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Mansfield, NG18 2AD to the Editor: Dear Sir, VERTIGO in DIVERS Thank You for Asking for My Comments on Noel Roydhouse's Letter Which I Have Read with Interest
Br J Sports Med: first published as 10.1136/bjsm.17.3.210 on 1 September 1983. Downloaded from 210 CORRESPONDENCE 14 Woodhouse Road, Mansfield, NG18 2AD To the Editor: Dear Sir, VERTIGO IN DIVERS Thank you for asking for my comments on Noel Roydhouse's letter which I have read with interest. He is technically correct in stating that vertigo is not inevitable when the tympanic membrane ruptures. Vertigo is not dependent on the size of perforation that is sustained, but is dependent on the rate of ingress of cold water into the tympanic cavity. The caloric effect produced by rapid ingress of water is entirely dependent on the temperature difference between the water that has entered the tympanic cavity and body temperature. Once the water temperature reaches approximate body temperature then the caloric effect ceases as does the vertigo. As ENT surgeons we use this caloric phenomenon for testing labyrinthine function (vestibular function); and under test conditions we use water at 300C and 440C, in ears with intact tympanic membranes, in order to induce a vertigo. If an article were to be directed at "diving doctors" I think that it would be fair comment for it to be stated that a vertigo sustained on descent should be assumed to be due to a tympanic membrane rupture with rapid ingress of water, until proven otherwise, by inspection of the ear; if the tympanic membrane is found to be intact, then a diagnosis of perilymph fistula must be made, which will only be proved or disproved by performing an exploratory tympanotomy. -
Hyperbaric Physiology the Rouse Story Arrival at Recompression
Hyperbaric Physiology The Rouse Story • Oct 12, 1992, off the New Jersey coast • father/son team of experienced divers • explore submarine wreck in 230 ft (70 m) • breathing compressed air • trapped in wreck & escaped with no time for decompression Chris and Chrissy Rouse Arrival at recompression Recompression efforts facility • Both divers directly ascend to dive boat • Recompression starts about 3 hrs after • Helicopter arrives at boat in 1 hr 27 min ascent • Bronx Municipal Hospital recompression facility – put on pure O2 and compressed to 60 ft – Chris (39 yrs) pronounced dead • extreme pain as circulation returned – compressed to 165 ft, then over 5.5 hrs – Chrissy (22 yrs) gradually ascended back to 30 ft., lost • coherent and talking consciousness • paralysis from chest down • no pain – back to 60 ft. Heart failure and death • blood sample contained foam • autopsy revealed that the heart contained only foam Medical Debriefing Gas Laws • Boyle’s Law • Doctors conclusions regarding their – P1V1 = P2V2 treatment • Dalton’s Law – nothing short of recompression to extreme – total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures depths - 300 to 400 ft • Henry’s Law – saturation treatment lasting several days – the amt of gas dissolved in liquid at any temp is – complete blood transfusion proportional to it’s partial pressure and solubility – deep helium recompression 1 Scuba tank ~ 64 cf of air Gas problems during diving Henry, 1 ATM=33 ft gas (10 m) dissovled = gas Pp & tissue • Rapture of the deep (Nitrogen narcosis) solubility • Oxygen -
Heat Stroke Heat Exhaustion
Environmental Injuries Co lin G. Ka ide, MD , FACEP, FAAEM, UHM Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine Board-Certified Specialist in Hyperbaric Medicine Specialist in Wound Care The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center The Most Dangerous Drug Combination… Accidental Testosterone Hypothermia and Alcohol! The most likely victims… Photo: Ralf Roletschek 1 Definition of Blizzard Hypothermia of Subnormal T° when the body is unable to generate sufficient heat to sustain normal functions Core Temperature < 95°F 1979 (35°C) Most Important Temperatures Thermoregulation 95°F (35° C) Hyper/Goofy The body uses a Poikilothermic shell to maintain a Homeothermic core 90°F (32°C) Shivering Stops Maintains core T° w/in 1.8°F(1°C) 80°F (26. 5°C) Vfib, Coma Hypothalamus Skin 65°F (18°C) Asystole Constant T° 96.896.8-- 100.4° F 2 Thermoregulation The 2 most important factors Only 3 Causes! Shivering (10x increase) Decreased Heat Production Initiated by low skin temperature Increased Heat Loss Warming the skin can abolish Impaired Thermoregulation shivering! Peripheral vasoconstriction Sequesters heat Predisposing Predisposing Factors Factors Decreased Production Increased Loss –Endocrine problems Radiation Evaporation • Thyroid Conduction* • Adrenal Axis Convection** –Malnutrition *Depends on conducting material **Depends on wind velocity –Neuromuscular disease 3 Predisposing Systemic Responses CNS Factors T°< 90°F (34°C) Impaired Regulation Hyperactivity, excitability, recklessness CNS injury T°< 80°F (27°C) Hypothalamic injuries Loss of voluntary -
Aerospace Physiology
