DOCSLIB.ORG

Mimicry of Friarbirds by Orioles

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mimicry of Friarbirds by Orioles THE AUK A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY VOL. 99 APRIL 1982 NO. 2 MIMICRY OF FRIARBIRDS BY ORIOLES JAREDM. DIAMOND PhysiologyDepartment, University of CaliforniaMedical School, LosAngeles, California 90024 USA ABsTR•cT.--Friarbirdsand orioles show striking but parallel geographicvariation in plumageon islandsof the Australianregion, such that their populationson the sameisland are often closelysimilar in plumage.This parallelisminvolves mimicry of friarbirds by orioles,which are in turn mimicked by a smallerhoneyeater. The larger the friarbird com- pared to the oriole, the more perfectis the mimicry. Friarbirdsand oriolesare convergently similar in ecologyand morphologyand belong to a guild of birds that feed togetherin fruiting and flowering trees and that display much aggressiontoward each other. Within this guild, mimics are sparedfrom attack by larger models,which attackother smaller species.Other possiblysimilar casesexist among tropicalbirds. Received5 January1981, Accepted2 September1981. BIOLOGICALmimicry involves three roles: a are few well-established cases of visual mim- mimic, which resemblesanother speciesand icry in birds. thereby gains some advantage for itself; a Over a centuryago Wallace (1863, 1869: 305) model, which is imitated by the mimic; and a describedwhat he claimed to be an example signal receiver, which mistakes the mimic for of visual mimicry in birds, involving Old the model and thereby becomesthe victim of World orioles(genus Oriolus, family Oriolidae) the mimic'sdeception (Wickler 1968). Mimicry and friarbirds (genus Philemon,family Meli- may be visual, acoustic, chemical, or behav- phagidae) in the Australian region. Wallace's ioral. Familiar examplesof visual mimicry in- claim was disputed by Stresemann (1914a), clude nonpoisonous butterflies or snakes that however,and there has been no further study haveevolved to resemblepoisonous butterflies of this case. The present paper is based on or snakesin order to gain the advantageof study of specimensof all speciesof oriolesand being avoided by predators.Although many friarbirds and on field studiesof a coexisting bird speciesare famous as vocalmimics, there mimic oriole and friarbird (New Guinea), two Frontispiece.Adult plumages of friarbirdsand orioles.Large capital letters are island names, small letters are taxon names.Top row right: a typical oriole outside the range of friarbirds (Oriolusoriolus). Top row left: a typicalfriarbird outside the rangeof orioles(Philemon cockerelli). Top row center:on the LesserSunda Islandsan oriolelarger than the O. [bouroensis]superspecies and of typicalOriolus plumage, O. chinensis, coexistswith the westernmostmember of the P. [moluccensis]superspecies, P. buceroides.Rows 2-6: coex- isting friarbirdsof the P. [moluccensis]superspecies and oriolesof the O. [bouroensis]superspecies. The oriolemimics the sympatricfriarbird to varying degreescorrelated with the friarbird'ssize: Australiaand Timor have the smallestfriarbirds, and the two Australianoriole species and the maleoriole of Timor are not mimics,while the largestfriarbird (that of Ceram)is mimickedalmost perfectly. Pycnopygius sticto- cephalusis a smallerhoneyeater that mimics the New Guineaoriole. See Table 1 for details.Painted by H. L. Jonesfrom specimensin the AmericanMuseum of NaturalHistory. 187 The Auk 99: 187-196.April 1982 UMBO LES R SUNDAS EURASIA P. bucer, -ctus -• ß' O. chinensis P. cockereHi •,0. oriolus HALMAHE' CERA ' pious P. sue ßtus forsteni aeochromu• BUR ßens s O. b. bouroensis TENIMB' .decipiens WETA ' ? TIM R P lidiceps P.b bu , e8 •. v finschi J vi s P. novae. '•b'e Isis P NEW GUINEA :iu•, stictocephalus P. I10V * ctns AUSTRALIA 188 JAREDM. DIAMOND [Auk, Vol. 99 I I IOøN-- /' 140øE 15(Y'E I Philippines.'..'