southwesternQuebec, Prince Edward Island, andNova Scotiasouth throughout the remainderof the breedingrange, and to southern Texas,the Gulf coast,and southernFlorida, rarely to Bermuda,northern Sonora, and northern Nuevo Le6n. Casualor accidentalin the northernBahama Islands, and in Norway and the British Isles.

Melospizalincolnii (Audubon).Lincoln's Sparrow. Fringilla LincolniiAudubon, 1834, BirdsAmer. (folio) 2: pl. 193. (Labrador= near mouth of NatashquanRiver, Quebec.) Habitat.--Bogs,wet meadows,and riParianthickets, dry brushyclearings, mostly in northernand montaneareas; in migrationand winter also in brushyareas, thickets, hedgerows,understory of openwoodland, forest edge, clearings, and scrubbyareas. Distribution.---Breeds from western and central Alaska, central Yukon, northwestern and southernMackenzie, northern Saskatchewan,northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec,central Labrador, and Newfoundland south to south-coastaland southeastern Alaska, in the mountainsto southernCalifornia (south to San JacintoMtns.), extreme west-central Nevada(absent as a breedingbird from mostmountains in the Great Basin),east-central Arizona, and southernNew Mexico, and to southwesternand south-centralAlberta, central Saskatchewan,southern Manitoba, north-central and northeasternMinnesota, northernWis- consin,central Michigan, southern Ontario, northern New York,northwestern Massachusetts, southernVermont, northern New Hampshire,central Maine, New Brunswick,Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. Winters from southwesternBritish Columbia, California, southernNevada, southwestern Utah, Arizona, central New Mexico, Oklahoma, eastern Kansas, Missouri, southern Ken- tucky, and northernGeorgia (casuallynorth to southernAlaska and the northernUnited States)south (casual Yucatan Peninsula) to southernBaja California, through northern Middle 622 FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE

America to E1 Salvador and Honduras, and to southern Texas, the Gulf coast, and central Florida,Bermuda (rare), casually to CostaRica andPanama (east to theCanal area),southern Florida, the BahamaIslands (south to Little Inagua), and Cuba. Migrates regularlythroughout continental North Americabetween the breedingand wintering ranges,and (rarely) throughthe GreaterAntilles (eastto PuertoRico). Accidental in Greenland.

Melospiza georgiana (Latham). Swamp Sparrow. Fringilla georgiana Latham, 1790, Index Ornithol. 1: 460. (in Georgiaeamericanae interioribus= interior of Georgia.) Habitat.--Emergent vegetationaround watercourses, marshes, bogs, and wet meadows; in migration and winter also in weedy fields, brush,thickets, scrub, and forest edge. Distribution.--Breeds from west-central and southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatche- wan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, southernLabrador, and New- foundland south to east-central British Columbia, south-central Alberta, central Saskatche- wan, southernManitoba, the easternDakotas, central Nebraska, northern Missouri (formerly), northernIllinois, northernIndiana, centralOhio, southeasternWest Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware. Wintersfrom Nebraska,Iowa, the Great Lakes region, centralNew York, and Massachu- setts(casually farther north) south to westernand southern Texas, the Gulf coast,and southern Florida, and, in smaller numbers, west across central and southern New Mexico and Utah (rarely) to southeasternArizona and California, also southto northernGuerrero and central Veracruz,rarely west to Sonora,and on Bermuda. Casual elsewhere in western North America from south-coastaland southeasternAlaska, southernBritish Columbia, and Montana southward,and in the Bahama Islands (New Prov- idence,Exumas); a sight report for southernYukon.

Genus ZONOTRICHIA Swainson Zonotrichia[subgenus] Swainson, 1832, in Swainsonand Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer. 2 (1831): 254-257,493. Type,by subsequentdesignation (Bonaparte, 1832), Fringilla pensylvanicaLatham = Fringilla albicollis Gmelin. Notes.--See commentsunder Passerella. The sequenceof speciesfollows Zink (1982); cf. Zink et al. (1991).

Zonotrichia capensis(Mtiller). Rufous-collaredSparrow. Fringilla capensisP. L. S. Mtiller, 1776, Natursyst.,Suppl., p. 165. Basedon "Bruent, du Cap de Bonne-Esp6rance"Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 386, fig. 2. (Cape of Good Hope, error = Cayenne.) Habitat.--Arid Lowland Scrub, Arid Montane Scrub, Second-growthScrub, Secondary Forest, Semihumid/HumidMontane Scrub, Pastures/AgriculturalLands (0-4000 m; Sub- tropical and Temperate,locally also Tropical zones). Distribution.--Resident in the Greater Antilles in the mountainsof Hispaniola; in the highlandsof Middle America from Chiapas south throughGuatemala and E1 Salvadorto Honduras, and in Costa Rica and western Panama (east to westernPanam• province); and in SouthAmerica virtually throughoutexcept Amazonia. Notes.--Also known as Andean Sparrow.

Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmelin). White-throatedSparrow. Fringilla albicollis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 921. Basedon the "White-throated Sparrow" Edwards,Glean. Nat. Hist. 2: 198, pl. 304. (in Pensilvania= Philadelphia.) Habitat.---Coniferousand mixed coniferous-deciduous forest, forest edge, clearings, bogs, brush,and openwoodland; in migrationand winter also in deciduousforest and woodland, scrub,and gardens. FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE 623

Distribution.--Breeds from southeastern Yukon, west-central and southern Mackenzie, northernSaskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northernOntario, north-centralQuebec, central Labrador, and Newfoundland south to central interior and northeastern British Columbia, central Alberta, central and southeasternSaskatchewan, north-central North Dakota, northern andeast-central Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, central Michigan, northern Ohio (formerly), northernand east-centralWest Virginia (irregularly), northernPennsylvania, northern New Jersey, northern New York, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia; recorded in summer in northwestern Montana, but not known to breed. Wintersfrom Kansas,southern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, northern Ohio, Pennsylvania,central New York, and Massachusetts(casually north to southern Canadafrom Manitobaeastward) south to Nuevo Le6n, northernTamaulipas, southern Texas, the Gulf coast,and southernFlorida, and (less commonly)west acrosswestern Texas, New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona to California (virtually statewide)and northernBaja California (casually to GuadalupeIsland, and north to southwesternBritish Columbia and western Montana), and also on Bermuda. Migrates regularly throughNorth America east of the Rockies,casually through western North America from southernBritish Columbia and the breedingrange southward. Casualnorth to northernAlaska, NorthwestTerritories (Baffin and Coatsislands), Iceland, the British Isles, and continentalEurope; a sightreport from PuertoRico.

Zonotrichia querula (Nuttall). Harris's Sparrow. Fringilla querula Nuttall, 1840, Man. Ornithol. U.S. Can. (ed. 2) 1: 555. (few miles west of Independence,Missouri.) Habitat.--Brush and stuntedtrees in coniferousforest-tundra ecotone; in migrationand winter in thickets,open woodland, forest edge, windbreaks, hedgerows, and scrub. Distribution.--Breeds from northwestern and east-central Mackenzie and southern Kee- watin south to northeastern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, and northwestern Ontario (Fort Severn). Wintersprimarily from northernNebraska and central Iowa southto south-centraland centralcoastal Texas, and rarely but regularlynorth to southeasternAlaska (Juneauarea southward), southern British Columbia, Idaho, Montana, northeasternSaskatchewan, and North Dakota, west to southernCalifornia (mostly east of the Sierra Nevada), southern Nevada, southern Utah, southern Arizona, and southern New Mexico, and east to western Tennessee, Arkansas, and northwestern Louisiana. Migrates regularly throughthe northernGreat Plainsregion from Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Minnesota southto Nebraskaand Iowa, and east to Lake Michigan. Casual in northern, western and south-coastalAlaska and northeastern British Columbia; and in easternNorth America from western and southernOntario, southernQuebec, Maine, and Nova Scotia south to the Gulf coast and southern Florida. Accidental on Banks Island.

Zonotrichia !eucophrys(Forster). White-crowned Sparrow. Emberiza leucophrysJ. R. Forster,1772, Philos. Trans.R. Soc. London 62: 340. (Severn River, west shore of Hudson Bay.) Habitat.--Stunted treesand shrubs, wet meadowswith willows, brushyedges of woodland and forest, thickets,chaparral, coastal brushland in the fog belt, gardens,and parks; in migration and winter also farmlandsand brushydesert areas. Distribution.--Breeds from western and northern Alaska, northern Yukon, northern Mac- kenzie, and central Keewatin south to southernAlaska (west to the Alaska Peninsula),in coastalareas and mountains (somewhat disjunctly in southernportion) to southernCalifornia (to SantaBarbara and San Bernardinocounties), southern Nevada, northernand east-central Arizona, and northernNew Mexico, and from northernSaskatchewan (also in CypressHills of southeasternAlberta and southwesternSaskatchewan) and northern Manitoba east across northern Ontario and northern Quebec to southernLabrador, northern Newfoundland, and south-centralQuebec. Winters from southernBritish Columbia (casually north to central Alaska and Yukon), 624 FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE

Washington,Idaho, Montana, and the centralUnited States(from Nebraskaand Kansaseast to central Ohio and southernWest Virginia, casuallyfarther north) southto southernBaja California, Michoac5n, Quer6taro,San Luis Potos/, Tamaulipas,southern Texas, the Gulf coast(east to northwesternFlorida), and south-centralGeorgia, and regularlyin smallnumbers north to southern Ontario and central New York, and east to coastal areas from Mas- sachusettssouth to southernFlorida, the Bahama Islands, Cuba, and Jamaica,casually to the Yucatan Peninsulaand Belize (sight report). Casual in Bermuda. Migrates regularly throughNorth America betweenthe breedingand winteringranges and, in the northeast,from southernOntario eastward(less commonlyin the Maritime Provincesand New England),and southto Pennsylvania,Maryland, and Delaware;regular in fall on Bermuda. Casualor accidentalon islandsin the Bering Sea (Pribilofs, Nunivak) and in the western Aleutians(Shemya); north to Banks and southernBaffin islands,and to the Melville Pen- insula; on Fletcher's Ice Island (in the Arctic Ocean west of northernEllesmere Island); and Cuba; and in Greenland,Iceland, the British Isles, the Netherlands,France, and Japan.An individualphotographed in Panama(Canal area) may have been a man-assistedvagrant.

Zonotrichia atricapilla (Gmelin). Golden-crownedSparrow. Ernberizaatricapilla Gmelin, 1789, Syst.Nat. 1(2): 875. Basedmainly on the "Black- crownedBunting" Latham,Gen. Synop.Birds 2(1): 202, pl. 45. (in Sinu Natka, et insulis Sandwich = Prince William Sound, Alaska.) Habitat.--Montane thicketsand scrub,dwarf conifers,and brushycanyons; in migration and winter in densebrush, thickets, chaparral, and gardens. Distribution.--Breeds from western and north-central Alaska and south-central Yukon south to southernAlaska (west to Unimak in the easternAleutian Islands), southernBritish Columbia, extreme northern Washington(Okanogan County), and southwesternAlberta (Banff). Winters from southernAlaska (west to Kodiak) and coastal and interior southernBritish Columbiasouth, mostly west of the Cascadesand Sierra Nevada, to northernBaja California, southernCalifornia, and southernArizona (rarely), casually east to Utah, Colorado, and centralNew Mexico, and southto Baja California (includingoffshore islands) and northern Sonora. Migrates casuallythrough the Pribilofs and westernAleutians (Attu, Amchitka) and St. Lawrence Island, and east to southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, and Idaho. Casual in northern Alaska, northwestern Mackenzie, and from Montana, Nebraska, Min- nesota,southern Manitoba (sight report), western and southernOntario, New York, Mas- sachusetts,Maine, and Nova Scotia southto Kansas,Missouri, Illinois, Pennsylvania,and New Jersey,also along the Gulf coasteast to easternTexas and southernLouisiana. Acci- dental in southernFlorida (Florida Keys), northeasternSiberia, and Japan;a questionable sight report for Nayarit. Notes.--Mayr and Short (1970) consideredZ. atricapilla and Z. albicollis to representa superspecies,but Zink (1982), Zink et al. (1991), and Zink and Blackwell (1996) showed that atricapilla and Z leucophrysare sisterspecies.

GenusJUNCO Wagler JuncoWagler, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 526. Type, by monotypy,Junco phaeonotus Wagler. Notes.--See commentsunder Passerella. Specieslimits here follow Mayr and Short (1970).

Junco vulcani (Boucard). Volcano Junco. Zonotrichia vulcani Boucard, 1878, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 57, pl. 4. (Volcan of Irazu, altitude of 10,000 feet, Costa Rica.) Habitat.--Semihumid/Humid Montane Scrub, Paramo Grassland(2700-3600 m; upper TemperateZone). FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE 625

Distribution.--Resident on the high mountainsof Costa Rica (Irazfi and Turrialba vol- canoes,and northern portion of Cordillera de Talamanca) and extreme western Panama (Volcgn Barfi, in westernChiriqu0. Notes.--Mayr and Short (1970) consideredJ. vulcani, J. hyemalis,and J. phaeonotusto constitutea superspecies.

Junco hyemalis (Linnaeus).Dark-eyed Junco. Fringilla hyernalisLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 183. Based on "The Snow- bird" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 36, pl. 36. (in America = South Carolina.) Habitat.--Coniferous and deciduousforest, forest edge, clearings, bogs, open woodland, brushyareas adjacent to forest,and burned-overlands; in migrationand winter in a variety of open woodland,brushy, and grassyhabitats, and suburbs;[insularis group] Pine Forest, Pine-Oak Forest (0-1300 m). Distribution.--Breeds [hyemalisgroup] from westernand northern Alaska, central Yukon, northwestern and central Mackenzie, southern Keewatin, northern Manitoba, northern On- tario, islandsin southernJames Bay, northernQuebec, northern Labrador, and Newfoundland south to southwesternand south-coastalAlaska, southern Yukon, northern British Columbia, south-central Alberta, south-central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northern and east- centralMinnesota, northern Wisconsin, central Michigan, southernOntario, and northeastern Ohio, in the Appalachiansthrough eastern Kentucky, westernVirginia, easternTennessee, and westernNorth Carolina to northernGeorgia and northwesternSouth Carolina, and to southeasternNew York, northernNew Jersey,and southernNew England;[oreganus group] from south-coastaland southeasternAlaska, coastaland centralBritish Columbia(including the Queen Charlotte and Vancouverislands), west-centraland southernAlberta, and extreme southwesternSaskatchewan south to southernCalifornia (to OrangeCounty, including Santa Catalina Island), and in the mountainsto northernBaja California, westernNevada, eastern Oregon, northernUtah, southernIdaho, and northwesternWyoming; [aikeni group] from southeasternMontana and westernSouth Dakota southto northeasternWyoming and northwestern Nebraska;and [canicepsgroup] in the mountainsfrom southernIdaho, northern Utah, and southernWyoming southto easternCalifornia (Clark Mountain and Grapevine Mountains),central Arizona, southernNew Mexico, and westernTexas (Guadalupe Moun- tains). Winters [hyernalisgroup] from central (casually) and south-coastalAlaska (west to Ko- diak), coastaland southernBritish Columbia and southernCanada (east to Newfoundland) southto northernBaja California, northernSonora, central Chihuahua,southern Texas, the Gulf coast,and northern(casually southern)Florida (in smaller numbersin the westernand southeasternportion of the winter range); irregularly on Bermuda; [oreganusgroup] from south-coastal and southeasternAlaska, southern British Columbia, and the northwestern United States (east to the Dakotas, Minnesota, Oklahoma, and Kansas) south to northern Baja California, northernSonora, Durango, southern Chihuahua, and centralTexas; rare but regularin midwesternUnited States;[aikeni group] from the breedingrange south to eastern Colorado,western Oklahoma, and westernKansas, rarely to northernArizona, northernand easternNew Mexico, and northeasternColorado; and [canicepsgroup] from Nevada, southern Idaho, southernWyoming, and western Nebraska southto southernCalifornia (rarely), northernSonora, northern Sinaloa, northernDurango, Chihuahua,and western Texas, casually to north-centralTexas. Resident [insularis group] on GuadalupeIsland, off Baja California. Casual or accidental[hyemalis group] north to the Arctic coastof Alaska and to islands in the Bering Sea, and to Banks, Southampton,and southernBaffin islands,Veracruz, the Bahama Islands (Grand Bahama,New Providence),and Jamaica,and in Iceland, the British Isles, continentalEurope and easternSiberia; sight reportsfor PuertoRico and the Virgin Islands(St. Thomas); [oreganusgroup] in the easternAleutians (Unalaska), north to Banks Island, and throughmuch of easternNorth America from Michigan, southernOntario, southwestern Quebec, Maine, and Nova Scotia southto the Gulf coast (east to southernLouisiana and centralAlabama), Tennessee,and SouthCarolina; [aikeni group]to California, southern Idaho, easternNebraska, central Oklahoma, and northernTexas, and in North Dakota (sight report) and Michigan (PresqueIsle County); and [canicepsgroup] west to the Pacific coast 626 FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE from southern British Columbia south to coastal northern California, and east to eastern Montana, the Dakotas, southern Manitoba, Minnesota, Illinois, Arkansas, and Louisiana; sightreports for Idaho and easternTexas. Notes.--Groups: J. hyemalis[Slate-colored Junco], J. oreganus(J. K. Townsend,1837) [OregonJunco], J. aikeni Ridgway, 1873 [White-wingedJunco], J. caniceps(Woodhouse, 1853) [Gray-headedJunco], and J. insularisRidgway, 1876 [GuadalupeJunco]. The form insularisis an isolatedpopulation closest to the oreganusgroup; Mirsky (1976) suggested that it shouldbe recognizedas a speciesbecause of vocal differences.The remaininggroups intergradein varyingdegrees. Several other forms may warrantrecognition as groups: Junco mearnsiRidgway, 1897 [Pink-sidedJunco], of the oreganusgroup, breeding from south- easternAlberta and southwesternSaskatchewan to easternIdaho andnorthwestern Wyoming, and J. dorsalis Henry, 1858 [Red-backedJunco], of the canicepsgroup, breedingfrom northern and central Arizona and central New Mexico to western Texas. For detailed in- formation on groups,see Miller (1941). See commentsunder J. vulcani.

Junco phaeonotusWagler. Yellow-eyed Junco. Juncophaeonotus Wagler, 1831, Isis yon Oken, col. 526. (Mexico.) Itabitat.--Pine Forest,Pine-Oak Forest (1200-4300 m; upperSubtropical and Temperate zones). Distribution.--Resident [phaeonotusgroup] from northeasternSonora, southern Arizona, extreme southwesternNew Mexico (Animas, casuallyBig Hatchet mountains),Chihuahua, north-centralCoahuila, Nuevo Le6n, and southwesternTamaulipas south through the mountains to westernVeracruz and centralOaxaca (west of the Isthmusof Tehuantepec);[bairdi group]in the Cape districtof southernBaja California; [fulvescensgroup] in the interiorof Chiapas (from vicinity of San Crist6bal south to Teopisca);and [alticola group] in the mountainsof extreme southeasternChiapas (Volcfin Tacanfiarea) and westernGuatemala. Casual [phaeonotusgroup] in westernTexas. Notes.--Groups:J. phaeonotus[Mexican Junco], J. bairdi Ridgway, 1883 [Baird's Junco], J. fulvescensNelson, 1897 [ChiapasJunco], and J. alticola Salvin, 1863 [GuatemalaJunco]. See comments under J. vulcani.

Genus CALCARIUS Bechstein Calcarius Bechstein, 1802, Ornithol. Taschenb.Dtsch. 1: 130. Type, by monotypy, Fringilla lapponica Linnaeus. RhynchophanesBaird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin,and Lawrence,Rep. Explor. Surv. R. R. Pac. 9: xx, xxxviii, 432. Type, by monotypy,Plectrophanes maccownii [sic] Law- rence. Notes.--Paynter(1970) suggestedthat Calcariuswas closely related to andperhaps should be mergedinto the genusEmberiza.

Calcarius tnccownii (Lawrence). McCown's Longspur. PlectrophanesMcCownii Lawrence, 1851, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 5: 122. (high prairies of WesternTexas.) Habitat.--Sparse short-grassplains, plowed and stubblefields, and bare or nearly bare ground. Distribution.--Breeds from southeasternAlberta, southern Saskatchewan,southwestern North Dakota (formerly much of North Dakota), and southwesternMinnesota (formerly) souththrough central Montana to southeasternWyoming, northeastern Colorado, and northwestern Nebraska. Wintersfrom southeasternCalifornia (rarely), central Arizona, central New Mexico, west- central Kansas,and central Oklahoma (casuallynorth to southwesternOregon and south- easternColorado) south to northeasternSonora, Chihuahua, northern Durango, Zacatecas, and westernand south-centralTexas (rare in recentyears in easternportions of range). Migrates rarely througheastern and coastalsouthern California. FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE 627

Casual north and west to southern British Columbia, Idaho, Nevada, northern Arizona, and Utah, and east to southernManitoba (sight report), Minnesota,Missouri, and eastern Texas.Accidental in Michigan (WhitefishPoint), New York (Long Island), Massachusetts (Bridgewater),and Louisiana(Jefferson Davis Parish,New Orleans). Notes.--Formerly placedin the monotypicgenus Rhynchophanes.

Calcarius lapponicus(Linnaeus). Lapland Longspur. Fringilla lapponicaLinnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 180. (in Lapponia= Lapland.) Itabitat.--Arctic tundra in wet meadows,grassy tussocks, and scrub;in migration and winter in plowed fields, stubble,and open grasslands. Distribution.--Breeds in North America from western and northern Alaska, northern Yukon, and Banks, Prince Patrick, Melville, and northern Ellesmere islands south to islands in the Bering Sea, the Aleutians,south-coastal Alaska (east to the SusitnaRiver highlands and Middleton Island), northernMackenzie, southernKeewatin, northeasternManitoba, extreme northern Ontario, northern Quebec, and northern Labrador; and in the Palearctic from Greenland, northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, and northern Siberia south to southern Scandinavia, central and eastern Siberia, Kamchatka, and the Commander Islands. Winters in North America .from coastal southernAlaska (casually), southernBritish Co- lumbia, the northern United States, southern Ontario, and Nova Scotia south to northern California,northern Utah, Colorado,Oklahoma, northwestern Texas (locally in southeastern Texas), Arkansas, southwesternLouisiana (locally), Tennessee,and Maryland, rarely to southernCalifornia, southernand central Arizona, southernNew Mexico, northeasternand easternTexas, the Gulf coast,and northern(casually southern) Florida; and in the Palearctic from northernEurope and northernSiberia southto centralEurope, southernRussia, Mon- golia, China, Korea, and Japan. Migrates in North America throughoutAlaska and Canada,and in Eurasiathroughout the regionsbetween the breedingand winteringranges, including Iceland. Casual on Bermuda. Accidental in southernBaja California (Isla Cerralvo) and Yucat5n (Celestfin);a sight report for Veracruz. Notes.--In Old World literatureknown as LaplandBunting.

Calcarius pictus (Swainson).Smith's Longspur. Emberiza (Plectrophanes)picta Swainson, 1832, in Swainsonand Richardson,Fauna Bor.-Amer.2 (1831): 250, pl. 49. (Carlton House, on the banksof the Saskatchewan [River].) Itabitat.--Dry, grassy,and hummocky tundra; in migrationand winter in fieldswith short grass,prairies, and grassymargins of airports. Distribution.--Breeds in east-centralAlaska (SusitnaRiver highlands,Wrangell Moun- tainsregion) and adjacent northwestern British Columbia, and from northernAlaska (Brooks Range) east acrossnorthern Yukon and northern and east-centralMackenzie to southern Keewatin, northeastern Manitoba, and extreme northern Ontario. Winters from Kansas south to west-central Oklahoma and east-central Texas, and east to Arkansas and northwesternLouisiana (rare). Migratesprimarily through the northernGreat Plains east to centralIllinois, casuallyfrom central and southernBritish Columbia eastto Montana, and to Michigan, southernOntario, Ohio, and central Alabama. Casual or accidental in coastal and southwestern British Columbia, California, Nevada, Arizona, Quebec, Connecticut,New York, New Jersey,West Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina,and SouthCarolina; sight reports for Massachusettsand Nova Scotia.

½alcariusornatus (Townsend).Chestnut-collared Longspur. Plectrophanesornata J. K. Townsend,1837, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia7: 189. (prairiesof Platte River -- near forks of Platte River, westernNebraska.) Itabitat.--Short-grassplains, and prairies;in migrationand winter alsoin opencultivated fields. 628 FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE

Distribution.--Breeds from southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, and southern Man- itoba south,east of the Rockies,to northeasternColorado, western Kansas (formerly), north- central Nebraska, and western Minnesota. Wintersfrom coastal,southern, and easternCalifornia (rarely), northernArizona, central and eastern New Mexico, eastern Colorado, and central Kansas south to northern Sonora, Chihuahua,Zacatecas, San Luis PotosLand southernTexas, casually east to northernLou- isiana and south to Puebla, Veracruz, and M6xico. Migrates regularlywest throughCalifornia and Nevada. Casual elsewhere in western North America from southwestern British Columbia south to Baja California; north to northernAlberta and northernManitoba; and in easternNorth America from Wisconsin,northern Michigan, southernOntario, New Brunswick,Nova Sco- tia, andNewfoundland south to Missouri,Arkansas, Louisiana, along the Atlantic coastsouth to North Carolina, and in northernFlorida; sightreports for southeasternAlaska, southern Florida, and Guerrero.

Genus EMBERIZA Linnaeus ErnberizaLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 176. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Ernberizacitrinella Linnaeus.

Emberiza leucocephalosGmelin. Pine Bunting. Emberizaleucocephalos S. G. Gmelin, 1771, Nov. Comm. Acad. Imp. Sci. Petrop.,15, p. 480, pl. 23, fig. 3. (Astrakhan.) Habitat.--Sparse coniferousforests. Distribution.--Breeds in eastern Russia across the Ural Mountains and Siberia to the upper Kolyma and the coastalranges of the Pacific and northeasternTsinghai. Winters in much of the breedingrange and south to Israel, Iraq, and southernIran to northwestern India, and central China. Residentas a disjunctpopulation in Kansu and Tsinghaiprovinces, China. AccidentalinAlaska (Attu Island, 18-19 November 1985, photograph deposited inVIR- EO, Wagner 1990; 23 September-10October 1993, D. D. Gibson,specimen, Univ. Alaska Mus. 6385; 1994, National AudubonSoc. Field Notes 48:142, 160). Notes.--The specificname is sometimeserroneously emended to leucocephala.This specieshybridizes extensively in westernSiberia with E. citrinella Linnaeus,1758 [Yellow- hammer], with which it is sometimesmerged (Dement'ev and Gladkov 1954, Byers et al. 1995).

Emberiza pusilla Pallas. Little Bunting. ErnberizapusillaPallas, 1776, Reise Versch. Proc. Russ. Reichs 3: 647. (DaurianRange, southernChita, southeasternSiberia.) Habitat.--Breeds in birch and willow scrub in tundra; winters in scrub and cultivated lands. Distribution.--Breeds from northern Finland, northern Russia, and northern Siberia south to Lake Baikal, Anadyrland,and the Sea of Okhotsk. Winters in the northernparts of India and SoutheastAsia, rarely in the British Isles, continentalEurope, North Africa, the Near East, and Philippines. Accidentalin Alaska in the Chukchi Sea (280 km northwestof Icy Cape, 6 September 1970; Watson et al. 1974), on St. Lawrence Island (Gambell, 1996), and in the Aleutian Islands(Shemya, 8 September1977) and California (Point Loma, San Diego County,21- 24 October 1991, photograph;1992, Amer. Birds 46: 153).

