Review of Samothrace 3: the Hieron, by Phyllis Williams Lehmann Brunilde S

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Review of Samothrace 3: the Hieron, by Phyllis Williams Lehmann Brunilde S Bryn Mawr College Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College Classical and Near Eastern Archaeology Faculty Classical and Near Eastern Archaeology Research and Scholarship 1971 Review of Samothrace 3: The Hieron, by Phyllis Williams Lehmann Brunilde S. Ridgway Bryn Mawr College, bridgway@brynmawr.edu Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy . Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.brynmawr.edu/arch_pubs Part of the Classical Archaeology and Art History Commons, and the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Custom Citation Ridgway, Brunilde S. 1971. Review of Samothrace 3: The Hieron, by Phyllis Williams Lehmann. American Journal of Archaeology 75:100-102. This paper is posted at Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College. http://repository.brynmawr.edu/arch_pubs/73 For more information, please contact repository@brynmawr.edu. 100 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [AJA 75 ing health of Professor Schweitzer forced him to cease tion, the painstaking presentation of evidence and espe- writing in 1964. Research into the nature of geo- cially the elegant format of these three volumes. For metric art has proceeded at an extremely fast pace since such typographical quality it is perhaps a small price that time, and it is regrettable that more of the re- to pay that the book took several years in printing cent studies could not have been incorporated into this (the Preface is dated July 1965), although some re- volume. However, an interpretation of the period as cent publications could not therefore be taken into ac- it was known in 1964 is not without value, although count. But the final appearance certainly does credit it can sometimes lead to embarrassing conclusions to the Bollingen Series and the Princeton University when published at this late date. For the Corinthian Press. figure style, for example, Schweitzer bases much of The author's task was formidable. When she un- his interpretation of the local fashion-which he re- dertook the study of the Hieron in 1948, the building gards as a reflection of the Doric stamp of the Corin- had already been "excavated" by the French in 1866, thian people--on the decoration of the ship krater the Austrians in 1873 and 1875, and again by a 919.5.18 from the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, French-Czech expedition in 1923. Even during the now recognized as most probably Attic. definitive campaigns by the New York University The most serious drawbacks to the book arise from Institute of Fine Arts, as so often in the past, the an uneven treatment of the various subjects and from structure was severely damaged by local vandals. Old the fact that the author is often no better than his photographs and drawings, often erroneous, had to sources, which are sometimes out of date. Most present be correlated with the new excavational evidence, and writers would consider the chronology to be about a fragments in Samothrace had to be "joined" and generation too early (the Dipylon Master is placed compared with others in Vienna and Prague. The immediately after 770 B.c.), but a few subjects, the challenge has been fully met and the results have architecture for example, are assigned dates that con- finally clarified many incorrect theories on the Hieron form to the later chronology, which leads to problems which had found their way into the most authorita- in the interrelationship between styles. tive handbooks. Die geometrischeKunst Griechenlandswould be These excavational vicissitudes are outlined in the most useful to the student or scholar who is already Introduction. Chapter i describes and reconstructs the familiar with the as the material can geometric field, building from foundations to roof, reasoning out on then be placed in its proper perspective. Since so few paper every step of the reconstruction, so that the books have been written on this as a general period reader can evaluate for himself the strength of each a work like Schweitzer's can fill a serious whole, help theory. Through stylistic and structural correlations need. In of a few it would make a spite drawbacks, with other buildings, both in Samothrace and else- welcome addition to an because archaeological library where, Chapter 2 tries to determine the date of the it material that is not available brings together readily marble Hieron, and Chapter 3 discusses its Hellenistic in form its footnotes and its summary elsewhere, architectural sculpture, from pronaos coffers to akro- clear format make it and its illus- eminently usable, teria. In Vol. 2, chapter 4 (written by the late Karl trations are excellent. especially Lehmann in 1959) offers a reconstruction of the ritual PHILIP P. BETANCOURT enacted within the Hieron based on literary sources TYLER SCHOOL OF ART and on the material evidence of the structure and its TEMPLE UNIVERSITY alterations. Chapter 