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Rhenium-Osmium Geochronology and Geochemistry of Ancient Lacustrine Sedimentary and Petroleum Systems Vivien Mary Cumming

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Rhenium-Osmium Geochronology and Geochemistry of Ancient Lacustrine Sedimentary and Petroleum Systems Vivien Mary Cumming Durham E-Theses Rhenium-osmium geochronology and geochemistry of ancient lacustrine sedimentary and petroleum systems CUMMING, VIVIEN,MARY How to cite: CUMMING, VIVIEN,MARY (2013) Rhenium-osmium geochronology and geochemistry of ancient lacustrine sedimentary and petroleum systems, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6945/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Rhenium-osmium geochronology and geochemistry of ancient lacustrine sedimentary and petroleum systems Vivien Mary Cumming A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Durham University Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University 2012 Abstract The Re-Os geochronometer is a valuable tool able to provide precise depositional ages of marine organic-rich sedimentary rocks as well as the generation age of hydrocarbons. In addition, Os isotopes afford vital insights into seawater Os fluctuations and provide the ability to fingerprinting hydrocarbons to their source. This thesis presents new research on extending the Re-Os geochronometer to lacustrine sedimentary and petroleum systems, which provide exceptionally high-resolution records of continental geological processes as well as significant hydrocarbons sources. Lacustrine organic-rich sedimentary rocks possess similar Re and Os abundances to those found in marine successions. New Re-Os depositional dates from the Eocene Green River Formation are in agreement with Ar-Ar and U-Pb ages of intercalated tuff horizons. As also documented in marine systems, precision is controlled by the variation in initial 187Os/188Os and the range of 187Re/188Os ratios, which are controlled by depositional setting and type of organic matter. The Os isotope composition of lake water at the time of deposition suggests the lake was dominated by inputs from continental runoff, giving insights into continental weathering. The Green River Formation is the source rock for the Green River petroleum system in the Uinta Basin. Three types of hydrocarbons are derived from this petroleum system; oils, tar sands and gilsonite. Re-Os geochronology of these different hydrocarbon phases broadly agrees with previous generation models. Hydrous pyrolysis experiments yield similar Re and Os transfer systematics to the natural system observed and importantly reinforce that Os isotope compositions are directly transferred from source to hydrocarbon, providing a powerful correlation tool. Lacustrine units are also important records of Earth’s climate system. New geochemical and Re-Os data from the late Mesoproterozoic Nonesuch Formation yield a Re-Os depositional age of 1078 ± 24 Ma, while Os isotope compositions strongly support existing evidence for a lacustrine setting. Fe-S-C systematics suggest that the Nonesuch Formation was deposited from an anoxic Fe-rich water column. ii Declaration I declare that this thesis, which I submit for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Durham University, is my own work and not substantially the same as any which has previously been submitted at this or any other university. Vivien M. Cumming Durham University December 2012 © The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. iii Acknowledgements Before I thank the people that have helped me get through my PhD, I must acknowledge the sources of funding that have made this research possible. Lundin petroleum has generously funded my PhD for 3.5 years, made possible by Daniel Stoddart. In addition, during the course of my PhD I have received several grants that have allowed me to travel to conferences and go on much-needed fieldwork. The funding bodies include the AAPG Grants-in-Aid scheme, the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, the Geochemical Society and the GSA international section. Firstly, I would like to thank my main supervisor Dave Selby, for initially getting this project funded, offering it to me, and of course for supervising me. Dave has been a fantastic supervisor; he has always allowed me to follow my interests, even when they have gone wildly off topic. Thanks to Dave, I have been able to present my work at numerous international conferences, even one in Australia. Thanks especially for sending work