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Tarheel Junior Historian Tar Heel Junior Historian Association tar heel junior historian December, 1974 Chattel Charlie $ Chats Junior historians are busy working on articles for the remaining two issues of the TAR HEEL JUNIOR HISTORIAN magazine: "Prelude to Revolution" and "Governors." Articles for the February issue on events leading up to the Halifax Resolves are due in the association office by January 24. Ar- ticles on North Carolina governors are due by April 10. Tile plaques will be sent to those junior historians who have contributions published in the THJH magazine. Crossword puzzles, carto- ons, poems, and photographs will re- ceive recognition plaques in addition to literary articles. Projects for the Thirteenth Annual Tar Heel Junior Historian Literary and Arts Contest sponsored by the North Carolina Literary and Historical Association will be due on April 22. Rules for the contest as well as entry blanks are enclosed. Those clubs eligible for the Special Achievement category will be notified. The rules for Visual History and Service Hours projects are enclosed. For the second year the Bloomsbury Chapter of the Daughters of the Revolution in Raleigh will present book awards to an outstanding project in each of the two areas at the Fourth Annual Tar Heel Junior Historian Day in May. A STATEMENT OF EDITORIAL POLICY All student compositions submitted for publication are required to meet highest literary standards and are subject to editing and revision by the editor- ial staff. Compositions should be typewritten in double-spaced form and should give the name of the student and school. When reference works are used, please include a bibliography showing author, title of work, facts of publica- tion (place of publication, publisher, date and edition) and pages used. If possible, black and white photographs to illustrate the article should accom- pany the written material. Due to space limitations and the need to adhere to the announced theme of each issue, it is possible to cover only briefly the various topics — not to present an exhaustive study. AR EE UN IS TORIAN December, 1974 VOL. 14, NO. 2 Table of Contents A Town Called Salem 2 "Salem Christmas - 1800" 4 Children in Salem 5 Music in Salem 6 Education in Salem 7 Winkler Bakery 9 Crafts in Salem 11 Tile Stoves 13 Answer to September Quiz 13 A Visitor Comes to Salem 14 The Moravians 14 Search and F ind 15 The Women of Salem 15 Fourth of July Celebration 15 Crittenden Award 16 The Bookshelf 16 Whoszit? 16 Cover: Thomas Butner House and Shop Tar Heel Junior Historian is published four times during the school year by the Division of Archives Robert E. Stipe and History. Copies are provided free to club mem- Director bers. Individual and Library subscriptions may be purchased at the rate of SI. 00 per year. John D. Ellington Museum Administrator Photo credits: Charles E. Talton, page 11; Clay Nolen, Department of Conservation and Natalie G. Miller Development, page 13; remaining photos court- Executive Secretary esy of Old Salem, Inc. Tar Heel Junior Historian Association Printing: Department of Cultural Resources Print Davis Waters Shop Editor Illustration: Vicki Merritt A TOWN CALLED SALEM Gene Capps Director Department of Education and Interpretation Old Salem Two hundred years ago Salem was a thriv- ing community on the Carolina frontier. Peo- ple from throughout the colonies knew of the Moravian town and went there to buy products made by its fine craftsmen. Today Old Salem is a museum which attempts to preserve the town s buildings and artifacts. People from throughout the United States and foreign coun- tries come to Salem, walk its streets, and tour its exhibit buildings to learn about the town and its people two centuries ago. The first buildings in Salem were half-timber- settled The Moravians who Salem were a ed resembling those the Moravians were Germanic people who traced their faith to the familiar with in Germany. fifteenth-century Bohemian martyr, John Hus. Hus was burned at the stake in 1415 because he wanted to reform the Catholic church. Bethabara was the first settlement in the After his death some of his followers formed Wachovia tract. This community was designed the Unity of Brethren, a church which spread to enable the Moravian settlers to gain a throughout present-day Czechoslovakia and strong foothold in the wilderness setting. Poland and grew for over three hundred years. Their long-range plan was to build a central town in Wachovia that would be a trading cen- In the early 1700s a few members of the ter, a place where the wares of the Moravian Unity moved into Germany from the Czechoslo- craftsmen could be made and sold. Threats vakian province of Moravia trying to escape of warring Indians and other problems, how- religious persecution. They found refuge on ever, delayed the building of this central town the estate of a nobleman, Nicholas Lewis, for more than