5 then attempts a chronological description of the various phases of the Hieron down to Constantinian times. A short appendix on the SAMOTHRACE THE HIERON, Williams 3, by Phyllis modern restoration of the building in situ is followed with Contributions Martin R. Lehmann, by by the catalogues of ceramics (by I. Love) and minor Jones, Karl Lehmann, Gilbert Cass, Alec Day- objects (E. P. Loeffler and M. L. Hadzi). Six excel- kin, Martha Leeb Hadzi, Elaine P. Loefler, Iris lent indices conclude the work. a self-contained each C. Love and Philip Oliver-Smith. Vol. I, pp. xxxv Though basically unit, chapter derives inspiration and support from the material + 387, figs. 344; Vol. 2, pp. xv + 304, figs. 345- discussed in the others, so that some arguments seem and line and of 447 many drawings photographs somewhat circular but the general picture is clear. finds; Vol. 3, pls. 116. Bollingen Series LX.3, In outline it shows that the marble Hieron is the Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1969. third on the site, preceded by a late 6th century struc- $45.00. ture and an Early Classical one of the same general plan and dimensions. From the beginning, the build- The Society of Architectural Historians has assigned ing was also called the Epopteion, and served for the to this book the Alice Davis Hitchcock Award for second degree of initiation into the Samothracian mys- the most distinguished work of scholarship in the teries. The third Hieron, built in the late 4th century, History of Architecture produced by a North Ameri- was left unfinished and completed, with modifications, can scholar in 1969. This fact alone would attest to only after 15o s.c. It was partly damaged and restored the excellence of the but even the fore- publication, in the early Imperial period (earthquake of A.D. 17?). warned reader will be impressed by the lucid exposi- Extensive alterations, mostly dictated by changes in 1971] BOOK REVIEWS 101 the ritual, took place around A.D. 200, while further pended judgment on chronological matters, waiting modifications occurred probably under Constantine. for architectural confirmation (e.g., M. Bieber, AJA Within this complex framework individual bits of 67 [19631 426-429.) This documentation has now ap- evidence may seem vague, but combine into fairly peared and is as complete and painstaking as any strong arguments for each proposal. It would be im- scholar could make it. Yet, in ultimate analysis, it is possible here to discuss everything in detail, and I the style of the sculptures which dates the architecture shall arbitrarily select a few points of interest or rather than vice versa. Of the other criteria, the na- controversy. ture of the alterations in the plan implies a return to Perhaps the most attractive feature of the marble classicizing proportions, but the classicistic movement Hieron is its wall system: smooth orthostats and string fluctuates within the 2nd century and cannot be course between a recessed toichobate (here called pinned down, especially now that the date of Dam- stereobate) and blocks with drafted margins (two ophon of Messene has also been questioned; the ce- courses of stretchers followed by a single course of ramic finds from the pronaos fill are not safely datable, binders). This specific pattern is first found in the witness the cautious statements of the catalogue (vol. temple of Athena at Priene, but with smooth blocks; 2, 173-177) and Mrs. Lehmann's admission (vol. i, on the Hieron it makes its first appearance in com- 234 n. 229); finally, the alteration of decorative pat- bination with drafted margins, though the temple of terns on sima and antefixes has no relative chrono- Hemithea at Kastabos should now be taken into ac- logical value except to suggest diversity of hands and count as a possible rival in ornamental drafting. The methods, which is implicitly accepted. interior wall decoration of the Hieron has been re- Scholars may be disappointed by this conclusion, stored to repeat the outside pattern on the evidence since the style of the Samothracian sculptures has of colored plaster and molded stucco fragments. The been variously and subjectively assessed. I agree with result strongly resembles the so-called Pompeian First Mrs. Lehmann that the pedimental figures, especially Style and, more specifically, Macedonian funerary and the striding woman in the center, should date shortly domestic wall painting. The implications of this Samo- after the Pergamene Gigantomachy. The other ex- thracian example have already been discussed by V. tant statues and fragments make a less definite im- Bruno in AJA 73 (1969) 314-316. Mrs. Lehmann pression and look more classicistic, less aesthetically visualizes the Hieron architect as a local man grafting appealing. The boneless quality of arms and hands, his knowledge of contemporary practices in Asia even in the one clearly male figure, makes one won- Minor and Macedonia onto traditional local forms, der at the female classification of "disiecta membra." thus skillfully correlating his building to surrounding Is the "Harmonia" of the NE corner (fig.