Emberiza rustica Pallas. Rustic Bunting. Ernberiza rustica Pallas, 1776, Reise Versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs 3: 698. (Dauria = Transbaicalia.) Habitat.--Low bushesand wet grassyareas of taiga, undergrowthof openconiferous- FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE 629 deciduouswoodland, and thicketsalong streams;in migration and winter in scrub,brushy areas,grasslands, open woodlandand cultivatedlands. Distribution.--Breeds from northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, and northern Siberia southeastto southeasternSiberia, northern Sakhalin, the Sea of Okhotsk, and Kamchatka. Wintersin easternChina, Japan,and, rarely, the CommanderIslands. Migrates regularly through the western Aleutian Islands (Near Islands, casually east to Adak), occasionallyreaching the Pribilofs (St. Paul) and St. LawrenceIsland, and rarely throughthe British Isles, continentalEurope, and the Middle East. Casual in south-coastal and southeasternAlaska (Homer, Mitkof Island), southwestern British Columbia (Torino, JordanRiver), Washington(Kent), and northernand central Cal- ifornia (HumboldtCounty, Half Moon Bay, and Kern County); a sightreport for Oregon.

Emberiza aureola Pallas. Yellow-breastedBunting. Emberiza Aureola Pallas, 1773, Reise Versch.Prov. Russ.Reichs. 2:711. (Irtysh River, south-central Siberia.) Habitat.--Scrub and fields. Distribution.--Breeds in Eurasia from Finland east to Kamchatka, and south to northern China, Korea, and Japan. Wintersin southernAsia and the Philippines. Accidental in Alaska (Attu, in the Aleutian Islands, 26 May 1988; Gibson and Kessel 1992); sight reportsfrom Attu, Buldir, and St. Lawrence Island.

Emberiza variabilis Temminck.Gray Bunting. Emberizavariabilis Temminck, 1835, PlanchesColor., livr. 98, pl. 583, fig. 2. (northern Japan.) Habitat.--Breeds in thickets,bamboo, and undergrowthof coniferous-deciduouswoodland; winters in scrub,thickets, and woodlandundergrowth. Distribution.--Breeds in southernKamchatka, the Kuril Islands,Sakhalin, and possibly northern Japan. Wintersin Japanand the Ryukyu Islands. Accidental in Alaska (Shemya, in the Aleutian Islands, 18 May 1977; Gibson and Hall 1978); a sight report for Attu.

Emberiza pallasi (Cabanis).Pallas's Bunting. CynchramusPallasi Cabanis, 1851, Mus. Heineanum 1:130 (footnote). Based on Em- beriza schoeniclusvar. B Pallas,Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. 2: 48. (No locality given = near SelengaRiver, Transbaicalia.) Habitat.--Birch and river thicketsin tundra and taiga, and in reed beds. Distribution.•Breeds from centraland easternSiberia south to Mongolia andManchuria. Wintersfrom the southernpart of the breedingrange and Ussurilandsouth to northern China, Korea, and Japan,casually west to the British Isles. Accidentalin northernAlaska (Barrow, 11 June 1968; Pitelka 1974); a sight report for St. Lawrence Island.

Emberiza schoeniclus(Linnaeus). Reed Bunting. Fringilla SchoeniclusLinnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 182. (in Europa = Sweden.) Habitat.--Reed beds, rushes,and riparian thickets;in migration and winter also wet meadows,pastures, and open country. Distribution.--Breeds [schoeniclusgroup] from the British Isles, Scandinavia,northern Russia,and northernSiberia southto the Mediterraneanregion, Asia Minor, Iran, Turkestan, southernSiberia, Kamchatka, and northern Japan. Winters [schoeniclusgroup] from the southernportions of the breedingrange southto the Mediterraneanregion, Iraq, northwesternIndia, northeasternChina, and southernJapan. 630 FAMILY EMBERIZIDAE

Migrates [schoeniclusgroup] casually (in spring) through the western Aleutian Islands (Attu, Shemya, Buldir). Resident[intermedia group] from northwesternAfrica eastto the Near East and south- westernRussia; and [pyrrhuloidesgroup] in south-centralAsia from the CaspianSea and Afghanistaneast to Mongolia Notes.--Groups: E. schoeniclus[Northern Reed-Bunting], E. intermediaDegland, 1849 [Dark Reed-Bunting], and E. pyrrhuloidesPallas, 1811 [Pale Reed-Bunting].

GenusPLECTROPHENAX Stejneger PlectrophenaxStejneger, 1882, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 5: 33. Type, by original designation, Emberiza nivalis Linnaeus.

Plectrophenaxnivalis (Linnaeus).Snow Bunting. Emberizanivalis Linnaeus,1758, Syst.Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 176. (in alpibusLapponi•e, Spitsberga:ad sinum Hudsonis= Lapland.) Habitat.--Arctic rocky shores,cliffs, stonyescarpments, and dry tundra,also nestingin bird houses,empty oil barrels,cabins, and other artificial structures;in migrationand winter in grassyor weedy fields, stubble,beaches, and roadsides. Distribution.--Breeds in North America from northern Alaska, northern Yukon, north- westernMackenzie, and Banks, Prince Patrick, Ellef Ringnes,Axel Heiberg, and northern Ellesmere islandssouth to southernAlaska (including the Aleutian Islands), extremenorthwestern British Columbia, southwestern and central Yukon, east-central Mackenzie, central and southeasternKeewatin, Southamptonand Belcher islands, northern Quebec, and northern Labrador; and in the Palearcticfrom Greenland,Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, andnorthern Siberia southto the BritishIsles, northern Scandinavia, central Siberia, Kamchatka, and the Commander Islands. Wintersin North America from west-centraland southernAlaska, southernCanada (British Columbia east to southernLabrador and Newfoundland)south to central Oregon,northern Utah, Colorado,central Kansas,central Missouri, northern Kentucky (rare), and North Car- olina, casuallyto California(to Kern County),northeastern New Mexico, Oklahoma,eastern Texas, Arkansas,central Mis'sissippi,Tennessee, Georgia, and northernFlorida, and irregularly to Bermuda;and in the Palearcticfrom the breedingrange southto centralcontinental Europe, the Mediterraneanregion (casually),Asia Minor (casually),southern Russia, Man- chuha, Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, and (casually) Japan. Casual or accidental in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands, northwestern Arizona, the Bahamas(Cat Island), easternAtlantic islands,and northernAfrica; sightreports for western and northern Texas. Notes.--Plectrophenaxnivalis and P. hyperboreusare closelyrelated, with limited hybridization occurring(Sealy 1969); they constitutea superspeciesand may be conspecific (Mayr and Short 1970, Paynter 1970).

P!ectrophenaxhyperboreus Ridgway. McKay's Bunting. Plectrophenaxhyperboreus Ridgway, 1884, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 7: 68. (St. Michael's, Alaska.) Habitat.--Open rocky ground, beaches,and shoresof tundra pools; in migration and winter in open rocky or sandy areas. Distribution.--Breeds in Alaska on islandsin the Bering Sea (Hall and St. Matthew, also rarely on St. Paul in the Pribilofs and on St. Lawrence). Winters on the coast of western and southeasternAlaska (Nome to Cold Bay, including Nunivak Island), casuallyto the Aleutians(Adak, Unalaska)and south-coastalAlaska (Ko- diak Island, Homer). Accidental in British Columbia (VancouverIsland), Washington(Ocean Shores), and Oregon (mouth of Columbia River). Notes.--See comments under P. nivalis. FAMILY CARDINALIDAE 631

Family CARDINALIDAE: Cardinals, Saltators,and Allies

Genus SALTATOR Vieillot Saltator Vieillot, 1816, Analyse,p. 32. Type, by monotypy,"Grand Tanagra"Buffon = Tanagra maxima Mtiller. PitylusCuvier, 1829, R•gne Anim. (nouv.6d.) 1: 413. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Loxia grossa Linnaeus. Notes.--Biochemicaland morphologicalevidence (Hellack and Schnell1977, Tamplinet al. 1993, Demastesand Remsen1994) supportsthe mergerof Pitylus into Saltator.

Saltator albicollis Vieillot. Lesser Antillean Saltator. Saltator albicollis.Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv. 6d.) 14, p. 107. (Cayenne, error = Martinique.) Habitat.--Shrubby SecondGrowth, Arid LowlandScrub (Tropical and lower Subtropical zones). Distribution.--Resident in the LesserAntilles (Guadeloupe,Dominica, Martinique,and St. Lucia). Accidental on Nevis, in the Lesser Antilles. Notes.--See note under S. striatipectus.

$altator striatipectusLafresnaye. Streaked Saltator. Saltator striatipictus[sic] Lafresnaye,1847, Rev. Zool. (Pads), 10, p. 73. (Cali, Valle de Cauca, Colombia.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, SecondaryForest (0-1850 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident on the Pacific slope of southwesternCosta Rica (El General region) and Panama(including Coiba, Coibita, Taboga,and the Pearl islands,and on the Caribbean slope from the Canal area to western San Blas), and in South America from northern Colombia, northern Venezuela (also Patos, Monos, Chacachacareislands), and Trinidad south, west of the Andes, to western Peru. Notes.--The original spelling "striatipictus" is regardedas a lapsus calami (Paynter 1970). Saltator albicollis and S. striatipectusare treatedas separatespecies, based on the analysisof Seutin et al. (1993).

Saltator coerulescensVieillot. Grayish Saltator. Saltator coerulescensVieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv. 6d.) 14: 105. Based on "Habia Ceja blanca" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Prix. Parag. 1:344 (no. 81). (Par- aguay.) Habitat.--Second-growthScrub, Secondary Forest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, TropicalDeciduous Forest, Gallery Forest(0-1300 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropical zones). Distribution.--Resident [grandisgroup] from Sinaloa,western Durango, eastern San Luis Potosfand southernTamaulipas south along both slopesof Middle America (includingthe Yucatan Peninsula,but unrecordedPacific slope of Nicaragua) to central Costa Rica; and [coerulescensgroup] in South America from northern and easternColombia, Venezuela (includingMonos and Chacachacareislands) Trinidad, and the Guianassouth, east of the Andes,to northernArgentina, Uruguay, and south-centralBrazil. Notes.--Groups: S. grandis (W. Deppe, 1830) [Middle American Saltator] and S. coe- rulescens[Grayish Saltator].

Saltator maximus (Mtiller). Buff-throated Saltator. Tanagra maximaP. L. S. Mtiller, 1776, Natursyst.,Suppl., p. 159. Basedon "Tanagra, des grandsbois de Cayenne" Daubenton,Planches Enlum., pl. 205. (Cayenne.) 632 FAMILY CARDINALIDAE

Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, SecondaryForest, Montane Ever- green Forest Edge (0-1500 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from northern Oaxaca, southernVeracruz, Tabasco,Chiapas, southernCampeche, and southern Quintana Roo southon the Gulf-Caribbeanslope of Central America to Nicaragua,on both slopesof CostaRica (absentfrom the dry northwest)and Panama, and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to northwestern Peru and east of the Andes to central Bolivia and central and southeastern Brazil. Accidental in E1 Salvador (Montecristo).

Saltator atriceps (Lesson).Black-headed Saltator. Tanagra (Saltator) atriceps Lesson, 1832, Cent. Zool., p. 208, pl. 69. (Mexico = Veracruz.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, SecondaryForest, Second-growth Scrub (0-1300 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from Guerrero, southeastern San Luis Potosf and southern Ta- maulipassouth along both slopesof Middle America (includingthe YucatanPeninsula) to Honduras,and in Nicaragua(Pacific slopeonly), CostaRica (mostlyCaribbean slope), and Panama (both slopes,east to Dari6n).

Saltator grossus(Linnaeus). Slate-colored Grosbeak. Loxia grossa Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 307. Based on "Le Gros-becbleu d'Am6rique" Brisson, Ornithologie 6, (suppl.): 89, pl. 5, fig. 1. (in America = Cayenne.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest (0-1200 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropical zorles). Distribution.--Resident on the Caribbeanslope of Nicaraguaand Costa Rica, on both slopesof Panama(more widespread on the Caribbean),and in SouthAmerica from Colombia, southern Venezuela, and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to northern Bolivia and Amazonian and easternBrazil; a sight report for northeastern Honduras. Notes.--Saltator grossusand the South American S. fuliginosus(Daudin, 1800) [Black- throated Grosbeak]constitute a superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990); Paynter (1970) treatedthem as conspecific.Both were formerlyplaced in the genusPitylus (see Note under Saltator).

Genus CARYOTHRAUSTES Reichenbach CaryothraustesReichenbach, 1850, Avium Syst. Nat., pl. 78. Type, by subsequent designation(Sclater and Salvin, 1869), "Pitylus" [ = Coccothraustes]viridis = Loxia canadensis Linnaeus. Notes.--See commentsunder Rhodothraupis.

Caryothraustespoliogaster (Du Bus de Gisignies).Black-faced Grosbeak. Pityluspoliogaster Du Bus de Gisignies,1847, Bull. Acad. R. Sci. Lett. Beaux-Arts Belg. 14: 105. (Guatemala.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest (0-900 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropical zorles). Distribution.--Resident from northern Oaxaca, southernVeracruz, Tabasco, Chiapas, southernCampeche, and southernQuintana Roo southalong the Gulf-Caribbeanslope of Central America to westernPanama (Bocas del Toro and both slopesof Veraguas,casually or formerly to Coc16,western Panam• provinceand the Canal area). Notes.--Caryothraustespoliogaster and C. canadensisconstitute a superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990); Paynter (1970) consideredthem to be conspecific. FAMILY CARDINALIDAE 633

Caryothraustescanadensis (Linnaeus). Yellow-green Grosbeak. Loxia canadensisLinnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 304. Based on "Le Gros-bec de Cayenne" Brisson,Ornithologie 3: 229, pl. 11, fig. 3. (in Canada,error = Cay- enne.) Itabitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest (0-900 m; Tropical and lower Subtropical zones). Distribution.--Resident in extreme eastern Panama (Cana, in eastern Dari6n); and in South America from southeastern Colombia, southern Venezuela, and the Guianas south throughAmazonian and centralBrazil to southeasternBrazil. Notes.--Also known as Green Grosbeak.See commentsunder C. poliogaster.

GenusRHODOTHRAUPIS Ridgway RhodothraupisRidgway, 1898, Auk 15: 226. Type, by original designation,Fringilla celaenoLichtenstein --- Tanagra celaenoDeppe. Notes.--Paynter (1970) suggestedthat Rhodothraupismight be merged with the genus Caryothraustes.

Rhodothraupiscelaeno (Deppe). Crimson-collaredGrosbeak. Tanagra Celaeno Lichtenst[ein]." W. Deppe, 1830, Preis.-Verz. Sfiugeth.Vi3gel, etc., Mex., p. 2. (Mexico = Papantla,Veracruz.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Gallery Forest,Secondary Forest (0-1200 m; Trop- ical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from east-centralNuevo Le6n and southernTamaulipas south through easternSan Luis Potosf and northernVeracruz to northeasternPuebla. Casualin southernTexas (Laredo, McAllen, SantaAna NationalWildlife Refuge,Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, Sabal Palms Audubon Sanctuary).

GenusCARDINALIS Bonaparte Cardinalis Bonaparte,1838, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1837), p. 111. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Cardinalis virginianusBonaparte = Loxia cardinalis Linnaeus. Pyrrhuloxia Bonaparte,1850, Consp.Gen. Avium 1(2): 500. Type, by monotypy,Car- dinalis sinuatusBonaparte. RichrnondenaMathews and Iredale, 1918, AustralAvian Rec. 3: 145. Type, by original designation,Loxia cardinalis Linnaeus.

Cardinalis cardinalis (Linnaeus). Northern Cardinal. Loxia cardinalis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 172. Based mainly on "The Red-Bird" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 38, pl. 38. (in America septentrionali= South Carolina.) Habitat.--Thickets, brushyfields, deciduousand mixed forest with denseundergrowth, forest edge, suburbs,and, in arid regions, in scrub and riparian woodland (Tropical to Temperate zones). Distribution.--Resident [cardinalis group] from central Baja California, southeastern California (along the Colorado River), central and southeasternArizona, southernNew Mexico, western and northern Texas, northeastern Colorado, western Kansas, west-central Nebraska,central and easternNorth Dakota (at least formerly), southeasternSouth Dakota, southeasternManitoba (Winnipeg),central Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, southern Ontario, southwesternQuebec, northernNew York, New Brunswick, and southernNova Scotia south to southernBaja California (including Cerralvo, Santa Margarita, Carmen, and San J6se islands),Sonora (including Isla Tibur6n), in the Tres Marins islands(off Nayarit), in the interiorto Guanajuatoand Hidalgo, along the Gulf-Caribbeanslope to the YucatanPeninsula (including Holbox and Mujeres islands), northernGuatemala (Pet6n), and central Belize, 634 FAMILY CARDINALIDAE andto the Gulf coastand southernFlorida (includingthe Florida Keys); and [carneusgroup] along the Pacific coastof Mexico from Colima to Oaxaca (Isthmusof Tehuantepec).The range in easternNorth America has been graduallyexpanding northward. Introducedand established[cardinalis group] in the Hawaiian Islands(common on all main islandsfrom Kauai eastward),coastal southern California, and Bermuda. Casualor accidental[cardinalis group] west and northto northernUtah, southernAlberta, central Saskatchewan, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland. Notes.--Groups:C. cardinalis[Common Cardinal] and C. carneus(Lesson, 1842) [Long- crestedCardinal]. Also known as the Cardinal or Common Cardinal. Cardinalis cardinalis and the SouthAmerican C. phoeniceusBonaparte, 1838 [Vermilion Cardinal], may constitute a superspecies(Mayr and Short 1970, Paynter1970).

Cardinalis sinuatusBonaparte. Pyrrhuloxia. Cardinalis sinuatusBonaparte, 1838, Proc.Zool. Soc. London(1837), p. 111. (Western parts of Mexico = Zacatecas.) Habitat.--Arid Lowland Scrub, Arid Montane Scrub, Riparian Thickets (0-2200 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residentfrom centralBaja California(north to lat. 27øN.),Sonora, southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and western and south-central Texas south to southern Baja California, northernNayarit, northeasternJalisco, northernMichoacfin, Quer6taro, southeasternSan Luis Potos/andsouthern Tamaulipas. Some nonbreeding dispersal in northern portionsof range into nearbyhabitats. Casualnorth to southernCalifornia (San Miguel Island, and north to Los Angelesand San Bernardinocounties, attempted nesting in latter in 1977), centralArizona, centralNew Mexico, Colorado, southwesternKansas, east-central Texas, and extreme western Oklahoma. Reportsfrom Nevada and Puebla are open to question. Notes.--Frequently placed in the monotypicgenus Pyrrhuloxia.

Genus PHEUCTICUS Reichenbach PheucticusReichenbach, 1850, Avium Syst. Nat., pl. 78. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Pitylus aureoventrisd'Orbigny and Lafresnaye. HedymelesCabanis, 1851, Mus. Heineanum1: 152. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Loxia ludovicianaLinnaeus.

Pheucticuschrysopeplus (Vigors). Yellow Grosbeak. Coccothrausteschrysopeplus Vigors, 1832, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,Comm. Sci. Cor- resp., pt. 2, p. 4. (Mexico = San Blas, Nayarit.) I-Iabitat.--Montane EvergreenForest Edge, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, TropicalDeciduous Forest, Gallery Forest(0-2800 m; upperTropical to lower Temperate zones). Distribution.--Resident from southernSonora (north to central Sonorain summer),south- westernChihuahua, Sinaloe, and westernDurango south in the highlandsto northernGuer- rero, Morelos, westernPuebla, and central Oaxaca (west of the Isthmusof Tehuantepec); and in southernChiapas and central Guatemala. Casual in central and southeasternArizona. A record from California is regardedas an escapedcage-bird. Notes.--Pheucticus chrysopeplus,P. tibialis, and the South American P. chrysogaster (Lesson,1832) [Golden-belliedGrosbeak] constitute a superspecies.Hellmayr (1938), Payn- ter (1970), and otherstreat them as subspeciesof a single species;we follow Eisenmann (1955), Sibley andMonroe (1990), andothers in treatingthem asallospecies in a superspecies complex.

Pheucticustibialis Lawrence.Black-thighed Grosbeak. Pheucticustibialis (Baird MS) Lawrence, 1867, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 8: 478. ("Eervantes" [= Cervfintes],Costa Rice.) FAMILY CARDINALIDAE 635

Itabitat.--Montane EvergreenForest Edge (1000-2600 m; upperSubtropical and Tem- peratezones). Distribufion.--Resident in the mountainsof CostaRica (north to the Cordillera de Tilarfin) and western Panama (east to Coclr). Notes.--See commentsunder P. chrysopeplus.

Pheucticus ludovicianus (Linnaeus). Rose-breastedGrosbeak. Loxia ludovicianaLinnaeus, 1766, Syst.Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 306. Basedon "Le Gros-bec de la Louisiane"Brisson, Ornithologie 3: 247, pl. 12, fig. 2. (in Ludovicia= Lou- isiana.) Habitat.--Opendeciduous forest and forest edge (especially poplar and aspen), woodland, andtall secondgrowth; in migrationand winter, a varietyof woodedhabitats. Distribution.--Breeds from northeasternBritish Columbia, southwesternand south-central Mackenzie, northernAlberta, centralSaskatchewan, southern Manitoba, centralOntario, southernQuebec, New Brunswick,Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia,and Newfoundland south to central and southeasternAlberta, southernSaskatchewan, north-central North Da- kota,eastern South Dakota, central Nebraska, central (formerly northwestern) Kansas, eastern (formerlycentral) Oklahoma, southern Missouri, southern Illinois, central Indiana, southern Ohio,eastern Kentucky, eastern Tennessee, northern Georgia, western North Carolina, western Virginia,West Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware,casually west to easternWyoming, northeasternColorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and central California (1992, male paired with female P. melanocephalus). Wintersfrom Nayarit and southeastern San Luis Potosi south through Middle America to northernand eastern Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and east-central Peru, rarely in southern Texas,southern Louisiana, southern Mississippi, southern Alabama, western Cuba, and Ber- muda(uncommonly); recorded occasionally in winter within the breedingrange, and in Oregon,Utah, and California. Migratesregularly through the southeastern states (west to theRockies) and northeastern Mexico, irregularlythrough Bermuda, the BahamaIslands, Greater Antilles (east to the Virgin Islands),the CaymanIslands, and islandsin the westernCaribbean Sea (Swan, Providencia,and San Andrrs), and casually elsewhere in westernNorth America from southern British Columbia,Idaho, and Montana southto Arizona and northwesternMexico. Casualor accidentalin the LesserAntilles (Barbuda,Marie Galante,Dominica, Barbados), Greenland,the BritishIsles, Sweden,France, Spain, Yugoslavia, and Malta; sightreports for southeasternAlaska and the RevillagigedoIslands. Notes.--Pheucticusludovicianus and P. melanocephalushybridize to varying degrees wheretheir rangesoverlap in the Great Plains(West 1962, R. L. Kroodsma1974a, b). Consideredconspecific by some(e.g., Phillips et al. 1964,Phillips 1994), they are considered here as forminga superspecies(Mayr and Short 1970, Paynter1970).

Pheucticusmelanocephalus (Swainson). Black-headed Grosbeak. Guiraca rnelanocephalaSwainson, 1827, Philos.Mag. (n.s.) 1: 438. (Temiscaltipec, Mexico = Temascaltepec,M•xico.) Habitat.--Deciduousforest and woodland,cottonwood riparian woodland, pine-oak association,oak scrub,and pinyon-juniperwoodland; in migrationand winter,a varietyof woodedhabitats (Subtropical and Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds from coastal southern British Columbia, southern Alberta, southwestern Saskatchewan,northeastern Montana, and central North Dakota south to northern Baja California,southern California, southern Nevada, central and southeasternArizona, and,in theMexican highlands, to Guerreroand Oaxaca (west of theIsthmus of Tehuantepec), and east to western South Dakota, central Nebraska, central Kansas, easternNew Mexico, and western Texas. Wintersfrom coastal California (rarely), southern Baja California, northern Mexico, south- easternTexas, and (rarely) southern Louisiana south to centralOaxaca and Veracruz. Casual in easternNorth America from southernManitoba, Minnesota, Wisconsin,Mich- 636 FAMILY CARDINALIDAE igan, western and southernOntario, southwesternQuebec, New York, Maine, New Bruns- wick, and Nova Scotia south to the Gulf coast and Florida (recordedmost frequentlyin New Englandand alongthe Atlantic coastsouth to SouthCarolina); sight reports for south- coastalAlaska (Middleton Island) and the Queen CharlotteIslands; a sightreport for Costa Rica and an old recordfrom Yucatfinare highly questionable. Notes.--See comments under P. ludovicianus.

Genus CYANOCOMPSA Cabanis CyanocompsaCabanis, 1861, J. Omithol. 9: 4. Type, by original designation,Fringilla [Cyanoloxia] parellina Bonaparte. Notes.--Cyanocompsaand Guiraca are sometimesmerged in Passerina (Phillips et al. 1964, Paynter 1970).

Cyanocompsacyanoides (Lafresnaye). Blue-black Grosbeak. Coccoboruscyanoides Lafresnaye, 1847, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 10: 74. (Panama.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, SecondaryForest (0-1250 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from southernVeracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco,Chiapas, southernCampeche, and southern Quintana Roo southon the Gulf-Caribbeanslope of Central Americato Nicaragua,on both slopesof CostaRica (exceptthe dry northwest)and Panama, and in South America from Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andes to central Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.

Cyanocornpsaparellina (Bonaparte).Blue Bunting. Cyanoloxiaparellina (LichtensteinMS) Bonaparte,1850, Consp. Gen. Avium 1(2): 502. (Alvarado, Veracmz, Mexico.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, Pine- Oak Forest (0-1850 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from central Sinaloa, eastern San Luis Potosi, northern Nuevo Le6n, and centralTamaulipas south locally alongboth slopesof Middle America(including the YucatanPeninsula and Isla Mujeres) to north-centralNicaragua. Casual in southern and coastal Texas and southwesternLouisiana (Cameron Parish).

Genus GUIRACA Swainson Guiraca Swainson,1827, Philos.Mag. (n.s.) 1: 438. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Swainson, 1827), Loxia caerulea "Wilson" [= Linnaeus]. Notes.--See commentsunder Cyanocompsa.

