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THE USE of the PRETERITE and the PRESENT PERFECT in ENGLISH and GERMAN. a CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS. Institutt for Litteratur, Områ

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THE USE of the PRETERITE and the PRESENT PERFECT in ENGLISH and GERMAN. a CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS. Institutt for Litteratur, Områ View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives THE USE OF THE PRETERITE AND THE PRESENT PERFECT IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN. A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS. Institutt for litteratur, områdestudier og europeiske språk Det humanistiske fakultet Universitetet i Oslo ENG4190 Høstsemesteret 2011 Jennifer Zug Veileder: Johan Elsness This master thesis deals with the use of the present perfect and the preterite in both English and German. The aim of the investigation is to find out to what extent the use of the present perfect and the preterite vary in English and German and how the original forms are translated into the other language, i.e. whether specific translation patterns can be found. To begin with, a theoretical part summarizes earlier researches by various authors before the main part of the thesis is presented. The research part is a corpus-based analysis, using the Oslo Multilingual Corpus. First of all, the English original preterite forms are looked upon. Three semantic categories could be found in my investigation in which the preterite is used in English: single events, sequences and events occurring regularly. Additionally, the preterite is often used in combination with definite time adverbials. The same categories could also be found when considering the German preterite. Looking at the English translations of the German preterite forms, it is striking that most instances, in total over 90%, were translated into the preterite in English as well. Considering the German translations of the English preterite forms, the preterite is also the preferred tense used in the translations, however, the present perfect appears also frequently in the translations, especially in sentences containing direct speech. In most of the cases, the present perfect is used in English when referring to events or states that have an impact on the present point of time. In the German originals, the present perfect is used in the same way. However, in addition there are a high number of cases where the present perfect refers to an event located in the past. Furthermore, the present perfect is used in German in combination with definite time adverbials, such as gestern, which would not be possible in English, but the preterite would have to be used instead. An interesting finding could be made when regarding the English translations of the German present perfect forms. The majority of the hits were translated into a different verb form than the original one, namely the preterite. However, in the German translation of the English originals the preterite was the favored verb form. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor Johan Elsness, who was a great help and gave me a lot of useful advice throughout the whole process. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH QUESTION .......................... 1 CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE USE OF VERB FORMS REFERRING TO PAST TIME SITUATIONS IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN ....................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 GERMAN TENSES................................................................................................................................................................................ 5 2.1.1 The German preterite ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.2 The German perfect ............................................................................................................................................................. 7 2.1.3 Direct comparison preterite and perfect .................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.4 The Southern German perfect .......................................................................................................................................11 2.2 THE ENGLISH TENSES .................................................................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.1 The English preterite ........................................................................................................................................................13 2.2.2 The English perfect ............................................................................................................................................................15 2.2.3 Variations among the English varieties ....................................................................................................................18 CHAPTER 3: CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS AND THE USE OF CORPORA ..... 23 3.1 IMPORTANCE OF CORPORA ............................................................................................................................................................ 23 3.2 THE OSLO MULTILINGUAL CORPUS ............................................................................................................................................ 24 CHAPTER 4: CORPUS ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH AND GERMAN DATA – THE PRETERITE ...................................................................................... 27 4.1 THE ENGLISH ORIGINAL PRETERITE VERB FORMS .................................................................................................................... 27 4.1.1 English preterite forms used with time adverbials ...............................................................................................30 4.1.2 English preterite expresses regularity .......................................................................................................................32 4.1.3 Preterite used to indicate sequence ............................................................................................................................34 4.1.4 English preterite expresses single events..................................................................................................................36 4.1.5 Reference to given or new time ....................................................................................................................................38 4.1.6 Summary of the English preterite use ........................................................................................................................40 4.2 THE GERMAN TRANSLATIONS ...................................................................................................................................................... 41 4.2.1 Preterite used in the German translation.................................................................................................................44 4.2.2 Present perfect chosen in German translation .......................................................................................................46 4.2.3 Past perfect, subjunctive, present and passive used in German translation ...............................................50 4.2.4 Summary of the German translations and comparison with the English originals ................................52 4.3 THE GERMAN PRETERITE ............................................................................................................................................................. 52 4.3.1 Time adverbials used in combination with a preterite form in German ......................................................55 4.3.2 German preterite expresses single events ................................................................................................................57 4.3.3 German preterite indicates regularity ......................................................................................................................60 4.3.4 German preterite indicates a sequence .....................................................................................................................61 4.3.5 German preterite forms can be considered given or new in context .............................................................63 4.3.6 Conclusion and comparison of the German and English preterite .................................................................65 4.4 THE ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS ...................................................................................................................................................... 67 4.4.1 German preterite forms translated into preterite in English ...........................................................................68 4.4.2 Remaining hits in English translations .....................................................................................................................69 4.4.3 Comparison translations .................................................................................................................................................71 CHAPTER 5: THE PRESENT PERFECT .............................................................. 73 5.1 THE ENGLISH PRESENT PERFECT................................................................................................................................................. 73 5.1.1 Time adverbials used in combination with the English present perfect ......................................................76 5.1.2 English present perfect expresses relation to present point of time ..............................................................81 5.1.3 Main or sub-clauses in the English
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