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Original Papers New Records of Nematodes of Passerine Migratory Birds

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Original Papers New Records of Nematodes of Passerine Migratory Birds annals32013:pas408.qxd 2013-10-14 01:13 Strona 135 Annals of Parasitology 2013, 59(3) 135–138 Copyright© 2013 Polish Parasitological Society Original papers New records of nematodes of passerine migratory birds Anna Okulewicz Department of Parasitology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology of Wrocław University, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Parasitological examination of three passerine bird species: the Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio , Eurasian Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus and Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava , revealed the presence of the nematodes Acuaria subula , Diplotriaena ozouxi , Viguiera euryoptera and Microtetrameres inermis. All the birds were obtained in the spring (April–May); the nematodes found were mature, which indicates infection in the hosts’ wintering grounds. The gizzard worm Acuaria subula is a new record from Motacilla flava in Europe. Viguiera euryoptera and Diplotriaena ozouxi are new to the Polish fauna. Key words: Nematoda, Viguiera euryoptera , Microtetrameres inermis , Diplotriaena ozouxi , Acuaria subula , new record, passerine birds Introduction passerine species caught in Hungary and Italy (1998–2001) revealed nematode eggs only in 27 Passeriformes have 354 representatives in Europe (6.5%). The uninfected birds included, among (according to the Fauna Europaea) and 166 in others, Fringilla coelebs , Passer montanus , Poland, including the fleeting and penetrating Phylloscopus sibilatrix and Luscinia megarhynchos species. Some of them are rare and almost all are [8]. protected, so their internal parasites are not well Also in Poland, with its large populations of known. Most parasitological studies deal with commonly occurring birds whose diet consists specimens of commonly occurring nesting birds, mainly of seeds and fruit, nematode infections are found dead, or those which died during migration; rarely observed. For example, only one species of they often apply to single individuals. the intestinal nematode Baruscapillaria angusta According to the literature data, 125 nematode was found in a study of the Chaffinch Fringilla species have been recorded from birds nesting in coelebs (385 birds examined) and the House Poland; 44 (35.5%) of these species are found in Sparrow Passer domesticus (273 examined), the Passeriformes [1–3]. The number is comparable to those recorded from adjacent countries (Table 1). Table 1. Distribution of nematodes in passerine species The number of parasitologically examined Number of passerine bird species is higher than the number of passerine Number of parasite-bearing species, since not all the birds Location species nematode Source carried nematodes. In Poland, over the years, no infected with species helminths have been found in some birds, including nematodes those of the genera Anthus and Emberiza , as well as Kaliningrad Region 42 34 [4] Certhia familiaris , Sitta europaea , or Chloris Lithuania, Latvia, chloris (own, unpublished results). Similarly, Estonia, Kaliningrad 45 38 [5] Frantova’s parasitological section [7] of 220 Region specimens of Carduelis , Parus , Passer , Sitta and Poland 36 44 [1,2] Sylvia from the Czech Republic revealed no Czech and Slovak nematode infection in any of them. However, 50 41 [6] coprological examination of 415 birds of 34 Republics annals32013:pas408.qxd 2013-10-14 01:13 Strona 136 136 A. Okulewicz intensities being 1 and 3 specimens, respectively Intensity: 1–19 specimens [9]. In addition, the flycatchers, the Muscicapidae, Material: 19 specimens (12 females and 6 males); whose contact with the soil is limited and which and 1 (female) generally feed in flight, rarely experience helminth A specific parasite of Lanius birds: L. collurio , L. infection: among the 121 examined birds only 11 minor , L. excubitor , L. cristatus , L. rufus , L. vittatus (9.1%) were nematode-infected [10]. The nema - in Europe (Bulgaria, Slovak Republic, Germany, todes were Diplotriaena tridens and Microte tra - Ukraine, Kaliningrad Region), Asia, Africa meres inermis , whose intermediate hosts are Life cycle: unknown Orthoptera, and Hadjelia truncata, whose larval First record from Poland. forms are found in beetles [11]. Another mode of Diplotriaena ozouxi (Diplotriaenidae) infection of Turdidae and Paridae with nematodes of Host: Motacilla flava (5 ad.) – (IV-V) the superfamily Filarioidea (e. g. Cardiofilaria pa - Site: air sacs vlov skyi and Eufilaria delicata ) is the trans mission Intensity: 1– 6 specimens of microfilariae by blood-sucking flies. These Material: 1, 1, 3, 5, 6 nematodes (10 females, 6 nematodes were found in birds only in the spring, males) after their return from the wintering grounds in A specific