Recommended publications
  • The Sanctuary of Despotiko in the Cyclades. Excavations 2001–2012
    https://publications.dainst.org iDAI.publications ELEKTRONISCHE PUBLIKATIONEN DES DEUTSCHEN ARCHÄOLOGISCHEN INSTITUTS Dies ist ein digitaler Sonderdruck des Beitrags / This is a digital offprint of the article Yannos Kourayos – Kornelia Daifa – Aenne Ohnesorg – Katarina Papajanni The Sanctuary of Despotiko in the Cyclades. Excavations 2001–2012 aus / from Archäologischer Anzeiger Ausgabe / Issue 2 • 2012 Seite / Page 93–174 https://publications.dainst.org/journals/aa/123/4812 • urn:nbn:de:0048-journals.aa-2012-2-p93-174-v4812.0 Verantwortliche Redaktion / Publishing editor Redaktion der Zentrale | Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Weitere Informationen unter / For further information see https://publications.dainst.org/journals/aa ISSN der Online-Ausgabe / ISSN of the online edition 2510-4713 Verlag / Publisher Hirmer Verlag GmbH, München ©2017 Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Zentrale, Podbielskiallee 69–71, 14195 Berlin, Tel: +49 30 187711-0 Email: info@dainst.de / Web: dainst.org Nutzungsbedingungen: Mit dem Herunterladen erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen (https://publications.dainst.org/terms-of-use) von iDAI.publications an. Die Nutzung der Inhalte ist ausschließlich privaten Nutzerinnen / Nutzern für den eigenen wissenschaftlichen und sonstigen privaten Gebrauch gestattet. Sämtliche Texte, Bilder und sonstige Inhalte in diesem Dokument unterliegen dem Schutz des Urheberrechts gemäß dem Urheberrechtsgesetz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Die Inhalte können von Ihnen nur dann genutzt und vervielfältigt werden, wenn Ihnen dies im Einzelfall durch den Rechteinhaber oder die Schrankenregelungen des Urheberrechts gestattet ist. Jede Art der Nutzung zu gewerblichen Zwecken ist untersagt. Zu den Möglichkeiten einer Lizensierung von Nutzungsrechten wenden Sie sich bitte direkt an die verantwortlichen Herausgeberinnen/Herausgeber der entsprechenden Publikationsorgane oder an die Online-Redaktion des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts (info@dainst.de).
    [Show full text]
  • Mycenaean Reminiscence in the Area Samothrace – Hemus Valeria Phol
    Mycenaean Reminiscence in the area Samothrace – Hemus Valeria Phol (Summary) The report represents the hypothesis about the Samothrace as an area center between Ida in Phrygia, Aton and Thrace of the oral mysterious – consecrated belief, formed during the Mycenaean period in the Aegean Sea cultural area. In the earliest period the ceremonial is implemented in rock formed belief topos, modified and updated during and after the Classical Era in Hellenes cultural – linguistic area. In Thrace clear clues from the Mycenaean period are preserved because of the social – political kingdoms structure. Because of the Samothrace location against the outflow of Maritsa river – “the door” of the Aegean Sea toward the European Thrace, it can be characterized even in the Mycenaean period as a key center of oral mysterious belief and the king ideology with influence onto wide group of believers until the Early Christian Era. (TEXT) The Mycenaean traditions in which belongs the Thrace are stick in belief topos from the Ancient times, which fall into the Hellenes cultural – linguistic area through the first 2-3 centuries of 1 millennium B.C. The traditions accepted their Hellenes Classical character around 5 century B.C. In Thrace the Mycenaean traditions in political structure and religiosity continuous their existence even after 5 century B.C. The process of cultural – historic and religious continuity, which is implemented by Hellenization between Mycenaean, Geometric, Archaic and Classical Eras are not interrupted during the following periods. In Southeast Europe they can be followed with relatively enough written, archaeological, graphic, and epigraphic materials for a long period of time of one of the most important belief toposes, in which is the transition from abstract belief toward the personified religiosity.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Energy Production and Consumption in Greece: a Review
