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Les Gesneriacées Européennes

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Les Gesneriacées Européennes Des Gesnériacées aussi en Europe ! Un air de famille… Les cinq espèces Des plantes capables Des datations moléculaires de reviviscence confirment une ancienne hypothèse Les Gesnériacées européennes du genre Ramonda ont une physionomie très sem- de Gesnériacées Qualité peu fréquente chez les plantes à fleurs, les Gesnériacées Depuis la fin du 19e siècle déjà, divers botanistes avaient estimé La famille des Gesnériacées compte environ 3300 espèces, essen- blable à une «tropicale de salon» bien européennes européennes ont une capacité élevée à se réhydrater après un que les Gesnériacées européennes ont une probable origine tiellement répandues dans les régions tropicales. Cependant, cinq connue, le Saintpaulia ionantha, lointaine 1 important dessèchement. Elles sont ainsi bien adaptées aux tertiaire. Mais ce n’est que tout récemment que des datations espèces réparties en trois genres ont une distribution isolée au sud de «cousine» africaine originaire des Monts changements climatiques, ce qui leur a permis de résister aux moléculaires (horloge biologique) ont permis de confirmer cette l’Europe, dans les Pyrénées et dans les Balkans. Usambara en Tanzanie. vicissitudes durant de nombreux millions d’années. hypothèse. En effet, l’origine des Gesnériacées européennes Les cinq Gesnériacées européennes prospèrent en basse et est maintenant datée d’environ 30 millions d’années, durant 1 Haberlea rhodopensis * moyenne montagne, dans les fissures de rochers généralement l’Oligocène, époque à laquelle elles se séparent de Gesnéria- Rhodope et Grand Balkan ombragés, le plus souvent calcaires (mais parfois aussi sur ser- cées asiatiques (voir Petrova & al. (2015), International Journal (Bulgarie et Grèce) 2 pentine ou sur roches siliceuses). of Plant Sciences 176: 499–514). européennes Ramonda myconi Saintpaulia ionantha Gesnériacée pyrénéenne, cultivée au Jardin botanique Gesnériacée africaine (Tanzanie), cultivée en appartement sous 2 Jancaea heldreichii Selon ces mêmes auteurs, la séparation des lignées condui- diverses formes horticoles Olympe (Grèce) Des reliques de la flore européenne sant d’une part au genre Haberlea et d’autre part aux genres du Tertiaire Ramonda et Jancaea date de près de 25 millions d’années. Dans 3 Ramonda myconi * le genre Ramonda, la séparation des lignées pyrénéenne et bal- Une autre Gesnériacée européenne, Haber- Haberlea rhodopensis Streptocarpus sp. Gesnériacée balkanique, cultivée au Jardin botanique Gesnériacée africaine cultivée en appartement sous diverses formes Pyrénées et Catalogne Durant l’ère tertiaire (–65 millions à –2,6 millions d’années), kanique date de près de 8,5 millions d’années. La séparation lea rhodopensis, ressemble quant à elle aux horticoles 3 (France et Espagne) l’Europe centrale a hébergé une végétation subtropicale à tro- du genre Jancaea de la lignée balkanique du genre Ramonda espèces du genre Streptocarpus, «tropicales picale, la température annuelle moyenne ayant été parfois plus remonte quant à elle à environ 7 millions d’années. En revanche, de salon» également d’origine africaine. 4 Ramonda nathaliae * de 10°C supérieure à celle d’aujourd’hui. Dans ce contexte, on la spéciation nathaliae/serbica dans le genre Ramonda est Centre des Balkans pense que la famille tropicale des Gesnériacées fut également très récente, puisqu’elle date des dernières glaciations (soit (surtout Macédoine) bien répandue en Europe. quelques dizaines ou centaines de milliers d’années). Dès les dernières époques du Tertiaire (moins chaudes, dès –25 4 Gesnériacées 5 Ramonda serbica millions d’années), puis au cours des glaciations quaternaires, Centre-ouest des Balkans la végétation tropicale européenne a reculé, puis disparu. (surtout Albanie) On suppose ainsi que de nombreuses Gesnériacées se sont éteintes en Europe. Les cinq espèces de cette famille encore Les Les présentes aujourd’hui dans certains secteurs favorables au sud du continent (Pyrénées et Balkans) sont considérées comme * Cultivée au Jardin botanique 5 des reliques de la flore européenne thermophile du Tertiaire. Les trois Gesnériacées européennes cultivées Comment distinguer les genres Comment distinguer Haberlea et Ramonda? Ramonda myconi et nathaliae? au Jardin botanique de Genève Haberlea rhodopensis Friv. Ramonda myconi (L.) Rchb. Ramonda nathaliae Pancic & Petrovic Le genre Haberlea est dédié au naturaliste allemand Karl Konstantin Haberle (1764- Le genre Ramonda est dédié à L’espèce R. nathaliae est dédiée à la reine de Serbie Natalija Obrenović (1859-1941), 1832), par son élève Imre Friváldszky von Friváld (1799-1870) en 1835. l’homme politique, géologue et dite aussi Nathalie de Serbie. C’est en 1882, première année du règne de Nathalie, botaniste français Louis Ramond que les pionniers de la botanique serbe Joseph Pančić (1814-1888) et Sava Petrović européennes La seule espèce du genre Haberlea prospère de Carbonnières (1755-1827), (1839-1889) ont décrit cette nouvelle espèce du genre Ramonda. dans le centre du Grand Balkan (Bulgarie), qui