DOCSLIB.ORG

The Civil War in Greece, 1943-49

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Civil War in Greece, 1943-49 Buy Now! The Civil War in Greece, Home 1943-49 By Brian Train A Greek resistance fi ghter somewhere in the hills in 1944. Occupied Greece, 1941-44 Then a vigorous German anti-guerrilla operation, combined with their usual he Germans invaded and harsh policies of reprisal killings and conquered Greece during the deportations, plus a severe famine T spring of 1941 in a lightning brought on by German food confi sca- campaign. The country was then occu- tions, and the growing strength of pied by Italian, German and Bulgarian the German-controlled security forces. The main resistance to the Axis battalions, soon had ELAS maneuver- occupation was organized by the Greek ing simply to try to save itself. Communist Party (KKE in Greek- In 1944 the Allies were on the language acronym). It managed to advance across Europe and it bring most of the resistance elements became clear Greece would soon be together in a political organization liberated. A free Greek government called the National Liberation Front was created in the mountains in (EAM in Greek). Its armed element was March, and it presented itself as the the National People’s Liberation Army legitimate alternative to the right-wing, (ELAS). The communists’ main rival pro-monarchist, government-in- was EDES, a republican organization exile in London. In reality it was a made up largely of former army front organization of the KKE. offi cers and recruits from the Epirus In April, communist sedition led region in northwestern Greece. to mutinies in Greek-exile army units Th e Western Allies sent the fi rst of and ships in the Middle East and Italy, several military missions to Greece in which were fi ghting alongside the September 1942. Their mission was to Allies. The mutinies were suppressed, support anti-Axis partisans. That Allied and most of the mutineers imprisoned effort wasn’t large, however, and the or sent to labor battalions. New unwillingness of the communist ELAS units were formed around offi cers to work with the republican EDES and others who’d stayed loyal to the meant the Greek resistance would London government-in-exile. Those British armor, along with pro- accomplish little against the Axis. units followed the British forces Allied Greek soldiers and resistance On 8 September 1943, Italy sur- that landed in Greece in October, fi ghters, clearing out a pocket of rendered and its troops occupying and they would form the core of the resistance in Athens. Note the amazing Greece and the Dodecanese Islands postwar Greek National Army. international array of equipment. were disarmed and taken prisoner, By the beginning of November the some by the Germans and some by the Germans had evacuated mainland Greek resistance. ELAS immediately Greece. ELAS was by then almost used that windfall of weapons and 50,000 strong and organized into 10 equipment to attack rival resistance divisions of 2,000 to 8,000 men each. groups. For two weeks in October it It controlled most of the country appeared the communists might suc- ceed in wiping out their competition. continued on page 10 » 6 MODERN WAR 11 | MAY–JUN 2014 MODERN WAR 11 | MAY–JUN 2014 7 Development of the Greek National Army 1947 from the lowest unit-level to the top: 1) a Greek National Army 1949 ELAS & DSE military commander responsible for operations, XXXX XX plans and security; 2) an administrative offi cer XXXX XX Formation, Organization GNA Infantry Division responsible for all logistical matters, from GNA Infantry Division & Command weapons to accommodations; and 3) a member [Re-equipped with XXX XXX US weapons] from EAM who acted as a commissar. Not Following the Axis conquest of Greece, only did he look after the morale, education the EAM/ELAS Central Committee oper- X I I I I I and political reliability of the members, he X I I I I XX XX I I XX X I I ated clandestinely in Athens. From there it 5.5” How 2X Btry Humber/M8 16x Vickers also approved the military commander’s 4 to 6 Jeep/Horse 9x 2.36” Rckt provided direction to about two dozen small 25-Pdr Armored Car MMG plans and could override his decisions. Later, 105mm How 75mm or 75mm RRifle I I I I I I Howitzer guerrilla groups, most of them led by KKE 4.2” Mortar the duties of the third member were often 4.2” Mortar members, operating in the mountains. By assumed by the administrative offi cer. I I I X I June 1943 ELAS had reached a strength 36x Centaur I I I I • • • Lt Tanks • • • 36x M4 Sherman of almost 15,000, far beyond its ability to Arms & Equipment • • • centrally control. A GHQ committee with six I I 3 or 4x 81mm Mortar 3X Bren LMG/BAR • • • 3X Bren LMG I 1x 2” or 60mm Mortar regional commands was therefore formed. 