    RECENT ADVANCES in ENVIRONMENT, ECOSYSTEMS and DEVELOPMENT Sustainable energy production and consumption in Greece: A review V. Vita, M. Peikou, P. Kaltakis, A. Goutis, L. Ekonomou A.S.PE.T.E. - School of Pedagogical and Technological Education, Department of Electric Educators, Ν. Ηeraklion, 141 21 Athens, Greece e-mail: leekonom@gmail.com Abstract: Electricity is considered to be one of the most important and vital goods. Each country should be energy independent and efficient in order to cope with its citizens needs and abstain political, economical and social after effects. Greek electrification initiated and evolved in a much slower pace than the rest of Europe. The foundation of the Public Power Cooperation S.A. (PPC) in 1950 was one of the most significant steps for essential, more organized and further growth of electrification. In this paper a thorough analysis of the Greek electrical energy sources, such as lignite, oil, natural gas, hydroelectric power and renewable energy sources is made and their percentage participation in electrical energy production is examined. After obtaining a broad picture of the current electrical energy production state in Greece, it is concluded that there is the need for the development of environmental friendly unexploited energy forms. Several measures towards that direction combined with Greek policy and objectives are demonstrated. Key-Words: Production; Renewable Energy Sources (RES); Public Power Corporation S.A. (PPC); Policy. 1. Introduction 2. Historical energy retrospection of Greece The advantages of electric energy against other 2.1 Period before the foundation of the Public forms of energy are: a) the instantly transformation Power Cooperation S.A.
    [Show full text]
  • 3Rd HELLENIC SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE in APICULTURE- SERICULTURE Thessaloniki 21-22 April 2007
    3rd HELLENIC SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE IN APICULTURE- SERICULTURE Thessaloniki 21-22 April 2007 HELLENIC SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY OF APICULTURE- SERICULTURE NUMBER OF DRONE CELLS IN THE NATURAL-BUILT HONEYCOMBS OF A. M. MACEDONICA Goras G., Dislis S., Konstas N., Thrasyvoulou A. Laboratory of Apiculture – Sericulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, . panthakk@hotmail.com Beekeeping as a biological agriculture requires the replacement of all of the honeycombs. Using frames with foundation comb provides uniformity with minimal structure of dronecells but biological wax is limited and it is not always free of residues. As a solution it could be proposed to “force” bees to build the frames without using foundation combs, but in this case, the number of dronecells would be higher. This number depends on the bee race but there in no paper that it refers to this characteristic for the indigenous of Greece. In this paper present the first data concerns the production of dronecells in beecolonies with and without foundation comb. The experimental group provided with frames with foundation comb, produced less drone cells (0,03% per bee colony) in relation to the second group, which built natural honeycombs and so produced more dronecells (20,6% per bee colony). These average numbers present significant differences and this is also occurs after the comparison of the number of worker cells that the two experimental groups produced. First group produced mainly worker cells (99,97% per colony), while the second group produced 79,3% worker cells per colony. Finally we can establish that in each experimental group there is a great variance among the colonies that concerns the number of dronecells, regardless of the use (CV% : 316,7%) or not (CV% : 67%) foundation combs.