Guiraca caerulea (Linnaeus). Blue Grosbeak. Loxia cceruleaLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 175. Basedon "The blew Gross- bec" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 39, pl. 39. (in America -- SouthCarolina.) Habitat.--Brushy andweedy fields, scrub, young second-growth woods, riparian thickets (upper Tropical to lower Temperatezones, in nonbreedingseason also to lower Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Breeds from northern California, western and southern Nevada, southern Idaho,south-central Montana (once), south-central North Dakota, southwestern Minnesota, centraland northeastern Illinois, northwesternIndiana, northern Ohio, southernPennsylvania, and southeasternNew York (once) southto northernBaja California and southernArizona, in the highlandsand Pacific lowlandsof Middle America throughMexico, Guatemala,E1 Salvador,Honduras, and Nicaraguato centralCosta Rica, and to southernTamaulipas, the Gulf coast,and central(casually southern) Florida, with the rangeexpanding along northern edge. FAMILY CARDINALIDAE 637

Wintersfrom southernBaja California and northernMexico (rarely from the Gulf coast and southernFlorida, casually elsewherein the North American breeding range and north to New England) souththrough Middle America to central Panama(Canal area). Migrates from California and the North American breeding range south over most of Middle America, and through Bermuda (where one winter record), the Bahama Islands, Greater Antilles (east to the Virgin Islands), Cayman Islands, and Swan Islands. Casual north to Oregon, southeasternBritish Columbia, southernSaskatchewan, Wiscon- sin, central Ontario, southernQuebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. Accidental in southeasternAlaska (Petersburg)and Ecuador; sight reportsfrom Michigan and Colombia.

Genus PASSERINA Vieillot PasserinaVieillot, 1816, Analyse,p. 30. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), "Le Ministre" Buffon = Tanagra cyaneaLinnaeus. Notes.--See commentsunder Cyanocompsa.

Passerina rositae (Lawrence).Rose-bellied Bunting. Cyanospizarositce (Sumichrast MS) Lawrence, 1874, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 10: 397. (Tehuantepec,Mexico = Ranchode Cacoprieto,Oaxaca; Binford, 1989, Or- nithol. Monogr.43, p. 345.) Habitat.--Hilly areasin Tropical DeciduousForest (0-1250 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.---Resident in southeasternOaxaca (Isthmus of Tehuantepecregion west to the Chivela, Mat/as Romero, and Juchitfinareas) and extremewestern Chiapas (La Trinidad). Notes.--Also known as Rosita's Bunting.

Passerina amoena (Say). Lazuli Bunting. Emberiza am•ena Say, 1823, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mount. 2:47 (note). (Rocky Mountains,source of the Arkansas= near Canyon City, Colorado.) Habitat.--Arid brushyareas in canyons,riparian thickets, chaparral, scrub oak, and open woodland;in migrationand winter, also open grassyand weedy areas. Distribution.•Breeds from south-central British Columbia, southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, central North Dakota, and northeastern South Dakota south to northwestern Baja California, southernCalifornia, southernNevada, central Arizona, centralNew Mexico, and central Texas (Kerr County, with summerrecords also for Trans-Pecosand the Pan- handle), and east to western Nebraska, western Kansas, and western Oklahoma. Winters from southernArizona and Chihuahua(casually north to central California and extreme western Texas) south to Guerrero and central Veracruz. Migrates regularly throughthe southwesternUnited Statesand northwesternMexico (including Baja California), rarely west to southwesternBritish Columbia, north to central Alberta, and east to eastern and southern Texas. Casual in eastern North America (recorded Manitoba, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Missouri, Illinois, Louisiana,Ontario, Pennsylvania,Maine, Maryland, South Carolina, and Florida). Accidentalin southernMackenzie; sight reports for southeasternAlaska, Arkansas,Virginia, and central Oaxaca. Notes.--Passerina amoenaand P. cyaneahybridize to a limited extentwhere their ranges overlapin the GreatPlains region (Sibley and Short1959, Emlenet al. 1975, R. L. Kroodsma 1975, Thompson1976) but are locally sympatricwith little or no interbreedingin the southwesternUnited States.Evidence of behavioralisolating mechanisms (Baker et al. 1990) indicatesthat althoughformerly treatedby some(e.g., Phillips et al. 1964) as conspecific, they are better consideredto constitutea superspecies(Mayr and Short 1970).

Passerina cyanea (Linnaeus).Indigo Bunting. Tanagracyanea Linnaeus, 1766, Syst.Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 315. Basedon "The blew Linnet" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 45, pl. 45. (in Carolina -- South Carolina.) 638 FAMILY CARDINALIDAE

Habitat.--Deciduous forest edge and regeneratingclearings, open woodland, second growth, shrubbyareas, scrub, and riparian woodland;in migrationand winter, a variety of open forest,woodland, scrub, and weedy habitats. Distribution.--Breeds from southeasternBritish Columbia (Creston), southeasternSas- katchewan, southern Manitoba, northern Minnesota, south-central Ontario, southwestern Quebec, southernMaine, southernNew Brunswick, and Nova Scotia southto southernNew Mexico, Texas (west to Big Bend and south to San Patricio County), the Gulf coast,and central Florida, and west to Montana, eastern Colorado, western Kansas, and central New Mexico; recordedbreeding sporadically also in Colorado, southwesternUtah, central and southeasternArizona, and southern California. Wintersfrom Nayarit, San Luis Potosf(rarely from southernTexas, the Gulf coast,and Florida, casuallyin winter elsewherein the North American breedingrange and in coastal California) and Bermudasouth through Middle America (includingmost adjacentislands), the Greater Antilles (east to the Virgin Islands), and the Cayman and Bahamaislands to Panama (rare east of the Canal area) and northwesternColombia. Migrates throughthe United Stateseast of the Rockies,Mexico (exceptthe northwestern portion), northernMiddle America, Bermuda,the westernGreater Antilles, and Bahama Islands;rarely (but regularly) throughCalifornia, Baja California, northwesternMexico, southernArizona, and New Mexico; and casuallyelsewhere in westernNorth Americafrom southernBritish Columbia, Idaho, southernAlberta, and southernSaskatchewan southward. Casual or accidentalnorth to northwesternand south-coastalAlaska (Wainwright,An- chorage),northern Manitoba, central Quebec,Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland,and Iceland;also to RevillagigedoIslands (Socorro Island; sight report) and Europe (where likely escapes). Notes.--See comments under P. arnoena.

Passerina versicolor(Bonaparte). Varied Bunting. $piza versicolor Bonaparte, 1838, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1837), p. 120. (near Te- mascallepec[= Temascaltepec,state of Mtxico].) Habitat--Arid Montane Scrub, Arid Lowland Scrub, Riparian Thickets (0-1900 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from southernBaja California, northern Sonora, south-central and southeasternArizona, southernNew Mexico, and western and southernTexas (Culberson andCrockett counties, and the Rio GrandeValley) souththrough Mexico (exceptthe Yucatan Peninsula)to central Oaxaca (east to RanchoLas Animas), and in Chiapasand Guatemala. Withdrawsfrom the southwesternUnited Statesand northern plateau of Mexico in winter. Casualin southeasternCalifornia. Accidentalin Ontario (Long Point).

Passerina leclancherii Lafresnaye.Orange-breasted Bunting. Passerina(Spiza) LeclancheriiLafresnaye, 1840, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 3: 260. (Acapulo [sic], au Mexique = Acapulco,Guerrero.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Arid LowlandScrub (0-1200 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident on the Pacific slopefrom Colima, Jalisco,and Michoacfinsouth throughGuerrero, southern Puebla, and southernOaxaca to southwesternChiapas (Arriaga). An individual netted in southernTexas (Hidalgo County) in 1972 was almost certainly an individual escapedfrom captivity. Notes.--Also known as Leclancher'sBunting.

Passerina ciris (Linnaeus). Painted Bunting. Ernberiza Ciris Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 179. Based mainly on "The Painted Finch" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 44, pl. 44. (in America = South Carolina.) Habitat.--Partly open situationswith densebrush and scatteredtrees, rip arian thickets, FAMILY ICTERIDAE 639 and weedyand shrubbyareas; in migrationand winter,a variety of openweedy, grassy, and scrubhabitats, and in open woodland. Distribution.--Breeds from southeastern New Mexico, northern Texas, western and central Oklahoma, west-central Kansas, southern Missouri, and southwestern Tennessee south to southern Chihuahua, northern Coahuila, southern Texas, and southern Louisiana, and east along the Gulf coastto southernAlabama (locally in the Apalachicolaregion of western Florida); and from central SouthCarolina and southeasternNorth Carolina south,primarily on barrier islandsand the adjacentmainland coast, to central Florida. Winters from Sinaloa, southernTamaulipas, southern Florida, and the northwesternBa- hama Islands souththrough Cuba, Jamaica,and Middle America (both slopes)to western Panama(east to westernPanamfi province), casually north to southernArizona and western and southern Texas. Migrates west rarely to southernCalifornia and southeasternArizona. Casualnorth to southeasternWyoming, Minnesota,Wisconsin, Michigan, Ontario,New Brunswick,and Nova Scotia, west to Oregon, California, and Nevada, and on Bermuda. Some of thesereports may be basedon escapedindividuals, but many are not. Notes.--Thompson(1991) suggestedthat the easternand westernpopulations might representtwo species.

GenusSPIZA Bonaparte Spiza Bonaparte, 1824, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 4: 45. Type, by subsequent designation(Bonaparte, 1827), Emberizaamericana Gmelin. Notes.--Affinities of this genusare uncertain(Sibley and Monroe 1990); it may be an icterid or an aberrantcardinalid (Paynter 1970). It is an outgroupto the other cardinalids (Tamplin et al. 1993).

Spiza americana (Gmelin). Dickcissel. Emberizaamericana Gmelin, 1789, Syst.Nat. 1(2): 872. Basedon the "Black-throated Bunting" Pennant,Arct. Zool. 2: 363, pl. 17. (in Noveboraco= New York.) Itabitat.--Grassland, meadows,savanna, cropland (especially alfalfa), and brushyfields; in migrationand winter, also a variety of open country,second growth, and scrub. Distribution.--Breeds from eastern Montana, southernSaskatchewan, southern Manitoba, westernand southernMinnesota, northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southernOntario, and centralNew York southto northeasternWyoming, easternColorado, northeastern New Mexico (rarely), westernand southernTexas, southern Louisiana, central Mississippi, central (rarely southern)Alabama, central and southeasternGeorgia, and South Carolina, at least formerly also in the Atlantic lowlands from Massachusettsto North Carolina; breeding sporadicand irregular in easternportion of range. Winters from Nayarit south,primarily along the Pacific slope, throughMiddle America to northernand easternColombia, Venezuela (most abundantwintering area), Trinidad, and the Guianas,locally in small numbersalso in coastallowlands from southernNew England southto Florida and westto coastaland southernTexas, casually north to the southernGreat Lakes region and northwestto easternColorado. Migrates throughthe easternUnited Statesand BahamaIslands through Middle America (both slopes),and casuallythrough California, Baja California, southernArizona, eastern and southernNew Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica,Puerto Rico, the CaymanIslands, islands in the westernCaribbean Sea (Swan, Providencia,San Andr6s, and AlbuquerqueCay), and the Netherlands Antilles (Aruba). Casual north to southernBritish Columbia, southernAlberta, southernQuebec, southern New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland, and to Bermuda and ClippertonIsland. Accidentalin Norway.

Family ICTERIDAE: Blackbirds

Genus DOLICHONYX Swainson DolichonyxSwainson, 1827, Philos. Mag. (n.s.) 1: 435. Type, by monotypy,Fringilla oryzivora Linnaeus. 640 FAMILY ICTERIDAE

Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linnaeus). Bobolink. Fringilla oryzivora Linnaeus,1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 179. Basedmainly on "The Rice-Bird" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1' 14, pl. 14. (in Cuba.... in Carolinam -- South Carolina.) I-Iabitat.--Tall grassareas, flooded meadows, prairie, deep cultivatedgrains, and alfalfa and clover fields; in migration and winter, also in rice fields and marshes. Distribution.--Breeds from central and southern interior British Columbia, southern Al- berta, southern Saskatchewan,southern Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec (in- cludingMagdalen Islands),New Brunswick,Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia,and New- foundland southto easternand south-centralWashington, eastern Oregon, northeasternNe- vada (local), northern Utah, eastern Colorado, Kansas, northern Missouri, central Illinois, central Indiana, southernOhio, southernPennsylvania, and central New Jersey,and locally to north-centralKentucky, extremenortheastern Tennessee, western North Carolina,western Virginia, and western and central Maryland, also isolated breedingin east-centralArizona; recordedin summer(but without positive evidenceof breeding)north to southwesternand northeasternBritish Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, northern Ontario, and eastern Quebec, and south to northern California, central Nevada, and north-centralNew Mexico. Winters in southernSouth America (mostly east of the Andes) in easternBolivia, central Brazil, Paraguay,and (primarily) northernArgentina. Limits of winter range (versusareas where only occurringas migrant) not well known. Migrates regularly throughthe southeasternUnited States(west to the Great Plains and central Texas), the West Indies, Yucatan Peninsula,Belize, islands in the Caribbean Sea (Swan, Providencia, and San Andr•s), the northerncoast of South America, Costa Rica (fall only; Caribbeanlowlands, rarely on Pacific slope), Panama, and northernSouth America from Colombia, Venezuela(also islandsoff the northerncoast), and the Guianassouthward; also rarely throughwestern North America southto California, southernNevada, Arizona, and southern New Mexico. Casualor accidentalin Alaska (Point Barrow,Hyder), Labrador,southern Baja California, Honduras(Isla Utila in the Bay Islands),Nicaragua (Rfo Escondido),Cocos Island (off Costa Rica), Bermuda,the GalapagosIslands, northern Chile, Greenland,the BritishIsles, Norway, France,Gibraltar, and Italy; sightreports for southernMackenzie, Veracruz,and Clipperton Island.

Genus AGELAIUS Vieillot AgelaiusVieillot, 1816, Analyse,p. 33. Type, by originaldesignation, "Troupiale Com- mandeur" Buffon = Oriolus phoeniceusLinnaeus. Notes.--Although Lanyon (1994) showedthat Agelaius is not a monophyleticgenus, thosespecies found in the Check-list area form a monophyleticgroup.

Agelaius phoeniceus(Linnaeus). Red-winged Blackbird. Oriolusphoeniceus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 161. Basedmainly on "The red wing'd Starling" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 13, pl. 13. (in America septentrionali = Charleston, South Carolina.) I-Iabitat.--Fresh-water and brackishmarshes, bushes and small treesalong watercourses, and uplandcultivated fields; in migrationand winter, alsoin opencultivated lands, plowed fields, pastures,and prairie (Tropicalto Temperatezones, in Central Americarestricted to Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Breeds [phoeniceusgroup] from east-central,south-coastal and south- easternAlaska (west to Anchorageand north to Fairbanks),southern Yukon, west-central and southernMackenzie, northern Saskatchewan,central Manitoba, northern Ontario, southern Quebec (including Anticosti and Magdalen islands), New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and southwesternNewfoundland south to northern Baja California, locally throughMexico (includingthe YucatanPeninsula and Holbox Island) and alongboth coastsof Central America to Nicaragua and northern Costa Rica (Guanacaste,Rfo Frio), FAMILY ICTERIDAE 641 and to southernTexas, the Gulf coast, and southernFlorida (including the Florida Keys); also in the northern Bahama Islands (south to Andros and Eleuthera). Winters[phoeniceus group] from southernBritish Columbia, Idaho, Montana, North Da- kota, southernMinnesota, the southernGreat Lakes region, southernOntario, and New England(casually farther north) souththroughout the remainderof the breedingrange, with the southwesternand most of Middle Americanpopulations being sedentary. Resident[gubernator group] in MexicanPlateau region from Durangoand Zacatecas south to M6xico, Distrito Federal, and Puebla. Casual [phoeniceusgroup] north to westernand northernAlaska, northernMackenzie, and Victoria Island, and in Trinidad. Notes.--Groups:A. phoeniceusLinnaeus, 1766 [Red-wingedBlackbird] and A. gubernator [BicoloredBlackbird]. Hardy and Dickerman (1965) found that where the two groups come in contactthey differ in vocalizations,breeding habitat, juvenal plumage, female plumage,epaulet color of males, and bill shape;they also found that interbreedingwas limited at one locality (Lerma marshes)but extensiveat another(Laguna Rosario). Lanyon (1994) confirmedthe traditionalinterpretation that A. phoeniceusand A. tricolor are sister taxa (but A. assimiliswas not available for analysis).

Agelaius assimilis Lembeye.Red-shouldered Blackbird. Agelaiusass#nilis Lembeye, 1850, Aves Isla Cuba, p. 64, pl. 9, fig. 3. (Cuba.) Habitat.--Trees and tall grassesat the marginsof fresh-watermarshes. Distribution.--Resident in western Cuba and the Isle of Pines. Notes.--Formerlyconsidered conspecific with A. phoeniceus,but separatedon the basis of studiesby Whittinghamet al. (1992) and Garridoand Kirkconnell(1996); the two species constitutea superspecies.

Agelaius tricolor (Audubon). Tricolored Blackbird. Icterus tricolor Audubon, 1837, Birds Amer. (folio) 4: pl. 388, fig. 1 (1839, Ornithol. Biogr. 5: 1). (No locality given = Santa Barbara,California.) Habitat.--Fresh-water marshesof cattails,tule, bulrushes,and sedges;in migrationand winter, also in open cultivatedlands and pastures. Distribution.--Breeds from northwesternand easternOregon (east of the coastranges) south through interior California, and along the coast from central California (Sonoma County)south to northwesternBaja California(south to lat. 30ø N.). Wintersfrom northernCalifornia (Glenn Countysouthward) south throughout the breeding range and adjacentagricultural areas. Casual in northwestern and southeastern California. Notes.--See commentsunder A. phoeniceus.

Agelaius humeralis (Vigors). Tawny-shoulderedBlackbird. Leisteshurneralis Vigors, 1827, Zool. J. 3: 442. (neighborhoodof Havana,Cuba.) Habitat.--Arid Lowland Scrub, Pastures/AgriculturalLands, Second-growthScrub (0- 900 m). Distribution.--Resident in Cuba (includingCayo Cantiles and Archipelagode las Jar- dines)and western Hispaniola (west-central Haiti in vicinityof Port-de-Paix,lower Artibonite River, and St. Marc). Casual in Florida (Florida Keys, including Dry Tortugas,also a sight report from Mar- athon). Notes.--Agelaiushurneralis and A. xanthornusconstitute a superspecies(Sibley andMon- roe 1990); they are sistertaxa (Lanyon 1994).

Agelaius xanthomus (Sclater). Yellow-shoulderedBlackbird. Icterus xanthomusSclater, 1862, Cat. Collect. Amer. Birds., p. 131. (Mexico, error -- Puerto Rico.) 642 FAMILY ICTERIDAE

Habitat.--Arid LowlandScrub, Pastures/Agricultural Lands, Riparian Thickets. Distribution.--Resident on Puerto Rico (presentlyrestricted to the southwesternand northeasternsections, including Mona Island). Notes.--See comments under A. humeralis.

Genus NESOPSAR Sclater NesopsarSclater, 1859, Ibis, p. 457 (footnote). Type, by original designation,N. nigerrimus = Icterus nigerrimus Osburn.

Nesopsar nigerrimus (Osburn). JamaicanBlackbird. Icterus nigerrimusOsburn, 1859, Zoologist 17: 6662. (lower mountainsof Jamaica.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest (500-1500 m). Distribution.--Resident on Jamaica.

Genus STURNELLA Vieillot $turnellaVieillot, 1816, Analyse,p. 34. Type, by monotypy,"Stourne, ou Merle h fer- h-cheval" Buffon = Alauda magna Linnaeus. LeistesVigors, 1825, Zool. J. 2: 191. Type, by originaldesignation, Oriolus americanus Gmelin -- Emberiza militaris Linnaeus.

Sturnella militaris (Linnaeus). Red-breastedBlackbird. Emberizamilitaris Linnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 178. Basedmainly on Turdus hcematodosLinnaeus, Mus. Adolphi Friderici 1: 18. (in America, Asia = Surinam.) Habitat.--Pastures/AgriculturalLands, Low SeasonallyWet Grassland,Freshwater Marshes(0-1600 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Residentin southwesternCosta Rica (Puntarenasprovince; first detected in 1974), Panama(entire Pacific slope, and Caribbeanlowlands in Co16nand the Canal area), and SouthAmerica from northernColombia, Venezuela, Tobago, Trinidad, and the Guianas south,east of the Andes, to northeasternPeru, and Amazonian and central Brazil. Expanding its range north in Costa Rica. Notes.--Often (e.g., Blake in Paynter1968) consideredconspecific with SouthAmerican S. superciliaris (Bonaparte,1850) [White-browedBlackbird], but see Short (1968). Often placedin the genusLeistes (e.g., Blake in Paynter1968, Parkerand Remsen1987, Sibley and Monroe 1990), but we follow Short (1968).

Sturnella magna (Linnaeus). EasternMeadowlark. Alauda magnaLinnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 167. Basedon "The Large Lark" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 33, pl. 33. (in America,Africa = SouthCarolina.) Habitat.--Grassland, savanna,open fields, pastures,and cultivatedlands (Tropicalto Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds [magnagroup] from southwesternSouth Dakota, northernMin- nesota, northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, central Ontario, southwesternQuebec, Maine, southernNew Brunswick,and centralNova Scotiasouth through the easternUnited States(west to westernNebraska, northeastern Colorado [probably], central Kansas,and easternTexas) and Middle America (except Baja California and northwesternMexico) to central Panama (Pacific slope east to easternPanamfi province), and to the Gulf coast, southernFlorida (rarely the Florida Keys), Cuba (including cayos Coco, Romano, and Saetia), and the Isle of Pines; and in South America from northernand easternColombia, Venezuela, Guyana, and Surinam south, east of the Andes, to Amazonian Brazil. Winters [magna group] from northern Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, southern Minnesota, centralWisconsin, southern Michigan, southernOntario, New York, and New England(casuallyfarther north) souththroughout the remainderof the breedingrange, with the West Indian, Middle Americanand SouthAmerican populations being essentiallysedentary. FAMILY ICTERIDAE 643

Resident[lilianae group] from northwestern,central and southernArizona, central New Mexico, and western and central Texas south to northeasternSonora and northwestern and central Chihuahua,with somedispersal in winter. Casual[magna group] north to southernManitoba, west-central and eastern Quebec, Prince EdwardIsland, and Newfoundland;a sightreport [lilianae group] of a singingbird in Baja California. Notes.--Groups: S. magna [EasternMeadowlark] and S. lilianae Oberholser,1930 [Lil- ian's Meadowlark].The two groupsdiffer in plumage,morphology, and habitat preferences (Lanyon 1962, Rohwer 1972, 1976), but are quite similar in vocalizations(Lanyon 1962). Sturnellamagna and S. neglectararely interbreed(Lanyon 1957, 1966, Rohwer 1972, 1973) and their hybridsare sterile(Lanyon 1979); they constitutea superspecies(Mayr and Short 1970).

Sturnella neglecta Audubon. WesternMeadowlark. Sturnellaneglecta Audubon, 1844, Birds Amen (octavoed.) 7: 339, pl. 489. (Missouri River aboveFort Croghan= Old Fort Union, North Dakota.) Habitat.--Grassland, savanna,cultivated fields, and pastures (Subtropical and Temperate zones). Distribution.--Breedsfrom centralBritish Columbia (including Vancouver Island), north- central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, western Ontario, northwestern Minnesota,northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southern Ontario, and northwestern Ohio southto northwesternBaja California, (irregularlyalso on GuadalupeIsland) southernCal- ifornia, northwesternSonora, western and central Arizona, in the Mexican highlandsto easternJalisco, Guanajuato, San Luis Potos/,southern Nuevo Le6n, and westernTamaulipas, and to west-central Texas, northwestern Louisiana, southwesternTennessee, southern Illinois, northernIndiana, centralOhio, westernPennsylvania (possibly), and westernNew York. Winters from southern British Columbia, southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, southernWisconsin, and southwesternMichigan southto southernBaja Cal- ifornia, Michoacfin, M6xico, northern Veracruz, southern Texas, and the Gulf coast east to northwestern(possibly central) Florida, occurringeast regularly to westernKentucky, central Tennessee, and Alabama. Introduced and establishedin the Hawaiian Islands (Kauai). Casual or accidentalnorth to northern Alaska (Anaktuvuk Pass), southernMackenzie, northern Alberta, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, southwesternQuebec, and New Brunswick,and eastto southeasternNew York and Georgia;singing birds, presumably this species,have beenrecorded in New Englandand New Jersey. Notes.--See commentsunder S. magna.

GenusXANTHOCEPHALUS Bonaparte XanthocephalusBonaparte, 1850, Consp.Gen. Avium 1(2): 431. Type, by monotypy, Psarocoliusperspicillatus Waglet = Icterus xanthocephalusBonaparte.

Xanthocephalusxanthocephalus (Bonaparte). Yellow-headed Blackbird. Icterus icterocephalus(not Oriolus icterocephalusLinnaeus, 1766 = Agelaius icterocephalus)Bonaparte, 1825, Amer. Ornithol. 1: 27, figs. 1-2. (Pawnee villages on the river Platte -- along the Loup River, just west of Fullerton, Nance County, Nebraska.) Nomen oblitum. Icterusxanthocephalus Bonaparte, 1826, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia5: 223. New name for Icterus icterocephalusBonaparte. Habitat.--Fresh-water marshesof cattail, tule or bulrushes;in migrationand winter also in opencultivated lands, pastures, and fields. Distribution.--Breeds from western Oregon, central Washington,central interior and northeasternBritish Columbia, northern Alberta, north-central Saskatchewan,central Man- itoba, extremewestern Ontario, northernMinnesota, northern Michigan, and extremesouthern Ontario south to southernCalifornia, northeasternBaja California, southwesternand 644 FAMILY ICTERIDAE east-centralArizona, southwesternand northeasternNew Mexico, northernTexas (Panhan- dle), western Oklahoma (Panhandle),central Kansas, and western and northern Missouri, centralIllinois, northwesternIndiana, and northwesternOhio. Formerlybred in northern Tamaulipas. Winters from Washington,Oregon, California, central Arizona, Colorado, southeastern Texas,and (rarely) the Gulf Coast(east to Florida)south to southernBaja California, northern Guerrero(perhaps irregularly to southeasternOaxaca), Chiapas, Puebla, and central Veracruz. Casualnorth to westernand northernAlaska (includingin the Arctic Ocean 100 miles west of Point Hope), southernMackenzie, and northernManitoba, and over easternNorth America from southernQuebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland south; also recordedYucatan (sight report), Costa Rica (Palo Verde), Panama (easternPanamfi province),Cuba, the northernBahama Islands (Grand Bahama,San Salvador),Barbados, at seain the Atlantic Ocean(300 milesnortheast of New York City), andin Greenland,Iceland, Great Britain, Norway, Sweden,Denmark, and France;sight reports for the Revillagigedo Islands (Socorro Island) and off Yucatfin.

GenusDIVES Deppe Dives "Lichtenst[ein]."W. Deppe, 1830, Preis.-Verz.S•iugeth. V6gel, etc., Mex., p. 1. Type, by tautonymy,Icterus divesDeppe. PtiloxenaChapman, 1892, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 4: 307. Type, by originaldesignation, Quiscalusatroviolaceus d'Orbigny. Notes.--Freeman and Zink (1995) foundthat Dives and Euphagusare eachothers' closest relatives.An analysisof blood proteins(Smith and Zimmerman1976) suggesteda close relationshipbetween Euphagus and Quiscalus(including Cassidix), but did not analyze Dives.