1x 2” Mortar ELAS units were originally armed with I I I 4x .30 cal or Vickers MMG The basic ELAS unit was the “band” of 30 3 or 4x 3” Mortar whatever weapons had been left in depots 1/2 Truck, to 100. Bands were grouped into battalions XX by the Greek Army in 1941 or that could M8 & M24 XX of up to 500, but they rarely fought as single Mountain Division be captured from enemy forces. The Allies Mountain Division units during the occupation. For administrative supplied ELAS with little in the way of arms purposes, battalions were grouped into regi- X I I I I I and ammunition compared to what they X I I I I I ments and eventually in numbered divisions. furnished Tito’s partisans in Yugoslavia. The 2x Batteries Jeep/Horse 16x Vickers 2X Btry Jeep/Horse 16x Vickers By the fall of 1944 ELAS had reached its peak 3.7” Howitzr MMG Italian surrender in 1943, and the later German 3.7” Howitzr MMG strength of 50,000 personnel, organized in I I withdrawal from the country, made more I I 10 divisions of 2,000 to 8,000 men each. A crew-served weapons available. During the division was in reality a regional command, and 1947-49 fi ghting, DSE units received German whenever possible a division commander would weapons captured as war booty, including I I form detachments of artillery, mortars or heavy ELAS was formally disbanded by the Varkiza at Bulkes, a town northwest of Belgrade, 75mm and 105mm guns, as well as limited machineguns to provide support to the bands. Agreement in February 1945, but by early 1946 several hundred miles from the Greek amounts of Soviet weapons via Yugoslavia. DSEDSE Communist Division Division 1949 1949 Though 50,000 is an impressive number, it had reconstituted itself as the Dimokratikos frontier. The armies of those communist far larger than any other rival guerrilla orga- Stratos Elladas or Greek Democratic Army countries provided instructors and advisors Auxiliaries XX I • • • XX nization, only about a third to a half of ELAS (DSE). The main difference between the ELAS at all levels. In fact, the Yugoslav Army members normally carried weapons. ELAS of the fi rst and second rounds of the Civil War attached a general and his staff to the The KKE maintained a large number of maintained a reserve component of unarmed and the DSE of the third was the latter had a base at Bulkes to oversee operations. auxiliary organizations to support the fi ghters 8x Bren/BAR or X Combat Support Admin Support village militia who served as replacements secure rear area in Albania, Yugoslavia and That training allowed the DSE to adopt of ELAS and DSE. They included the following. X Combat(could include) Support (couldAdmin include) Support • • • for guerrillas who’d been killed or captured, Bulgaria in which to conduct training, rest, a more standardized organization and shift (could include) (could include) provided local guides and gathered intelligence. reorganize and receive supplies and equipment. from the band of 30 to 50 guerrillas to the • ELAN. National Popular Liberation Each village in ELAS-controlled territory had to Several thousand recruits were in training company of 50 to 100 as its main unit of Navy. The naval aspect of ELAS, this 5x 2.36 I I maintain at least a platoon of such reserves. at any one time, most at the main DSE base maneuver. Two or more companies would be group was composed of about 1,200 I I PW MI assembled for larger operations but would men and 100 small boats. Organized an autonomous “Slavic Macedonia,” PW MI afterward disperse into the mountains. into seven squadrons, and falling under and maintained distinct units in the B By 1947 the DSE had reached a strength the command of the local division DSE order of battle. Since creating such Theoretical TO&E of a DSE Brigade: B of about 23,000, a level it would maintain until commanders, ELAN ran supplies and a region would’ve required annexing Pistols: 55 Medium Mortars: 6 Theoretical TO&E of a DSE Brigade: nearly the end of the war, while battalions of Rifles: 963 Plus occasional detachments men up and down the coast of Greece. most of northern Greece, DSE later Pistols:Submachineguns: 55 393 ofMedium artillery, Mortars: anti-tank 6 guns, or 250 to 500 emerged as an intermediate-level • ERGAS. Workers’ Anti-Fascist League, de-emphasized its support for the NOF. By Rifles:Light Machineguns: 963 81 airPlus defense occasional guns. detachments Submachineguns:Med./Heavy Machineguns: 393 6 of artillery, anti-tank guns, or unit. In mid-1947 the Greek National Army a group charged with organizing strikes 1948 most DSE recruits were Macedonian LightLight Machineguns:Mortars: 27 81 air defense guns.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Review of Samothrace 3: the Hieron, by Phyllis Williams Lehmann Brunilde S