• Lesser $undas WeTM ___ IOOS - Fig.1. Mapillustrating overlap of oriolesand friarbirds. Dots: Oriolus but no Philemonpresent. Vertical hatching:Philemon but no Orioluspresent. Solid shading: both Philemon and Oriolus present; solid under- liningof islandname indicates mimic oriole, dashed underlining indicates nonmimic oriole. Blank: neither Philemonnor Orioluspresent. pairsof coexistingnonmimic orioles and friar- months, distributed over all months of the year and birds (Australia),friarbirds living outsidethe over 9 yr from 1964 to 1981. range of orioles(New Britain, Umboi), and oriolesliving outsidethe rangeof friarbirds PATTERNS OF MIMICRY (Java,South Africa, Germany). The Meliphagidae, or honeyeaters,originat- ed and (like marsupials)underwent an adap- STUDY MATERIAL AND STUDy SITES tive radiation in the Australian region and At the American Museum of Natural History, Brit- producedthe morphologicaland ecological ish Museum (Natural History), and Museum Zoo- equivalentsof numerousfamilies elsewhere logicumBogoriense I examinedall specimensof (Keast1976). Friarbirds, the largestmeliphag- friarbirds, all specimensof oriolesof the Australian ids, areconvergent on the predominantlyAfro- region(including Wallacea), and selectedspecimens Asian Oriolus in size, diet (nectar, insects, soft of all extralimital oriole species. Field observationscovered the following areasand fruit), nest (woven suspendedcup), and hab- species.New Guinea(Fly River, OriomoRiver, Kar- itat (tree canopy).In adult plumagethe Afro- imui Basin,Astrolobe Bay, Huon Gulf, Torricelliand Asian orioles are mainly yellow and black Bewani mountains, Meervlakte, van Rees Moun- (Frontispiece:right-most two birds of top tains, Gauttier Mountains, Onin Peninsula, and vi- row), very unlike the mainlybrown friarbirds. cinitiesof Port Moresby,Popondetta, Wewak, Van- One speciesgroup of Oriolushas invaded imo, and Jayapura): Oriolus szalayi, Philemon and differentiated in the Australian region, so novaeguineae,P. corniculatus,P. citreogularis,P. mey- eri, and Pycnopygiusstictocephalus; Australia (Ath- that the orioles of the Oriolus [bouroensis] su- erton Tableland and vicinities of Canberra, Sydney, perspeciesand friarbirds of the Philemon Brisbane,and Cairns):O. sagittatus,O. fiavocinctus, [moluccensis]superspecies now shareeight is- Philemonnovaeguineae, P. corniculatus, P. citreogular- lands or island groups.These are Ceram, Hal- is; New Britain (Cape Gloucester)and Umboi: P. mahera, Bum, Tenimbar, Wetar, Timor, New cockerelli;Java (Bogor):O. chinensis;South Africa (KrugerPark): O. larvatus;Germany: O. oriolus. Guinea and neighboring islands(Waigeu, Sa- Observationsin the Australianregion totalled 25.5 lawati, Batanta,Misol, Japen,Aru), and north- April 1982] OrioleMimicry of Friarbirds 189 TABLE 1. Adult plumage of coexisting friarbirds TABLE 1. Continued. Philemon [moluccensis])a and orioles (Oriolus [bouroensis]).b AUSTRALIA. P. buceroidesand P. novaeguineae. CERAM. P. subcorniculatus. Olive-brown dorsal- As on New Guinea. O. fiavocinctus(streaky yellow- green, with black in wing and tail) and O. sagittatus ly, yellow-brown ventrally, breast and axillariesyel- (olive back, streaked on white below) dissimilar. low. Head markings: grey color; streaked crown; Dissimilar. small bare or sparselyleathered circumocularpatch. O. forsteni.Same. Virtually identical.½ • Friarbirdpopulations are describedwith respectto thoseof other islands,to illustrategeographic variation. HALMAHERA. P. fuscicapillus. Medium-dark • Oriole populationsare describedwith respectto the friarbird of brown, darker dorsally; the darkest population. No the sameisland, to illustratemimicry. streaks and no markings except for small bare cir- •' The wordsin boldfacesummarize the closenessof mimicry. cumocular patch and slightly grey throat; the most uniformly colored population. O. phaeochromus. Same, except: slightly darker ventrally, throat not greyer, lacks circumocularpatch. Closely similar. BURU. P.m. moluccensis.Body as on Halmahera, ern Australia(see Fig. 1). From islandto island except paler. Head markings: pale hind-collar, su- perciliary, and throat; streaked crown and throat; these oriolesshow great geographicvariation bare black facial patch. O. b. bouroensis.Same, ex- in plumage,and so do the friarbirds.Some are cept:has black featheredpatch correspondingto bare nearly uniform brown, others paler ventrally; skin of friarbird; side of throat streakJer.Closely darknessof colorationvaries; pale completeor similar. partial collars, dark ear coverts,dark mous- TENIMBAR. P. moluccensis timorlaoensis. As on tachestripes, pale superciliarystripes, streaked Buru, except: lacks pale superciliary; obscure dark crownsand throats,and olive or yellow washes ear-coverts and