Germanic Languages, As We Have Seen, Preterite Tenses Had Two Different Vowel Gradations
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The Shared Lexicon of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic
THE SHARED LEXICON OF BALTIC, SLAVIC AND GERMANIC VINCENT F. VAN DER HEIJDEN ******** Thesis for the Master Comparative Indo-European Linguistics under supervision of prof.dr. A.M. Lubotsky Universiteit Leiden, 2018 Table of contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Background topics 3 2.1. Non-lexical similarities between Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 3 2.2. The Prehistory of Balto-Slavic and Germanic 3 2.2.1. Northwestern Indo-European 3 2.2.2. The Origins of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 4 2.3. Possible substrates in Balto-Slavic and Germanic 6 2.3.1. Hunter-gatherer languages 6 2.3.2. Neolithic languages 7 2.3.3. The Corded Ware culture 7 2.3.4. Temematic 7 2.3.5. Uralic 9 2.4. Recapitulation 9 3. The shared lexicon of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 11 3.1. Forms that belong to the shared lexicon 11 3.1.1. Baltic-Slavic-Germanic forms 11 3.1.2. Baltic-Germanic forms 19 3.1.3. Slavic-Germanic forms 24 3.2. Forms that do not belong to the shared lexicon 27 3.2.1. Indo-European forms 27 3.2.2. Forms restricted to Europe 32 3.2.3. Possible Germanic borrowings into Baltic and Slavic 40 3.2.4. Uncertain forms and invalid comparisons 42 4. Analysis 48 4.1. Morphology of the forms 49 4.2. Semantics of the forms 49 4.2.1. Natural terms 49 4.2.2. Cultural terms 50 4.3. Origin of the forms 52 5. Conclusion 54 Abbreviations 56 Bibliography 57 1 1. -
Academic Plan - Flamingo Spanish School 4 Weeks Program A1 to B2
Academic Plan - Flamingo Spanish School 4 weeks program A1 to B2 Basic Spanish Level A1: Week 1 Objective Grammar Vocabulary Orthography Culture Introduce yourself ● ● Greetings Greetings ● ● Subjects Pronouns ● Farewells ● The alphabet Unit 1 Spelling names ● Countries in South America ● ● Verb “llamarse” ● Useful expressions ● The vowels The Class Ask and give personal ● Numbers information ● ● Subject Pronouns ● Introduce someone ● Verb “ser” simple present Unit 2 (identification, origen and ● Countries ● Ask and say the nationality nationality) Identify people Demonyms The accent Cognates ● Decir que idioma(s) habla ● Demonyms ● ● ● Languages ● Say what language you ● Verb “estar” (Place) ● speak ● Verb “hablar” ● Verb “ser” (occupation or profession) ● Ask and say the occupation or profession ● The questions ● Places where people work ● Ask and answer where a ● Indefinite article Unit 3 Parts of the day Intonation in questions The occupations better person work Number and gender of the ● ● ● ● paid in Latinoamerica Occupations ● Ask and answer where a noun ● Numbers person lives ● Regular verbs * occupation or profession ● Ask and answer the time ● Present of indicative ● Interrogative pronouns ● Identify kinship ● Article determined: gender Unit 4 relationships and number Identify the gender of Verb ser. Present of ● ● Relationships Sound /r/ Do not be confused The family objects indicative (possession, ● ● ● destination, purpose) ● Express destiny, purpose and possession ● Prepositions (de, para) Week 1 Objective Grammar Vocabulary Orthography Culture ● Adjectives: gender and number Unit 5 ● Make physical and ● Adverbs of quantity (muy, personality descriptions bastante, un poco, nothing) Description of ● Adjectives ● The letter “hache” ● The Latin American family ● Express possession ● Verb “tener”. Present of people indicative ● Possessive adjectives ● Determined article ● The impersonal form “hay” ● Hay / está ● Express existence ● Interrogative pronouns (cuánto / s, cuánta / s) ● Foods Unit 6 Interact in a restaurant ● Intonation ● ● Verb “estar”. -
The Regularization of Old English Weak Verbs