    Bryn Mawr College Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College Classical and Near Eastern Archaeology Faculty Classical and Near Eastern Archaeology Research and Scholarship 1971 Review of Samothrace 3: The Hieron, by Phyllis Williams Lehmann Brunilde S. Ridgway Bryn Mawr College, [email protected] Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy . Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.brynmawr.edu/arch_pubs Part of the Classical Archaeology and Art History Commons, and the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Custom Citation Ridgway, Brunilde S. 1971. Review of Samothrace 3: The Hieron, by Phyllis Williams Lehmann. American Journal of Archaeology 75:100-102. This paper is posted at Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College. http://repository.brynmawr.edu/arch_pubs/73 For more information, please contact [email protected]. 100 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [AJA 75 ing health of Professor Schweitzer forced him to cease tion, the painstaking presentation of evidence and espe- writing in 1964. Research into the nature of geo- cially the elegant format of these three volumes. For metric art has proceeded at an extremely fast pace since such typographical quality it is perhaps a small price that time, and it is regrettable that more of the re- to pay that the book took several years in printing cent studies could not have been incorporated into this (the Preface is dated July 1965), although some re- volume. However, an interpretation of the period as cent publications could not therefore be taken into ac- it was known in 1964 is not without value, although count.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sanctuary of Despotiko in the Cyclades. Excavations 2001–2012
    https://publications.dainst.org iDAI.publications ELEKTRONISCHE PUBLIKATIONEN DES DEUTSCHEN ARCHÄOLOGISCHEN INSTITUTS Dies ist ein digitaler Sonderdruck des Beitrags / This is a digital offprint of the article Yannos Kourayos – Kornelia Daifa – Aenne Ohnesorg – Katarina Papajanni The Sanctuary of Despotiko in the Cyclades. Excavations 2001–2012 aus / from Archäologischer Anzeiger Ausgabe / Issue 2 • 2012 Seite / Page 93–174 https://publications.dainst.org/journals/aa/123/4812 • urn:nbn:de:0048-journals.aa-2012-2-p93-174-v4812.0 Verantwortliche Redaktion / Publishing editor Redaktion der Zentrale | Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Weitere Informationen unter / For further information see https://publications.dainst.org/journals/aa ISSN der Online-Ausgabe / ISSN of the online edition 2510-4713 Verlag / Publisher Hirmer Verlag GmbH, München ©2017 Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Zentrale, Podbielskiallee 69–71, 14195 Berlin, Tel: +49 30 187711-0 Email: [email protected] / Web: dainst.org Nutzungsbedingungen: Mit dem Herunterladen erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen (https://publications.dainst.org/terms-of-use) von iDAI.publications an. Die Nutzung der Inhalte ist ausschließlich privaten Nutzerinnen / Nutzern für den eigenen wissenschaftlichen und sonstigen privaten Gebrauch gestattet. Sämtliche Texte, Bilder und sonstige Inhalte in diesem Dokument unterliegen dem Schutz des Urheberrechts gemäß dem Urheberrechtsgesetz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Die Inhalte können von Ihnen nur dann genutzt und vervielfältigt werden, wenn Ihnen dies im Einzelfall durch den Rechteinhaber oder die Schrankenregelungen des Urheberrechts gestattet ist. Jede Art der Nutzung zu gewerblichen Zwecken ist untersagt. Zu den Möglichkeiten einer Lizensierung von Nutzungsrechten wenden Sie sich bitte direkt an die verantwortlichen Herausgeberinnen/Herausgeber der entsprechenden Publikationsorgane oder an die Online-Redaktion des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts ([email protected]).