moustache. O. bouroensisdecipiens. Same, except: has black feathered patch correspond- may be present or absent; and one or more ing to bare black skin of friarbird; crown slightly black patches of varying sizes, consisting streakJer.Closely similar. either of bare skin (Philemon)or of solid feath- WETAR. P. buceroidespallidiceps. As on Buru, ex- ering or streakedfeathering (Oriolus), occur on cept: paler brown; throat paler, almost white; bare various parts of the head (Frontispiece,Table blackfacial patch larger; has bare black patchon side 1). This geographicvariation is largelyparallel, of neck; has black moustachefeathering adjacent to bare black facial skin; has bill knob. This population however, such that on all islands except Aus- and the Timor one are the palest populations. They tralia the oriole and friarbird resemble each are also the ones with the boldest facial pattern, due other, often to such a stunning degree that to the contrast between the black facial skin and specimensheld in the hand can be distin- moustacheand
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 9 Days 13Th - 21St July
    Light up Atauro Bringing solar power to villages 9 days 13th - 21st July $1,985* USD + $800 tax deductable donation *Excludes airfares and visa About Timor-Leste and the Light Up tours Timor-Leste is only one hour by plane from Darwin. It has been a new nation for 12 years and has been busy building everything from a police force to an education system. Much progress has been made with help from many countries including Australia but there is still a long way to go. For many years now the Alternative Technology Association (ATA) has been working in Timor- Leste to provide small scale solar power installations in remote villages. In 2013 the ATA in collaboration with Timor Adventures commenced Light up Timor-Leste tours so that others can become involved in this wonderful project whilst also having a really good holiday. Getting to Timor Leste Darwin - Dili; Air North Denpasar - Dili; Sriwijaya & Air Timor About Atauro Atauro Island is a small island situated 25km north of Dili the capital city of Timor Leste. It sits between the Indonesian islands of Alor and Wetar. Atauro is about 25 km long and 9 km wide and is inhabited by about 10,000 people. Mt. Manucoco is the highest point at 999m above sea level. Atauro became part of Portuguese Timor as a result of the 1859 treaty of Lisbon. Over the years the island has been used as a prison island by the Portuguese and the Indonesians. The name Atauro means ‘goat’ in the local language. It was so named because of the large number of goats on the island.
    [Show full text]
  • FAMILY ORIOLIDAE (MS Read by J.P
    FAMILY ORIOLIDAE (MS read by J.P. Chapin, H.G. Deignan and H. Friedman) James C. Greenway, Jr. cf. Hartert, 1903, Vög. pal. Fauna, 1 pp. 51-54. Meinertzhagen, 1923 Ibis pp. 52-96 (Oriolus) Baker, 1926, Fauna Brit. India, Birds, ed. 2, 3, pp. 4-15. Hartert and Steinbacher, 1932 Vög. pal. Fauna, Ergänzungsb., p. 35, Stresemann, l938, Temminckia, 3, p. 134 (northeastern Borneo). Bannerman, 1939, Birds Trop. West Africa, 5, pp. 450-465. Delacour and Jabouille, 1940, Ois. Rev. Franc. Orn., 10, pp. 2l6-217 (Indo-China) Stresemann, 1940 Journ. f. Orn., 88, pp. 18-20 (Celebes). Mayr, 1944, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 83, pp. 137; 143, 164 (O. forsteni; O. viridifuscus; O. finschi). Ripley, 1944, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 94, pp. 378-379 (islands off Sumatra). Deignan, 1945, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 186, pp. 296-290 (northern Thailand). Delacour and Mayr, 1946, Birds Philippines, pp. 252-255; 282. Gilliard, 1950, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 94, pp. 502-593 (O. isabellae; O. albiloris). Delacour, 1951, Ois. Rev. Franc. Orn., 21, pp. 118-119 (Indo-China). Rand, 1951, Fieldiana: Zool. (Chicago), 31, pp. 591-595 (Philippine forms of O. chinensis). Vincent, 1952, Check List Birds South Africa, pp. 95-96. Smythies, 1953, Birds Burma, ed. 2, pp. 210-213. Chapin, 1954, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 75 B, pp. 115-127 (Congo region). Mackworth-Praed and Grant, 1955, Birds Eastern and North Eastern Africa, 2, pp. 660-670. Keast, 1956, Proc. R. Zool. Soc. New South Wales, (1954-55), pp. 19-25 (Australia). Vaurie, 1959, Birds Pal.