Dives dives (Deppe). Melodious Blackbird. Icterusdives "Lichtenst[ein]." W. Deppe,1830, Preis.-Verz.S•iugeth. V6gel, etc.,Mex., p. 1. (Valle Real, Veracruz = Valle Nacional, Oaxaca; Binford, 1990, Wilson Bull. 102: 153.) Habitat.--Tropical LowlandEvergreen Forest Edge, SecondaryForest, Gallery Forest (0-2000 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residentfrom southeasternSan Luis Potosf,southern Tamaulipas, Puebla, M6xico, and northernOaxaca south on the Gulf-Caribbeanslope of Middle America (including the YucatanPeninsula) to north-centralNicaragua, and on the Pacific slopein E1 Salvador,casually to northwesternCosta Rica (to Tarcolesarea). Notes.--Also known as SingingBlackbird. Dives dives and the SouthAmerican D. war- szewiczi(Cabanis, 1861) [ScrubBlackbird] constitute a superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990); someauthors (e.g., Hellmayr 1937) considerthem conspecific.

Dives atroviolacea (d'Orbigny). Cuban Blackbird. Quiscalusatroviolaceus d'Orbigny, 1839, in La Sagra,Hist. Fis. Pol. Nat. Cuba, Ois., p. 121, pl. 19. (Cuba.) Habitat.--TropicalLowland Evergreen Forest Edge, Gallery Forest, Secondary Forest (0-500 m). Distribution.--Resident on Cuba; reportsfrom the Isle of Pinesare doubtful. Notes.--Sometimesplaced in the monotypicgenus Ptiloxena.

Genus EUPHAGUS Cassin

EuphagusCassin, 1867, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia18 (1866): 413. Type, by monotypy, Psarocoliuscyanocephalus Waglet. Notes.--See comments under Dives. FAMILY ICTERIDAE 645

Euphagus carolinus (Mtiller). Rusty Blackbird. TurdusCarolinus P. L. S. Mtiller, 1776, Natursyst.,Suppl., pl. 140. (Carolina.) Habitat.-•Moist woodland(primarily coniferous),bushy bogs, and wooded edges of watercourses;in migration and winter also open woodland,scrub, pastures, and cultivated lands. Distribution.--Breeds from western and north-central Alaska, northern Yukon, northwestern and central Mackenzie, southern Keewatin, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, north-central Labrador, and Newfoundland south to southwesternand south-coastalAlaska, northwestern and interior British Columbia, southwestern and south- central Alberta, central Saskatchewan,central Manitoba, northeasternMinnesota, northern Michigan (rarely), southernOntario, southernQuebec, northeasternNew York, western Massachusetts,central New Hampshire,central Maine, and Nova Scotia. Winters from central (casually) and south-coastalAlaska, southernBritish Columbia, central Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southernManitoba, southern Ontario, and the northern United States (east of the Rockies) south to central and southeasternTexas, the Gulf coast, and northern Florida, and west to Montana, central Colorado, and easternNew Mexico, rarely in southernArizona and coastalCalifornia. Migrates regularlythrough southeastern Alaska, northernBritish Columbia,and (rarely) eastern California. Casual elsewhere in western North America from Idaho and western Montana south to northernBaja California, Sonora(sight report),to islandsin the Bering Sea (St. Lawrence, and St. Paul in the Pribilofs), and to southernFlorida. Accidental in Siberia and Greenland.

Euphagus cyanocephalus(Wagler). Brewer's Blackbird. Psarocoliuscyanocephalus Wagler, 1829, Isis von Oken, col. 758. (Temascaltepec, Mexico = OaxacaCity, Oaxaca;Binford, 1989, Ornithol. Monogr.43, p. 348.) Habitat.--Shrubby and bushy areas (especially near water), riparian woodland, aspen parklands,cultivated lands, marshes, and aroundhuman habitation; in migrationand winter also in pasturesand fields. Distribution.--Breeds from southwesternand central interior British Columbia (including Vancouver Island), southwesternMackenzie, north-central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southernManitoba, central Ontario, and northernNew York southto northwesternBaja California, southern California, southern Nevada, central Arizona, southern New Mexico, western and northern Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado, northwestern Nebraska, southern Min- nesota, southern Wisconsin, northeastern Illinois, northwestern Indiana, and southern Mich- igan. The breedingrange has recentlyexpanded along its easternborder. Winters from southernBritish Columbia, central Alberta, Montana, the easternedge of the Rockies,Kansas, Oklahoma, Missouri, the northernportions of the Gulf states,northern Georgia,and westernSouth Carolina (casuallyfarther north) southto southernBaja Cali- fornia, Jalisco,western Oaxaca, and central Veracruz, irregularly farther south to southeastern Oaxaca (Isthmus of Tehuantepec),southwestern Chiapas, Campeche,southern Texas, the Gulf coast, and southern Florida. Migrates regularly as far east as the Appalachiansfrom Ohio southward. Casual north to southeastern Alaska and southern Keewatin, and in the northeast from southernQuebec (sight reports),New York, New England, and Nova Scotia southward. Accidentalin northernAlaska (Barrow) and westernGuatemala (Hacienda Chancol).

Genus QUISCALUS Vieillot QuiscalusVieillot, 1816, Analyse,p. 36. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Gracula quiscala [sic] Linnaeus. CassidixLesson, 1831, Trait60rnithol., livr. 6, p. 433. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Cassidixmexicanus Lesson = Corvusmexicanus Gmelin. HoloquiscalusCassin, 1867, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia18 (1866): 404. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Sclater, 1884), Quiscaluscrassirostris Swainson = Or- iolus niger Boddaert. 646 FAMILY ICTERIDAE

Notes.--See comments under Dives.

Quiscalusquiscula (Linnaeus).Common Grackle. Gracula QuisculaLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 109. Basedmainly on "The Purple Jack-Daw" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 12, pl. 12. (in America septentrionali -- coast of South Carolina.) Habitat.--Partly open situationswith scatteredtrees, open woodland(coniferous or deciduous),forest edge, and suburbs;in migrationand winter alsoin opensituations, cultivated lands, pastures,fields, and marshes. Distribution.--Breeds from northeasternBritish Columbia, southernMackenzie, northern Alberta, northwestern and central Saskatchewan, central and northeasternManitoba, central Ontario, southernQuebec (including Anticosti Island), New Brunswick,Prince Edward Is- land, Nova Scotia, and southwesternNewfoundland south to Nevada, northern and eastern Utah, central Colorado, central and southeasternNew Mexico, central and southeasternTexas (southto CorpusChristi region), the Gulf coast,and southernFlorida (includingthe Florida Keys). Winters from North Dakota, the southernGreat Lakes region, southernOntario, New England, and Nova Scotia (casuallyfarther north) southto southernNew Mexico, central and southernTexas (rarely also westernTexas in the Big Bend region),the Gulf coast,and southern Florida. Casualin westernNorth Americafrom northernand westernAlaska south through western and southernBritish Columbia,Washington, and Oregonto southernCalifornia and Arizona; accidentalin Denmark (possibly an escape);sight reports from northernTamaulipas are unverified. Notes.--Groups: Q. quiscula[Purple Grackle] and Q. versicolorVieillot, 1819 [Bronzed Grackle]. The two groups were formerly consideredseparate species, but see Chapman (1935), Huntington (1952), Yang and Selander (1968), and Zink et al. (1991).

Quiscalus major Vieillot. Boat-tailed Grackle. Quiscalusmajor Vieillot, 1819, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv. 6d.) 28: 487. (Mexico and Louisiana -- New Orleans, Orleans Parish, Louisiana.) Habitat.--Brackish marshesin coastalareas, and adjacentopen situations,pastures, and cultivated lands. Distribution.--Resident along the Atlantic coastfrom New York (Long Island) and New Jersey southward,throughout peninsular Florida, and west along the Gulf coast to south- easternTexas (southto Aransasand Calhoun counties,casually farther south). Casual inland to central New York and New England. Notes.--See commentsunder Q. mexicanus.

Quiscalusmexicanus (Gmelin). Great-tailedGrackle. Corvusmexicanus Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat. 1(1): 375. Basedin part on the "Mexican Crow" Latham, Gem Synop.Birds 1(1): 396. (in nova Hispania = Veracruz,Ve- racruz.) Habitat.--Second-growth Scrub,Pastures/Agricultural Lands, Mangrove Forest, Second- ary Forest (0-2300 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in southwesternand east-centralCalifornia andnortheastern Baja California, and from central Nevada, north-central Utah, central Colorado, southern Ne- braska, northern Iowa, northern Missouri, western Arkansas, and southwestern Louisiana southalong both slopesof Middle America (includingthe YucatanPeninsula, islands and cays off the YucatanPeninsula and Belize, and the Bay Islandsoff Honduras)to CostaRica (formerly Pacific coastonly; now widespread),and Panama(Pacific slopethroughout, Ca- ribbean slopein Bocasdel Toro, the Canal area, and San Blas, and widely on islandsoff the Pacific coastand off San Blas), and along both coastsof South America from Colombia east to northwesternVenezuela and southto Ecuador and northwesternPeru. The breeding FAMILY ICTERIDAE 647 rangehas expandedgreatly in the last century,and is apparentlycontinuing to do so. Some populationsat the northernedge of the breedingrange leave in winter. Casual to the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu), and north to the Queen Charlotte Islands, north- easternMontana, south-centralIdaho, southernWyoming, Minnesota, central Illinois, In- diana, westernand southernOntario, and Ohio; sightreports for southeasternSouth Dakota, Michigan, and Mississippi,and elsewherein northernBaja California. Notes.--Although Q. mexicanusand Q. major were long consideredconspecific, sympatry without interbreedingis known from southwesternLouisiana to southeasternTexas (Selander and Giller 1961, Pratt 1991); they shouldprobably be regardedas constituting a superspecies (Mayr and Short 1970); they are sister taxa (e.g., Freeman and Zink 1995). Quiscalus mexicanus,Q. major, and Q. palustris are often placed in the genusCassidix.

?Quiscaluspalustris (Swainson).Slender-billed Grackle. Scaphiduruspalustris Swainson, 1827, Philos.Mag. (n.s.) 1: 437. (marshesand borders of the lakes round Mexico [City] = marshesat headwatersof Rfo Lerma, M6xico.) Habitat.--Fresh-water marshesand lake margins(lower TemperateZone). Distribution.--EXTINCT. Formerly residentin marshesin the upper reachesof the Rfo Lerma, M6xico. Notes.--See commentsunder Q. mexicanus.

Quiscalusnicaraguensis Salvin and Godman. NicaraguanGrackle. Quiscalusnicaraguensis Salvin and Godman, 1891, Ibis, p. 612. (Momotombo,Lake Managua [Nicaragua].) Habitat.--Fresh-water Marshes,Pastures/Agricultural Lands (Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Residentin southwesternNicaragua (vicinity of Lake Managuaand Lake Nicaragua) and extreme northernCosta Rica (Rfo Fifo district). Notes.--This speciesis sometimestreated in the genus Cassidix.

Quiscalusniger (Boddaert).Greater Antillean Grackle. Oriolusniger Boddaert,1783, TablePlanches Enlum., p. 31. Basedon "TroupialeNoir, de St. Domingue" Daubenton,Planches Enlum., pl. 534. (SantoDomingo = Port au Prince, Haiti.) Habitat.--Pastures/AgriculturalLands, Second-growthScrub (0-1800 m). Distribution.--Resident on Cuba (including nearby cays), the Isle of Pines, Cayman Islands(inclu•ding Cayman Brac), Jamaica, Hispaniola (including Gonave, Tortue, and Beata islands,and Iledt-Vache),and PuertoRico (includingVieques Island). Notes.--Quiscalus niger and Q. lugubrisappear to constitutea superspecies(Sibley and Monroe 1990). These two speciesare sometimestreated in the genusHoloquiscalus.

Quiscaluslugubris Swainson.Carib Grackle. Quiscaluslugubris Swainson,1838, Animals in Menageries,in Lardher, Cabinet Cy- clopedia98: 299, fig. "50c" [= 54c]. (Brazil, error = Guyana.) Habitat.--Second-growthScrub, Pastures/Agricultural Lands (0-600 m; TropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident in the LesserAntilles (Montserrat,Guadeloupe, Marie Galante, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenada,the Grenadines,and Barbados), Trinidad, northernVenezuela (including islandsnearby), the Guianas,and extreme northeastern Brazil. Introducedand establishedon St. Martin, Barbuda,Antigua, and (formerly) St. Kitts. Notes.-•Also known as LesserAntillean Grackle. See commentsunder Q. niger.

Genus MOLOTHRUS Swainson Molothrus Swainson, 1832, in Swainsonand Richardson,Fauna Bor.-Amer. 2 (1831): 275, 277. Type, by original designation,Fringilla pecoris Gmelin = Oriolus ater Boddaert. 648 FAMILY ICTERIDAE

TangaviusLesson, 1839, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 2: 41. Type, by monotypy, Tangavius involucratusLesson = Psarocoliusaeneus Wagler. Notes.--Lanyon (1992) found that this genusis not monophyleticunless it is expanded to include Scaphidura;see also Freeman and Zink (1995).

Molothrus bonariensis(Gmelin). Shiny Cowbird. Tanagra bonariensisGmelin, 1789, Syst.Nat. 1(2): 898. Basedon "Tangavio" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois. 4: 241, and Daubenton,Planches Enlum., pl. 710. (in Bonaria = BuenosAires, Argentina.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Riparian Thickets, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest Edge, Arid Lowland Scrub, Second-growthScrub, Pastures/AgriculturalLands (0- 2000 m; Tropicaland Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident on Puerto Rico (since 1955), Vieques Island (where recorded initially about 1860, possiblyas an introduction),Virgin Islands, Barbados(probably an introduction),and Grenada,in recentyears spreading to the CaymanIslands and throughout the Antilles (exceptJamaica); and in easternPanama (eastern Panam• province,San Blas, and Dari6n), and from Colombia, Venezuela,Tobago, Trinidad, and the Guianassouth over most of SouthAmerica to central Chile and centralArgentina. Recentlyestablished in southernFlorida (Smith and Sprunt 1987), now occurringregularly north to centralFlorida and rarely to westernFlorida and southernGeorgia. Ranges casually west to Oklahoma and central Texas, and north to North Carolina. Ac- cidental in Maine. Notes.--Also known as GlossyCowbird.

Molothrus aeneus (Wagler). Bronzed Cowbird. Psarocoliusaeneus Wagler, 1829, Isis yon Oken, col. 758. (Mexico -- Mexico City.) Habitat.--Pine-Oak Forest,Tropical Deciduous Forest, Second-growth Scrub, Pastures/ AgriculturalLands (0-3000 m; Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident [aeneusgroup] from southeasternCalifornia, west-centraland southernArizona, southernNew Mexico, western,west-central and southernTexas (with an isolatedbreeding population in the New Orleans area, Louisiana) souththrough Middle America (includingthe YucatanPeninsula, but absentfrom Baja California) to centralPan- ama (on the Caribbeanslope in Bocasdel Toro, andeast to easternPanam• province on the Pacific slope); and [armenti group] in coastalcentral northernColombia. Northern populations [aeneusgroup] are mostly migratory. Casualor accidental[aeneus group] in centraleastern and southwesternCalifornia, central New Mexico, Colorado,Missouri, southernMississippi, southern Alabama, and Florida; a sight report for northernBaja California. Notes.--Often placedin the genusTangavius. Groups: M. aeneus[Bronzed Cowbird] and M. armenti Cabanis, 1851 [Bronze-brownCowbird]. The two groupswere formerly consideredseparate species (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee1970), but seeDugand and Eisenmann (1983). Also known as Red-eyedCowbird.

Molothrus ater (Boddaert). Brown-headedCowbird. Oriolus ater Boddaert, 1783, Table PlanchesEnlum., p. 37. Based on "Troupiale,de la Caroline" Daubenton,Planches Enlum., pl. 606, fig. 1. (Carolina.) Habitat.--Woodland, forest(primarily deciduous) and forest edge; in migrationand winter also in open situations,cultivated lands, fields, pastures, and scrub(Tropical to Temperate zones). Distribution.--Breeds from south-coastal(rarely) and southeastern(probably) Alaska, northern British Columbia, southern Mackenzie, northern Alberta, north-central Saskatch- ewan, southernManitoba, central Ontario, southernQuebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and southernNewfoundland south (including VancouverIsland) to FAMILY ICTERIDAE 649 southernBaja California, southeasternOaxaca, Guerrero, Michoac•n, Guanajuato,San Luis Potos/, northernTamaulipas, southern Texas, the Gulf coast,and southernFlorida. Wintersfrom southwesternBritish Columbia,western Washington, western Oregon, Cal- ifornia, southern Utah, northern New Mexico, Kansas, central Missouri, the southern Great Lakes region, southernOntario, New England,southern New Brunswick,and Nova Scotia (casuallyfarther north) southto southernBaja California, Oaxaca(Isthmus of Tehuantepec), central Veracruz, southern Texas, the Gulf coast, and southern Florida. Casual north to western and northern Alaska, northern Manitoba, and southern Labrador, and the RevillagigedoIslands (Socorro Island), Bermuda,the northernBahama Islands, and Cuba.

Genus SCAPHIDURA Swainson

ScaphiduraSwainson, 1837, Class.Birds 2: 272. Type, by virtual monotypy,Scaphidura barita Swainson = Oriolus oryzivorusGmelin. PsornocolaxPeters, 1929, Proc. Biol. Soc.Wash. 42: 123. Type, by originaldesignation, Oriolus oryzivorusGmelin. Notes.--See comments under Molothrus.

Scaphiduraoryzivora (Gmelin). Giant Cowbird. Oriolus oryzivorus Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat. 1(1): 386. Based on the "Rice Oriole" Latham, Gert. Synop. Birds 1(2): 423. (in Cayenna = Cayenne.) Habitat. Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, Second-growthScrub, usuallyin vicinity of coloniesof oropendolasor caciques(0-2000 m; Tropical and lower Subtropical zones). Distribution.--Residentfrom northernOaxaca, southern Veracruz, Tabasco, Chiapas, and southernQuintana Roo southon the Gulf-Caribbeanslope of Central America to Honduras, in Nicaragua (both slopes),Costa Rica (Caribbeanslope and central plateau), and Panama (both slopes,more widespreadon Caribbean),and in SouthAmerica from Colombia,Ven- ezuela, Trinidad, and the Guianas south, west of the Andes to western Ecuador and east of the Andesto southernBolivia, easternParaguay, extreme northeastern Argentina, and southern Brazil. Notes.--Also known as Rice Grackle.

Genus ICTERUS Brisson Icterus Brisson,1760, Ornithologie1: 30; 2: 85. Type, by tautonymy,Icterus Brisson = Oriolus icterus Linnaeus. PendulinusVieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 33. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Sclater, 1883), Oriolus spuriusLinnaeus. BananivorusBonaparte, 1853, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 37: 834. Type, by original designation,Oriolus bonana Linnaeus. AndriopsarCassin, 1867, Proc.Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia19: 49. Type, by subsequent designation(Sclater, 1883), Psarocoliusgularis Wagler.

Icterus dominicensis (Linnaeus). Black-cowled Oriole. Oriolusdorninicensis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst.Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 163. Basedon "Le Carouge de S. Domingue" Brisson,Ornithologie 2: 121, pl. 12, fig. 3. (in Dominica = His- paniola.) Habitat.--[prosthernelasgroup] Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, Secondary Forest (0-1200 m); [dorninicensisgroup] Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, Sec- ondaryForest (0-1000 m); (TropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident [prosthemelasgroup] from southernVeracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco,Chiapas, and the YucatanPeninsula south on theCaribbean slope of CentralAmerica to extreme westernPanama (westernBocas del Toro); and [dominicensisgroup] in the 650 FAMILY ICTERIDAE northernBahama Islands (Andros, Great Abaco, and Little Abaco), Cuba, the Isle of Pines, Hispaniola(including Tortue and Gon•ve islands, and •le-h-Vache), and Puerto Rico. Notes.--Groups:I. prosthernelas(Strickland, 1850) [Black-cowledOriole] and I. dominicensis[Greater Antillean Oriole]. lcterus dominicensis,I. laudabilis, I. oberi, andI. bonana appearto constitutea superspecies(Blake in Paynter 1968, Sibley and Monroe 1990).

Icterus laudabilis Sclater. St. Lucia Oriole. lcterus laudabilis Sclater,1871, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 270, pl. 21. (St. Lucia.) Itabitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Tropical DeciduousForest, Secondary Forest (0-900 m). Distribution.•Resident on St. Lucia, in the Lesser Antilles. Notes.--See comments under I. dorninicensis.

Icterus oberi Lawrence. Montserrat Oriole. lcterus oberi Lawrence, 1880, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 3: 351. (Montserrat.) Itabitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Montane EvergreenForest (200-900 m). Distribution.--Resident on Montserrat, in the Lesser Antilles. Notes.--See comments under I. dorninicensis.

Icterus bonana (Linnaeus). Martinique Oriole. Oriolus BonanaLinnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 162. Basedprimarily on "Le Carouge" Brisson,Ornithologie 2: 115, pl. 12, fig. 2. (in America meridionali= Martinique.) Itabitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, Mangrove For- est, SecondaryForest (0-700 m). Distribution.---Residenton Martinique,in the LesserAntilles. Notes.--See comments under I. dorninicensis.

Icterus wagleri Sclater.Black-vented Oriole. lcterus wagleri Sclater, 1857, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 7. (No locality given = Mexico.) Habitat.--Pine-Oak Forest, Tropical DeciduousForest, Gallery Forest (100-2500 m; upper Tropical to lower Temperatezones). Distribution.-•Resident from southern Sonora, central Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Nuevo Le6n south throughthe highlandsof Mexico, Guatemala,E1 Salvador,and Hondurasto central Nicaragua.Seasonal movements little understood. Accidentalin southernArizona (Patagonia)and Texas(Big Bend, Kingsville,Austin). Notes.--Also known as Wagler's Oriole.

Icterus maculialatus Cassin.Bar-winged Oriole. lcterus rnaculialatusCassin, 1848, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia3 (1847): 332. (near Vera Cruz, Mexico, error = Vera Paz, Guatemala.) Habitat.--Pine-Oak Forest, SecondaryForest (500-2100 m; upper Tropical and Sub- tropical zones). Distribution.--Resident on the Pacific slope from eastern Oaxaca and Chiapas south throughGuatemala to E1 Salvador.Seasonal movements little understood. Casual in southeasternOaxaca (Sierra Madre de Chiapas),possibly resident.

Icterus spurius (Linnaeus).Orchard Oriole. Oriolus spuriusLinnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 162. Based mainly on "The BastardBaltimore" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 48, pl. 48. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.) FAMILY ICTERIDAE 651

Habitat.--Scrub, secondgrowth, brushy hillsides, partly open situationswith scattered trees,open woodland, mesquite, and orchards;[fuertesi group] Gallery Forest,Secondary Forest;shrubby dunes (Subtropical and lower Temperatezones, in winterto TropicalZone). Distribution.--Breeds [spuriusgroup] from southeasternSaskatchewan, southern Man- itoba, centralMinnesota, central Wisconsin, central Michigan, southernOntario, central New York, southernVermont, and northernMassachusetts south to easternChihuahua, Coahuila, southernTexas, the Gulf coast,and central Florida, west to easternMontana, easternWy- oming,eastern Colorado, and southeasternNew Mexico, and on the Mexican Plateaufrom centralDurango and Zacatecas to Jalisco,northern Michoac•n, M6xico, andHidalgo (probably also in centralSonora); and [fuertesigroup] in southernTamaulipas and northern Veracruz. Winters [spuriusgroup] from Sinaloa,Guerrero, Puebla, and centralVeracruz (casually north to coastalCalifornia and southernTexas, with occasionalreports farther north) south throughMiddle America(including islands along the coast)to Colombiaand northwestern Venezuela;and [fuertesigroup] presumably in centralMexico (recordedGuerrero, Morelos, and southernChiapas). Migrates [spuriusgroup] regularly through Mexico (west to southernSinaloa), southern Florida (includingthe Keys), and Cuba, casuallythrough California, Baja California,and southernArizona, and rarely to southwesternNew Mexico, Sonora,the Bahama Islands (Eleuthera,New Providence),Jamaica, and the Swan Islands. Casual [spuriusgroup] west to Washington,Oregon, Wyoming, centralColorado, and northern New Mexico, and north to south-centralManitoba, southern Quebec, New Bruns- wick, and Nova Scotia;and [fuertesigroup] in southernTexas (Brownsville). Notes.--Groups:I. spurius[Orchard Oriole] and I. fuertesi Chapman[Ochre Oriole or Fuertes'sOriole]. Althoughfuertesiis usuallyregarded as a subspeciesof/. spurius,it differs from spuriusin somesong features and juvenal plumage (Chapman 1911, Graber and Graber 1954). Molecular data (Freeman and Zink 1995) confirm the traditional view that I. spurius and I. cucullatusare closelyrelated and are probably sistertaxa.

Icterus cucullatus Swainson. Hooded Oriole.

Icterus cucullatusSwainson, 1827, Philos. Mag. (n.s.) 1: 436. (Temiscaltipec,Mexico -- Temascaltepec,M6xico.) Habitat.--Riparian woodland,palm groves,mesquite, arid scrub,deciduous woodland, and aroundhuman habitation(Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Breeds from northern coastal and central California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, central Arizona, southern New Mexico, and western and southern Texas (one breedingrecord also from Bell County,in centralTexas) southto southernBaja Cal- ifornia and Sonora,and on Caribbeanslope through Mexico, includingthe YucatanPeninsula (also Mujeres, Holbox, Contoy, and Cozumel islands)to coastalBelize. Wintersfrom southernBaja California and southernSonora (rarely from southernCali- fornia, southernArizona, and southernTexas) south on Pacific slope to western Oaxaca, and on Caribbean slope from southernTamaulipas to Belize. Casual north to southwesternWashington, west-central Oregon, easternTexas, and Lou- isiana(Cameron Parish, Baton Rouge). Accidental in Ontario (Long Point) and Cuba; a sight report for the RevillagigedoIslands (Socorro). Notes.--See commentsunder I. spurius.

Icterus chrysater (Lesson).Yellow-backed Oriole. Xanthornuschrysater Lesson, 1844, Echo Monde Savant (2)11' 204. (Mexico.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Pine-Oak Forest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen For- est Edge, SecondaryForest, lowland pine savanna(0-2500 m; Tropical and Subtropical zones). Distribution.--Resident from southernVeracruz (Sierra de los Tuxtlas), southeasternOa- xaca (SierraMadre de Chiapas),northern Chiapas, and the YucatanPeninsula south through the interior of Central America to northernNicaragua and, locally, the Gulf-Caribbean 652 FAMILY ICTERIDAE lowlands to northeasternNicaragua; and from Panama (west to Veraguas) east through Colombia to northernVenezuela. Apparently at least partly migratory in E1 Salvadorand probablyelsewhere in northernCentral America. Notes.--Includes the lowland form in Colombia,once regardedas a distinctspecies, I. hondaeChapman, 1914 [Honda Oriole], but seeOlson (1981d). Howell and Webb (1995) suggestedthat I. chrysaterwas closelyrelated to I. graduacauda.

Icterus auricapillus Cassin.Orange-crowned Oriole. Icterus auricapillus Cassin, 1848, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia3 (1847): 332. (Mexico and South America = Santa Marta, Colombia.) Habitat.--Tropical Deciduous Forest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, Secondary Forest,Gallery Forest(0-800 m; Tropicaland Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from easternPanama (eastern Panamfiprovince, western San Blas, Dari6n) east acrossnorthern Colombia to Venezuela.