    [Show full text]
  • Mycenaean Reminiscence in the Area Samothrace – Hemus Valeria Phol
    Mycenaean Reminiscence in the area Samothrace – Hemus Valeria Phol (Summary) The report represents the hypothesis about the Samothrace as an area center between Ida in Phrygia, Aton and Thrace of the oral mysterious – consecrated belief, formed during the Mycenaean period in the Aegean Sea cultural area. In the earliest period the ceremonial is implemented in rock formed belief topos, modified and updated during and after the Classical Era in Hellenes cultural – linguistic area. In Thrace clear clues from the Mycenaean period are preserved because of the social – political kingdoms structure. Because of the Samothrace location against the outflow of Maritsa river – “the door” of the Aegean Sea toward the European Thrace, it can be characterized even in the Mycenaean period as a key center of oral mysterious belief and the king ideology with influence onto wide group of believers until the Early Christian Era. (TEXT) The Mycenaean traditions in which belongs the Thrace are stick in belief topos from the Ancient times, which fall into the Hellenes cultural – linguistic area through the first 2-3 centuries of 1 millennium B.C. The traditions accepted their Hellenes Classical character around 5 century B.C. In Thrace the Mycenaean traditions in political structure and religiosity continuous their existence even after 5 century B.C. The process of cultural – historic and religious continuity, which is implemented by Hellenization between Mycenaean, Geometric, Archaic and Classical Eras are not interrupted during the following periods. In Southeast Europe they can be followed with relatively enough written, archaeological, graphic, and epigraphic materials for a long period of time of one of the most important belief toposes, in which is the transition from abstract belief toward the personified religiosity.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Energy Production and Consumption in Greece: a Review
    RECENT ADVANCES in ENVIRONMENT, ECOSYSTEMS and DEVELOPMENT Sustainable energy production and consumption in Greece: A review V. Vita, M. Peikou, P. Kaltakis, A. Goutis, L. Ekonomou A.S.PE.T.E. - School of Pedagogical and Technological Education, Department of Electric Educators, Ν. Ηeraklion, 141 21 Athens, Greece e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Electricity is considered to be one of the most important and vital goods. Each country should be energy independent and efficient in order to cope with its citizens needs and abstain political, economical and social after effects. Greek electrification initiated and evolved in a much slower pace than the rest of Europe. The foundation of the Public Power Cooperation S.A. (PPC) in 1950 was one of the most significant steps for essential, more organized and further growth of electrification. In this paper a thorough analysis of the Greek electrical energy sources, such as lignite, oil, natural gas, hydroelectric power and renewable energy sources is made and their percentage participation in electrical energy production is examined. After obtaining a broad picture of the current electrical energy production state in Greece, it is concluded that there is the need for the development of environmental friendly unexploited energy forms. Several measures towards that direction combined with Greek policy and objectives are demonstrated. Key-Words: Production; Renewable Energy Sources (RES); Public Power Corporation S.A. (PPC); Policy. 1. Introduction 2. Historical energy retrospection of Greece The advantages of electric energy against other 2.1 Period before the foundation of the Public forms of energy are: a) the instantly transformation Power Cooperation S.A.