twelve years. Count of Zinzendorf, and there built the town of Herrnhut. It was in this town that the old Finally, in January of 1766, the first Unity of Brethren grew into the Moravian tree was felled for the new town of Salem, church. Moravian colonists came to America a name from the Hebrew word meaning"peace." in the 1730s, settling first in Savannah, Geor- Planned carefully from the beginning, the gia; but because of conflicts there between town's important structures were grouped the English and Spanish, they moved on to around an open square with a main street run- Pe nnsylvania where they founded the towns of ning along the west side. The Moravians set Bethlehem, Nazareth, and Lititz. high standards and built their buildings well. In 1752 the Moravians came into Carolina By 1772 most of the essential buildings and purchased a tract of land from Lord Gran- had been completed, and in that year most of ville, one of the Lords Proprietors. They the industries and residents in Bethabara mov- called this tract "Wachovia." There the ed to Salem. From that time until the coming Moravians hoped to establish new church of the influence of the industrial revolution towns and do missionary work among the in the 1830s, Salem functioned as a church 2 ladians. town. This meant that the residents lived more or less as one large family with the The women in Salem supported the work church directing not only the spiritual aflairs of the craftsmen by maintaining the homes. of everyone but the economic affairs as well. They also held important positions in the For example, the church dictated how much church and provided deeded services in their the shoemaker could charge for a pair of shoes roles as nurses and teachers. and established standards of quality for the By the mid-nineteenth century Salem had shoes. It designated the trees that could be ceased functioning as a church town. A new cut for firewood and chose the subjects that town, the county seat called Winston, grew up could be taught in the schools. At times the just north of Salem, and most business activ- church might criticize a father for allowing his ity eventually shifted there. In 1913 Winston children to run wild in the streets. and Salem were merged to become the city of Winston-Salem. The Moravians loved their church and at- tended services daily. These services were As years passed most of the buildings in filled with joy and the sounds of beautiful Salem that had been constructed so well by music. early Moravians continued to stand, but time and neglect were leaving their marks on the Residents of the town were divided into entire area. When in 1947 a grocery store groups, called "choirs," according to age, announced plans to build a supermarket in the sex, and marital status. There were choirs of heart of the historic town, the citizens of married people, single sisters, single brothers, Winston-Salem were aroused into action to widows, widowers, older girls, older boys, and preserve Salem. In 1950 a nonprolit organi- children. Each choir had its own special zation, Old Salem, Inc., was organized to festival days, its own meetings, and its own preserve and restore the historic area. Today, responsibilities. In the cases of the single more than two hundred years after Salem was sisters and single brothers, each had its own established and almost twenty-five years choir house where the members lived and after the restoration was begun, Salem is be- worked. ing restored to its 1766-1830 appearance. Seven exhibit buildings are open to the public Salem was a craft center. There were every day of the year except Christmas. These potters, tinsmiths, gunsmiths, blacksmiths, buildings are the Single Brothers House, silversmiths, pewterers, cabinetmakers, weav- Miksch Tobacco Shop, Winkler Bakery, Boys ers, tanners, clockmakers, wheelwrights, School, Market-Fire House, John Vogler House turners, tailors, cordwainers, dyers, and many and Salem Tavern. Information on guided other craftsmen. These artisans took pride tours can be obtained by contacting the Di- in producing things of quality and beauty. To rector of Tours, Old Salem, Inc., Drawer F, them the completion of a fine product exem- Salem Station, W inston-Salem, North Carolina plified their love for and servitude to God. 27108. Telephone 919/723-3688. SALEM CHRISTMAS - 1800 Tour Guide Old Salem A roving band plays carols of the season. Christmas! Did you ever wonder what the sisters in the A ns tall (school) needed more Christmas was like before the days of elec- room for their Christmas pulz. trically lighted Christmas trees and radios and phonographs blaring Christmas carols? In the restored town of Salem it is pos- Christmas in Salem in 1800 was a special sible to spend one afternoon and evening each time despite the fact that children were still year experiencing the sounds, sights, and in school and daily tasks continued as usual.
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