Revista de Lingüística y Lenguas Aplicadas Vol. 10 año 2015, 78-89 EISSN 1886-6298 http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/rlyla.2015.3583 THE REGULARIZATION OF OLD ENGLISH WEAK VERBS Marta Tío Sáenz University of La Rioja Abstract: This article deals with the regularization of non-standard spellings of the verbal forms extracted from a corpus. It addresses the question of what the limits of regularization are when lemmatizing Old English weak verbs. The purpose of such regularization, also known as normalization, is to carry out lexicological analysis or lexicographical work. The analysis concentrates on weak verbs from the second class and draws on the lexical database of Old English Nerthus, which has incorporated the texts of the Dictionary of Old English Corpus. As regards the question of the limits of normalization, the solutions adopted are, in the first place, that when it is necessary to regularize, normalization is restricted to correspondences based on dialectal and diachronic variation and, secondly, that normalization has to be unidirectional. Keywords: Old English, regularization, normalization, lemmatization, weak verbs, lexical database Nerthus. 1. AIMS OF RESEARCH The aim of this research is to propose criteria that limit the process of normalization necessary to regularize the lemmata of Old English weak verbs from the second class. In general, lemmatization based on the textual forms provided by a corpus is a necessary step in lexicological analysis or lexicographical work. In the specific area of Old English studies, there are several reasons why it is important to compile a list of verbal lemmata. To begin with, the standard dictionaries of Old English, including An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary and The student’s Dictionary of Anglo-Saxon are complete although they are not based on an extensive corpus of the language but on the partial list of sources given in the prefaces or introductions to these dictionaries. -
Preterite Vs Imperfect: a Beginner’S Guide to the Past Tense in Spanish
Preterite vs Imperfect: A Beginner’s Guide to the Past Tense in Spanish Ready for a blast from the past? As you may know, Spanish has two past tenses: preterite and imperfect. It’s often tricky to know which to use when, since they both refer to actions in the past. Fortunately, several general guidelines exist to help you realize when to use preterite vs imperfect. It’s also helpful to know which Spanish phrases trigger the use of either the preterite or the imperfect, so we’ll take a look at those later. Preterite vs Imperfect Conjugation Rules The preterite tells you precisely when something happened in the past, while the imperfect tells you in general terms when an action took place with no definite ending. Here’s a quick look at how to conjugate regular verbs in the preterite and imperfect forms. Be sure to check out our post on All You Ever Needed to Know About Spanish Simple Past Tense Verbs for a thorough rundown of both regular and irregular preterite verb conjugations. Preterite: Regular -ar Verbs -é -aste -ó -amos -aron For example: hablar (to talk) becomes yo hablé, tú hablaste, él/ella/Ud. habló, nosotros hablamos, and ellos/Uds. hablaron Preterite: Regular -er and -ir Verbs -í -iste -ió -imos -ieron Examples Correr (to run): corrí, corriste, corrió, corrimos, corrieron Abrir (to open): abrí, abriste, abrió, abrimos, abrieron Imperfect: Regular -ar Verbs -aba -abas -aba -ábamos -abais -aban So, hablar in this form becomes hablaba, hablabas, hablaba, hablábamos, hablaban. Imperfect: Regular -er and -ir Verbs -ía -ías -ía -íamos -ían Examples Correr (to run): corría, corrías, corría, corríamos, corrían Abrir (to open): abría, abrías, abría, abríamos, abrían El Preterito Phrases that Trigger the Preterite A handful of words and phrases indicate specific time frames that signal the use of the preterite (vs imperfect). -
Frequency Effects and Structural Change – the Afrikaans Preterite
Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics Plus, Vol. 45, 2016, 147-168 doi: 10.5842/45-0-207 Frequency effects and structural change – the Afrikaans preterite Johanita Kirsten School of Languages, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, South Africa E-mail: [email protected] Abstract According to emergent grammar and exemplar theory in cognitive linguistics, the frequency of an item affects its behaviour in terms of structural change. In this article, I illustrate how high frequency items, such as preterital modal auxiliaries and copulas in Afrikaans, resist regularising with the rest of the Afrikaans verbal system. Items with a moderately high frequency can resist change for a time, but succumb to it eventually, such as mog (“might”) and wis (“knew”). While the course of change can also be affected by