    [Show full text]
  • 3Rd HELLENIC SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE in APICULTURE- SERICULTURE Thessaloniki 21-22 April 2007
    3rd HELLENIC SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE IN APICULTURE- SERICULTURE Thessaloniki 21-22 April 2007 HELLENIC SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY OF APICULTURE- SERICULTURE NUMBER OF DRONE CELLS IN THE NATURAL-BUILT HONEYCOMBS OF A. M. MACEDONICA Goras G., Dislis S., Konstas N., Thrasyvoulou A. Laboratory of Apiculture – Sericulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, . [email protected] Beekeeping as a biological agriculture requires the replacement of all of the honeycombs. Using frames with foundation comb provides uniformity with minimal structure of dronecells but biological wax is limited and it is not always free of residues. As a solution it could be proposed to “force” bees to build the frames without using foundation combs, but in this case, the number of dronecells would be higher. This number depends on the bee race but there in no paper that it refers to this characteristic for the indigenous of Greece. In this paper present the first data concerns the production of dronecells in beecolonies with and without foundation comb. The experimental group provided with frames with foundation comb, produced less drone cells (0,03% per bee colony) in relation to the second group, which built natural honeycombs and so produced more dronecells (20,6% per bee colony). These average numbers present significant differences and this is also occurs after the comparison of the number of worker cells that the two experimental groups produced. First group produced mainly worker cells (99,97% per colony), while the second group produced 79,3% worker cells per colony. Finally we can establish that in each experimental group there is a great variance among the colonies that concerns the number of dronecells, regardless of the use (CV% : 316,7%) or not (CV% : 67%) foundation combs.
    [Show full text]
  • GREEKS and PRE-GREEKS: Aegean Prehistory and Greek
    GREEKS AND PRE-GREEKS By systematically confronting Greek tradition of the Heroic Age with the evidence of both linguistics and archaeology, Margalit Finkelberg proposes a multi-disciplinary assessment of the ethnic, linguistic and cultural situation in Greece in the second millennium BC. The main thesis of this book is that the Greeks started their history as a multi-ethnic population group consisting of both Greek- speaking newcomers and the indigenous population of the land, and that the body of ‘Hellenes’ as known to us from the historic period was a deliberate self-creation. The book addresses such issues as the structure of heroic genealogy, the linguistic and cultural identity of the indigenous population of Greece, the patterns of marriage be- tween heterogeneous groups as they emerge in literary and historical sources, the dialect map of Bronze Age Greece, the factors respon- sible for the collapse of the Mycenaean civilisation and, finally, the construction of the myth of the Trojan War. margalit finkelberg is Professor of Classics at Tel Aviv University. Her previous publications include The Birth of Literary Fiction in Ancient Greece (1998). GREEKS AND PRE-GREEKS Aegean Prehistory and Greek Heroic Tradition MARGALIT FINKELBERG cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521852166 © Margalit Finkelberg 2005 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
    [Show full text]
  • Samothrace:Sixth Preliminaryreport
    SAMOTHRACE:SIXTH PRELIMINARYREPORT (PLATES 1-9) T HIS report will present some major results and finds of the sixth campaign of excavations in the Sanctuary of the Great Gods of Samothrace1 carried out by the Archaeological Research Fund of New York University under the auspices of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens during the summer of 1951. We continued our gradual exploration of the core of the vast sanctuary. In the preceding campaigns,2 we have fully excavated the northern two-thirds of this most important section of the sanctuary: progressing from the archaic initiation hall, 1 The campaign lasted from June 17 to August 30. The staff under my direction was again composed as follows: Dr. Phyllis Williams Lehmann, Associate Professor at Smith College, our assistant field director; Mr. Stuart M. Shaw, of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, who directs the architectural work and was assisted by Mr. Alec Daykin, instructor in architecture at the University of Sheffield, England; Mr. Thomas Todd of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University; Mr. A. C. Thompson, B. A. Princeton University, and Miss Elaine Loeffler, B. A. Smith College, both students at the Institute, joined our staff as did Mr. Denys Spittle of the Royal Commission for Monuments, England, who assisted in the architectural work. We are particularly indebted to the institutions concerned, Sheffield University and the Royal Commission, as well as to The Metropolitan Museum of Art for generous leaves granted to the above-mentioned members of their staffs. Mr. A. Vavritzos, inspector of antiquities in Mytilene, served as representative of the Greek government and we are highly appreciative of his pleasant cooperation and practical skill.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeological Museum of Paros Displays a Col- KJ Sanctuary
    PAROS GREECE his is Paros, in the mid- T dle of the island group known as the Cyclades, in the middle of the beau- tiful blue Aegean Sea. Here it is possible to get away from the hustle and bustle of life and relax while exploring lovely traditional villages. On the other hand if its fun, excitement and a day at the beach you’re looking for…you’ll find that too. Parikia is the main town on Paros. It is quaint by any standards. Whitewashed buildings set off the bright colors of the bougainvilleas. The streets are narrow yet easy to walk while shopping among HISTORY the many stores or searching out a nice café. She originally comes from a small place on the island of Paros called The Island of Paros has been inhabited for thou- Marathi. It is little more than a deeply scarred and desolate hill a couple sands of years. People came to find a quiet place miles east of Parikia. Despite such humble beginnings, she has been, and to live, fish, farm, and tend their groves. Over the perhaps always will be regarded as one of the most beautiful women in centuries significant political and military affairs the world. And through it all the beautiful woman from Paros has never unfolded throughout this part of the world. Little once uttered a word of complaint or given voice to pity or pretention. Paros was frequently swept up in chaos over which the islanders had little control. Except per- As is the case throughout many of the Greek islands, archeological ex- haps for the thousands of Roman Empire slaves cavations indicate that Paros may have been inhabited as far back as brought to work the quarries, everyone else, 3000 BC.