    [Show full text]
  • Indonesia's Exquisite Birds of Paradise
    INDONESIA'S EXQUISITE BIRDS OF PARADISE Whether you are a mere nestling who is new to bird watching, a Halmehera: Standard-wing (Wallace’s) Bird-of fully-fledged birder, or a seasoned twitcher, this 10-day (9-night) ornithological adventure through the remote, rainforest-clad islands of northern Raja Ampat and North Maluku, which includes a two-night stay at the famed Weda Resort on Halmahera, is a fantastic opportunity to add some significant numbers to your life lists. No other feathered family is as beautiful, or displays such diversity of plumage, extravagant decoration, and courtship behaviour as the ostentatious Bird of Paradise. In the company of our guest expert, Dr. Kees Groeneboer, we will be in hot pursuit of as many as six or seven species of these fabled shapeshifters, which strut, dazzle and dance in costumes worthy of the stage. -Paradise, Paradise Crow. Special birds in the Weda-Forest of Raja Ampat is one of the most noteworthy ecological niches on Halmahera Moluccan Goshawk, Moluccan Scrubfowl, Bare-eyed the planet, where you can snorkel within a below-surface world Rail, Drummer Rail, Scarletbreasted Fruit-Dove, Blue-capped reminiscent of a living kaleidoscope, while marveling at Fruit-Dove, Cinnamon-bellied Imperial Pigeon, Chattering Lory, above-surface views – and birds, which are among the most White (Alba) Cockatoo, Moluccan Cuckoo, Goliath Coucal, Blue stunning that you are likely to behold in a lifetime. Meanwhile, and-white Kingfisher, Sombre Kingfisher, Azure (Purple) Halmahera, in the North Maluku province, is where some of the Dollarbird, Ivory-breasted Pitta, Halmahera Cuckooshrike, world’s rarest and least-known birds occur.
    [Show full text]
  • LENGGURU 2017 Expedition
    Mission report: LENGGURU 2017 Expedition ‘Biodiversity assessment in reef twilight zone and cloud forests’, R/V AIRAHA 2, 1st October 2017 – 30th November 2017, Kaimana Regency, West Papua, Indonesia Régis Hocdé, Indra Vimono, Amir Suruwaki, Yosephine Tuti, Rizkie Utama, Abrar Mohammad, Paulus Boli, Hidayat Ashari, Hadi Wikanta, Jean-Baptiste Juhel, et al. To cite this version: Régis Hocdé, Indra Vimono, Amir Suruwaki, Yosephine Tuti, Rizkie Utama, et al.. Mission report: LENGGURU 2017 Expedition ‘Biodiversity assessment in reef twilight zone and cloud forests’, R/V AIRAHA 2, 1st October 2017 – 30th November 2017, Kaimana Regency, West Papua, Indonesia. [Research Report] Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), France; Pusat Penelitian Oseanografi, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan (LIPI-P2O), Indonesia; Politeknik Kelautan Dan Perikanan Sorong (Politeknik-KP-Sorong), Papua Barat, Indonesia. 2020. hal-02565651 HAL Id: hal-02565651 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02565651 Submitted on 6 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. LENGGURU 2017 EXPEDITION Biodiversity assessment in reef twilight zone and cloud forests (1st October 2017 – 30th November 2017) R/V AIRAHA 2 MISSION REPORT Régis Hocdé, Indra Bayu Vimono, Amir M.