    [Show full text]
  • GREEKS and PRE-GREEKS: Aegean Prehistory and Greek
    GREEKS AND PRE-GREEKS By systematically confronting Greek tradition of the Heroic Age with the evidence of both linguistics and archaeology, Margalit Finkelberg proposes a multi-disciplinary assessment of the ethnic, linguistic and cultural situation in Greece in the second millennium BC. The main thesis of this book is that the Greeks started their history as a multi-ethnic population group consisting of both Greek- speaking newcomers and the indigenous population of the land, and that the body of ‘Hellenes’ as known to us from the historic period was a deliberate self-creation. The book addresses such issues as the structure of heroic genealogy, the linguistic and cultural identity of the indigenous population of Greece, the patterns of marriage be- tween heterogeneous groups as they emerge in literary and historical sources, the dialect map of Bronze Age Greece, the factors respon- sible for the collapse of the Mycenaean civilisation and, finally, the construction of the myth of the Trojan War. margalit finkelberg is Professor of Classics at Tel Aviv University. Her previous publications include The Birth of Literary Fiction in Ancient Greece (1998). GREEKS AND PRE-GREEKS Aegean Prehistory and Greek Heroic Tradition MARGALIT FINKELBERG cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521852166 © Margalit Finkelberg 2005 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
    [Show full text]
  • Samothrace:Sixth Preliminaryreport
    SAMOTHRACE:SIXTH PRELIMINARYREPORT (PLATES 1-9) T HIS report will present some major results and finds of the sixth campaign of excavations in the Sanctuary of the Great Gods of Samothrace1 carried out by the Archaeological Research Fund of New York University under the auspices of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens during the summer of 1951. We continued our gradual exploration of the core of the vast sanctuary. In the preceding campaigns,2 we have fully excavated the northern two-thirds of this most important section of the sanctuary: progressing from the archaic initiation hall, 1 The campaign lasted from June 17 to August 30. The staff under my direction was again composed as follows: Dr. Phyllis Williams Lehmann, Associate Professor at Smith College, our assistant field director; Mr. Stuart M. Shaw, of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, who directs the architectural work and was assisted by Mr. Alec Daykin, instructor in architecture at the University of Sheffield, England; Mr. Thomas Todd of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University; Mr. A. C. Thompson, B. A. Princeton University, and Miss Elaine Loeffler, B. A. Smith College, both students at the Institute, joined our staff as did Mr. Denys Spittle of the Royal Commission for Monuments, England, who assisted in the architectural work. We are particularly indebted to the institutions concerned, Sheffield University and the Royal Commission, as well as to The Metropolitan Museum of Art for generous leaves granted to the above-mentioned members of their staffs. Mr. A. Vavritzos, inspector of antiquities in Mytilene, served as representative of the Greek government and we are highly appreciative of his pleasant cooperation and practical skill.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeological Museum of Paros Displays a Col- KJ Sanctuary
    PAROS GREECE his is Paros, in the mid- T dle of the island group known as the Cyclades, in the middle of the beau- tiful blue Aegean Sea. Here it is possible to get away from the hustle and bustle of life and relax while exploring lovely traditional villages. On the other hand if its fun, excitement and a day at the beach you’re looking for…you’ll find that too. Parikia is the main town on Paros. It is quaint by any standards. Whitewashed buildings set off the bright colors of the bougainvilleas. The streets are narrow yet easy to walk while shopping among HISTORY the many stores or searching out a nice café. She originally comes from a small place on the island of Paros called The Island of Paros has been inhabited for thou- Marathi. It is little more than a deeply scarred and desolate hill a couple sands of years. People came to find a quiet place miles east of Parikia. Despite such humble beginnings, she has been, and to live, fish, farm, and tend their groves. Over the perhaps always will be regarded as one of the most beautiful women in centuries significant political and military affairs the world. And through it all the beautiful woman from Paros has never unfolded throughout this part of the world. Little once uttered a word of complaint or given voice to pity or pretention. Paros was frequently swept up in chaos over which the islanders had little control. Except per- As is the case throughout many of the Greek islands, archeological ex- haps for the thousands of Roman Empire slaves cavations indicate that Paros may have been inhabited as far back as brought to work the quarries, everyone else, 3000 BC.