    [Show full text]
  • Samothrace.:Supplementary Investigations, 1968-1977
    SAMOTHRACE.:SUPPLEMENTARY INVESTIGATIONS, 1968-1977 (PLATES 1-16) N successive summer campaigns, the Institute of Fine Arts of New York Uni- versity has continued investigations for the American School of Classical Studies in the Sanctuary of the Great Gods in Samothrace (P1. 1).' Along with preparation for final publication of earlier results, supplementary excavation was carried out in five areas of the Sanctuary: the Propylon of Ptolemy II (Fig. 1: 26), the Eastern Hill (24-25), the periphery of the great Hellenistic Stoa (11) and the slopes east of it (7-10), the northern terrace of the Western Hill (1-4), and the Anaktoron and Rotunda of Arsinoe II (20-23), together with the hillside directly above them (28).2 ' Abbreviations: Guide Karl Lehinann, Santothrace. A Guide to the Excavations and the Museumt,Locust Valley, N. Y. 1955. Guide2 Idem, 2nd ed., Locust Valley, N. Y. 1960. Guide' Idemn,3rd ed., revised and enlarged, Locust Valley, N. Y. 1966. Guide4 Idem, 4th ed., revised and enlarged, Locust Valley, N. Y. 1975. S, I A. Conze, A. Hauser, G. Niemann, Archaologische Untersuchungen auf Samo- thrake, Vienna 1875. S, II A. Conze, A. Hauser, 0. Benndorf, Neue archZiologische Untersuchungen auf Samothrake, Vienna 1880. Samothrace, 2, I P. M. Fraser, Samothrace, 2, I, The Inscriptions on Stone, New York 1960. Samothrace, 2, II K. Lehmann, Sanothrace, 2, II, The Inscriptions on Ceramics and Minor Objects, New York 1960. Samothrace, 3 P. W. Lehmann, Samothrace, 3, The Hieron, Princeton 1969. Samothrace, 4, II K. Lehmann and D. Spittle, Samothrace, 4, II, The Altar Court, New York 1964.