AEROSPACE PHYSIOLOGY ALTITUDE CHAMBER Human Factors in Flight Introductory Course Manual Revised: March 30, 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ v SYMBOLS USED ............................................................................................................ vi CHAPTER I PHYSICS OF THE ATMOSPHERE ............................................................... 1 Objectives ................................................................................................. 1 Functions of the Atmosphere .................................................................... 1 Main Component Gases and Percentages ................................................. 1 Atmospheric Pressure ............................................................................... 2 Measurement of Altitude .......................................................................... 2 Physical Divisions of the Atmosphere ...................................................... 3 Physiological Divisions of the Atmosphere .............................................. 4 The Gas Laws ........................................................................................... 5 II RESPIRATION/CIRCULATION .................................................................... 7 Objectives ................................................................................................. 7 Definition ................................................................................................. -
Chapter 23 ENVIRONMENTAL EXTREMES: ALTERNOBARIC
Environmental Extremes: Alternobaric Chapter 23 ENVIRONMENTAL EXTREMES: ALTERNOBARIC RICHARD A. SCHEURING, DO, MS*; WILLIAM RAINEY JOHNSON, MD†; GEOFFREY E. CIARLONE, PhD‡; DAVID KEYSER, PhD§; NAILI CHEN, DO, MPH, MASc¥; and FRANCIS G. O’CONNOR, MD, MPH¶ INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS MILITARY HISTORY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY Altitude Aviation Undersea Operations MILITARY APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY Altitude Aviation Undersea Operations HUMAN PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION STRATEGIES FOR EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS Altitude Aviation Undersea Operations ONLINE RESOURCES FOR ALTERNOBARIC ENVIRONMENTS SUMMARY *Colonel, Medical Corps, US Army Reserve; Associate Professor, Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sci- ences, Bethesda, Maryland †Lieutenant, Medical Corps, US Navy; Undersea Medical Officer, Undersea Medicine Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland ‡Lieutenant, Medical Service Corps, US Navy; Research Physiologist, Undersea Medicine Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland §Program Director, Traumatic Injury Research Program; Assistant Professor, Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland ¥Colonel, Medical Corps, US Air Force; Assistant Professor, Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland ¶Colonel (Retired), Medical Corps, US Army; Professor and former Department Chair, Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, -
Dive Medicine Aide-Memoire Lt(N) K Brett Reviewed by Lcol a Grodecki Diving Physics Physics
Dive Medicine Aide-Memoire Lt(N) K Brett Reviewed by LCol A Grodecki Diving Physics Physics • Air ~78% N2, ~21% O2, ~0.03% CO2 Atmospheric pressure Atmospheric Pressure Absolute Pressure Hydrostatic/ gauge Pressure Hydrostatic/ Gauge Pressure Conversions • Hydrostatic/ gauge pressure (P) = • 1 bar = 101 KPa = 0.987 atm = ~1 atm for every 10 msw/33fsw ~14.5 psi • Modification needed if diving at • 10 msw = 1 bar = 0.987 atm altitude • 33.07 fsw = 1 atm = 1.013 bar • Atmospheric P (1 atm at 0msw) • Absolute P (ata)= gauge P +1 atm • Absolute P = gauge P + • °F = (9/5 x °C) +32 atmospheric P • °C= 5/9 (°F – 32) • Water virtually incompressible – density remains ~same regardless • °R (rankine) = °F + 460 **absolute depth/pressure • K (Kelvin) = °C + 273 **absolute • Density salt water 1027 kg/m3 • Density fresh water 1000kg/m3 • Calculate depth from gauge pressure you divide press by 0.1027 (salt water) or 0.10000 (fresh water) Laws & Principles • All calculations require absolute units • Henry’s Law: (K, °R, ATA) • The amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is almost directly proportional to • Charles’ Law V1/T1 = V2/T2 the partial press of that gas, & inversely proportional to absolute temp • Guy-Lussac’s Law P1/T1 = P2/T2 • Partial Pressure (pp) – pressure • Boyle’s Law P1V1= P2V2 contributed by a single gas in a mix • General Gas Law (P1V1)/ T1 = (P2V2)/ T2 • To determine the partial pressure of a gas at any depth, we multiply the press (ata) • Archimedes' Principle x %of that gas Henry’s Law • Any object immersed in liquid is buoyed -
June 18-20, 2015 Annual Scientific Meeting
UNDERSEA & HYPERBARIC MEDICAL SOCIETY ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC MEETING HOTEL BONAVENTURE MONTREAL, CANADA JUNE 18-20, 2015 2015 UHMS Scientific Meeting June 18-20 Montreal, Canada TABLE OF CONTENTS Subject Page No. Disclosures ................................................................................................................................................................ 6-7 Schedule .................................................................................................................................................................. 8-13 Continuing Education ................................................................................................................................................ 13 Associates’ Breakout Schedule .................................................................................................................................. 14 Evaluation / MOC Credit Information ....................................................................................................................... 15 Committee Meetings .................................................................................................................................................. 16 Exhibitors .............................................................................................................................................................. 17-20 SESSIONS/ABSTRACTS THURSDAY GENERAL SESSION .............................................................................................................. 22-63 PRESIDENT’S -