    [Show full text]
  • Samothrace.:Supplementary Investigations, 1968-1977
    SAMOTHRACE.:SUPPLEMENTARY INVESTIGATIONS, 1968-1977 (PLATES 1-16) N successive summer campaigns, the Institute of Fine Arts of New York Uni- versity has continued investigations for the American School of Classical Studies in the Sanctuary of the Great Gods in Samothrace (P1. 1).' Along with preparation for final publication of earlier results, supplementary excavation was carried out in five areas of the Sanctuary: the Propylon of Ptolemy II (Fig. 1: 26), the Eastern Hill (24-25), the periphery of the great Hellenistic Stoa (11) and the slopes east of it (7-10), the northern terrace of the Western Hill (1-4), and the Anaktoron and Rotunda of Arsinoe II (20-23), together with the hillside directly above them (28).2 ' Abbreviations: Guide Karl Lehinann, Santothrace. A Guide to the Excavations and the Museumt,Locust Valley, N. Y. 1955. Guide2 Idem, 2nd ed., Locust Valley, N. Y. 1960. Guide' Idemn,3rd ed., revised and enlarged, Locust Valley, N. Y. 1966. Guide4 Idem, 4th ed., revised and enlarged, Locust Valley, N. Y. 1975. S, I A. Conze, A. Hauser, G. Niemann, Archaologische Untersuchungen auf Samo- thrake, Vienna 1875. S, II A. Conze, A. Hauser, 0. Benndorf, Neue archZiologische Untersuchungen auf Samothrake, Vienna 1880. Samothrace, 2, I P. M. Fraser, Samothrace, 2, I, The Inscriptions on Stone, New York 1960. Samothrace, 2, II K. Lehmann, Sanothrace, 2, II, The Inscriptions on Ceramics and Minor Objects, New York 1960. Samothrace, 3 P. W. Lehmann, Samothrace, 3, The Hieron, Princeton 1969. Samothrace, 4, II K. Lehmann and D. Spittle, Samothrace, 4, II, The Altar Court, New York 1964.
    [Show full text]
  • (~4 ½” High, Limestone) [Fertility Statue] MESOPOTAMIA Sumerian: Female Head from Uruk, (Goddess Inanna?) (C
    ART HISTORY The Human 1 Figure throughout The Ages Paleolithic: Venus of Willendorf; Willendorf, Austria (c. 28,000 – 25,000 BC) (~4 ½” high, limestone) [fertility statue] MESOPOTAMIA Sumerian: Female Head from Uruk, (goddess Inanna?) (c. 3,200 – 3,000 BC) [Marble, Sculpture] (stolen from Baghdad Museum – found in someone’s back yard) Akkadian: Head of an Akkadian Ruler, from Nineveh, (c. 2,250 – 2,200 BC) [Bronze, Sculpture] Babylonian: Stele of Hammurabi, (c. 1,780 BC), Present day Iran [Babylonian Civic Code Marker] (basalt) Hammurabi: (1,792 – 1,750 BC) Babylon’s strongest king: centralized power in Mesopotamia Sumerian: Statuettes of Abu, from the Temple at Tell Asmar (c. 2,700 BC) Imagery: Abstraction, Realism Detail: Worshippers, (gypsum inlay with shell and black limestone) [Iraq Museum] Symbolism: The Four Evangelists Matthew John attribute: attribute: winged human eagle symbolizes: symbolizes: humanity, reason sky, heavens, spirit Mark attribute: Luke winged lion attribute: winged ox symbolizes: royalty, courage, symbolizes9: resurrection sacrifice, strength Assyrian: Lamassu, (winged, human-headed bull -citadel of Sargon II) (c. 720 - 705 BC), Present day Iraq (limestone) Assyrian: Ashurbanipal Hunting Lions, (c. 645 - 640 BC), Present day Iraq [Relief sculpture from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal] (gypsum) EGYPT front back Ancient Egyptian (Early Dynasty): Palette of King Narmer, (c. 3,000 - 2920 BC), (~2’ 1” high) [Egyptian eye makeup palette] (slate) Explanation of Palette of King Narmer The earliest example of the Egyptian style, which is called "Frontalism", can be seen in the Palette of Narmer which is considered to be an early blueprint of the formula of figure representation that was to rule Egyptian art for 3,000 years.The Palette of Narmer was originally used as a tablet to prepare eye makeup for protecting the eyes against sun glare and irritation.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronology of the Aegean Bronze Age