    [Show full text]
  • (~4 ½” High, Limestone) [Fertility Statue] MESOPOTAMIA Sumerian: Female Head from Uruk, (Goddess Inanna?) (C
    ART HISTORY The Human 1 Figure throughout The Ages Paleolithic: Venus of Willendorf; Willendorf, Austria (c. 28,000 – 25,000 BC) (~4 ½” high, limestone) [fertility statue] MESOPOTAMIA Sumerian: Female Head from Uruk, (goddess Inanna?) (c. 3,200 – 3,000 BC) [Marble, Sculpture] (stolen from Baghdad Museum – found in someone’s back yard) Akkadian: Head of an Akkadian Ruler, from Nineveh, (c. 2,250 – 2,200 BC) [Bronze, Sculpture] Babylonian: Stele of Hammurabi, (c. 1,780 BC), Present day Iran [Babylonian Civic Code Marker] (basalt) Hammurabi: (1,792 – 1,750 BC) Babylon’s strongest king: centralized power in Mesopotamia Sumerian: Statuettes of Abu, from the Temple at Tell Asmar (c. 2,700 BC) Imagery: Abstraction, Realism Detail: Worshippers, (gypsum inlay with shell and black limestone) [Iraq Museum] Symbolism: The Four Evangelists Matthew John attribute: attribute: winged human eagle symbolizes: symbolizes: humanity, reason sky, heavens, spirit Mark attribute: Luke winged lion attribute: winged ox symbolizes: royalty, courage, symbolizes9: resurrection sacrifice, strength Assyrian: Lamassu, (winged, human-headed bull -citadel of Sargon II) (c. 720 - 705 BC), Present day Iraq (limestone) Assyrian: Ashurbanipal Hunting Lions, (c. 645 - 640 BC), Present day Iraq [Relief sculpture from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal] (gypsum) EGYPT front back Ancient Egyptian (Early Dynasty): Palette of King Narmer, (c. 3,000 - 2920 BC), (~2’ 1” high) [Egyptian eye makeup palette] (slate) Explanation of Palette of King Narmer The earliest example of the Egyptian style, which is called "Frontalism", can be seen in the Palette of Narmer which is considered to be an early blueprint of the formula of figure representation that was to rule Egyptian art for 3,000 years.The Palette of Narmer was originally used as a tablet to prepare eye makeup for protecting the eyes against sun glare and irritation.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronology of the Aegean Bronze Age
    Chronology of the Aegean Bronze Age Bronze Age Minoan Cycladic Helladic Crete Aegean Islands Greek mainland Early 3000-2100 3000-1900 3000-2100 Middle I 2100-1900 1900-1600 2100-1550 II 1900-1700 III 1700-1600 Late I 1600-1450 1600-1050 I 1550-1500 II 1450-1400 II 1500-1400 IIIab 1400-1200 IIIab 1400-1200 IIIc 1200-1050 IIIc 1200-1050 Early to mid- Early Bronze Age 3000-2100 History of early Bronze Age Crete is not very clear because subse- quent development destroyed much of the archeological record, al- though a few early Bronze Age settlements have been discovered, such as Vasiliki and the sacred grotto of Eileithyia east of Iraklion. c. 2400-2200 Early Helladic and Cycladic Civilization High cultural development on mainland and Aegean islands Important sites included: Lerna, Asine, Tiryns in the Argolid Zygouries, Korakou in Corinthia Agios Kosmas in Attica Eutresis and Orchomenos in Boeotia Malthi in Messenia Thermi on Lesbos Poliochni on Lemnos Chalandriani on Syros Phylakopi on Melos Valuable obsidian from Melos was exported throughout the Mediterranean 2 Late Early Bronze Age c. 2200-2000 A number of locations were destroyed, esp. in the Argolid, Corinthia and the Cyclades. Possibly due to invasions from Anatolia of speakers of Indo-Euro- pean (Anatolian) languages (‘Luwians in Greece’ hypothesis) c. 2000 Another wave of destruction occurred, perhaps due to beginning invasions by Indo-European language speakers from the north (‘proto-Greeks’). 3 Middle Bronze Age 2000-1600 Immigration of Indo-European Greeks from the north. Decline of earlier Helladic culture. Signi!cant cultural interchange and intermarriage: Greek language and culture strongly in"uenced by earlier population.
    [Show full text]
  • Koukouni Text.Indd
    Chios dicta est… et in Aegæo sita mari Historical Archaeology and Heraldry on Chios Ioanna N. Koukouni Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978-1-78969-746-9 ISBN 978-1-78969-747-6 (e-Pdf) © Ioanna N. Koukouni and Archaeopress 2021 Cover: Cristoforo Buondelmonti, Liber Insularum Archipelagi (1420), Chios island, Aegean Sea All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com TO THE REVERED MEMORY OF MY FATHER AND OF MY GRANDPARENTS, AND ALL OUR NORTH-CHIOT ANCESTORS FOR THEY PLOUGHED THIS LAND WITH THE TEARS OF THEIR TOIL. I PAY THIS TRIBUTE Contents List of Figures, Maps and Plates ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������v Acknowledgements �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xiii Abbreviations ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xiv Introduction �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1
    [Show full text]