    [Show full text]
  • Management and Breeding of Birds of Paradise (Family Paradisaeidae) at the Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation
    Management and breeding of Birds of Paradise (family Paradisaeidae) at the Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation. By Richard Switzer Bird Curator, Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation. Presentation for Aviary Congress Singapore, November 2008 Introduction to Birds of Paradise in the Wild Taxonomy The family Paradisaeidae is in the order Passeriformes. In the past decade since the publication of Frith and Beehler (1998), the taxonomy of the family Paradisaeidae has been re-evaluated considerably. Frith and Beehler (1998) listed 42 species in 17 genera. However, the monotypic genus Macgregoria (MacGregor’s Bird of Paradise) has been re-classified in the family Meliphagidae (Honeyeaters). Similarly, 3 species in 2 genera (Cnemophilus and Loboparadisea) – formerly described as the “Wide-gaped Birds of Paradise” – have been re-classified as members of the family Melanocharitidae (Berrypeckers and Longbills) (Cracraft and Feinstein 2000). Additionally the two genera of Sicklebills (Epimachus and Drepanornis) are now considered to be combined as the one genus Epimachus. These changes reduce the total number of genera in the family Paradisaeidae to 13. However, despite the elimination of the 4 species mentioned above, 3 species have been newly described – Berlepsch's Parotia (P. berlepschi), Eastern or Helen’s Parotia (P. helenae) and the Eastern or Growling Riflebird (P. intercedens). The Berlepsch’s Parotia was once considered to be a subspecies of the Carola's Parotia. It was previously known only from four female specimens, discovered in 1985. It was rediscovered during a Conservation International expedition in 2005 and was photographed for the first time. The Eastern Parotia, also known as Helena's Parotia, is sometimes considered to be a subspecies of Lawes's Parotia, but differs in the male’s frontal crest and the female's dorsal plumage colours.
    [Show full text]
  • The Avifauna of Mt. Karimui, Chimbu Province, Papua New Guinea, Including Evidence for Long-Term Population Dynamics in Undisturbed Tropical Forest
    Ben Freeman & Alexandra M. Class Freeman 30 Bull. B.O.C. 2014 134(1) The avifauna of Mt. Karimui, Chimbu Province, Papua New Guinea, including evidence for long-term population dynamics in undisturbed tropical forest Ben Freeman & Alexandra M. Class Freeman Received 27 July 2013 Summary.—We conducted ornithological feld work on Mt. Karimui and in the surrounding lowlands in 2011–12, a site frst surveyed for birds by J. Diamond in 1965. We report range extensions, elevational records and notes on poorly known species observed during our work. We also present a list with elevational distributions for the 271 species recorded in the Karimui region. Finally, we detail possible changes in species abundance and distribution that have occurred between Diamond’s feld work and our own. Most prominently, we suggest that Bicolored Mouse-warbler Crateroscelis nigrorufa might recently have colonised Mt. Karimui’s north-western ridge, a rare example of distributional change in an avian population inhabiting intact tropical forests. The island of New Guinea harbours a diverse, largely endemic avifauna (Beehler et al. 1986). However, ornithological studies are hampered by difculties of access, safety and cost. Consequently, many of its endemic birds remain poorly known, and feld workers continue to describe new taxa (Prat 2000, Beehler et al. 2007), report large range extensions (Freeman et al. 2013) and elucidate natural history (Dumbacher et al. 1992). Of necessity, avifaunal studies are usually based on short-term feld work. As a result, population dynamics are poorly known and limited to comparisons of diferent surveys or diferences noticeable over short timescales (Diamond 1971, Mack & Wright 1996).
    [Show full text]
  • Brown Honeyeater Lichmera Indistincta Species No.: 597 Band Size: 02 (01) AY
    Australian Bird Study Association Inc. – Bird in the Hand (Second Edition), published on www.absa.asn.au - Revised August 2019 Brown Honeyeater Lichmera indistincta Species No.: 597 Band Size: 02 (01) AY Morphometrics: Adult Male Adult Female THL: 30.7 – 36 mm 30.3 – 34.1 mm Wing Length: 54 – 76 mm 53 – 68 mm Wing Span: > 220 mm < 215 mm Tail: 48 – 64 mm 47 – 58 mm Tarsus: 15.8 – 19.5 mm 15.3 – 17.3 mm Weight: 7.9 – 13.6 g 7.0 – 12.1 g Ageing and sexing: Adult Male Adult Female Juvenile Forehead, crown dark brown with thick dark, brown with olive like female, but loose & & nape: brownish-grey fringes or wash or greenish; downy texture; silvery grey; Bill: fully black; black, but often with mostly black with yellow pinkish-white base; -ish tinge near base; Gape black when breeding, but yellow, yellowish white, puffy yellow; yellow or yellowish white pinkish white or buff- when not breeding; yellow; Chin & throat: brownish grey; brownish grey with straw similar to female, but -yellow fringes; looser and downy; Juvenile does not have yellow triangle feather tuft behind eye until about three months after fledging; Immature plumage is very similar to adult female, but may retain juvenile remiges, rectrices and upper wing coverts; Adult plumage is acquired at approximately 15 months - so age adults (2+) and Immatures either (2) or (1) if very young and downy. Apart from plumage differences, males appear considerably larger than females, but there Is a large overlap in most measurements, except in wingspan; Female alone incubates.