Eustachian Tube Catheterization. J Otolaryngol ENT Res
Journal of Otolaryngology-ENT Research Editorial Open Access Eustachian tube catheterization Volume 3 Issue 2 - 2015 Hee-Young Kim Introduction Otorhinolaryngology, Kim ENT clinic, Republic of Korea Although Eustachian tube obstruction (ETO) as one of the principal Correspondence: Hee-Young Kim, Otorhinolaryngology, Kim causes of ‘hearing loss’, and/or ‘ear fullness’, and/or ‘tinnitus’, and/ ENT Clinic, 2nd fl. 119, Jangseungbaegi-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06935, Republic of Korea, Tel +82-02-855-7541, or ‘headache (including otalgia)’, and/or ‘vertigo’, has already been Email recognized by many well-respected senior doctors for a long time, it has still received only scant attention both in the literature and in Received: September 02, 2015 | Published: September 14, practice.1,2 2015 Pressure differences between the middle ear and the atmosphere cause temporary conductive hearing loss by decreased motion of the tympanic membrane and ossicles of the ear.3 This point includes clue for explaining the mechanism of tinnitus due to Eustachian tube obstruction.1 Improvement of tinnitus after Eustachian tube catheterization, can mean that the tinnitus is from the hypersensitivity of cochlear nucleus following decrease of afferent nerve stimuli owing to air-bone gap.1,4 The middle ear is very much like a specialized paranasal sinus, with normal balance as maintained by the labyrinthine mechanism.7 called the tympanic cavity; it, like the paranasal sinuses, is a hollow There are many other conditions which may cause vertigo, but since mucosa-lined cavity in the skull that is ventilated through the nose.5 Eustachian tube obstruction is one of the most obvious, and also the Tympanic cavity and mastoid cavity are named on the basis of most easily corrected, every patient with symptoms of vertigo, and/or anatomy. -
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Int Marit Health 2020; 71, 1: 71–77 10.5603/IMH.2020.0014 www.intmarhealth.pl ORIGINAL ARTICLE Copyright © 2020 PSMTTM ISSN 1641–9251 Temporary and permanent unfitness of occupational divers. Brest Cohort 2002–2019 from the French National Network for Occupational Disease Vigilance and Prevention (RNV3P) Richard Pougnet1, 2, 3, Laurence Pougnet2, 4, 5, Jean-Dominique Dewitte1, 2, 3, Brice Loddé1, 2, 6, David Lucas1, 2, 6 1Centre for Professional and Environmental Pathologies (Centre de Ressource en Pathologie Professionnelle et Environnementale CRPPE), Brest University Hospital (CHRU), Brest, France 2French Society for Maritime Medicine, France 3Laboratory for Studies and Research in Sociology (LABERS), EA 3149, Faculty of Humanities and Social Science (Faculté de Lettres et Sciences Sociales), Victor Segalen, European University of Brest, Brest, France 4Medical Laboratory, HIA Clermont-Tonnerre, CC41 BCRM Brest, Brest, France 5Host-Pathogen Interaction Study Group (Groupe d’Étude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène GEIHP), EA 3142, European University of Brest, Brest, France 6Optimization of Physiological Regulations (ORPHY), EA 4324, Faculty of Science and Technology, European University of Brest, Brest, France ABstract Background: In France, the monitoring of professional divers is regulated. Several learned societies (French Occupational Medicine Society, French Hyperbaric Medicine Society and French Maritime Medicine Society) have issued follow-up recommendations for professional divers, including medical follow-up. Medical de- cisions could be temporary unfitness for diving, temporary fitness with monitoring, a restriction of fitness, or permanent unfitness. The aim of study was to point out the causes of unfitness in our centre. Materials and methods: The divers’ files were selected from the French National Network for Occupatio- nal Disease Vigilance and Prevention (RNV3P). -
Barodontalgia As a Differential Diagnosis: Symptoms and Findings