Icterus mesomelas(Wagler). Yellow-tailed Oriole. Psarocoliusmesomelas Wagler, 1829, Isis von Oken, col. 755. (Mexico = Chalcal- tianges,Veracruz.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, SecondaryForest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen ForestEdge, Gallery Forest (0-1600 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident from centralVeracruz, northern Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, and the YucatanPeninsula south along the Gulf-Caribbeanslope of Middle America to Panama (also on the Pacific slopefrom westernPanatari province eastward), and in SouthAmerica from Colombia and northwestern Venezuela south, west of the Andes, to western Peru.

Icterus icterus (Linnaeus).Troupial. Oriolus Icterus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 161. Basedprimarily on "Le Troupiale"Brisson, Ornithologie 2: 86, pl. 8, fig. 1. (in Americacalidiore = Cumanfi, Sucre, Venezuela.) Habitat.--Semi-arid woodlandand mangroves;in SouthAmerica, Gallery Forest,Sec- ondaryForest, River-edge Forest, Tropical Deciduous Forest (0-700 m; TropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident[icterus group] from northernand eastern Colombia, and western and northernVenezuela (also islands to north);[croconotus group] in southeasternColombia, southwesternGuyana, eastern Ecuador, and eastern Peru; and [jamacaiigroup] in Amazonian Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay,and northernArgentina. Introducedand established[icterus group] on PuertoRico, Mona Island, and St. Thomas (includingWater Island) in the Virgin Islands;also reported from southernFlorida, Jamaica, St. John, Antigua, Dominica, Grenada,and Trinidad,presumably based on escapedcage birds. Notes.•Groups: L icterus[Troupial], L croconotus(Wagler, 1829) [Orange-backedOri- ole], and L jamacaii (Gmelin, 1788) [Campo Oriole]. Icterus icterusand L jamacaii (including L croconotus)are sometimesconsidered distinct species(e.g., Hilty and Brown 1986; cf. Ridgelyand Tudor 1989). The moleculardata of Freemanand Zink (1995) strongly suggestthat L icterusis only distantlyrelated to other oriolesand that the genusIcterus is paraphyletic.

Icterus pustulatus(Wagler). Streak-backedOriole. Psarocoliuspustulatus Wagler, 1829, Isis von Oken, col. 757. (Mexico -- Cuernavaca, Morelos; Binford, 1989, Ornithol. Monogr.43, p. 348.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Gallery Forest, SecondaryForest, Arid Lowland Scrub(0-1900 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident [pustulatusgroup] in the Pacificlowlands from Sonoraand Chi- huahuasouth to Nayarit; [graysoniigroup] in the Tres Marias Islands, off Nayarit; and FAMILY ICTERIDAE 653

[sclateri group] on the Pacific slopefrom Jaliscosouth to northwesternOaxaca and western Chiapas,in the arid interiorof westernChiapas, Guatemala, and Honduras, and in the Pacific lowlands from E1 Salvador south to northwestern Costa Rica (Guanacaste). Northwestern populationsare partially migratory. Breeds [pustulatusgroup] casuallyin Pinal and Santa Cruz counties,Arizona. Casual [pustulatusgroup] in southernCalifornia and easternArizona; sight reportsfor southernOregon and Baja California. Notes.--The three groupshave sometimesbeen regardedas distinctspecies, I. pustulatus [Scarlet-headedOriole], I. graysoniiCassin, 1867 [TresMarias Oriole], andI. sclateriCassin, 1867 [Streak-backedOriole], althoughpustulatus and sclateri intergradein southwestern Mexico (Binford 1989). See notesunder I. galbula.

Icterus auratus Bonaparte.Orange Oriole. Icterus auratus (Du Bus de GisigniesMS) Bonaparte,1850, Consp.Gen. Avium 1(2): 435. (Yucatan.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Secondary Forest (0-200 m; TropicalZone). Distribution.--Resident in southeasternMexico on the Yucatan Peninsula(Campeche, Yucat•n, and Quintana Roo) and northeasternBelize.

Icterus leucopteryx(Wagler). JamaicanOriole. Oriolus mexicanus(not Linnaeus, 1766) Leach, 1814, Zool. Misc. 1: 8, pl. 2. (St. Andrews, Jamaica.) PsarocoliusLeucopteryx Wagler, 1827, Syst. Avium, sig. 22, genusPsarocolius, sp. 16. New name for Oriolus mexicanusLeach, preoccupied. Habitat.--Secondary Forest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, Montane Evergreen Forest (0-1000 m). Distribution.--Resident on Jamaica,Grand Cayman (where extirpated, not recordedsince 1967; Bradley [1995]), and Isla San Andr6s, in the western Caribbean Sea.

Icteruspectoralis (Wagler). Spot-breasted Oriole. Psarocoliuspectoralis Wagler, 1829, Isis von Oken, col. 755. (Mexico = San Pedro Totulapan,Oaxaca; Binford, 1989, Ornithol. Monogr. 43, p. 348-349.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Gallery Forest,Secondary Forest (0-1500 m; Trop- ical Zone). Distribution.--Resident in the Pacific lowlands from Colima and Guerrero south to central CostaRica (vicinity of Puntarenas),and locally in arid interior valleys and on the Caribbean slopeof Guatemalaand Honduras. Introduced and established in southeasternFlorida (Palm Beach, Broward, and Dade counties,rarely north to Brevard County) and apparentlyalso on Cocos Island.

Icterus gularis (Wagler). Altamira Oriole. Psarocoliusgularis Wagler, 1829, Isis yon Oken, col. 754. (Mexico = Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca;Binford, 1989, Ornithol. Monogr. 43, p. 349.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, Gallery Forest,Secondary Forest (0-1500 m; Trop- ical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from extremesouthern Texas (lower Rio Grandevalley), eastern Nuevo Le6n, and easternSan Luis Potos/southon the Gulf-Caribbeanslope (including the YucatanPeninsula) to Belize and (locally) Honduras,and from M6xico and Guerrerosouth alongthe Pacific slopeto west-centralNicaragua (also locally in the arid interior valleysof Guatemala and Honduras). Notes.--Also known as Lichtenstein's Oriole or Black-throated Oriole. 654 FAMILY ICTERIDAE

Icterus graduacauda Lesson.Audubon's Oriole. Icterus graduacaudaLesson, 1839, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 2: 105. (Mexico.) Habitat.--Gallery Forest,Pine-Oak Forest, Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, Tropical DeciduousForest (0-2500 m; upperTropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Residenton Pacificslope from Nayaritto centralOaxaca, and on Caribbean slopefrom southernTexas (north to Val Verde,Bee, and Nuecescounties) and Nuevo Le6n south to central Veracruz. Old recordsfrom Chiapasand Guatemala(Santo Tomils) are questionable. Notes.--Also known as Black-headed Oriole, a name now restricted to an Old World groupof speciesin the genusOriolus. See commentsunder I. chrysater.

Icterus galbula (Linnaeus). Baltimore Oriole. CoraciasGalbula Linnaeus,1758, Syst.Nat. ed. 10, 1, p. 108. Basedon "The Baltimore- Bird" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1, p. 48, pl. 48. (in America = Virginia.) Habitat.--Breeds in open woodland,deciduous forest edge, riparian woodland,orchards, and plantedshade trees (TemperateZone); in migrationand winter in humid forest edge, secondgrowth, and scrub. Distribution.--Breeds from northeasternBritish Columbia, central Alberta, central Sas- katchewan,southern Manitoba, western Ontario, northern Michigan, southernOntario, south- westernQuebec, central Maine, southernNew Brunswick,Prince Edward Island, andcentral Nova Scotiasouth to easternTexas, central Louisiana, central Mississippi, central Alabama, north-centralGeorgia, western South Carolina, central North Carolina, central Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware, and west to centralMontana, the westernedge of the Great Plains (also singlebreeding records from northeasternColorado and Key West, Florida). Winters from Nayarit and Veracruz (rarely from coastal California and Sonora) south throughMiddle America to northernColombia, northern Venezuela, and Trinidad,regularly in small numbersin the Atlantic statesnorth to Virginia, in the Greater Antilles eastto the Virgin Islands,and casuallyelsewhere in easternNorth America north to the Great Lakes region, southernOntario, and New England; Migrates regularlythrough the central and southeasternUnited States(west to Montana, easternNew Mexico, and western Texas) and northeasternMexico, rarely throughcoastal California, the northernBahama Islands,the Cayman Islands, and YucatanPeninsula, and casually elsewherein western North America west to Washington,Oregon, Arizona, and northwestern Mexico. Casual north to northernManitoba, westernand southernOntario, easternQuebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland, and in the Lesser Antilles (Sombrero, St. Kitts, Barbados),also in Greenland,Iceland, the British Isles, Norway, and the Netherlands. Notes.--This specieshas been considered conspecific with I. bullockii(with the English name Northern Oriole) becauseof limited interbreedingin a few areasin the Great Plains. In someareas, a hybrid zone with virtually no pure phenotypeshas beenfound, suggesting completebreakdown of reproductiveisolating mechanisms (Sibley and Short 1964, Anderson 1971, Misra and Short 1974, Rising 1970, 1983), whereasin other areasthe distributionof phenotypessuggests selection against interbreeding (Rising 1970, 1973). Corbin andSibley (1977) found a dramaticshift in phenotypesaway from hybridsand towardpure parentals in areassampled 15 yearspreviously, but Rising (1983) found little evidencefor temporal changein anothercontact zone. Thus, the nature of contactbetween these two taxa varies geographicallyand temporally,thereby defying traditional, typological, static classification schemes.We treat these taxa as two separatebiological speciesbecause the number of importantdifferences between them suggestsin concertthat gene flow betweenthem is restricted.They differ in: male, female, and immatureplumages; vocalizations (Rising 1970); thermoregulatoryabilities (Rising 1969); allele frequencies(Corbin et al. 1979); numberof molts (Rohwer and Manning 1990); molt-migrationschedule (Rohwer and Manning 1990); nest-siteplacement and dispersion(Rising 1970); and body size (Sibley and Short 1964, Rising 1973, 1983). Althoughmany of thesecharacters vary geographicallywithin taxathat we treat as one species,we know of no casein which there are so many discrete,abrupt, FAMILY ICTERIDAE 655 concordantdifferences between populations treated as one species.Furthermore, Freeman and Zink's (1995) moleculardata indicate that I. bullockii and I. pustulatusare more closely related than either is to I. galbula. See notes under I. abeillei.

Icterus bullockii (Swainson). Bullock's Oriole. XanthornusBullockii Swainson,1827, Philos. Mag., new ser., 1, p. 436. ("Table land" [of Mexico]; restrictedto Temasc•iltepecby van Rossem, 1945, Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ. 21: 238.) Habitat.--Open andfragmented woodland of cottonwoods,willows, sycamores,and oaks, especiallynear fields, grasslands,and savannahs. Distribution.--Breeds from southern British Columbia (including Vancouver Island), southern Alberta, southwestern Saskatchewan, Montana, southwestern North Dakota, and central SouthDakota southto northernBaja California, northwesternSonora, northern Du- rango, Coahuila, and central and southernTexas, and east to western Nebraska, western Kansas, and western Oklahoma. Winterssparsely in the southernmostpart of the breedingrange, and from southernSonora, M6xico, and Puebla southto Guatemala(casually to northwesternCosta Rica), and in small numbersin the Gulf coastregion from easternand southernTexas east to southernGeorgia and Florida. Migrates regularly throughwestern North America west of the Rockies. Casual in northeastern North America from Minnesota, western and southern Ontario, New York, New Brunswick, Maine, and Nova Scotia south through New England to New Jersey;a sightreport from southeasternAlaska. Notes.--This and the next specieshave been combinedwith I. galbula with the English name Northern Oriole. See notes under I. galbula and I. abeillei.

Icterus abeillei (Lesson). Black-backed Oriole. XanthornusAbeillei Lesson, 1839, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 2: 101. (Mexico.) Habitat.--Pine-Oak Forest, Gallery Forest (1500-3000 m); (Subtropicaland Temperate zones,in winter to Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Breeds the central volcanic belt of Mexico from central Durango, Zaca- tecas, San Luis Potosi, and southern Nuevo Le6n south in the Central Plateau of Mexico to Michoac•in, M6xico, Morelos, Puebla, and central Veracruz. Winters in central and south-central Mexico south to Oaxaca. Notes.--Long ago merged with I. bullockii on the basis of hybridization in Durango reportedby Miller (1906), and carried with bullockii into the merger with I. galbula (see A.O.U. 1995). However,the small sampleof hybrid specimensis closeto bullockii, and the oriole populationat the area of contactis evidently intermittent(Rising 1973); thus, the evidence for free interbreedingbetween abeillei and bullockii is weak. Also known as Abeil16's Oriole.

Icterus parisorum Bonaparte.Scott's Oriole. lcterusParisorum Bonaparte, 1838, Proc.Zool. Soc. London(1837), p. 110. (Mexico.) Habitat.--Arid Montane Scrub,Arid Lowland Scrub, Pine-Oak Forest (0-3000 m; upper Tropical to lower Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds from southern California (north in the interior to Santa Barbara and Inyo counties), southernNevada, southernIdaho (once), southernUtah, western Col- orado, southwesternWyoming, northernNew Mexico, and westernTexas (locally east to the EdwardsPlateau in Kerr, Kendall, and Comal counties)south to southernBaja California, southeasternSonora, Durango, southeastern Coahuila, and, locally, to Michoac•inand northwestern Oaxaca. Wintersfrom southernCalifornia (rarely), centralBaja California, southernSonora, Coa- huila, and western Nuevo Le6n south to Guerrero and central Oaxaca (west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec),Puebla, and Hidalgo. 656 FAMILY ICTERIDAE

Casual north to southernOregon, central Idaho, central Colorado, and southwesternKan- sas, and east to Louisiana.Accidental in Washington(Chehalis), Minnesota (Duluth), Wis- consin(Adams), and westernOntario (Silver Islet Landing).

Genus AMBLYCERCUS Cabanis AmblycercusCabanis, 1851, Mus. Heineanum 1: 186. Type, by monotypy,Amblyr- amphusprevostii Lesson = Sturnusholosericeus Deppe.

Amblycercusholosericeus (Deppe). Yellow-billed Cacique. Sturnusholosericeus "Lichtenst[ein]." W. Deppe, 1830, Preis.-Verz.S/iugeth. V6gel, etc., Mexico, p. 1. (Mexico = Alvarado, Veracruz.) Habitat.--Montane EvergreenForest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest (0-3000 m; Tropical to Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident[holosericeus group] from southeasternSan Luis Potosf,southern Tamaulipas,Veracruz, Puebla, and northernand (possibly)southeastern Oaxaca south along both slopesof Middle America (includingthe YucatanPeninsula) to Panamaand northern Colombia, south,west of the Andes to northwesternPeru; and [australis group] in South America in the Santa Marta Mountains and Andes of Colombia and northern Venezuela to northern Bolivia. Notes.--Groups:A. holosericeus[Pr6vost's Cacique] and A. australis Chapman, 1919 [Chapman'sCacique]; see Kratter (1993) and Freeman and Zink (1995). Sometimes(e.g., Blake in Paynter 1968) merged in the genus Cacicus,but see, for example, Freeman and Zink (1995), who foundthat A. holosericeuswas only distantlyrelated to mostmembers of Cacicus.

GenusCACICUS Lac6p•de Cacicus Lac6p•de, 1799, Tabl. Mamm. Ois., p. 6. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Zimmer, 1930), Oriolus haernorrhousLinnaeus. CassiculusSwainson, 1827, Philos. Mag. (n.s.) 1: 436. Type, by original designation, Cassiculuscoronatus Swainson = Icterus rnelanicterusBonaparte. Notes.--This genusmay be paraphyletic(Freeman and Zink 1995).

Cacicusuropygialis (Lafresnaye). Scarlet-rumped Cacique. Cassiculusuropygialis Lafresnaye, 1843, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 6: 290. (Colombia = Bo- got•i.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, SecondaryForest (0-1100 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.-•Resident [rnicrorhynchusgroup] on the Caribbeanslope of northeastern Honduras(Olancho, Gracias a Dios) andNicaragua, and on bothslopes of CostaRica (absent from the dry northwest)and Panama(except eastern Dari6n); [pacificusgroup] in extreme southeasternPanama (eastern Dari6n), western Colombia, and western Ecuador; and [uropygialis group] in South America from northeasternColombia and northwesternVenezuela south, east of the Andes, to eastern Ecuador and northeastern Peru. Notes.--Groups:C. rnicrorhynchus(Sclater and Salvin, 1865) [Scarlet-rumpedCacique], C. pacificusChapman, 1915 [PacificCacique], and C. uropygialis[Subtropical Cacique]; see Ridgely and Tudor (1989). The rnicrorhynchusgroup is sometimescalled Small-billed Cacique or Flame-rumpedCacique, the uropygialisgroup, Curve-billed Cacique.

Cacicuscela (Linnaeus).Yellow-rumped Cacique. Parus Cela Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 191. Basedon Parus niger, rostro albo Linnaeus,Mus. Adolphi Friderici 2: . . (in Indiis, error -- Surinam.) Habitat.--River-edge Forest,Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest Edge, Secondary Forest (0-100 m; Tropical Zone). FAMILY ICTERIDAE 657

Distribution.mResident [vitellinus group] in Panama (west on Pacific slope to Veraguas and on Caribbean slope to the Canal area) and northern Colombia; and [cela group] in western Ecuador and northwestern Peru, and from eastern Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and the Guianas south, east of the Andes, to southern Bolivia and central and eastern Brazil. Notes.--Groups: C. vitellinus(Lawrence, 1864) [Saffron-rumpedCacique] and C. cela [Yellow-rumpedCacique].

Cacicus melanicterus(Bonaparte). Yellow-winged Cacique. Icterus melanicterusBonaparte, 1825, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia4: 389. (Mexico -- restrictedto Tem•scaltepec,M6xico, by van Rossem,1945, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. LouisianaState Univ. 21' 234, but this locality is certainly erroneous.) Habitat.--Tropical DeciduousForest, SecondaryForest (0-1500 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident in the Pacific lowlands from extreme southern Sonora (at least formerly) southto westernChiapas (TonalS, Monserrate) and, disjunctly,southeastern Gua- temala. Notes.--Also known as Mexican Cacique. Often placed in the monotypicgenus Cassi- culus.

GenusPSAROCOLIUS Wagler PsarocoliusWagler, 1827, Syst. Avium 1: sig. "22" [= 23]. Type, by subsequent designation(G. R. Gray, 1855), Oriolus cristatusGmelin = Xanthornusdecumanus Pallas. Eucorystes(not Bell, 1862) Sclater,1883, Ibis, p. 147. Type, by monotypy,Cassicus [sic] wagleri Gray. ZarhynchusOberholser, 1899, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia51: 215. New name for EucorystesSclater, preoccupied. Notes.--This genusmay be paraphyletic(Freeman and Zink 1995).

SubgenusPSAROCOLIUS Wagler

Psarocoliusdecumanus (Pallas). CrestedOropendola. Xanthornusdecumanus Pallas, 1769, Spic. Zool. 1(6): 1, pl. 1. (America = Surinam.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest, River-edge Forest (0- 1200 m; Tropicaland lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in Panama(Pacific slopeof westernChiriqui, Veraguas,and from the Canal area eastto Dari6n, and on the Caribbeanslope recorded from westernCo16n and northern Coc16 east to the Canal area), and in South America from northern and eastern Colombia,Venezuela, Tobago, Trinidad, and the Guianassouth, east of the Andes,to northern Argentinaand southernBrazil.

Psarocoliuswagleri (Gray). Chestnut-headedOropendola. CacicusWagleri G. R. Gray, 1845, GeneraBirds 2: 342, pl. 85. (No locality given = CobSn,Alta Verapaz, Guatemala.) Habitat.--Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, SecondaryForest (0-1200 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from north-central Oaxaca, southern Veracruz, Tabasco, and Chiapassouth on the Gulf-Caribbeanslope of Central America to Honduras,on both slopes of Nicaragua, Costa Rica (absentfrom the dry northwest), and Panama, and in western Colombia and western Ecuador. Notes.---Alsoknown as Waglet'sOropendola. Often placedin the monotypicgenus Zar- hynchus. 658 FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE

SubgenusGYMNOSTINOPS Sclater GymnostinopsSclater, 1886, Cat. BirdsBrit. Mus. 11: xvi, 309, 312. Type,by subsequent designation(Ridgway, 1902), Cacicusmontezuma Lesson.

Psarocoliusmontezuma (Lesson). Montezuma Oropendola. CacicusMontezuma Lesson, 1830, Cent. Zool., livr. 2, p. 33, pl. 7. (Mexico.) Habitat. Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, SecondaryForest (0-1000 m; Tropical and lower Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident from southeastern San Luis Potosf, Veracruz, eastern Puebla, northernOaxaca, Tabasco,Chiapas, Campeche, and Quintana Roo south on the Gulf-Ca- ribbean slope of Central America (also on Pacific slope of Nicaragua) to central Panama (east to the Canal area). Notes.--Psarocolius montezuma,P. guatimozinus,and two South American species,P. cassini(Richmond, 1898) [Chestnut-mantledOropendola] and P. bifasciatus(Spix, 1824) [Olive Oropendola],appear to constitutea superspecies(Blake in Paynter 1968, Sibley and Monroe 1990); see also Ridgely and Tudor (1989).

Psarocoliusguatimozinus (Bonaparte). Black Oropendola. Ostinopsguatimozinus Bonaparte, 1853, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris37: 833. (Guaripata[= Garrapata],middle Rio Magdalena,near Malena, Antioquia,Colombia.) Habitat. Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, River-edge Forest (0-800 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident in easternPanama (Dari6n) and northwesternColombia. Notes.--See comments under P. montezuma.

Family FRINGILLIDAE: Fringilline and CarduelineFinches and Allies

Subfamily FRINGILLINAE: Fringilline Finches

Genus FRINGILLA Linnaeus Fringilla Linnaeus,1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 179. Type, by tautonymy,Fringilla coelebsLinnaeus (Fringilla, prebinomialspecific name, in synonymy).

Fringilla coelebsLinnaeus. Common Chaffinch. Fringilla caelebsLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 179. (in Europa = Sweden.) Habitat.--Open and partly open country,forest, and woodland. Distribution.--Breeds throughoutEurasia south to the easternAtlantic islands,Mediter- raneanregion, Asia Minor, Iran, southernRussia, and westernSiberia. Winters in the southernpart of the breeding range and south to northern Africa and southwestern Asia. Casual in northeasternNorth America from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Maine south to Massachusetts,where presumablynatural vagrants(Vickery 1980, DeBenedictis1996). Reportsfrom Wyoming,Indiana, Ohio, Louisiana,and California aremore likely to represent escapedcage-birds. Notes.--Known in Old World literature as the Chaffinch.

Fringilla montifringilla Linnaeus.Brambling. Fringilla montifringillaLinnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 179. (in Europa = Swe- den.) Habitat.--Mixed deciduous-coniferousforest, forest edge, and birch and willow scrub; in migration and winter also in woodlandand weedy fields. FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE 659

Distribution.--Breeds from northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, and northern Siberia southto southernScandinavia, central Russia,Transbaicalia, northern Amurland, Anadyr- land, Kamchatka,and the Sea of Okhotsk.One nestingrecord from Attu, Aleutian Islands, in May 1996. Wintersfrom the British Isles and southernportions of the breedingrange southto the Mediterraneanregion, northern Africa, the Near East,Iran, northwesternIndia, Tibet, China, Taiwan,and Japan,casually to the FaeroeIslands, Iceland, Madeira, and the Philippines. Migrates regularlythrough the westernAleutian Islands(Near Islands,casually east to Adak), and casuallyislands in the Bering Sea (St. Lawrence,and St. Paul in the Pribilofs) and throughwestern and south-coastalAlaska (Hooper Bay eastto Cordova). Casual in western North America from northern and southeasternAlaska, British Colum- bia, central Alberta, Saskatchewan,Manitoba, and North Dakota south to central California, Nevada, northern Utah, Colorado, and Minnesota, and east to Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Ontario, Quebec(sight report), Pennsylvania,New York, Massachusetts,New Jersey,and Nova Scotia.Although somerecords from the northeasternstates may be of escapedcage birds, the majority of North American recordsappear to be basedon natural vagrants.

Subfamily CARDUELINAE: Cardueline Finches

Genus LEUCOSTICTE Swainson Leucosticte[subgenus] Swainson, 1832, in Swainsonand Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer. 2 (1831): 265. Type, by monotypy,Linaria (Leucosticte)tephrocotis Swainson.

Leucostictetephrocotis (Swainson). Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch. Linaria (Leucosticte)tephrocotis Swainson, 1832, in Swainsonand Richardson,Fauna Bor.-Amer.,2 (1831), p. 265, pl. 50. (on the Saskatchewan= CarletonHouse, Sas- katchewan.) Habitat.--Barren, rocky, or grassyareas and cliffs amongglaciers or beyondtimberline; in migrationand winter also in open situations,fields, cultivatedlands, brushy areas, and around human habitation. Distribution.--Breeds from western and north-central Alaska (north to the Seward Pen- insulaand BrooksRange), central Yukon, British Columbia,and southwesternAlberta south to southernAlaska (includingSt. Matthew, Nunivak, and the Pribilof and Aleutian islands), and throughthe Cascades,Sierra Nevada, and Rocky Mountains to northeasternOregon, east-centralCalifornia (to Tulare and Inyo counties),central Idaho, and northwesternMon- tana, also in the Commander Islands. Wintersfrom the Aleutians,southern mainland Alaska (rarely), BritishColumbia, southern Alberta, and central Saskatchewansouth to westernOregon, central and easternCalifornia, central Nevada, central Utah, northern New Mexico, northwestern Nebraska, and southwestern North Dakota. Casual on St. Lawrence Island, east to Manitoba, Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, and Ohio, and south to southernCalifornia (Ventura County). Accidental in Ontario (Thunder Bay, Dryden), Quebec(St. Norbert, sight report), and Maine (Gorham). Notes. The three American Leucostictespecies are sometimes(e.g., Mayr and Short 1970) treated as subspeciesof the Asian L. arctoa (Pallas, 1811) [Rosy Finch]; limited hybridizationbetween L. tephrocotisand L. atrata occursfrom west-centralIdaho to central Montana. If the three American speciesare merged into a single speciesdistinct from L. arctoa, L. tephrocotis[American Rosy-Finch] would be the appropriatename.

Leucosticteatrata Ridgway. Black Rosy-Finch. Leucosticteatrata Ridgway,1874, Amen.Sportsman, 4, p. 241. (CationCity, Colorado.) Habitat.--Barren, rocky, or grassyareas and cliffs amongglaciers or beyondtimberline; in migrationand winter also in open situations,fields, cultivatedlands, brushy areas, and around human habitation. Distribution.--Breeds in the mountains from central Idaho, southwestern and south- 660 FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE central Montana, and northwesternand north-centralWyoming southto northeasternand east-centralNevada (south to the Snake Mountains) and central Utah (to the Tushar and La Sal mountains). Wintersfrom centralIdaho and westernand southeasternWyoming southto easternCal- ifornia (at leastcasually), southern Nevada, northern Arizona, and northernNew Mexico. Casual in easternOregon and easternMontana. Accidentalin Ohio (Conneaut). Notes.mSee L. tephrocotis.