    Chronology of the Aegean Bronze Age Bronze Age Minoan Cycladic Helladic Crete Aegean Islands Greek mainland Early 3000-2100 3000-1900 3000-2100 Middle I 2100-1900 1900-1600 2100-1550 II 1900-1700 III 1700-1600 Late I 1600-1450 1600-1050 I 1550-1500 II 1450-1400 II 1500-1400 IIIab 1400-1200 IIIab 1400-1200 IIIc 1200-1050 IIIc 1200-1050 Early to mid- Early Bronze Age 3000-2100 History of early Bronze Age Crete is not very clear because subse- quent development destroyed much of the archeological record, al- though a few early Bronze Age settlements have been discovered, such as Vasiliki and the sacred grotto of Eileithyia east of Iraklion. c. 2400-2200 Early Helladic and Cycladic Civilization High cultural development on mainland and Aegean islands Important sites included: Lerna, Asine, Tiryns in the Argolid Zygouries, Korakou in Corinthia Agios Kosmas in Attica Eutresis and Orchomenos in Boeotia Malthi in Messenia Thermi on Lesbos Poliochni on Lemnos Chalandriani on Syros Phylakopi on Melos Valuable obsidian from Melos was exported throughout the Mediterranean 2 Late Early Bronze Age c. 2200-2000 A number of locations were destroyed, esp. in the Argolid, Corinthia and the Cyclades. Possibly due to invasions from Anatolia of speakers of Indo-Euro- pean (Anatolian) languages (‘Luwians in Greece’ hypothesis) c. 2000 Another wave of destruction occurred, perhaps due to beginning invasions by Indo-European language speakers from the north (‘proto-Greeks’). 3 Middle Bronze Age 2000-1600 Immigration of Indo-European Greeks from the north. Decline of earlier Helladic culture. Signi!cant cultural interchange and intermarriage: Greek language and culture strongly in"uenced by earlier population.
    [Show full text]
  • Koukouni Text.Indd
    Chios dicta est… et in Aegæo sita mari Historical Archaeology and Heraldry on Chios Ioanna N. Koukouni Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978-1-78969-746-9 ISBN 978-1-78969-747-6 (e-Pdf) © Ioanna N. Koukouni and Archaeopress 2021 Cover: Cristoforo Buondelmonti, Liber Insularum Archipelagi (1420), Chios island, Aegean Sea All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com TO THE REVERED MEMORY OF MY FATHER AND OF MY GRANDPARENTS, AND ALL OUR NORTH-CHIOT ANCESTORS FOR THEY PLOUGHED THIS LAND WITH THE TEARS OF THEIR TOIL. I PAY THIS TRIBUTE Contents List of Figures, Maps and Plates ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������v Acknowledgements �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xiii Abbreviations ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xiv Introduction �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1
    [Show full text]
  • WP3 D9 3.1 Thematic Itineraries Brochure
    THEMATIC ITINERARIES - ANCIENT GREECE ANCIENT GREECE The cradle of western civilization THEMATIC ITINERARIES EXPLORED IN GREECE N°1 Mystras – The Wonder of Morea N°2 At the Steps of Jesse and Céline N°3 Hydra – Poros – Epidaurus N°4 Best of Athens N°5 Endless blue – The greek Islands 15 FAMOUS - FILM FESTIVALS AND MOVIE TOURISM ACROSS UNESCO SITES Cosmopolitan or secluded, with idyllic beaches, elegant architecture and pure nature and lush mountains. A romantic sunset in Santorini’s Oia, painting the horizon every shade of ANCIENT pink...dawn on Mykonos, in Little Venice, drinking, dancing and flirting as the sun comes up... the epitome of luxury with a view of the sea from your opulent suite in Elounda, on Crete... travelling back in time, as you walk through Rhodes’ Old Town GREECE and aristocratic Corfu... a stately excursion to Athens’ smaller, nearby islands in the Argosaronic Gulf (Hydra, Spetses, Aegina, Poros)... an expedition off the beaten track where you’ll discover hidden ‘diamonds’, islands like Anafi, Kimolos and The cradle of Kastelorizo, Symi, Alonissos, Samothrace and Paxi. western civilization Located in the south-eastern Europe, with thousands of islands throughout the Aegean and Ionian seas, Greece, is a European country often called the cradle of Western civilization because many of the ideas that flourished in the western world were “born" in ancient Greece. Athens, is the historical capital of Greece, with a long history, Thematic itineraries dating from the first settlement in the Neolithic age. In the 5th Century BC (the “Golden Age of Pericles”) – the culmination of explored in Greece Athens’ long, fascinating history – the city’s values and civilization acquired a universal significance.
    [Show full text]