C LINICAL P RACTICE Barodontalgia as a Differential Diagnosis: Symptoms and Findings • Roland Robichaud, BSc (Hon) • • Mary E. McNally, MSc, DDS, MA • Abstract This paper provides a review of the literature concerning the etiology and manifestations of barodontalgia, as well as important clinical considerations for its management. Barodontalgia is characterized by exposure to a pressure gradient, such as that experienced by underwater divers, aviation personnel and air travellers. This form of dental pain is generally marked by a predisposing dental pathology such as acute or chronic periapical infection, caries, deep or failing restorations, residual dental cysts, sinusitis or a history of recent surgery. Studies indicate that sever- ity of barodontalgia and the resulting deterioration of dental health correlates with duration of barometric stress. Restorative materials are also affected by pressure gradients. Resin is indicated as a luting agent of choice for cementing fixed prostheses in populations at risk for barodontalgia. Under the influence of pressure gradients, resin cements maintain original bond strength and demonstrate the least amount of microleakage compared with other cements. The key to avoiding barodontalgia is good oral health. Clinicians must pay close attention to areas of dentin exposure, caries, fractured cusps, the integrity of restorations and periapical pathology in those at risk. The Fédération dentaire internationale describes 4 classes of barodontalgia based on signs and symptoms and provides specific and valuable recommendations for therapeutic intervention. MeSH Key Words: aerospace medicine; barotrauma/complications; diving/injuries; toothache/etiology © J Can Dent Assoc 2005; 71(1):39–42 This article has been peer reviewed. uring World War II, tooth pain experienced by air The importance of understanding, preventing and, crew in flight was given the name aerodontalgia. -
University of Hawaii Diving Safety Program Appendix 1 Application for Visiting Scientific Diver Authorization for EMPLOYEES of GOVERNMENT AGENCIES and INSTITUTIONS
University of Hawaii Diving Safety Program Appendix 1 Application for Visiting Scientific Diver Authorization FOR EMPLOYEES OF GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AND INSTITUTIONS Section 1. Applicant Information Date: Applicant Name: Date of Birth: Sex: Position: Faculty / Staff / Post-Doc / Student Employee / Student / Volunteer / Other: Work Address: Home Phone: Daytime Phone: Email: Cell Phone: Are you a currently active scientific diver in a scientific diving program with which UH recognizes a reciprocal diving agreement? Yes / No (circle one) If YES, complete Application pages 1-4, and include a letter of reciprocity from your home institution’s Diving Officer. Name of Institution: AAUS Member? Yes / No Diving Safety Officer Name: Phone: DSO Address: Email: If NO, please complete all pages, including Application Section 2. Diving History, and return with (1) copies of all referenced certifications, (2) a copy of a diving medical clearance based on an AAUS-level diving medical exam, done within the last year, and (3) evidence of personal scuba equipment service done within the last year. Planned Activity Information: Describe Proposed Diving under UH auspices: Initial depth range: Expected activities (check all that apply): biology/ecology collecting engineering geology oceanography aquaculture archaeology science edu. Equip. placement/monitoring field school attendee (identify course, dates): Sponsor Information: Sponsoring UH Dept./Program: Phone: Dept. Address: Dept. Sponsor Name: Position: UH Sponsor Certification: I certify that this individual has a need to participate in scientific diving activity under University auspices for research or educational purposes, and agree to serve as a contact person and/or coordinator between him/her and the Diving Safety Program, should the need arise. -
Short Update on Dysbaric Osteonecrosis: Concepts and Decompression Management
Dysbaric Osteonecrosis Review Short Update on Dysbaric Osteonecrosis: Concepts and Decompression Management Niladri Kumar Mahato1 Abstract Dysbaric osteonecrosis (DON) is caused by inadequate decompression after exposure to very high ambient air pressures. Different pathological events have been shown to occur in conjunction to result in DON. New observations from clinical and experimental data in this field have led investigators to reformat the etiology, pathogenesis and modify existing modalities of treatment of DON. This short review revisits concepts related to pathophysiology of DON occurring as a part of generalized decompression sickness and discusses newer therapeutic insights stemming from recent advancements in DON research. Keywords: Decompression; Dysbarism; Embolism; Hyperbaric Juxta-articular; Metaphysis; Rhizomelic J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2015, December; 10(2): 76-81 For Authors Affiliation, see end of text. http://www.banglajol.info/index.php/JBSP Introduction ysbarism or musculoskeletal pointed towards several etiologies of DON8-13. decompression sickness (DCS) is Given the typical anatomy of vasculature around Dusually observed in people who undergo the end of long bones, it seems plausible that deep-sea diving or are exposed to environments DON is linked to occurrence of micro-embolisms of high air pressures1-5. Dysbarism or Caisson with gas or lipid bubbles following a rapid Disease (CD) is characterized by an array of decrease in surrounding air pressure at those systemic complications involving soft tissues, the sites3,10,14-17. Other investigators have proposed cardio-pulmonary, nervous, renal and external compression of blood flow in such musculoskeletal systems when individuals or vessels due to similar bubbles arising in structures experimental animals are brought back to normal around an artery or a vein to induce external pressure.