other factors, such as het (“have”) and had (“had”), and dink (“think”) and gedink/dag/dog (“thought”) show, the data in diachronic Afrikaans corpora from 1911 to 2010 confirm that high frequency items resist structural change to a large extent, while low frequency items do not. This links with the cognitive representation of language and language processing, and illustrates how the use of language shapes the structure of language. Keywords: frequency, structural change, emergent grammar, exemplar model, preterite 1. Introduction The preterite can be described as a synthetic past tense, where the past tense is indicated through inflection on the verb, such as would as the preterite of will, or did as the preterite of do. In many languages, there is a distinction between the present tense, the preterite and the perfect, such as in English with present tense do, preterite did and perfect have done. -
A Study of Tense, Aspect and Modality in the French Translation of the Economists’ Warning by the Financial Times
A Study of Tense, Aspect and Modality in the French Translation of The Economists’ Warning by The Financial Times Servais M. Akpaca∗ Université d’Abomey-Calavi Summary - Translation is the transfer of meaning from a source language to a target language. This transfer is done through sentences. Sentence meaning is conveyed through words, tenses, aspects and modals. This paper focuses on tenses, aspects and modals as elements of sentence semantics. The choice of these elements in the target language is complex most of the time because there is no perfect fit between them in two languages. Résumé - La traduction est le transfert de sens d’une langue source à une langue cible. Ce transfert se fait à travers des phrases. Le sens d’une phrase est véhiculé par les mots, le temps, l’aspect et la modalité. Cet article met l’accent sur le temps, l’aspect et la modalité en tant qu’éléments constitutifs de la sémantique de la phrase. Le choix de ces éléments dans la langue cible est complexe la plupart du temps parce qu’il n’y a pas de correspondance parfaite entre eux dans deux langues différentes. 1. Introduction The point that this discussion on the French translation of The Economists Warning is making is that translation is a semantic exercise in which meaning is expressed mostly at sentence and word levels. It is specifically sentence semantics that the paper is studying through the tenses, the aspects and the modals used in the story and the translation. The contribution of syntax to sentence meaning as demonstrated by MAK Halliday will be discussed in another paper. -
Best Practices in Justifying Calibrations for Dating Language
Journal of Language Evolution, 2020, 17–38 doi: 10.1093/jole/lzz009 Advance Access Publication Date: 28 December 2019 Research article Best practices in justifying calibrations for dating Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jole/article/5/1/17/5688948 by Uppsala Universitetsbibliotek user on 16 October 2020 language families L. Maurits *,†, M. de Heer‡, T. Honkola§, M. Dunn**, and O. Vesakoski§ †Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, ‡Department of Modern Languages, Finno-Ugric Languages, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden, §Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland and **Department of Linguistics and Philology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract The use of computational methods to assign absolute datings to language divergence is receiving renewed interest, as modern approaches based on Bayesian statistics offer alternatives to the discred- ited techniques of glottochronology. The datings provided by these new analyses depend crucially on the use of calibration, but the methodological issues surrounding calibration have received compara- tively little attention. Especially, underappreciated is the extent to which traditional historical linguistic scholarship can contribute to the calibration process via loanword analysis. Aiming at a wide audi- ence, we provide a detailed discussion of calibration theory and practice, evaluate previously used calibrations, recommend best practices for justifying calibrations, and provide -
The First Berkeley Meeting