    [Show full text]
  • A Floristic Study of Halmahera, Indonesia Focusing on Palms (Arecaceae) and Their Eeds Dispersal Melissa E
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 5-24-2017 A Floristic Study of Halmahera, Indonesia Focusing on Palms (Arecaceae) and Their eedS Dispersal Melissa E. Abdo Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC001976 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Biodiversity Commons, Botany Commons, Environmental Studies Commons, and the Other Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Abdo, Melissa E., "A Floristic Study of Halmahera, Indonesia Focusing on Palms (Arecaceae) and Their eS ed Dispersal" (2017). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3355. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3355 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida A FLORISTIC STUDY OF HALMAHERA, INDONESIA FOCUSING ON PALMS (ARECACEAE) AND THEIR SEED DISPERSAL A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in BIOLOGY by Melissa E. Abdo 2017 To: Dean Michael R. Heithaus College of Arts, Sciences and Education This dissertation, written by Melissa E. Abdo, and entitled A Floristic Study of Halmahera, Indonesia Focusing on Palms (Arecaceae) and Their Seed Dispersal, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. _______________________________________ Javier Francisco-Ortega _______________________________________ Joel Heinen _______________________________________ Suzanne Koptur _______________________________________ Scott Zona _______________________________________ Hong Liu, Major Professor Date of Defense: May 24, 2017 The dissertation of Melissa E.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Conflict on Migration at Moluccas Province
    INFLUENCE OF CONFLICT ON MIGRATION AT MOLUCCAS PROVINCE Maryam Sangadji Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Pattimura Ambon Abstraksi Konflik antara komunitas islam dan Kristen di propinsi Maluku menyebabkan lebih dari sepertiga populasi penduduknya atau 2,1 juta orang menjadi IDP (pengungsi) serta mengalami kemiskinan dan penderitaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti proses, dampak dan masalah yang dihadapi para IDP. Hasil analisis kualitatif deskriptif menunjukkan bahwa proses migrasi IDP ditentukan oleh tingkat intensitas konflik dan lebih marginal pada lokasi IDP. Disamping itu terlampau banyak masalah yang timbul dalam mengatasi IDP baik internal maupun eksternal. Kata kunci: konflik komunitas, Maluku. The phenomena of population move as the result of conflict among communities is a problem faced by development, due to population mobility caused by conflict occurs in a huge quantity where this population is categorized as IDP with protection and safety as the reason. The condition is different if migration is performed with economic motive, this means that they have calculate cost and benefit from the purposes of making migration. Since 1970s, there are many population mobility that are performed with impelled manner (Petterson, W, 1996), the example is Africa where due to politic, economic and social condition the individual in the continent have no opportunity to calculate the benefit. While in Indonesia the reform IDP is very high due to conflict between community as the symbol of religion and ethnic. This, of course, contrast with the symbol of Indonesian, namely “Bhinneka Tunggal Ika”, different but one soul, this condition can be seen from 683 multiethnic and there are 5 religions in Indonesia. In fact, if the differences are not managed, the conflict will appear, and this condition will end on open conflict.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on Biodiversity and Tropical Forests in Indonesia
    Report on Biodiversity and Tropical Forests in Indonesia Submitted in accordance with Foreign Assistance Act Sections 118/119 February 20, 2004 Prepared for USAID/Indonesia Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 3-5 Jakarta 10110 Indonesia Prepared by Steve Rhee, M.E.Sc. Darrell Kitchener, Ph.D. Tim Brown, Ph.D. Reed Merrill, M.Sc. Russ Dilts, Ph.D. Stacey Tighe, Ph.D. Table of Contents Table of Contents............................................................................................................................. i List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. v List of Figures............................................................................................................................... vii