fut l’un des premiers explo- dans le Rhodope (Bulgarie et Grèce), massif rateurs de la haute montagne Cette plante prospère dans le centre des Balkans. La plupart des populations sont Corolle à deux lèvres (bilabiée), la lèvre supérieure Corolle à pétales étalés en roue (rotacée). Haberlea: quatre anthères soudées entre elles, Ramonda: cinq anthères libres les unes des Fleurs le plus souvent à cinq pétales. Fleurs le plus souvent à quatre pétales. montagneux qui donne son nom à l’espèce pyrénéenne. à deux pétales, l’inférieure à trois pétales. Gorge à poils très courts, orangée. beaucoup plus courtes que les filets (on voit autres, au moins aussi longues que les filets. localisées en République de Macédoine (Ex-République yougoslave), mais on en Gorge à longs poils, tachée d’orange et de violet comme l’insecte pollinisateur doit frotter son dos (H. rhodopensis), ainsi que sur quelques L’espèce R. myconi est dédiée à trouve aussi dans l’ouest de la Macédoine grecque (notamment à l’ouest-sud- (chemin de l’insecte pollinisateur). sous les anthères qui libèrent le pollen). montagnes du nord-est de la Grèce (notam- l’apothicaire et botaniste catalan ouest de Naousa), ainsi que dans le sud-est de la Serbie (au sud-est de Niš). ment le Pangaion). Francisco Micó (1528-1592, lati- nisé Franciscus Myconus), qui fut le premier à découvrir cette plante et la signaler, notamment sur le Montserrat (Catalogne). Micó fit part de sa découverte au naturaliste français Jacques Daléchamps (1513-1588), parmi une trentaine d’autres espèces nouvelles, en mentionnant certainement le nom verna- Gesnériacées culaire espagnol de la plante: oreja de oso, soit «oreille d’ours» (allusion faite à la forme, l’aspect et la pilosité de ses feuilles). C’est pourquoi l’on trouve en 1587 une première mention de la plante dans l’ouvrage Historia generalis plantarum de Daléchamps, sous le nom Auricula Ursi Myconi, soit «oreille d’ours de Micó». En 1753, Carl von Linné reprend l’épithète myconi et classe l’espèce dans le genre Verbascum. Ce Les Les n’est qu’en 1805 que Louis Claude Marie Richard crée le genre Ramonda et l’épithète myconi y sera com- Tube de la corolle plus long que ses lobes. Tube de la corolle beaucoup plus court que ses Feuilles en forme de longues langues. Feuilles largement ovales. Feuilles profondément gaufrées et crénelées, den- Feuilles peu ou moyennement gaufrées, binée en 1831 par Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach. lobes, voire nul (vue postérieure). sément poilues. L’espèce porte ainsi très bien son entières ou peu profondément crénelées, nom espagnol: oreja de oso, soit «oreille d’ours». à poils clairsemés. Cette plante prospère dans les Pyrénées centrales et orientales (France et Espagne), ainsi qu’en Catalogne. Conrad Gessner et les étages de végétation Admirateur de la montagne et précurseur de l’alpinisme, le naturaliste zurichois Conrad Gessner (1516-1565) entreprend en 1555 l’ascension du Mont Pilate (*), situé au sud-ouest de Lucerne. Son compte-rendu publié la même année, Descriptio Montis Fracti sive Montis Pilati ut vulgo nomi- nant, juxta Lucernam in Helvetia, est le premier ouvrage consacré à une montagne suisse. Lors de l’ascension du Pilate, Conrad Gessner prend conscience de l’importance de la variation du climat en fonction de l’alti- tude et décrit quatre «régions», selon la durée des saisons. Clairvoyant et très en avance sur son temps, Gessner est le premier dans l’histoire des «Régions» «Région à hiver permanent» «Région à hiver long «Région à hiver, printemps «Région à hiver, printemps, sciences à introduire un concept qui permettra aux auteurs du 19e siècle selon Gessner, 1555 et printemps très court» et bref automne» bref été et automne» d’expliciter et développer la notion d’étagement de la végétation, telle qu’on la connaît aujourd’hui dans les ouvrages de biogéographie et de botanique. A l’heure où les changements climatiques prennent une importance cru- Etages de végétation ciale pour l’humanité, la découverte de Gessner il y a cinq siècles est la NIVAL ALPIN SUBALPIN MONTAGNARD COLLINÉEN pierre angulaire de toute réflexion sur le sujet. Un étage de végétation cor- en Suisse Etage des neiges éternelles Etage des pelouses Etage des conifères: Etage du hêtre et du sapin Etage du chêne et du hêtre (conception actuelle) respond en effet à un certain niveau thermique et il est occupé par un ou épicéa, mélèze et arolle plusieurs types fondamentaux de végétation. Toute variation prolongée de température peut de ce fait avoir de sérieuses conséquences. Conrad Gessner (1516-1565). © Bibliothèque des CJBG (*) Au Moyen-Age, le Pilate portait le nom de Mons fractus (soit «montagne brisée») ou Frakmont, en raison de la Frontispice du compte-rendu de l’ascension du Mont Pilate par Limites altitudinales silhouette déchiquetée de ce sommet de Suisse centrale. Deux alpages sur les contreforts de la montagne portent Conrad Gessner en 1555, publié à Zurich la même année. en Suisse et températures encore aujourd’hui le nom de Fräkmünt. Le nom Mons pileatus était moins usuel et on peut l’interpréter de deux © Bibliothèque des CJBG.
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