__________________________________________________________ FASL 23, 2014 ________________________________________________________ Michigan Slavic Publications is a non-profit organization associated with the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures of the University of Michigan. Its goal is to publish titles which substantially aid the study of and teaching of Slavic and East European languages and cultures. The present volume, based on a conference held at the University of California at Berkeley in May 2014, continues a series of conference proceedings devoted to formal approaches to Slavic languages. Michigan Slavic Materials, 61 Series Editor Jindřich Toman [email protected] Annual Workshop on Formal Approaches to Slavic Linguistics ______________________________ The First Berkeley Meeting Edited by Małgorzata Szajbel-Keck Roslyn Burns Darya Kavitskaya Michigan Slavic Publications Ann Arbor 2015 collection © Michigan Slavic Publications 2015 individual contributions © authors Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Annual Workshop on Formal Approaches to Slavic Linguistics (23rd : 2014 : Berkeley, California) Annual Workshop On Formal Approaches To Slavic Linguistics : the first Berkeley meeting / edited by Malgorzata Szajbel-Keck, Roslyn Burns, Darya Kavitskaya. pages cm. -- (Michigan Slavic materials, 61) "The present volume, based on a conference held at the University of California at Berkeley, in May 2014 continues a series of conference proceedings devoted to formal approaches to Slavic languages, including Bulgarian, Croatian, Macedonian, Polish, Serbian, and Russian. We are proud to call this volume The First Berkeley Meeting." "Michigan Slavic Publications 2015." "This volume contains selected papers presented at the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Formal Approaches to Slavic Linguistics held May 2/4, 2014 at the University of California, Berkeley." ISBN 978-0-936534-16-9 (alk. -
The Origin of the Greek Pluperfect
Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics The Origin of the Greek Pluperfect Version 1.0 July 2007 Joshua T. Katz Princeton University Abstract: The origin of the pluperfect is the biggest remaining hole in our understanding of the Ancient Greek verbal system. This paper provides a novel unitary account of all four morphological types— alphathematic, athematic, thematic, and the anomalous Homeric form 3sg. ᾔδη (ēídē) ‘knew’—beginning with a “Jasanoff-type” reconstruction in Proto-Indo-European, an “imperfect of the perfect.” © Joshua T. Katz. [email protected] 2 The following paper has had a long history (see the first footnote). This version, which was composed as such in the first half of 2006, will be appearing in more or less the present form in volume 46 of the Viennese journal Die Sprache. It is dedicated with affection and respect to the great Indo-Europeanist Jay Jasanoff, who turned 65 in June 2007. *** for Jay Jasanoff on his 65th birthday The Oxford English Dictionary defines the rather sad word has-been as “One that has been but is no longer: a person or thing whose career or efficiency belongs to the past, or whose best days are over.” In view of my subject, I may perhaps be allowed to speculate on the meaning of the putative noun *had-been (as in, He’s not just a has-been; he’s a had-been!), surely an even sadder concept, did it but exist. When I first became interested in the Indo- European verb, thanks to Jay Jasanoff’s brilliant teaching, mentoring, and scholarship, the study of pluperfects was not only not a “had-been,” it was almost a blank slate. -
A Concise History of English a Concise Historya Concise of English
A Concise History of English A Concise HistoryA Concise of English Jana Chamonikolasová Masarykova univerzita Brno 2014 Jana Chamonikolasová chamonikolasova_obalka.indd 1 19.11.14 14:27 A Concise History of English Jana Chamonikolasová Masarykova univerzita Brno 2014 Dílo bylo vytvořeno v rámci projektu Filozofická fakulta jako pracoviště excelentního vzdě- lávání: Komplexní inovace studijních oborů a programů na FF MU s ohledem na požadavky znalostní ekonomiky (FIFA), reg. č. CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0228 Operační program Vzdělávání pro konkurenceschopnost. © 2014 Masarykova univerzita Toto dílo podléhá licenci Creative Commons Uveďte autora-Neužívejte dílo komerčně-Nezasahujte do díla 3.0 Česko (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 CZ). Shrnutí