Acronyms....................................................................................................................................... ix Executive Summary.................................................................................................................... xvii 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................1- 1 2. Legislative and Institutional Structure Affecting Biological Resources...............................2 - 1 2.1 Government of Indonesia................................................................................................2 - 2 2.1.1 Legislative Basis for Protection and Management of Biodiversity and
    [Show full text]
  • Avifauna Diversity at Central Halmahera North Maluku, Indonesia Zoo Indonesia 2012
    Avifauna Diversity at Central Halmahera North Maluku, Indonesia Zoo Indonesia 2012. 21(1): 17-31 AVIFAUNA DIVERSITY AT CENTRAL HALMAHERA NORTH MALUKU, INDONESIA Mohammad Irham Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences Widyasatwaloka Building, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia Email: [email protected] ABSTRAK Irham, M. Keanekaragaman Avifauna at Weda Bay, Halmahera, Indonesia. 2012 Zoo Indonesia 21(1), 17-31. Survei burung dengan menggunakan metode titik hitung dan jaring telah dilakukan di Halmahera, Maluku Utara di empat lokasi utama yaitu Wosea, Ake Jira, Tofu Blewen dan Bokit Mekot. Sebanyak 70 spesies burung dari 32 famili dijumpai selama penelitian lapangan. Keragaman burung tertinggi ditemukan di Tofu Blewen yaitu 50 spesies (Indeks Shannon = 2.64) kemudian diikuti oleh Ake Jira (48 spesies, Indeks Shannon = 2,63), Wosea (41 spesies, Indeks Shannon = 2,54) dan Boki Mekot (37 spesies, Indeks Shannon = 2,52 ). Berdasarkan Indeks Kesamaan Jaccard, komunitas burung di Wosea jauh berbeda dibandingkan lokasi lain. Gangguan habitat dan ketinggian memperlihatkan pengaruh pada keragaman burung terutama pada jenis-jenis endemik dan terancam seperti komunitas di Wosea. Beberapa jenis burung, terutama paruh bengkok seperti Kakatua Putih, menunjukkan hubungan negatif dengan ketinggian . Kata Kunci: keragaman burung, Halmahera, gangguan habitat, ketinggian ABSTRACT Irham, M. Avifauna diversity at Weda Bay, Halmahera, Indonesia. 2012 Zoo Indonesia 21(1), 17-31. Bird surveys by point counts and mist-nets were carried out in Halmahera, North Moluccas at four locations i.e. Wosea, Ake Jira, Tofu Blewen and Bokit Mekot. A total of 70 birds species from 32 families were recorded during fieldworks.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Trade Networks in Maluku in the 16Th, 17Th and 18Th Centuries
    CAKALELEVOL. 2, :-f0. 2 (1991), PP. LOCAL TRADE NETWORKS IN MALUKU IN THE 16TH, 17TH, AND 18TH CENTURIES LEONARD Y. ANDAYA U:-fIVERSITY OF From an outsider's viewpoint, the diversity of language and ethnic groups scattered through numerous small and often inaccessible islands in Maluku might appear to be a major deterrent to economic contact between communities. But it was because these groups lived on small islands or in forested larger islands with limited arable land that trade with their neighbors was an economic necessity Distrust of strangers was often overcome through marriage or trade partnerships. However, the most . effective justification for cooperation among groups in Maluku was adherence to common origin myths which established familial links with societies as far west as Butung and as far east as the Papuan islands. I The records of the Dutch East India Company housed in the State Archives in The Hague offer a useful glimpse of the operation of local trading networks in Maluku. Although concerned principally with their own economic activities in the area, the Dutch found it necessary to understand something of the nature of Indigenous exchange relationships. The information, however, never formed the basis for a report, but is scattered in various documents in the form of observations or personal experiences of Dutch officials. From these pieces of information it is possible to reconstruct some of the complexity of the exchange in MaJuku in these centuries and to observe the dynamism of local groups in adapting to new economic developments in the area. In addition to the Malukans, there were two foreign groups who were essential to the successful integration of the local trade networks: the and the Chinese.
    [Show full text]