Leucosticteaustralis Ridgway. Brown-cappedRosy-Finch. Leucostictetephrocotis, vat. austalisRidgway, 1874, Bull. EssexInst., 5, p. 189 (1873). (Mt. Lincoln, Colorado.)See Banksand Browning(1979). Habitat.--Barren, rocky, or grassyareas and cliffs amongglaciers or beyondtimberline; in migrationand winter also in open situations,fields, cultivatedlands, brushy areas, and around human habitation. Distribution.mBreeds in the mountainsfrom southeasternWyoming (Medicine Bow Range) souththrough Colorado to northernNew Mexico (Santa Fe region). Wintersgenerally at lower elevationsin the breedingrange. Notes.--See L. tephrocotis.

Genus PINICOLA Vieillot

Pinicola Vieillot, 1807, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amer. Sept. 1: iv, pl. 1, fig. 13. Type, by monotypy,Pinicola rubra Vieillot = Loxia enucleatorLinnaeus.

Pinicola enucleator (Linnaeus). Pine Grosbeak. Loxia EnucleatorLinnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 171. (in Svecia•summa•, Canada• Pinefts = Sweden.) Habitat.--Open coniferous(less commonly mixed coniferous-deciduous) forest and forest edge; in migrationand winter also in deciduousforest, woodland,and secondgrowth. Distribution.--Breeds in North America from western and central Alaska, northern Yu- kon, northwestern and central Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, northern Labrador, and Newfoundland south to southernAlaska (west to the base of the AlaskaPeninsula and Kodiak Island), British Columbia (including the QueenCharlotte Islands), westernAlberta, central California (southernSierra Nevada), extremewest-central Nevada, northern and east-central Arizona, northern New Mexico, and, east of the Rockies, to northern Alberta, northern Saskatchewan,central and southeastern(rarely) Manitoba, south-centralOntario, northern Michigan (rarely), southwesternQuebec, northern New Hampshire,northern Vermont (probably),central Maine, and Nova Scotia;and in the Pa- learcftc from northern Scandinavia east acrossnorthern Russia to northern Siberia, and south to northernMongolia, Sakhalin,the Kuril Islands,Kamchatka, and Japan. Winters in North America from western and central Alaska, southern Yukon, southern Mackenzie, and southern Canada (east to southern Labrador and Newfoundland) south throughthe breedingrange, casually or sporadicallyas far as centralNew Mexico,northern and north-central Texas, northwestern Oklahoma, north-central Arkansas, Missouri, Ken- tucky,Virginia, andthe Carolinas;and in the Old World southto northernEurope, the Amur River, and Ussuriland,casually to the British Isles and central Europe. Casualor accidentalin the Pribilof, westernAleutian (Attu), and Commanderislands, and in Bermuda and Greenland.

GenusCARPODACUS Kaup CarpodacusKaup, 1829 (April), Skizz. Entw.-Ges.Eur. Thierw. 1: 161. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1842), Fringilla rosea Pallas. Erythrina Brehm, 1829 (July), Isis yon Oken 22, cols. 724-736. Type, by monotypy, E. albifronsBrehm = Loxia erythrina Pallas. See Banks and Browning (1995). FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE 661

Burrica Ridgway, 1887, Man. N. Amer. Birds, p. 390. Type, by original designation, Fringilla mexicanaMfiller.

Carpodacuserythrinus (Pallas). Common Rosefinch. Loxia erythrina Pallas, 1770, Novi Comm. Acad. Sci. Petropol. 14: 587, pl. 23, fig. 1. (Volga and SamaraRivers.) Habitat.--Swampy woods,brushy meadows, thickets, forest edge, clearings,cultivated areas, and around human habitation. Distribution.--Breeds from southern Finland, northern Russia, and northern Siberia south to centralEurope, Asia Minor, the Himalayas,Mongolia, and northernChina. Winters primarily from India east through SoutheastAsia to southernChina. Migrates irregularly throughthe western Aleutians (Attu, Shemya, Buldir) and St. Law- rence Island, occasionallyreaching the Pribilofs (St. Paul) and the mainland of western Alaska (Old Chevak), also in the British Isles, westernEurope, and Japan. Notes.--Also known as ScarletGrosbeak. Mayr and Short(1970) consideredC. erythrinus and C. purpureus to constitutea superspecies.

Carpodacuspurpureus (Gmelin). Purple Finch. Fringilla purpurea Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 923. Based mainly on "The Purple Finch" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 41, pl. 41. (in Carolina -- South Carolina.) Habitat.--Open coniferous(especially fir and spruce)and mixed coniferous-deciduous forest, forest edge, open woodland, and secondgrowth; in migration and winter also in deciduousforest, tall brush,weedy areas,and aroundhuman habitation. Distribution.--Breeds from central and northeasternBritish Columbia, southernYukon, southwestern Mackenzie, northern and central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, south-central Manitoba, northern Ontario, southernQuebec (including Anticosti Island), and Newfound- land south (west of the Cascadesand Sierra Nevada, except in Washington)to southern California, and (east of the Great Plains) to central Alberta, southeasternSaskatchewan, north-central North Dakota, northwestern and central Minnesota, central Wisconsin, central Michigan, northernOhio, West Virginia, centralPennsylvania, and southeasternNew York. Winters from southwesternBritish Columbia souththrough westernWashington, central and western Oregon, and California to northern Baja California, and (rarely) east across central and southern Arizona to southern New Mexico; and from southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southernQuebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and New- foundland south to central and southeasternTexas, the Gulf coast, and central (casually southern) Florida. Casual elsewhere in western North America from east-central, south-coastal and south- easternAlaska, easternWashington, Idaho, and westernMontana southto northernArizona, New Mexico, and extreme western Texas, and north to Franklin District (off Resolution Island) and Labrador(Cartwright). Accidental on St. Lawrence Island, in the Bering Sea. Notes.--See commentsunder C. erythrinus.

Carpodacuscassinii Baird. Cassin'sFinch. Carpodacuscassinii Baird, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia7: 119. (Camp 104, Pueblo Creek, New Mexico = 10 miles east of Gemini Peak, Yavapai County, Arizona.) Habitat.--Open coniferousforest; in migration and winter also in deciduouswoodland, secondgrowth, scrub,brushy areas, and partly open situationswith scatteredtrees. Distribution.--Breeds from southern interior British Columbia, extreme southwestern Alberta, north-centraland southeasternMontana, northernWyoming, southwesternSouth Dakota (probably),and northwesternNebraska (rarely) south(generally east of the Cascades and coastranges) to southernCalifornia, northernBaja California (Sierra San PedroMfirtir), southern Nevada, northern Arizona, and northern New Mexico. Winters from southernBritish Columbia, northwesternMontana, and east-centralWyo- 662 FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE ming southto northernBaja California, southernArizona, and westernTexas, and in the Mexican highlandsto Durango,Zacatecas, western San Luis PotosLand Coahuila,casually to coastal and southeasternCalifornia, the Tres Marins Islands (off Nayarit), Michoacfin, M6xico, and west-central Veracruz. Casualor irregularnorth to south-coastalAlaska (Homer,Middleton Island), southwestern British Columbia, southeasternAlberta, and east to northern Minnesota, western Nebraska, westernKansas, western Oklahoma, and centralTexas; a sightreport for North Dakota. Notes.--Also known as Cassin'sPurple Finch.

Carpodacusmexicanus (Mtiller). House Finch. Fringilla rnexicanaE L. S. Miiller, 1776, Natursyst.,Suppl., p. 165. (Mexico = valley of M6xico.) Habitat.--Arid scruband brush,thornbush, oak-juniper, pine-oak association, chaparral, open woodland, urban areas, cultivated lands, and savanna(Subtropical and Temperate zones). Distribution.--Breeds [mexicanusgroup] from southwesternand southerninterior British Columbia (including VancouverIsland), northernIdaho, Montana, north-centraland south- easternWyoming, southwesternSouth Dakota, westernNebraska, west-central Kansas, and western Oklahoma south to southernBaja California (includingthe Channel Islands off California, and most islandsoff Baja California, except Guadalupeand the San Benito Islands),central Sonora (including Tibur6n and San PedroMJrtir islands),in the Mexican highlandssouth to centralOaxaca, central Chiapas, and west-centralVeracruz, and to eastern San Luis PotosLNuevo Le6n, southwesternTamaulipas, and western and south-centralTexas. Winters[mexicanus group] throughout the breedingrange and eastto southernTexas. Resident[rncgregori group] formerly on the SanBenito Islands,off Baja California, where now extinct (last recordedin 1938), and possiblyalso on CedrosIsland (two records,latest in 1925), wherea representativeof the mexicanusgroup is now common;and [arnplusgroup] on GuadalupeIsland, off southernBaja California. Introducedand established[mexicanus group] in the Hawaiian Islands(about 1859, now commonon all main islandsfrom Kauai eastward,straggling casually west to Nihon); and in easternNorth America on Long Island, New York (early 1950's), now breedingfrom Kansas, eastern North Dakota, southern Manitoba, Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, north- centralMichigan, southernOntario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick,Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and (possibly)Newfoundland south to north-centraland easternTexas, the Gulf coast (east to the Florida Panhandle),Georgia, and South Carolina. Casual [mexicanusgroup] north to southernAlberta and southernSaskatchewan; a sight report from southeasternAlaska (Haines). Reportsfrom Europeprobably pertain to escapes from captivity. Notes.--Groups: C. mexicanus[Common House-Finch], C. rncgregoriAnthony, 1897 [McGregor'sHouse-Finch], and C. arnplusRidgway, 1876 [GuadalupeHouse-Finch].

Genus LOXIA Linnaeus Loxia Linnaeus,1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 171. Type, by tautonymy,Loxia curvirostra Linnaeus(Loxia, prebinomialspecific name, in synonymy).

Loxia curvirostra Linnaeus. Red Crossbill. Loxia curvirostra Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 171. (in Europa• = Sweden.) Habitat.---Coniferousand mixed coniferous-deciduous forest, humid pine-oak association, lowland pine savanna,and suburbanareas; in migration and winter also in deciduousforest, woodland, secondgrowth, scrub, weedy fields, and gardens(Subtropical and Temperate zones,locally to Tropical Zone in lowland pine savanna). Distribution.--Breeds in North America from south-coastaland southeasternAlaska (west to the base of the Alaska Peninsulaand Kodiak Island), British Columbia (including the Queen Charlotte and Vancouver islands), southern Yukon, southern Mackenzie, northern Alberta, northwestern and central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, central Ontario, southern FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE 663

Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland south to northern Baja California, southernCalifornia, southernNevada, central and southeastern Arizona, in the Middle American highlandsthrough Mexico, Belize, Guatemala,and Hon- durasto north-centralNicaragua (also in lowland pine savannain Belize, easternHonduras, and northeasternNicaragua), in the Rockiesand Plainsregion eastto southeasternMontana, northeasternWyoming, western South Dakota, northwesternNebraska, central Colorado, northeasternand central New Mexico (probably), and extreme westernTexas (Guadalupe and, probably,Davis mountains),and to southernManitoba, North Dakota, northernMin- nesota,central Wisconsin, northern and centralIllinois, southernMichigan, southernOntario, Pennsylvania,West Virginia, westernVirginia (alsoin the GreatSmoky Mountains of eastern Tennessee,western North Carolina, and northwesternGeorgia), southeasternNew York, and Massachusetts(with isolated breeding in south-centralIowa, northeasternKansas, Ohio, central and southeasternArkansas, and east-centralMississippi); and in the Old World from the British Isles, northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, and northern Siberia south to north- westernAfrica, the Mediterraneanregion, Caucasus, Himalayas, southern China, Vietnam, northernPhilippines, and Japan. Winters throughoutthe breedingrange, wanderingirregularly and sporadicallyin the nonbreedingseason, occurring in North America southto central Baja California (including Santa Cruz Island off California, and Guadalupeand Cedros islandsoff Baja California), Sinaloa, southernand easternTexas, the northernportions of the Gulf states,and casually to southernGeorgia and centralFlorida; and in the Old World casuallyto the FaeroeIslands, Iceland, Greenland,Bear Island, and Jan Mayen. Casual or accidental in the Pribilof and Aleutian islands, St. Lawrence Island, Bermuda, and E1 Salvador. Notes.--Known in Old World literatureas the Crossbill.Apparently at leastnine species, differing in morphology and vocalizations,exist in North America, with some breeding sympatricallyand mating assortatively (Groth 1988, 1993a, 1993b);however, morphological overlapamong some species currently prevents assignment with certaintyof someexisting type specimensto the groupsdefined by call types (Groth 1993a). Additional species-level taxa almostcertainly exist amongthe populationsoutside North Americacurrently assigned to Loxia curvirostra (Groth 1993a).

Loxia leucopteraGmelin. White-winged Crossbill. Loxia !eucopteraGmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 844. Based on "The White-winged Crossbill" Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds 2(1): 108. (in sinu Hudsoniset Noveboraco = HudsonBay and New York.) Habitat.--Coniferous forest(especially spruce, fir, or larch), mixed coniferous-deciduous woodland,and forest edge;in migration and winter also in deciduousforest and woodland. Distribution.--Breeds in North America from western and central Alaska, northern Yu- kon, northern and east-central Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, north-central Labrador, and Newfoundland south to southern Alaska (west to the base of the Alaska Peninsulaand Kodiak Island), interior British Co- lumbia, Washington,northeastern Oregon (with isolatedpopulations breeding irregularly in northernUtah, southwesternColorado, and probably north-centralNew Mexico), western Montana, northwesternWyoming, central and southwesternAlberta, central Saskatchewan, southeastern Manitoba, North Dakota, northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southernOntario, southwesternQuebec, central New York, northern Vermont, New Hampshire,Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia; in the Greater Antilles in the mountainsof Hispaniola(Dominican Republic, and the Massif de La Selle of southeastern Haiti); and in the Palearctic from northern Scandinavia east acrossnorthern Russia to northern Siberia, and south to Lake Baikal and Transbaicalia. Wintersin North America throughoutthe breedingrange, wanderingirregularly and sporadically south to western Washington,southern Oregon, southernIdaho, northern Utah, Colorado, central and northeasternNew Mexico, northern Texas (Lubbock, Amarillo), central Oklahoma,Arkansas, Kentucky, Virginia, and North Carolina;in Hispaniolain the breeding range; and in the Old World irregularly southto central Europe, Sakhalin, Japan,and the Seven Islands of Izu. 664 FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE

Casual in the Bering Sea (Pribilofs, St. Lawrence Island, and at sea), coastal British Columbia, southern Utah, northern Manitoba, southern Baffin Island, Bermuda, Greenland, the Faeroe Islands, and British Isles; sight reports for northwesternCalifornia, northern Florida, and Jamaica. Notes.--Vocal differencesbetween New World and Old World populationssuggest that more than one speciesis involved (Elmberg 1993).

Genus CARDUELIS Brisson

Carduelis Brisson, 1760, Ornithologie1: 36; 3: 53. Type, by tautonymy,Carduelis Brisson = Fringilla carduelis Linnaeus.

SubgenusACANTHIS Borkhausen AcanthisBorkhausen, 1797, Dtsch. Fauna 1: 248. Type, by subsequentdesignation (Stejneger,1884), Fringillaria linaria Linnaeus = Fringilla fiarnrneaLinnaeus.

Carduelisflammea (Linnaeus).Common Redpoll. Fringillafiamrnea Linnaeus,1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 182. (in Europa = Norrland, Sweden.) Habitat.--Forest, scruband shrubbyareas, and open tundra with bushesor dwarf trees; in migrationand winter in openwoodland, weedy fields, fence rows, and cultivatedlands. Distribution.--Breeds in North America from western and northern Alaska, northern Yukon, northern Mackenzie, southernVictoria Island, northern Keewatin, northern Quebec, Baffin Island, and northernLabrador south to the easternAleutians (Unalaska), south-coastal and southeasternAlaska, northwesternBritish Columbia,central Alberta, northern(casually southern)Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northernOntario, central and southeasternQue- bec, and Newfoundland;and in the Palearcticfrom Greenland,Iceland, northernScandinavia, northernRussia, and northern Siberia south to the BritishIsles, central Europe (Alps), central Russia, southern Siberia, Amurland, Sakhalin, and Kamchatka. Winters in North America from central Alaska, southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatch- ewan, northern Manitoba, central Ontario, southernQuebec, central Labrador, and New- foundlandsouth to the northernUnited States,irregularly or casuallyto westernOregon, northern California, northern Nevada, northern Utah, central Colorado, Kansas, northern Oklahoma, Arkansas, northern Alabama, and South Carolina; and in the Old World from the southernpart of the breedingrange south to southernEurope, the northernMediterranean region, Balkans,Turkestan, Mongolia, easternChina, and Japan. Migrates regularly throughthe Aleutian Islands. Introduced and established in New Zealand and on Lord Howe Island. Casual on Bermuda. Accidental in north-centralTexas; sight reports for the Hawaiian Islands (Midway, Kure). Notes.--Known in Old World literature as the Redpoll. Carduelisfiammea and C. hor- nemanniare often placed in the genusAcanthis (e.g., Howell et al. in Paynter 1968); they appearto constitutea superspecies(Mayr and Short 1970). See commentsunder C. hornemanni.

Carduelis hornemanni (Holb611).Hoary Redpoll. Linota hornemanniHolb611, 1843, in Kr0yer, Naturhist.Tidskr. 4: 398. (Greenland= Ameralikfjord, Greenland.) Habitat.--Shrubby areas,including sparselow vegetationin open tundra;in migration and winter in open situations,fields, and open woodland. Distribution.--Breeds [exilipesgroup] in North Americain westernand northern Alaska (southto HooperBay), northernYukon, northwesternBritish Columbia,northern and east- centralMackenzie, southernVictoria Island,Keewatin, northeastern Manitoba, Southampton Island, northernQuebec, and northernLabrador, and in Eurasia from northernScandinavia FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE 665 eastacross northern Russia to northernand eastern Siberia; and [hornemannigroup] in North America on Ellesmere,Bylot, and northernBaffin islands,and in northernGreenland. Winters[exilipes group] in North Americain the breedingrange (except extreme northern areas) and south,irregularly, to southernCanada (British Columbia eastward),Montana, Wyoming, South Dakota, Iowa, Wisconsin,northern Illinois, central Indiana, northernOhio, New York, West Virginia, Maryland, and New England(sight reportsfrom Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Nebraska,and Virginia need verification),and in the Palearcticirregularly to the British Isles, centralEurope, central Asia, Japan,Kamchatka, and the Commander Islands;and [hornemannigroup] in southernGreenland, casually south to northernManitoba, Keewatin,northern Michigan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, Labrador, and the British Isles. Accidental [hornemannigroup] in central Alaska (Fairbanks). Notes.--Also knownas Arctic Redpoll.The two groupsmay representseparate species, C. exilipes (Coues, 1862) [Hoary Redpoll] and C. hornemanni[Hornemann's Redpoll]. Specieslimits in redpollsare complexand controversial.Some authors consider all forms, includingboth C. fiammeaand C. exilipes,to be membersof a singlespecies (e.g., Salo- monsen1951, Harris et al. 1965, Troy 1985), whereasothers recognize four species(C. fiamrnea,C. exilipes,C. hornernanni,and C. rostrata(Coues, 1862) [GreaterRedpoll] (e.g., Todd 1963, Herremans1990). Molau (1985) foundno evidencefor hybridizationbetween C. f. fiammeaand C. h. exilipesin Sweden;Knox (1988b) refutedevidence for hybridization between C. f fiammea and C. h. exilipes,or between C. f rostrata and C. h. hornemanni. Thus, at leasttwo speciesare probablyinvolved, and that treatmentis followedhere. Dif- ferencesin vocalizationsbetween C. fiammea and C. hornemanniin Eurasiaalso suggest speciesrank (Knox 1988b,Herremans 1989, references therein). Nevertheless, the possibility thatthe two speciesmay represent morphotypes of the samespecies cannot yet be completely eliminated (Seutin et al. 1992). See commentsunder C. fiammea.

SubgenusSPINUS Koch SpinusC. L. Koch, 1816, Syst. Baier. Zool. 1: 232. Type, by tautonymy,Fringilla spinus Linnaeus. LoxirnitrisBryant, 1868,Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 11 (1866): 93. Type,by monotypy, Chrysornitrisdorninicensis Bryant.

½arduelisspinus (Linnaeus).Eurasian Siskin. Fringilla SpinusLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 181. (in Europa•juniperetis = Sweden.) Habitat.--Coniferous woodland, and birch and alder thickets. Distribution.--Breedsfrom the BritishIsles and Scandinavia discontinuously across Eur- asiato Siberia,and southto southernEurope, northern Iran, northeasternChina, and Japan. Wintersin much of the breedingrange southto the Mediterraneanregion, the Middle East, easternChina, and the Philippines. Accidentalin Alaska(Attu, in the Aleutians,21-22 May 1993, specimen,Univ. Alaska Museum;1995, Amer. Birds 47: 445; alsoa sightreport 4 June1978, Roberson1980: 482). The specieshas been recordedin southernOntario (Etobicoke), St. Pierre et Miquelon, Maine (Kittery), Massachusetts(New Bedfordand Rockport), and New Jersey(Bloomfield), with additionalunconfirmed reports from Wisconsin,New Jersey,Massachusetts (two additional reports),Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia (McLaren et al. 1989). However,there is still questionas to the naturalorigin of theselatter birds and they may representescaped individuals (DeBenedictis 1995). Notes.--Mayr and Short(1970) consideredC. spinusand C. pinus to constitutea superspecies.

½arduelispinus (Wilson). Pine Siskin. Fringilla pinus Wilson, 1810, Amer. Ornithol. 2: 133, pl. 17, fig. 1. (Bush-hill in the neighborhoodof Philadelphia,Pennsylvania.) 666 FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE

Habitat.--Coniforous and mixed coniferous-deciduousforest, woodland,parks, and sub- urban areas;in migrationand winter in a variety of woodlandand forest habitats,partly open situationswith scatteredtrees, open fields, pastures,and savanna(Temperate Zone). Distribution.--Breeds from central and south-coastalAlaska, central Yukon, southwestern Mackenzie, northwestern and east-central Saskatchewan,central Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, southern Labrador, and Newfoundland south to south-centralCalifornia, northernBaja California (to Sierra San PedroMfirtir), southernNevada, northernand southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico, western Texas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, the central volcanic belt of Mexico, southwesternOklahoma, Kansas,Missouri, central Illinois, central Indiana, southwesternand northernOhio, Pennsylvania,and southernNew Jersey,and in the Appalachianssouth to westernVirginia andwestern North Carolina,with nestingirregular and sporadicin southernareas of the range east of the Rockies.Recorded in summer(and probably breeding)in the mountainsof easternTennessee. Winters throughoutthe breeding range but mainly in the southernpart, and also south, irregularly,into northernMexico to about30øN in Baja Californiaand eastto about25øN in Tamaulipas,and to the Gulf coastof the United Statesand northernFlorida (casuallyto the Florida Keys). Residentin the mountainsof central Chiapas and westernGuatemala. Casual or accidentalin the Pribilofs (St. Paul) and easternAleutians (Unimak), on St. Lawrence,Bathurst, Cornwallis, and Coatsislands, and in northernManitoba, southern Baja California, and Bermuda. Notes.--This and the following eight speciesare often treatedin the genusSpinus.

Carduelis atriceps (Salvin). Black-cappedSiskin. Chrysornitrisatriceps Salvin, 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 190. (near Quetzal- tenango,8,000 ft., Guatemala.) Habitat.--Pine Forest,Pine-Oak Forest,Second-growth Scrub (2300-3100 m; Temperate Zone). Distribution.--Residentin the mountainsof Chiapas(interior highlands, and Sierra Madre de Chiapas) and Guatemala(Western Highlands). Notes.--See commentsunder C. pinus.

Carduelis notata Du Bus de Gisignies.Black-headed Siskin. Carduelis notata Du Bus de Gisignies, 1847, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Lett. Beaux-Arts Belg. 14: 106. (Mexico = Jalapa,Veracruz.) Habitat.--Pine-Oak Forest, Montane EvergreenForest, Pine Forest, SecondaryForest (600-3100 m; Tropical to Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident from southeasternSonora, western Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Durango, Zacatecas,eastern San Luis Potosi, southwesternTamaulipas, and Veracruz souththrough the highlandsof southernMexico and northernCentral America to north-centralNicaragua (also in the lowland pine savannaof northeasternNicaragua and probablyadjacent Hon- duras). Notes.--See commentsunder C. pinus.

Carduelis xanthogastra (Du Bus de Gisignies).Yellow-bellied Siskin. Chrysornitrisxanthogastra Du Bus de Gisignies, 1855, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Lett. Beaux-Arts Belg. 22: 152. (Ocafia, Colombia.) Habitat.-•Montane EvergreenForest, SecondaryForest, Second-growthScrub (1000- 3000 m; upper Tropical and Subtropicalzones). Distribution.--Resident in the highlandsof CostaRica (CordilleraCentral, Dota Moun- tains, and Cordillerade Talamanca)and westernPanama (western Chiriqu0; and in South America from Colombia and northern Venezuela south to southwestern Ecuador, and in central Bolivia. Notes.--See commentsunder C. pinus. FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE 667

Carduelis cucullata Swainson. Red Siskin. Carduelis cucullata Swainson, 1820, Zool. Illus. (1)1(2): pl. 7 and text. ("Spanish Main" = Cuman•, Venezuela.) Habitat.--Open grassyareas with shrubsand bushes, and scrubby hillsides (upper Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident,at leastformerly, in northeasternColombia, northern Venezuela (includingMonos and Gaspareeislands), and Trinidad;recorded in the original rangeduring the last 30 years only in Colombia, perhapsapproaching extinction there. Introduced and established in southeastern Puerto Rico. Notes.--See commentsunder C. pinus.

Carduelisdominicensis (Bryant). Antillean Siskin. Chrysomitrisdominicensis Bryant, 1867, Proc. BostonSoc. Nat. Hist. 11 (1866): 93. (Port au Prince, Haiti.) Habitat.--Pine Forest, SecondaryForest, Second-growthScrub (700-3000 m). Distribution.--Resident on Hispaniola(in the Dominican Republicfrom the provinceof La Vega westward,and in southeasternHaiti in the Massif de la Selle and probably also Massif de la Hotte). Notes.--This speciesis sometimesplaced in Spinusor in the monotypicgenus Loximitris.

Carduelispsaltria (Say). LesserGoldfinch. Fringilla psaltria Say, 1823, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mount. 2:40 (note). (Arkansas River near the mountains= near Colorado Springs,Colorado.) Habitat.--Partly open situationswith scatteredtrees, woodland edge, second growth, open fields, pastures,and around human habitation (upper Tropical to lower Temperate zones). Distribution.--Resident from southwesternWashington, western Oregon, northernCal- ifornia, southernIdaho (once), northernUtah, southernWyoming (possibly),southwestern and central Colorado, and western Oklahoma south to southernBaja California, through Middle America(including the TresMafias Islandsoff Nayarit, andIsla Mujeresoff Quintana Roo, but in Nicaraguaprimarily on the Pacific slope), and in South America in Colombia, northern Venezuela, western Ecuador, and northwestern Peru. Introducedand establishedon Cuba (at least formerly). Casual or accidental in British Columbia, Montana, southwesternSouth Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas,Missouri (Kansas City), Arkansas,southern Louisiana (Cameron, Gretna), Kentucky (Elizabethtown),and Maine (Georgetown);sight reports for North Dakota, southernOntario, and North Carolina. Notes.--Also known as Dark-backed Goldfinch or Arkansas Goldfinch. See comments under C. pinus.