a úplný text licenčního ujednání je dostupný na: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cz/. Této licenci ovšem nepodléhají v díle užitá jiná díla. Poznámka: Pokud budete toto dílo šířit, máte mj. povinnost uvést výše uvedené autorské údaje a ostatní seznámit s podmínkami licence. ISBN 978-80-210-7479-8 (brož. vaz.) ISBN 978-80-210-7480-4 (online : pdf) ISBN 978-80-210-7481-1 (online : ePub) ISBN 978-80-210-7482-8 (online : Mobipocket) Contents Preface ....................................................................................................................4 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................5 Abbreviations and Symbols ...................................................................................6 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................7 -
German Grammar in English for International Students
German Grammar in English for International Students Version 2.6 Prof. Dr. Russell Block FK 13 – General Studies University of Applied Sciences – München Winter Semester 2013 © 2013 Contents: Introduction: .............................................................8 Chapter 1: The Sound of German ............................................9 1 Standard German .....................................................9 2 The standard dialect ...................................................9 3 Overview of the German consonants .....................................9 3.1 Tense vs. lax .................................................11 3.2 The final devoicing rule .........................................11 3.3 Comments on individual consonants . 11 3.3.1 Vogel-V ...............................................11 3.3.2 The origin of <w> .......................................12 3.3.3 The problem of /h/ .......................................12 3.3.4 Ach-Laut – ich-Laut ......................................12 3.3.5 The pronunciation of final <g> . 12 3.3.6 The strange case of /s/ ....................................13 3.3.7 r-peculiarities ...........................................13 3.3.8 Affricates ..............................................13 3.3.9 Foreign sounds ..........................................13 3.3.10 The Glottal Stop ///......................................14 4 Vowels ............................................................14 5 The German vowels ..................................................15 5.1 Vowel length -
Lesson Thirty-Eight
LESSON THIRTY-EIGHT 38.1 Quadriradical Verbs It was noted in §3.1 that a few roots have four radicals. With rare exception, these do not occur in the G stem, but have instead the N as their basic stem; causatives are formed with the S stem, and the iterative Ntn and Stn stems are also attested. Most have either l or r as their sec ond radical. A quadriradical of fairly high frequency is nabalkutum N (a) 'to jump, to rebel'; subalkutum S causative. Quadriradical roots in which the last radical is weak, i.e., verbs IV weak, are also attested. As expected, in verbs IV-e, a-vowels become e. Examples: naparkilm N (u) 'to cease, stop working'; neb,el$flm N (e) 'to slip'; sub,elf?ilm S causative. NStem Sound IV-u IV-e Infinitive: nabalkutum naparkum neb,el$um Durative: ibbalakkat ipparakku ib,b,ele$$e Perfect: ittabalkat ittaparku itteb,el$e Preterite: ibbalkit ipparki ib,b,el$i Imperative: nabalkit naparki neb,el$i Participle: mubbalkitum mupparkum mub,b,el$um Verbal Adj.: nabalkutum naparkum neb,el$um V. Adj. base: nabalkut naparku neb,el$u S Stem Sound IV-u IV-e Infinitive: subalkutum suparkum sub,el$um Durative: usbalakkat usparakka usb,ele$$e Perfect: ustabalkit ustaparki usteb,el$i Preterite: usbalkit usparki usb,el$i Imperative: subalkit suparki sub,el$i Participle: musbalkitum musparkum musb,el$um Verbal Adj.: subalkutum suparkum sub,el$um V. Adj. base: subalkut suparku su"f_ie[$U LESSON THIRTY-EIGHT 461 Ntn Stem Infinitive: itablakkutum Durative: ittanablakkat Imperative: ? Perfect: ittatablakkat Participle: muttablakkitum Preterite: ittab(a)lakkat StnStem Infinitive: sutablakkutum Durative: ustanablakkat Imperative: ? Perfect: ustatablakkit? Participle: ? Preterite: ustablakkit The irregular verb melulum 'to play' is derived from a quadriradical root II-weak (itself derived from a noun with prefix ma-, from a root 0 3-l-l, originally *J:i-l-l).