parasite of Passeriformes (e.g. Motacilla south-western Europe. The birds, which largely feed alba , M. flava , Oenanthe oenanthe , Oriolus oriolus ) on invertebrates, and are often paratenic or in Europe (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, intermediate hosts of nematodes, are often heavily Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Spain), Africa, North infected with numerous species of nematodes. For and South America, Asia. The species was example, 19 nematode species were recorded from described from Foundia madagascariensis in the Starling, Sturnus vulgaris , and 12 from the Madagascar. Blackbird, Turdus merula , in Poland. Among them Life cycle: unknown was a capillariid, Baruscapillaria ovopunctata , with First record from Poland. a maximum intensity in the intestine of a female Acuaria subula (Acuariidae) Blackbird as high as 1 290 specimens [1]. Host: Motacilla flava (1 ad.) – (V) Site: under cuticle of gizzard Materials and Methods Intensity: 1 Material: 1 female The author’s helminthological collection of Recorded from Passeriformes of the genera Passeriformes, obtained during a comprehensive Acrocephalus , Anthus , Erithacus , Ficedula , study of the parasite fauna of birds of Lower Silesia, Hippolais , Luscinia , Motacilla , Muscicapa , Passer , conducted since the 1970s, contained unidentified Phylloscopus , Saxicola , Sitta , Sturnus , and Sylvia alcohol-preserved and glycerol-cleared nematodes. in Europe (British Isles, Czech Republic, Slovak The nematodes were obtained from fairly rare birds: Republic, France, Kaliningrad Region, Moldova, the Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio (2 infected) , Ukraine, Poland, Russia); known also from Asia. In Eurasian Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus (1 infected) Motacilla flava noted only from the Black and and Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava (9 infected). All Caspian coast part of Russia [12]. the birds were adult, obtained in the spring months In Poland: Acrocephalus scirpaceus , Erithacus (April–May). rubecula , Ficedula hypoleuca , Hippolias icterina , Passer domesticus , Phylloscopus trochiloides , Results Sturnus vulgaris Life cycle: probably indirect. Third-stage larvae Four nematode species were identified in the were found in the desert locust Schistocerca infected birds: Viguiera euryoptera (Rud., 1819) in gregaria (exp.) [13]. Lanius collurio ; Diplotriaena ozouxi Railliet et The record of A. subula in Motacilla flava from Henry, 1909 and Acuaria subula (Duj., 1845) in Poland is the first such record in Europe. Motacilla flava , and Microtetrames inermis (Linst., Microtetrames inermis (Tetrameridae) 1879) in Oriolus oriolus and M. flava . Host: Oriolus oriolus (1 ad. male) – (V); Motacilla Viguiera euryoptera (Habronematidae) flava (3 ad.) (IV–V) Host: Lanius collurio (2 ad.) – (IV,V) Site: proventriculus (glandular stomach) Site: glandular stomach Intensity: 10; 1–21 specimens annals32013:pas408.qxd 2013-10-14 01:13 Strona 137 New records of nematodes 137 Material: 30 females and 3 males nematodes (females with eggs) upon their return in A parasite of Passeriformes (e.g. Motacilla flava , the spring (April and May). Typically, the intensity Oriolus oriolus ) in Europe (Czech Republic, of nematode invasion was low, up to 7 individuals, Kaliningrad Region, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine), which is probably due to their large parasitological Asia and Africa. In Poland recorded so far from size (females up to 62 mm in length). Acrocephalus scirpaceus , Corvus cornix , C. frugi - The literature suggests that M. inermis is found legus , Hippolais icterina and Sylvia atricapilla . The rather often; for example, in 5 out of 20 specimens presence of the parasite in adult birds during the of M. flava examined [4]. However, the presence of spring months (April–June) indicates its southern M. inermis in Oriolus oriolus is listed only in Global origin [4]. host-parasite species [14]. Life cycle: indirect; intermediate hosts are Viguiera euryoptera is specific to birds of the orthopterans – Tylotropidius and Locusta migratoria family Laniidae [15,16]. In the Kaliningrad Region [11]. it was recorded in May in 6 out of 14 individuals of First record in Poland in M. flava and O. oriolus . Lanius collurio [4]; the intensity being 1–7 specimens. In the author’s own material, the Discussion intensity was high: 19 individuals, and mature females reached a length of 11 mm. All the recorded nematode species ( V. euryoptera , Acuaria subula is characteristic of small D. ozouxi , A. subula , M. inermis ) represent the order Passeriformes, and in Poland it has been recorded in Spirurida and are specific to passerine migratory several species of birds [1,3]. The species was birds. V. euryoptera shows a strict specialisation: it previously found in M. flava only in the Asian part is found only in birds of the genus Lanius . The main of Russia [12].
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