Carduelis lawrencei Cassin. Lawrence's Goldfinch. Carduelis lawrenceiCassin, 1850, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia5: 105. (Sonoma and San Diego, California = Sonoma,California.) Habitat.--Oak woodland,chaparral, riparian woodland,pinyon-juniper association, and weedy areas,in arid regionsbut usually near water. Distribution.--Breeds from north-central(casually northwestern) California south(west of the Sierra Nevada) to southernCalifornia, and in northwesternBaja California and (formerly) westernand southernArizona. Wintersirregularly from north-centralCalifornia, centralArizona, southwesternNew Mex- ico (rarely), and westernTexas (casually) south to northernBaja California(to lat. 30ø S.), northern Sonora, and southern Arizona. Casual in southernOregon and southernNevada. Notes.--See commentsunder C. pinus. 668 FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE

Carduelis tristis (Linnaeus). American Goldfinch. Fringilla tristis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 181. Basedon "The American Goldfinch" Catesby,Nat. Hist. Carolina 1: 43, pl. 43. (in America septentrionali= South Carolina.) Habitat.--Weedy fields, cultivatedlands, open deciduousand riparian woodland,forest edge, secondgrowth, orchards,and farmlands. Distribution.--Breeds from southernBritish Columbia (including VancouverIsland), north-central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, west-central and southern Manitoba, central Ontario, southernQuebec (including Anticosti Island), New Brunswick,Prince Edward Is- land, Nova Scotia, and southwesternNewfoundland south to southernCalifornia (west of the Sierra Nevada and southeasterndeserts), eastern Oregon, central Nevada, southern Utah, southernColorado, northern New Mexico (probably), central Oklahoma, extreme north- easternTexas, northern Louisiana, northern Mississippi, central Alabama, central Georgia, and South Carolina. Winters from southern British Columbia, the northern United States, southern Manitoba, southernOntario, southwesternQuebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia southto northern Baja California, northernSonora, southern New Mexico, westernand southernTexas, the Gulf coast, and southernFlorida (includingFlorida Keys), and easternMexico south to Veracruz. Casual north to southeasternAlaska, northern Ontario, central Quebec, and southernLab- rador, and in Bermuda, the northern Bahama Islands (Grand Bahama, Abaco, Bimini), and Cuba (Cftrdenas). Notes.--See commentsunder C. pinus.

SubgenusCARDUELIS Brisson ½ardueliscarduelis (Linnaeus). European Goldfinch. Fringilla carduelisLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 180. (in Europa•juniperefts = Sweden.) Habitat.--Partly open situationswith scatteredtrees, open woodland, weedy areas,pastures,cultivated lands, forest edge, clearings, and aroundhuman habitation. Distribution.--Breeds in Eurasia from the British Isles, central Scandinavia, central Rus- sia, andsouthern Siberia south to the easternAtlantic islands, Mediterranean region, northern Africa, theNear East, Himalayas, and Mongolia, the northern populations partially migratory. Wintersin the southernparts of the breedingrange. Introducedin Bermuda,Uruguay, and the Australianregion; also introduced widely elsewhere in North America (Oregon,Missouri, Ohio, Pennsylvania,New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts)but not presentlyestablished in any of theselocalities. Occasional reports from North America in theseareas and elsewhere (California, Wisconsin, Illinois, andwidely in the northeasternUnited States)almost certainly are basedon birdsescaped from captivity. Notes.--Known in Old World literature as the Goldfinch.

½arduelis sinica (Linnaeus). Oriental Greenfinch. Fringilla sinica Linnaeus,1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 321. Basedon "Le Pinton de la Chine" Brisson,Ornithologie 3: 175, pl. 7, fig. 2. (in China = Macao.) Habitat.--Open woodland(including pine) and cultivatedareas with treesor bushes. Distribution.--Breeds from Amurland, Ussuriland, Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, and Kam- chatka southto central and easternChina, Japan,and the Bonin and Volcanoislands. Wintersmostly in the southernportions of the breedingrange, casually south to Taiwan. Migrates casuallythrough the westernAleutian Islands (Attu, Shemya,Buldir). A bird reportedfrom Californiais regardedas of questionableorigin. Notes.•Also known as Chinese Green finch. FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE 669

Genus SERINUS Koch

SerinusC. L. Koch, 1816, Syst.Baier. Zool. 1: 228, pl. 6A, fig. 50. Type, by monotypy, Serinus hortulanus Koch = Fringilla serinus Linnaeus.

Serinus mozambicus(Mtiller). Yellow-frontedCanary. Fringilla mozambicaP. L. S. Mfiller, 1776, Natursyst.,Suppl., p. 163. (Mozambique.) Habitat.--Primarily parksand open woodland (Hawaii) or coastalsea grape forest (Puerto Rico); in Africa, open woodland,grasslands, cultivated areas, and parks. Distribution.---Residentthroughout most of Africa southof the Saharaand east to Ethiopia and Somalia. Introducedand established in the HawaiianIslands (since 1964, commonlocally in western Hawaii and in small numberson Oahu), northeasternPuerto Rico, and the MascareneIslands (in the Indian Ocean). Notes.--Also known as Green Singing-Finch.

Serinuscanaria (Linnaeus).Common Canary. Fringilla Canaria Linnaeus,1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 181. (in Canariisinsulis = Canary Islands.) Habitat.--Primarily grovesof ironwood trees;in native range, open woodlandand cultivated districts with trees and shrubs. Distribution.--Residentin the Azores,Madeira, and westernCanary Islands. Introduced and establishedin the Hawaiian Islands (on Midway since at least 1912, presentlysurviving in small numbers)and on Bermuda.Escaped cage birds occur widely in continentalareas of North America and Puerto Rico but have not establishedbreeding populations. Notes.--Also known as the Canary.

Genus PYRRHULA Brisson

Pyrrhula Brisson,1760, Ornithologie1: 36. Type, by tautonymy,Pyrrhula Brisson= Loxia pyrrhula Linnaeus.

Pyrrhula pyrrhula (Linnaeus).Eurasian Bullfinch. Loxia pyrrhula Linnaeus,1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 171. (in Europa•sylvis = Sweden.) Habitat.--Coniferous and mixed coniferous-deciduousforest, less commonlyopen deciduouswoodland and parks; in migrationand winter alsoin scruband partly opensituations with scattered trees. Distribution.---Breeds [pyrrhula group] from the British Isles, northernScandinavia, northernRussia, and northernSiberia south to southernEurope, the Balkans,northern Iran, Ussuriland,Sakhalin, Japan, the Kuril Islands,and Kamchatka;[cineracea group] in southern Siberiaand northernMongolia. Wintersthroughout the breedingrange and [pyrrhula group] southto southernEurope and central China; and [cineraceagroup] south to Korea, northernChina, and southern Japan. Migrates [pyrrhula group] casually in Alaska on St. Lawrence and Nunivak islands, throughthe westernAleutians (Attu, Shemya), and to the mainland of westernand south- coastalAlaska (Aniak, Nulato, Anchorage);sight reports from central and southeastern Alaska. Resident[murina group] in the Azores. Notes.--Known in Old World literature as the Bullfinch. Groups:P. pyrrhula [Eurasian Bullfinch], P. cineracea Cabanis, 1872 [Baikal Bullfinch], and P. murina Godman, 1866 [Azores Bullfinch]. 670 FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE

Genus COCCOTHRAUSTES Brisson

CoccothraustesBrisson, 1760, Ornithologie1' 36, 3: 218. Type, by tautonymy,Coc- cothraustes Brisson = Loxia coccothraustes Linnaeus. HesperiphonaBonaparte, 1850, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 31: 424. Type, by original designation,Fringilla vespertinaCooper.

Coccothraustesabeillei (Lesson). Hooded Grosbeak. Guiraca Abeillei Lesson, 1839, Rev. Zool. [Paris] 2: 41. (Mexico.) Habitat.--Montane Evergreen Forest, Pine-Oak Forest, Pine Forest (900-3200 m; Sub- tropical and Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in the mountainsof Sinaloa,southern Chihuahua, and Durango; and from Michoacfin,M6xico, Hidalgo, southeasternSan Luis PotosLsouthwestern Tamau- lipas, and west-centralVeracruz south through Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Chiapas to central Guatemala and northern E1 Salvador. Notes.--Also known as Abeil16'sGrosbeak. See commentsunder C. vespertinus.

Coccothraustesvespertinus (Cooper). Evening Grosbeak. Fringilla vespertinaW. Cooper, 1825, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 1' 220. (Sault Ste. Marie, near Lake Superior[Michigan].) Habitat.--Coniferous (primarily spruceand fir) and mixed coniferous-deciduouswoodland, secondgrowth, and occasionallyparks; in migrationand winter in a variety of forest and woodlandhabitats, and aroundhuman habitation(Subtropical and Temperatezones). Distribution.--Breeds from southwestern and north-central British Columbia, northern Alberta, central Saskatchewan,southern Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec (including Anticosti Island), New Brunswick,Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and New- foundland south, in the mountains, to central California (southern Sierra Nevada), west- central and eastern Nevada, central and southeasternArizona, southernNew Mexico, in the Mexican highlandsto Michoacfin,M6xico, Puebla, and west-centralVeracruz, and, east of the Rockies, to southwesternSouth Dakota (Black Hills), north-centraland northeastern Minnesota, northernWisconsin, central Michigan, southernOntario, northernNew York, and central Massachusetts,casually in northernNew Jersey. Wintersthroughout the breedingrange and south,sporadically, to southernCalifornia, southernArizona, Oaxaca(Cerro San Felipe, where possiblyresident), western and central Texas,the northernportions of the Gulf states,Georgia, and SouthCarolina, casually to the Gulf coast and central Florida. Casual in east-central, south-coastal and southeastern Alaska, southern Mackenzie, and on Bermuda. Accidental in the British Isles (St. Kilda). Notes.--Coccothraustesvespertinus and C. abeillei are often placed in the genusHes- periphona.

Coccothraustescoccothraustes (Linnaeus). Hawfinch. Loxia CoccothraustesLinnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1:. 171. (in Europaaustraliori = Italy.) Habitat.--Mixed deciduous-coniferousor deciduous forest, woodland, parks, bushy areas, scrub, and cultivated lands. Distribution.--Breeds from the British Isles, southern Scandinavia, central Russia, and centralSiberia southto northwesternAfrica, the Mediterraneanregion, Asia Minor, northern Iran, Transbaicalia,Amurland, Manchuria,Ussuriland, Sakhalin, and Japan. Wintersthroughout the breedingrange and southto northernAfrica, southernIran, north- westernIndia, northernChina, and the Ryukyu, Bonin, and Volcanoislands. Casual in the westernand central Aleutians (from Attu to Adak), Pribilofs (St. Paul), and as far north as St. Lawrence Island and the mainland of westernAlaska (Noatak River). FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE 671

Subfamily DREPANIDINAE: Hawaiian Honeycreepers Notes.--Generic and specificlimits of the Hawaiian Honeycreepershave been subjects of numerousrecent studies,but remain in dispute(e.g., Raikow 1977, Sibley and Ahlquist 1982d, Pratt 1979, 1992a, 1992b, Johnsonet al. 1989, Tarr and Fleischer 1993, Olson and James1995). The taxonomypresented here differs from that in the A.O.U. Checklist6th Ed. (1983) principallyby incorporatingadditional species-level splits among superspecies that occur on more than one of the Hawaiian islands.

Genus TELESPIZA Wilson Telespyza[= error for Telespiza]S. B. Wilson, 1890, Ibis, p. 341. Type, by monotypy, Telespyza[sic] cantansWilson. Notes.--Relationshipsamong the sevengenera from Telespizathrough Chloridops were debatedfor decades.All speciesin thesegenera were treatedby Areadon (1950) under the singlegenus Psittirostra, whereas Greenway (in Paynter1968) treatedPsittirostra as distinct, with the rest combinedinto the genusLoxioides. Banks and Laybourne(1977) and Pratt (1979) advocatedrecognizing the separategenera, and this treatmenthas been followed by subsequentauthors (e.g.A.O.U. 1983, Pratt et al. 1987, Sibley and Monroe 1990, Olson and James 1982).

Telespizacantans Wilson. LaysanFinch. Telespyza[sic] cantansS. B. Wilson, 1890, Ibis, p. 341, pl. 9. (Midway Island, North Pacific, error = Laysan Island.) Habitat.--Scaevola thickets,bunch-grass, and low bushy areas. Distribution.--Resident on LaysanIsland, in the Hawaiian Islands. Introducedand establishedon isletsin Pearl and HermesReef, formerly also on Midway (but now extirpated). Notes.--Telespiza cantansand T. ultima have been consideredconspecific (e.g., Amadon 1950, Greenway in Paynter 1968), but Banks and Laybourne(1977) showedthat they are distinct species.Sibley and Monroe (1990) consideredthem to constitutea superspecies, but fossilsindicate that thesetaxa were broadlysympatric before human arrival (Jamesand Olson 1991).

Telespizaultima Bryan. Nihoa Finch. Telespizaultima Bryan, 1917, Auk 34: 70, 71. (Nihoa Island, Hawaiian Group.) Habitat.--Rock outcroppingsand shrub-coveredslopes. Distribution.--Resident on Nihoa Island, in the Hawaiian Islands. Introductionsto FrenchFrigate Shoalsin 1967 failed. Notes.--See comments under T. cantans.

Genus PSITTIROSTRA Temminck PsittirostraTemminck, 1820, Man. Ornithol. (ed. 2) 1: 70. Type, by monotypy,Loxia psittacea Gmelin. Notes.--See commentsunder Telespiza.

Psittirostrapsittacea (Gmelin). Ou. Loxia psittacea Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 844. Basedon the "Parrot-billedGros- beak" Latham, Gen. Synop.Birds 2(1): 108, pl. 42. (SandwichIslands = Hawaii.) I-Iabitat.--Humid montane forest. Distribution.--Probably extinct. Residentuntil recently in very small numbersin the mountainsof Kauai (Alakai plateau;last documentedsighting in 1989) and Hawaii (Mauna Loa; extirpated 1984), formerly also on Oahu (last reportedin late 1890's), Molokai (last 672 FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE reported 1907, extirpatedbefore 1948), Lanai (last reportedin 1923, extirpatedby 1932), and Maui (last reportedbefore 1930), in the Hawaiian Islands.

Genus DYSMORODREPANIS Perkins DysrnorodrepanisPerkins, 1919, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., set. 9, 3, p. 250..Type,by monotypy,Dysrnorodrepanis rnunroi Perkins. Notes.--See commentsunder Telespiza.

?Dysmorodrepanismunroi Perkins.Lanai Hookbill. Dysrnorodrepanisrnunroi Perkins, 1919, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., set.9, 3, p. 251. (Kaih- olena Valley, Island of Lanai.) Habitat.--Forest. Distribution.--EXTINCT Known only from a singlespecimen taken in 1913 on Lanai, in the Hawaiian Islands. Notes.--Formerly (Greenway 1939, Amadon 1950) thoughtto be basedon an aberrant specimenof Psittirostrapsittacea but shownto be a valid speciesby Jameset al. (1989).

Genus LOXIOIDES Oustalet

LoxioidesOustalet, 1877, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philorn. Pads (7)1: 99. Type, by monotypy, Loxioides bailleui Oustalet.

Notes.--See commentsunder Telespiza.

Loxioides bailleui Oustalet. Palila.

Loxioidesbailleui Oustalet, 1877, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philorn. Pads (7)1: 100. (Hawaii.) Habitat.--Dry mamane-naioforest at higher elevations. Distribution.--Resident in the mountainsof Hawaii (Mauna Kea; formerly on the western slopeof Mauna Loa and on Hualalai), in the Hawaiian Islands.

Genus RHODACANTHIS Rothschild

RhodacanthisRothschild, 1892, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6)10: 110. Type, by subsequent designation(Bryan and Greenway, 1944), Rhodacanthispalrneri Rothschild. Notes.--See commentsunder Telespiza.

?Rhodacanthisfiaviceps Rothschild.Lesser Koa-Finch. Rhodacanthisfiaviceps Rothschild, 1892, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6)10: 111. (Kona, Hawaii, Sandwichgroup.) Habitat.--Humid montaneforest, primarily koa. Distribution.--EXTINCT Formerly residentat higherelevations in the mountainsof the Kona district of Hawaii, in the Hawaiian Islands (last collected in 1891). Notes.--Also known as Yellow-headed Koa-Finch.

?Rhodacanthispalmeri Rothschild.Greater Koa-Finch. RhodacanthisPalrneri Rothschild,1892, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6)10:111. (Kona, Ha- waii, Sandwich Islands.) Habitat.--Humid montaneforest, primarily koa. Distribution.--EXTINCT. Formerlyresident at higherelevations in the mountainsof the Kona district of Hawaii, in the Hawaiian Islands (last collected in 1896). Notes.--Also known as Orange Koa-Finch. FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE 673

Genus CHLORIDOPS Wilson ChloridoœsS. B. Wilson, 1888, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,p. 218. Type, by monotypy, Chloridoœskona Wilson. Notes.--See commentsunder Telespiza.

?Chloridopskona Wilson. Kona Grosbeak. Chloridopskona S. B. Wilson, 1888, Proc.Zool. Soc. London,p. 218. (Kona, Hawaii.) Habitat.--Medium-sized trees(especially naio) on lava flows with little groundcover. Distribution.--EXTINCT. Formerly residenton Hawaii (Kona district;last reportedin about 1894), in the Hawaiian Islands. Notes.--Also known as Grosbeak Finch.

Genus PSEUDONESTOR Rothschild PseudonestorRothschild, 1893, Bull. Brit. Ornithol.Club 1: 35. Type, by monotypy, Pseudonestorxanthophrys Rothschild.

Pseudonestorxanthophrys Rothschild. Maui Parrotbill. Pseudonestorxanthophrys Rothschild, 1893, Bull. Brit. Ornithol. Club 1: 36. (Island of Maui, Sandwich Islands.) Habitat.--Humid montaneforest, especially koa. Distribution.--Resident in small numbersin the mountainsof easternMaui (windward slopesof Haleakala), in the Hawaiian Islands. Notes.--Also known as the Pseudonestor.

Genus HEMIGNATHUS Lichtenstein HernignathusLichtenstein, 1839, Abh. Phys. K1. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (1838), p. 449. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1841), Hernignathuslucidus Lichten- stein. HeterorhynchusLafresnaye, 1839, Mag. Zool. [Paris] 9: pl. 10. Type, by monotypy, Heterorhynchusolivaceus Lafresnaye = Hernignathuslucidus Lichtenstein. Viridonia Rothschild,1892, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6)10: 112. Type, by monotypy, Viridonia sagittirostrisRothschild. Akialoa Olson and James,1995, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 108: 384. Type, by original designation,Certhia obscuraGmelin. Notes.--Genericlimits of Hernignathusand allies are controversialand subjects of current study.Despite protestationsto the contrary (e.g., Amadon 1986, Olson and James1988, 1995), we continueto follow Pratt (1979) in treatingthe enlargedgenus as a natural as- semblage,but this will no doubtchange as currentgenetic analyses become available for evaluation.The enlargedgenus contains three groups, referred to by Olsonand James (1995) as the Amakihis,the Akialoas,and the Nukupuus(the last includingthe Akiapolaau).Olson and James(1988, 1995) treatedthese three groupsas separategenera and proposeda new genericname for the Akialoasbecause the traditionalgenus for this group(Heterorhynchus) has the sametype speciesas the genusHernignathus, and thereforeis not a valid name.

Hemignathus virens (Gmelin). Hawaii Amakihi. Certhia virensGmelin, 1788, Syst.Nat. 1(1): 479. Basedon the "Olive-greenCreeper" Latham,Gen. Synop.Birds 1(2), p. 740. (in insulisSandwich = Hawaii, restricted to Kona district,Island of Hawaii by Medway, 1981, Pacific Sci. 35: 105-175.) Habitat.•Humid ohia forest,drier mamane-naioforest, and subalpinescrub, mostly at higher elevationsbut seasonallyto lowland forest,including some exotic plantings;also a smallpopulation in remnantlowland dry forestin SouthKohala District of Hawaii. 674 FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE

Distribution.--Resident in the Hawaiian Islandson [wilsoni group] Molokai, Lanai (formerly), and Maui, and [virens group] Hawaii. Notes.--This and the following four speciesare sometimesplaced in Viridonia (e.g., Greenway in Paynter 1968) or Loxops (Amadon 1947, 1950, James and Olson 1991). The following two species,H. fiavus and H. kauaiensis,have been consideredconspecific with virens (e.g., Greenwayin Paynter 1968) but are here consideredmembers of a superspecies based on studiesby Johnsonet al. (1989) and Tart and Fleischer (1993). Johnsonet al. (1989) showedthat the group on Molokai, Maui, and Lanai (H. wilsoni Rothschild, 1893 [Maui Amakihi]) is geneticallyclosest to virens.If the four taxa (virens,wilsoni, fiavus, and kauaiensis)are treatedas racesof a single species,they are known collectivelyas Common Amakihi.

Hemignathusfiavus (Bloxam). Oahu Amakihi. Nectarinia fiava Bloxam, 1827, in Byron, Voyage H. M. S. Blonde, App. 3, p. 249. (Oahu.) Himationechloris Cabanis, 1850, Mus. Heineanun,1, p. 99. (Oahu.) Habitat.--Humid montaneforest, often with Eucalyptus;formerly to sea level. Distribution.--Resident in the Hawaiian Islands on Oahu. Notes.--Olson (1996) showedthat the name H. fiavus Bloxam, 1827, has priority over H. chloris Cabanis. See notes under H. virens.

Hemignathus kauaiensis Pratt. Kauai Amakihi. Hirnationestejnegeri Wilson, 1890, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1889, p. 446. Hernignathuskauaiensis Pratt, 1989, 'Elepaio, 49: 14. New name for Hirnatione stejnegeri Wilson, preoccupied. Habitat.--Humid koa/ohia forest above 1100 m, formerly lower. Distribution.--Resident in the Hawaiian Islands on Kauai. Notes.--If this speciesis not placed in the genusHernignathus, its specificname reverts to stejnegeri.See notes under H. virens.

Hemignathusparvus (Stejneger).Anianiau. Hirnationeparva Stejneger,1887, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 10: 94. (Kauai.) Habitat.--Humid montaneforest, primarily ohia. Distribution.--Resident in the mountainsof Kauai (Kokee, and the Alakai plateau) in the Hawaiian Islands. Notes.---Also known as Lesser Amakihi. See comments under H. virens.

?Hemignathussagittirostris (Rothschild). Greater Amakihi. Viridonia sagittirostrisRothschild, 1892, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6)10:112. (Mauna Kea, Hawai[i], Sandwichgroup.) Habitat.--Humid montane forest at middle elevations. Distribution.--EXTINCT Formerly resident in the mountains of Hawaii (windward slopesof Mauna Kea; last collectedin 1901, and not confirmedsince), in the Hawaiian Islands. Notes.--See comments under H. virens.

?Hemignathusobscurus (Gmelin). LesserAkialoa. Certhia obscuraGmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 470. Basedon the "Hook-billed green Creeper" Latham, Gen. Synop.Birds 1(2): 703, pl. 33, fig. 1. (in insulisSandwich = Hawaii.) Habitat.--Humid montaneforest, especially ohia, locally in lowland forest. FAMILY FRINGILL1DAE 675

Distribution.--EXTINCT Formerly residentin the mountainsof Hawaii (last collected in 1903, and not confirmed since), in the Hawaiian Islands. Notes.--Hemignathusobscurus and H. ellisianusare sometimetreated as conspecific (e.g., Greenwayin Paynter 1968, Olson and James1982), in which caseH. obscurus[Akialoa] is the appropriatename. Treated as Akialoa obscura[Hawaii Akialoa] by Olson and James (1995). See comments under H. ellisJanus.

Hemignathus ellisianus (Gray). Greater Akialoa. Drepanis (Hemignathus)ellisianus G. R. Gray, 1860, Cat. Birds Trop. IslandsPacific, p. 9. (Oahu.) Hemignathusprocerus Cabanis, 1890, J. Ornithol. 39: 331. (Kauai.) Habitat.--Humid montane forest. Distribution.--Probably extinct. Formerly resident[stejnegeri group] in the mountains of Kauai (Alakai plateau;last collectedin 1960, sight report in 1969), [ellisiana group] in the mountainsof Oahu (last recorded 1837, sight report in 1892), and [lanaiensisgroup] Lanai (last collected 1892, sight report 1894), in the Hawaiian Islands. Notes.--The ellisianusand lanaiensisgroups were formerly (A.O.U. 1983) mergedwith H. obscurus[Hawaiian Akialoa] andthe stejnegerigroup was kept separateunder the name H. procerus Cabanis, 1890 [Kauai Akialoa]. See Olson and James(1988) for replacement of procerusby stejnegeriWilson, 1889. Becauseobscurus is morphologicallythe most distinctivemember of the complex(Pratt 1979, Olson and James1982), we recognizeit as a separatespecies and merge the othersunder the oldestname, ellisianus. Olson and James (1995) recommendedthat each island'spopulation be recognizedas a separatespecies in the genusAkialoa: A. ellisiana [Kauai Akialoa], A. lanaiensis (Rothschild, 1893) [Lanai Akialoa], and A. stejnegeri(Wilson, 1989) [Kauai Akialoa].

Hemignathus lucidus Lichtenstein.Nukupuu. Hemignathuslucidus Lichtenstein, 1839, Abh. Phys. K1. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (1838), p. 451, pl. 5. (Oahu.) Habitat.--Humid montaneforest, especially ohia and koa. Distribution.--Possiblyextinct, or residentlocally in precariouslysmall numbers in the HawaiianIslands, with unverifiedsightings in recentyears on Kauai (Alakai plateauregion) and easternMaui (windward slopesof Haleakala); formerly also on Oahu (last recordedin 1839).

Hemignathus munroi Pratt. Akiapolaau. Heterorhynchuswilsoni (not Himatione wilsoni Rothschild,April 1893) Rothschild, November 1893, Avifauna Laysan, p. 75. (Hawaii.) Hemignathusmunroi Pratt, 1979, Dissert. Abstracts40: 1581. New name for Heter- orhynchuswilsoni, preoccupied. Habitat.--Montane forest,especially koa or mamane-naiobut alsoin mamane-naiopark- lands. Distribution.--Residentin smallnumbers in widely separatedareas on Hawaii (windward slopesof Mauna Kea and forestedregions of Mauna Loa), in the Hawaiian Islands. Notes.--Formerly known as H. wilsoni,but enlargingthe genusHemignathus to include the Amakihi and Nukupuucomplexes (Pratt 1979) requiredthe new name munroi. If this speciesis not placedin the genusHemignathus, then its specificname revertsto wilsoni.