back so quickly (an unusual trait for a supervisor) and for always trying (sometimes in vain) to make sure I stay positive. Importantly, thank you to my other supervisors and the main contributors to this work. Paul Lillis at the USGS, you have been very supportive throughout this project, even with my constant email hassle and thanks for a great time in the field. Mike Lewan, thank you for letting me into your lab, it was great fun, and your wit will never get old. Simon Poulton, thank you for giving me the run of your lab and the choice of samples from all corners of the world. Your encouragement has really helped me get through this PhD. Daniel Stoddart from Lundin petroleum, though you have mostly been in the background, when I have shown you my data, you have been very positive and your admiration for my work has always been emboldening. During this PhD I have benefited hugely from all the people in the different labs I’ve worked in. The lab team at the USGS have provided much needed organic geochemical analyses and so I must thank Augusta Warden, Tammy Hannah, Zachary Lowry, Mark Dreier and Robert Dias. All those in Simon Poulton’s lab at Newcastle, thanks for iv letting me get in the way, and particularly Christian, Romain, Katy and Suha for helping me out when needed. And of course everyone in the labs at Durham; Chris Ottley, Geoff Nowell and Chris Dale for the much needed mass spec support; Sarah, Jo, Ali, Alice, Chris, Alan, Alex for fun times and eclectic music in the Re-Os lab. I mention as well the people that have helped get this thesis finished with their proof reading skills; Iona, Sarah, Alex and Alan; Iona especially for her impeccable grammar. I must thank all my friends for their unending support. To all those in Scotland, London and Cornwall thank you for keeping me sane! My many weekend visits and holidays to escape Durham have kept me going. Thanks especially to Bryony, Sarah, Alice, Tom, Jennie, Lucy, Annie, Lindsay, Mark, Lyndsey, Duncan, Harry, Beth, Matt and Georgie. Thank you to everyone in Durham for the amazing nights out, lots of hockey fun and procrastination chats; particularly Fiona, Andy, Kat, Simon, Sarah, Iona, Sam, BJ, Sian and Amy. Ben, thank you for being a very easy going housemate, putting up with the rants and just generally being a good friend. Thank you to Alan for his unfailing support and encouragement through thick and thin. Most importantly I must thank my family; my parents and sisters (Lily and Jussie), and also Celia and Meredith. Thank you all for your constant encouragement, support and love, I couldn’t have done it without you. Finally I leave with a quote from a very inspiring book that has helped to remind me why I am doing what I am doing. ‘The Age of the Earth’ by Arthur Holmes (1913): ‘To bring together all the scattered pages of earth history in chronological order is by no means an easy task. The stratified rocks have accumulated layer upon layer and wherever a continuous succession of beds can be seen it is obvious that the lowest must be the oldest and those at the top the youngest. But the succession is by no means everywhere clear….’ v Contents Abstract ii Declaration iii Acknowledgements iv Contents vi List of Figures x List of Tables xi Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 The history of the Re-Os geochronometer 2 1.1.1 Applications to the Earth sciences 3 1.1.2 Mass spectrometry and analytical techniques 4 1.2 Re-Os geochronology and systematics of organic-rich sedimentary rocks 6 1.2.1 Re and Os uptake into organic-rich sedimentary rocks 7 1.2.2 Re-Os geochronology of marine organic-rich sedimentary rocks 9 1.2.3 The marine osmium isotope record 12 1.2.4 Re-Os geochronology of lacustrine organic-rich sedimentary rocks 13 1.3 Re-Os geochronology and systematics of petroleum systems 14 1.3.1 Re-Os hydrocarbon generation geochronology 14 1.3.2 Oil to source fingerprinting using Os isotopes 16 1.4 Thesis rationale 17 1.4.1 Chapter Two: Re-Os geochronology of the Green River Formation 21 1.4.2 Chapter Three: Re-Os geochronology and Os isotope fingerprinting of the Green River petroleum system 22 1.4.3 Chapter Four: Re-Os geochronology and Fe speciation of the Nonesuch Formation 23 1.4.4 Chapter Five: Conclusions and future work 23 1.5 References 24 vi Chapter 2: Re-Os geochronology of the lacustrine Green River Formation 33 2.1 Introduction 34 2.2 Geological setting 36 2.2.1 Geology of the Green River Formation basins 36 2.2.2 Uinta Basin stratigraphy 38 2.2.3 Previous
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