GenusOREOMYSTIS Stejneger Oreomyza(not Pokorny,February 1887, Insecta) Stejneger,April 1887, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 10: 99. Type, by original designation,Oreomyza bairdi Stejneger. OreomystisStejneger, 1903, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 16:11. New name for Oreomyza Stejneger,preoccupied. 676 FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE

Notes.--Relationships in the "Hawaiian Creeper" complex were reviewed by Pratt (1992a), who showedthat two genera are involved, Oreomystisand Paroreomyza. Pratt (1979) questionedthe familial affinitiesof Paroreomyza,but Johnsonet al. (1989) presented allozyme evidencefor the sister-grouprelationship between Oreomystis and Paroreomyza.

Oreomystisbairdi (Stejneger).Akikiki. Oreomyzabairdi Stejneger,1887, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 10: 99. (Kauai.) Habitat.--Humid montaneforest, especiallyohia. Distribution.--Resident in small numbersin the mountainsof Kauai (Alakai plateauand, until recently,Kokee), in the Hawaiian Islands. Notes.--Known also as the Kauai Creeper.

Oreomystismana (Wilson). Hawaii Creeper. Himatione mana S. B. Wilson, 1891, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6)7: 460. (Hawaii.) Habitat.--Humid montaneforest, especially koa-ohia. Distribution.--Resident on Hawaii, in the Hawaiian Islands. Notes.--Placed in the genusLoxops by Olson and James(1995) and previous authors. Placementwithin Loxopsalso is supportedby recentbiochemical evidence (Fleischer et al. in press).

Genus PAROREOMYZA Perkins Paroreomyza[subgenus] Perkins, 1901, Ibis, p. 583. Type, by original designation, Oreomyza [= Himatione] maculata Cabanis. Notes.--See commentsunder Oreomystis.

Paroreomyzamaculata (Cabanis).Oahu Alauahio. Himatione maculata Cabanis, 1850, Mus. Heineanum 1:100 (footnote). (Oahu.) Habitat.--Humid montane forest. Distribution.--Probably extinct. Formerly residentin the mountainsof Oahu (Waianae and Koolau ranges;last reportedin 1986), in the Hawaiian Islands. Notes.--Also known as Oahu Creeper.

Paroreomyzafiammea (Wilson). Kakawahie. Loxopsfiammea$. B. Wilson, 1890, Proc. Zool. $oc. London (1889), p. 445. (Kalae, Molokai.) Habitat.--Humid montane forest. Distribution.--Probably extinct. Formerly residentin the mountainsof Molokai (last reportedin 1962), in the Hawaiian Islands. Notes.--Also known as Molokai Creeper.

Paroreomyzamontana (Wilson). Maui Alauahio. Himationemontana S. B. Wilson, 1890, Proc.Zool. Soc.London (1889), p. 446. (Lanai.) Habitat.--Humid montaneforest and subalpinescrub. Distribution.--Residentin the mountainsof easternMaui (slopesof Haleakala,formerly also on westernMaui); and formerly on Lanai (last recordedin 1937), in the Hawaiian Islands. Notes.--Also known as Maui Creeper.

Genus LOXOPS Cabanis LoxopsCabanis, 1847, Arch. Naturgesch.13: 330. Type, by originaldesignation, Frin- gilla coccinea Gmelin. FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE 677

Loxops caeruleirostris(Wilson). Akekee. Chrysomitridopscaeruleirostris Wilson, 1890,Proc. Zool. Soc.London, p. 373. (Kauai.) Habitat.--Humid montaneforest, preferringohia. Distribution.--Resident in the mountainsof Kauai (Kokee, and the Alakai plateau), in the Hawaiian Islands. Notes.--Sometimescalled the Kauai Akepa. Loxopscaeruleirostris, formerly considered a subspeciesof L. coccineus(e.g., Greenwayin Paynter1968), wasrecognized as a distinct speciesby Pratt (1989b).

Loxops coccineus(Gmelin). Akepa. Fringilla coccineaGmelin, 1789, Syst.Nat., 1(2), p. 921. Basedon the "ScarletFinch" Latham, Gen Synop.Birds, 2(1), p. 270. (in insulisSandwich = Hawaii.) Habitat.--Humid montaneforest, primarily ohia-koa. Distribution.--Resident in the mountains[wolstenholmei group] on Oahu (formerly, not recordedsince the early 1900's);[ochraceus group] on easternMaui (probablyextinct); and [coccineusgroup] on Hawaii (rare and local). Notes.--Sometimescalled the Common Akepa. Groups:L. wolstenholmeiRothschild, 1893 [Oahu Akepa], L. ochraceusRothschild, 1893 [Maui ], and L. coccineus[Hawaii Akepa]. Loxopsrufus, based on Fringilla rufa Bloxam, 1827, and generallyused for the Oahu Akepa, is preoccupiedby Fringilla rufa Wilson, 1811 [= Passerellailiaca] (Olson 1986). See commentsunder L. caeruleirostris.

Genus CIRIDOPS Newton

CiridopsNewton, 1892, Nature 45: 469. Type, by monotypy,Fringilla anna Dole.

?Ciridopsanna (Dole). Ula-ai-hawane. Fringilla anna Dole, 1878, in Thrum, Hawaiian Almanac Annual (1879), p. 49. (Ha- waii.) Habitat.--Montane forest, especiallyloulu palm. Distribution.--EXTINCT. Formerlyresident in the mountainsof Hawaii (Kona and Hilo districts,and Kohala Mountains,last collectedin early 1890's), in the Hawaiian Islands.

Genus VESTIARIA Jarocki

VestiariaJarocki, 1821, Zoologia2: 75. Type, by monotypy,Certhia vestiariaLatham = Certhia coccinea Forster.

Notes.--Pratt (1979) proposedmerging this genuswith Drepanis.

Vestiaria coccinea (Forster). Iiwi. Certhia coccineaJ. R. Forster,1780, G6ttingerMag. Wiss. 1: 347. (O-Waihi = Kona district, Hawaii; Olson, 1989, Bull. Brit. Ornithol. Club 109: 203-204.)

Habitat.--Native montane forest. Distribution.--Resident on Kauai, Oahu (very small numbers),Maui, and Hawaii, formerly Molokai and Lanai, in the Hawaiian Islands.

Genus DREPANIS Temminck

Drepanis Temminck, 1820, Man. Ornithol. (ed. 2) 1: 86. Type, by subsequentdesignation(G. R. Gray, 1840), Certhia pacifica Gmelin. Notes.--See comments under Vestiaria. 678 FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE

?Drepanispacifica (Gmelin). Hawaii Mamo. Certhia pacifica Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat. 1(1): 470. Based on the "Great Hook-billed Creeper" Latham, Gen. Synop.Birds 1(2): 703. (in insula amicismaris australis, error = Hawaii.) Habitat.--Humid montaneforest, specializingon lobeliadflowers. Distribution.--EXTINCT Formerly residentin the mountainsof Hawaii (last recorded in 1898), in the Hawaiian Islands. Notes.--Also known as the Mamo.

?Drepanisfunerea Newton. Black Mamo. DrepanisfunereaNewton, 1894, Proc. Zool. Soc. London(1893), p. 690. (Molokai.) Habitat.--Humid montaneforest, specializingon lobeliadflowers. Distribution.--EXTINCT Formerly residentin the mountainsof Molokai (last recorded in 1907), in the Hawaiian Islands. Notes.--Also known as Perkins's Mamo.

Genus PALMERIA Rothschild PalrneriaRothschild, 1893, Ibis, p. 113. Type,by monotypy,Palrneria rnirabilis Roths- child = Hirnatione dolei Wilson.

Palmeria dolei (Wilson). Akohekohe. Himationedolei S. B. Wilson, 1891, Proc.Zool. Soc. London,p. 166. (Maui.) Habitat.--Humid montaneforest, especially ohia. Distribution.--Residentin themountains of easternMaui (windwardslopes of Haleakala), formerly also on Molokai (last reportedin 1907), in the Hawaiian Islands. Notes.--Also known as CrestedHoneycreeper.

Genus HIMATIONE Cabanis HirnationeCabanis, 1850, Mus. Heineanum1: 99. Type, by monotypy,Certhia sanguinea Gmelin.

Himatione sanguinea (Gmelin). Apapane. Certhiasanguinea Gmelin, 1788, Syst.Nat. 1(1): 479. Basedon the "CrimsonCreeper" Latham, Gen. Synop.Birds 1(2): 739. (in insulisSandwich = Hawaii.) Habitat.--Humid montaneforests, primarily ohia-koa,but occasionallyin mixednative- exotic forest,and [freethii group]in brushyareas and bunch-grass. Distribution.--Resident [sanguineagroup] in the mountainsin the Hawaiian Islands(all main islandsfrom Kauaieastward); and [freethii group] formerly on Laysan Island (extirpated in 1923). Accidental[sanguinea group] on Niihau. Notes.--Groups:H. sanguinea[Apapane] and H. freethii Rothschild,1892 [LaysanHon- eycreeper].

GenusMELAMPROSOPS Casey and Jacobi MelarnprosopsCasey and Jacobi, 1974, Occas.Pap. BerniceP., BishopMus., no. 12, p. 217. Type, by originaldesignation, Melarnprosops phaeosorna Casey and Jacobi. Notes.--The affinity of this recently discoveredgenus within the Drepanidinaeis unknown, and Pratt (1992b) presentedevidence that it may not belongin this group at all.

Melamprosopsphaeosoma Casey and Jacobi.Poo-uli. Melarnprosopsphaeosorna Casey and Jacobi, 1974, Occas.Pap. Bernice P., Bishop. Mus., no. 12, p. 219. (Haleakala Volcano, Maui, Hawaii.) FAMILY PLOCEIDAE 679

Habitat.--Humid montaneforest, primarily ohia. Distribution.---Residentin precariouslysmall numbers in the mountainsof Maui (Hanawi region of the windwardslopes of Haleakala),in the Hawaiian Islands. Notes.--Known also as Black-facedHoneycreeper. Family PASSERIDAE: Old World Sparrows

Genus PASSER Brisson PasserBrisson, 1760, Ornithologie1: 36; 3: 71. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Passerdomesticus Brisson = Fringilla domesticaLinnaeus.

Passer domesticus(Linnaeus). House Sparrow. Fringilla domesticaLinnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 183. (in Europa = Sweden.) Habitat.--Vicinity of humanhabitation (Tropical to Temperatezones). Distribution.---Resident from the British Isles, northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, and northernSiberia southto northwesternAfrica, the Mediterraneanregion, northeastern Africa, Arabia, India (including Sri Lanka), and SoutheastAsia. Introduced(initially in 1850 at Brooklyn,New York, with severalsubsequent introductions elsewherein the northeastthrough 1867) andestablished in North America,presently resident from central and southeasternBritish Columbia, southwesternMackenzie, northwesternand centralSaskatchewan, northern Manitoba, central Ontario, southernQuebec (including An- ticosti and Magdalen islands),and Newfoundlandsouth throughout southern Canada, the continentalUnited States,and most of Mexico to Veracruz, Oaxaca, and Chiapas,locally in CentralAmerica (where rangeexpanding rapidly in recentyears) southto Panama(east to easternPanamfi province); also in the HawaiianIslands (Honolulu in 1871, sincespreading throughoutall main islands),Bahama Islands (Grand Bahama,New Providence),Cuba (late 1890's),Jamaica (1903-1966, 1992-1993),Hispaniola (1978), PuertoRico (1978), the Virgin Islands (St. Thomas,early 1950's), Aruba, Curaqao,South America (westernColombia to Chile, and easternBrazil to Paraguay,Argentina, and the FalklandIslands), southern and easternAfrica, islandsin the Indian Ocean,Australia, and New Zealand. Sight reportfrom the RevillagigedoIslands (Socorro Island).

Passer montanus (Linnaeus). EurasianTree Sparrow. Fringilla montanaLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 183. (in Europa = Bagna- cavallo, Ravenna, Italy.) Habitat.--Open woodland,fields, cultivated lands, and aroundhuman habitation. Distribution.mResident from the British Isles, northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, and northernSiberia southto the Mediterraneanregion, Iran, Afghanistan,northern India, SoutheastAsia, Sumatra,Java, Bali, the Himalayas,Sea of Okhotsk,and on Pacificislands from Sakhalinand the Kuril Islandssouth through Japan to Hainan,Taiwan, and the Ryukyu Islands. Introducedand establishedat St. Louis, Missouri (1870), whenceit has spreadinto east- centralMissouri and western Illinois, with stragglersreported in southernManitoba, southern Ontario, Minnesota, Wisconsin, southeasternIowa (West Branch), Indiana (Marshall), and westernKentucky (Lone Oak); sight reportsto northernIllinois; introducedin Bermuda (now extirpated),and establishedin Borneo, Sulawesi,the Philippines,Micronesia, and Australia. Notes.--Also known as EuropeanTree Sparrowand, in Old World literature,as the Tree Sparrow.

Family PLOCEIDAE: Weavers

Subfamily PLOCEINAE: Typical Weavers

Genus PLOCEUS Cuvier PloceusCuvier, 1816, R•gne Anim. 1: 383. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Loxia philippina Linnaeus. 680 FAMILY ESTRILDIDAE

Ploceus cucullatus (Mtiller). Village Weaver. Oriolus cucullatusP. L. S. Mtiller, 1776, Natursyst.,Suppl., p. 87. (Senegal.) Habitat.--Forest, woodland,scrub, brush, vegetation near water, and aroundhuman habitation. Distribution.--Resident [cucullatusgroup] in West Africa from Senegaleastward, and acrossthe Congoregion to Sudan,Eritrea, Ethiopia,Uganda, and westernKenya; [collaris group] from Gabonto northernAngola; and [nigricepsgroup] from southernSomalia south througheastern Kenya and Tanzaniato southernAfrica. Introduced[cucullatus group] and established on Hispaniola(including Saona and Catalina islands). Notes.--Also knownas Black-headed Weaver. Groups: P. cucullatus[Black-headed Weav- er], P. collaris Vieillot, 1819 [Mottled Weaver], and P. nigriceps(Layard, 1867) [Layard's Weaver].

Genus EUPLECTES Swainson EuplectesSwainson, 1829, Zool. Illus. (2) 1: text to pl. 37. Type,by originaldesignation, "Loxia" [ = Emberiza] orix Linnaeus. Notes.--Members of this genusare sometimesknown under the groupname Bishopbird.

Euplectesfranciscanus (Isert). OrangeBishop. Loxia franciscanus Isert, 1789, Schrift. Ges. Nat. Freund. Berlin 19: 332. (Accra.) Habitat.--Open grasslandand edges of swamps,rice, andcane fields; weedy areas. Distribution.--Resident in Africa from Senegaland Sudansouth to Cameroon,eastern Congoregion, northern Uganda, and northeasternKenya. Introduced and established in southern California and Puerto Rico; introductions in the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) and Bermuda are not known to have become established. Notes.--Formedy (A.O.U. 1983) consideredconspecific with E. orix (Linnaeus,1758) [Red Bishop]but seperatedfollowing Hall and Moreau (1970). Johnstonand Garrett (1994) noted that this speciesrather than orix is presentin southernCalifornia. Also known as Northern Red Bishop.

Euplectesafer (Gmelin). Yellow-crownedBishop. Loxia afra Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 857. Basedmainly on the "Black-bellied Grosbeak" Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds 2(1): 155. (in Africa = Senegal.) Habitat.--Swamps, marshes,and tall grassareas in wet situations. Distribution.--Resident[afer group]in westernand centralAfrica from Senegaleast to Sudan,Ethiopia, and northernKenya, and southto northernAngola and Zaire; and [taha group] in eastern and southernAfrica from central Angola, southeasternZaire, southern Sudan, and central Ethiopia southto southernAfrica. Introducedand established[afer group] on Puerto Rico; introductionsin the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) have not become established. Notes.--Also known as GoldenBishop, Napoleon Bishop, or NapoleonWeaver. Groups: E. afer [Yellow-crownedBishop] and E. taha Smith, 1836 [TahaBishop].

Family ESTRILDIDAE: Estrildid Finches

Subfamily ESTRILDINAE: Estrildine Finches

Genus URAEGINTHUS Cabanis UraeginthusCabanis, 1851, Mus. Heineanum1: 171. Type, by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1855), Fringilla bengalusLinnaeus. FAMILY ESTRILDIDAE 681

Uraeginthus bengalus (Linnaeus).Red-cheeked Cordonbleu. Fringilla bengalusLinnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1: 323. Basedon "Le Bengali" Brisson,Ornithologie 3: 203, pl. 10, fig. 1. (in Bengala, error = Senegal.) Habitat.--Weedy and grassyfields; in Africa, thornbush,savanna, forest edge, cultivated lands, and around human habitation. Distribution.--Resident in Africa from Senegaleast to Sudan,Eritrea, and Somalia,and southto Angola, Zambia, and Tanzania. Introducedand establishedin very small numbersin the Hawaiian Islands(since 1965 on Oahu, where now extirpated,and locally in Puuanahuluarea on Hawaii).

Genus ESTRILDA Swainson Estrilda Swainson,1827, Zool. J. 3: 349. Type, by original designation,Loxia astrild Linnaeus.

Estrilda caerulescens(Vieillot). Lavender Waxbill. Fringilla ccerulescensVieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv.6d.) 12: 176. (Zone Tonide = Senegal.) Habitat.--Weedy and grassyfields; in Africa, bushcountry, scrub, gardens, and around human habitation. Distribution.--Resident in West Africa from Senegalto Nigeria, and inland to western Central African Republic,southwestern Chad, and northernCameroon. Introducedand established in the Hawaiian Islands(first reported in 1965, nearlyextirpated from Hawaii but becomingincreasingly common on the Kona coastof Hawaii). Notes.--Also known as Red-tailed Lavender Waxbill or Lavender Fire-Finch.

Estrilda melpoda (Vieillot). Orange-cheekedWaxbill. Fringilla rnelpodaVieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (nouv.6d.) 12: 177. (India and west coastof Africa = Senegal.) Habitat.--Fields with tall grass;in Africa, savanna,grasslands, cultivated lands, and around human habitation. Distribution.--Resident in WestAfrica from Senegaland Gambiaeast to Chad, and south to Angola and Zambia. Introducedand establishedin the Hawaiian Islands (first reportedin 1965, now in small numberson Oahu, with recent sight reports from Maui), Bermuda (reported 1975, well establishedand breedingsince 1982), and on Puerto Rico.

Estrilda troglodytes(Lichtenstein). Black-rumped Waxbill. Fringilla TroglodytesLichtenstein, 1823, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 26. (Sen- egambia.) Habitat.--Fields with tall grass; in Africa, bush country, swampy areas, and brushy habitats. Distribution.--Resident in Africa from Senegaland Gambia east to Sudan,Eritrea, and Ethiopia,and southto northeasternZaire and northwesternUganda. Introducedand establishedin the Hawaiian Islands(first reportedin 1965, now in small numbers on Oahu and Hawaii) and on Puerto Rico. Notes.--Also known as Red-eared Waxbill.

Estrilda astrild (Linnaeus). Common Waxbill. Loxia Astrild Linnaeus,1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 173. Basedon "The Wax Bill" Edwards,Nat. Hist. Birds 4: 179, pl. 179, lower fig. (in Canariis, America, Africa = Cape Town, South Africa.) 682 FAMILY ESTRILDIDAE

Habitat.--Weedy and grassyfields, usually near water; in Africa, open country, grasslands,cultivated lands, open woodland,and aroundhuman habitation. Distribution.--Resident throughoutAfrica southof the Sahara. Introducedand established in the HawaiianIslands (Oahu), Bermuda (first reported1973, now poorly established),and PuertoRico. Notes.--Also known as the Waxbill.

GenusAMANDAVA Blyth AmandavaBlyth, 1836, in White, Nat. Hist. Selbourne,p. 44, footnote.Type, by monotypy, Amandavapunctata Blyth = Fringilla amandavaLinnaeus.

Amandava amandava (Linnaeus). Red Avadavat. Fringilla AmandavaLinnaeus, 1758, Syst.Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 180. Basedon "Amandava" Albin, Nat. Hist. Birds 3: 72, pl. 77. (in india orientali= Calcutta,West Bengal.) Habitat.--Weedy andgrassy fields, especially at edgesof marshes;in Asia, secondgrowth, grasslands,scrub, reed beds, and cultivatedlands. Distribution.--Residentfrom Pakistan,India, andsouthern Nepal souththrough Southeast Asia and Java to the Lesser Sunda Islands (east to Timor). Introduced and establishedin the Hawaiian Islands (on Oahu, between 1900 and 1910, now also on Kauai and Hawaii), Fiji, PuertoRico, Spain, Sumatra,and Singapore. Notes.--Also known as StrawberryFinch or Red Munia.

GenusLONCHURA Sykes LonchuraSykes, 1832, Proc.Zool. Soc.London, p. 94. Type,by subsequentdesignation (G. R. Gray, 1840), Fringilla nisoria Temminck= Loxia punctulataLinnaeus. SpermestesSwainson, 1837, Birds W. Aft. 1: 201. Type, by monotypy,Spermestes cucullata Swainson. EuodiceReichenbach, 1863, Singv6gel,p. 46. Type,by subsequentdesignation (Sharpe, 1890), Loxia cantans Gmelin -- Loxia malabarica Linnaeus.

Lonchura malabarica (Linnaeus).Warbling Silverbill. Loxia malabaricaLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 175. (in Indiis = Malabar.) Habitat.•Dry, grassybrush and scrub;in Africa, scrub and brush, and around human habitation. Distribution.--Resident [cantansgroup] in Africa from Senegaleast to Sudan,Ethiopia, and Somalia, and south to Kenya and northern Tanzania, also in southern Arabia; and [malabaricagroup] in southernAsia from easternArabia eastto India. Introducedand established[malabarica group] in the HawaiianIslands (first reportedin 1973 on Hawaii, recentlyspreading to Maui, Lanai, and Molokai, with sightreports from Kauai, Oahu, and Kahoolawe), and on Puerto Rico. A pair successfullybred on Merritt Island,Florida, in June 1965 (1965, Amer. Birds 19: 537; reportedas Euodicecantans), but the specieshas not becomeestablished there. Notes.--Also known as the Silverbill. Groups:L. cantans(Gmelin) 1789 [African Sil- verbill]and L. malabarica[White-throated Silverbill]. Sometimes placed in the genusEuodice.

Lonchura cucullata (Swainson).Bronze Mannikin. Spermestescucullata Swainson,1837, Birds W. Afr. 1: 201. (West Africa = Senegal.) Habitat.--Open areaswith grass,including lawns, in lowlands(primarily below 300 m); in Africa, opencountry, bush, cultivated lands, and aroundhuman habitation. Distribution.--Resident in Africa from Senegaleast to Sudan,Ethiopia, and Kenya, and southto Angola,Zambia, and Rhodesia(including Zanzibar and othercoastal islands in the Gulf of Guinea and along the Indian Ocean). FAMILY ESTRILDIDAE 683

Introducedand establishedin Puerto Rico (common in coastallowlands, but rare in hill country). Notes.--Also known as Bronze Munia or Hooded Weaver. Often placed in the genus Spermestes.

Lonchurapunctulata (Linnaeus).Nutmeg Mannikin. Loxia punctulataLinnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 173. Basedon "The Gowry Bird" Edwards,Nat. Hist. Birds 1' 40, pl. 40. (in Asia = Calcutta,India.) Habitat.--Open areasand secondgrowth with tall grass;in Asia, secondgrowth, scrub, grasslands,cultivated lands, and aroundhuman habitation. Distribution.--Residentfrom India, Nepal, southernChina, Hainan, and Taiwan south to Sri Lanka, and throughSoutheast Asia to the East Indies (eastto Sulawesiand Tanimbar) and Philippines. Introducedand establishedin the Hawaiian Islands(about 1865, presentlywidespread on all main islands), in lowland central Jamaica,in Australia, and on islands in the Indian Ocean.Pairs bred successfullyin Florida at CocoaBeach in 1964 (1964, Amer. Birds 18: 504-505) and on Merritt Island in 1965 (1965, Amer. Birds 19: 537), but no populationhas becomeestablished; also reported(status uncertain) on Hispaniolaand PuertoRico. Notes.--Alsoknown as SpottedMunia, SpiceFinch, Ricebird, or Scaly-breastedMannikin.

Lonchura malacca (Linnaeus). Chestnut Mannikin. Loxia malacca Linnaeus,1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1' 302. Basedmainly on "Le Gros- bec de Java" Brisson,Ornithologie 3: 237, pl. 13, fig. 1. (in China, Java, Malacca, error = Belgaum,India.) Habitat.--Open areaswith tall grass;in Asia,second growth, scrub, grasslands, cultivated lands, marshes,and around human habitation. Distribution.--Resident[malacca group] in southernIndia andSri Lanka;and [atricapilla group]from northernand eastern India, Nepal, SoutheastAsia, southernChina, Hainan, and Taiwan southto Sri Lanka, the Greater Sunda Islands, and Philippines. Introducedand established[atricapilla group]in the Hawaiian Islands(first observedin 1959 on Oahu, presentlyalso occurson Kauai and possiblyHawaii), on PuertoRico, and in the Moluccasand Micronesia. A pair bred successfullyin 1965 on Merritt Island,Florida (1965, Amer. Birds 19: 537), but no populationbecame established. Notes.--Also known as Black-headed Munia, Black-headed Mannikin, Chestnut Munia, or Black-headedNun. Groups:L. malacca[Indian Black-headed Munia] and L. atricapilla (Vieillot, 1807) [SouthernBlack-headed Munia].

Genus PADDA Reichenbach Padda Reichenbach,1850, Avium Syst. Nat., pl. 76, fig. 4. Type, by monotypy,Loxia oryzivora Linnaeus.

Padda oryzivora (Linnaeus).Java Sparrow. Loxia oryzivora Linnaeus,1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 173. Based in part on "The CockPadda or Rice-bird" Edwards,Nat. Hist. Birds 1: 41, pl. 41. (in Asia &/Ethiopia = Java.) Habitat.--Primarily opengrassy areas of parksand lawns; in Indonesia,scrub, mangroves, cultivated lands, and around human habitation. Distribution.--Resident on Java and Bali, in the East Indies. Introduced and establishedin the mid-1960's in the Hawaiian Islands (now widespread on Oahu, common on the Kona coast of Hawaii, and in small numberson Kauai and Maul; earlier introductionson Oahu in 1865 did not becomeestablished), in southernFlorida (Miami region,now extirpated),on PuertoRico (San Juanarea), and widely elsewhere,especially in Sri Lanka, SoutheastAsia, Sulawesi,the LesserSunda Islands, Philippines, and Moluccas. Notes.--Also known as Java Finch. 684 FAMILY ESTRILDIDAE

Subfamily VIDUINAE: Whydahs

Genus VIDUA Cuvier ViduaCuvier, 1816, R•gne Anim. 1' 388. Type,by tautonymy,Emberiza vidua Linnaeus = Fringilla macroura Pallas.

Vidua macroura (Pallas).Pin-tailed Whydah. Fringilla macrouraPallas, 1764, in Vroeg, Cat. Raisson60is.,Adumbr., p. 3. (East Indies, error = Angola.) Habitat.mAreas of shortgrass and lawns; in Africa, arid bushcountry, grassland, scrub, cultivated areas, and around human habitation. Distribution.--Residentin Africa from Senegaleast to Eritrea, and southto southern Africa, includingZanzibar and other coastalislands. Introducedand established on PuertoRico; escapes in the HawaiianIslands (Oahu) probably bred in the mid-1970s,but are now extirpated.