Introduction, Background, and Methodology 1.0 Introduction

Sadar Bazaar, a bustling, cosmopolitan area itage assets. These assets are recognized 1. Research and review international in ’s Cantonment, is home to a rich as tangible records of the past and a means best practices for managing and pro- array of cultural groups and architectural of protecting communities’ distinct identities moting cultural and architectural heri- styles, and is an area of signifcant historical in years ahead, while ensuring continued tage; value. Today, ‘Sadar Bazaar’ is known more functionality and economic sustainability to 2. Propose appropriate strategies to commonly as ‘Camp’ or ‘M.G. Road’, and serve contemporary needs. manage and promote architectural her- can be identifed as the area around itage in Sadar Bazaar; Market. It is loosely bounded by Ambedkar This project developed a community-based 3. Develop a heritage walking trail Road to the north, East Street to the east, heritage promotion and management strate- through Sadar Bazaar showcasing its Jaan Mohammed Street to the south, and gy for Sadar Bazaar. The proposed strategy historical, architectural, and cultural Convent Street to the west (see Map on supports Janwani, a social initiative of the heritage; and page 16). Mahratta Chamber of Commerce Industries 4. Create a ‘heritage walk’ toolkit that and Agriculture Pune, in fostering apprecia- may be used to design heritage walks Urban growth pressure and rising property tion for heritage among both locals and vis- in the future. values are prompting architectural and de- itors. mographic change in the area, most notably ‘Heritage,’ within the context of this report, the loss of heritage buildings and the devel- To achieve the project goals of supporting is used to refer to both people and places, opment of nondescript structures that de- heritage conservation efforts in Sadar Ba- encompassing the physical features of the tract from Sadar Bazaar’s historic character zaar and promoting the area as an architec- area, i.e. built heritage, and traditional or in- and sense of place (see Figure 1). There is, tural and cultural destination within Pune, tangible heritage. Both bottom-up and top- however, growing interest in heritage protec- four objectives were identifed. The project down strategies are required to effectively tion in Pune, with many organizations and team sought to: conserve heritage assets, but generating an communities working to preserve their her- appreciation of heritage among area proper- 1 ty owners is better suited to the local context and falls within the purview of non-govern- mental actors such as Janwani. Although policies are considered as part of the case study research, the report primarily focuses on strategies for community-based heritage promotion and management. The develop- ment and implementation of guidelines and policies to conserve heritage should follow once local stakeholders recognize the value of heritage conservation.

The proposed initiatives seek to engage lo- cal stakeholders in heritage conservation, with the intent of generating a sense of own- ership and recognition of heritage value, mobilizing stakeholders to protect historic buildings and other cultural assets.

Figure 1: Old and new buildings along MG Road 2 2.0 Background

The following section provides context on established in the area between the Bhai- in village (Diddee & Gupta, 2013). the history and character of the study area, roba Nala and Manik Nala streams, where and identifes important actors involved in it continues to operate as a military facil- The Cantonment embraced two pre-existing heritage conservation. Understanding the ity to this day. A smaller cantonment was villages, Ghorpadi in the north and Wana- area’s history, existing conditions, and pol- also set up, north of the Mula-, wadi in the south, but was for the most part icy context is essential to the development of a relevant and feasible heritage manage- ment strategy.

2.1 History of the Sadar Bazaar

British forces assumed control of Pune fol- lowing the in November 1817. By 1819, the British forces had re- located from in the centre of the old city (see Figure 2), to an area east of the old city, in what is now the Civ- il Lines neighbourhood, to reduce tensions with the local population (Diddee & Gup- ta, 2013). When additional troops arrived from Bombay (now ), the camp was moved further southeast and a cantonment Figure 2: The Shaniwar Wada (Sinha, 2013) 3 privately owned by feudal landlords. Nego- The area surrounding the military zone was of the 19th century (Diddee & Gupta, 2013). tiations over land acquisition were complet- used for the lodgings of offcers and their The bazaar was generally where commer- ed belatedly in 1827, by which time much of families. This area was characterized by cial activities would take place. In addition the Cantonment was already built (Diddee & bungalows reminiscent of English cottages, to smaller bazaars in Wanawadi, Ghorpadi, Gupta, 2013). surrounded by colourful English-style gar- and Sholapur Road, a larger piece of land dens on plots sized by military rank. As a was dedicated at the west of the Canton- The Cantonment was developed to suit the planned, suburban environment, it was very ment for the main commercial area, Sadar needs of the British colonialists, and con- different from the old city. The largest plots Bazaar (Diddee & Gupta, 2013). Located sisted of low-density, low-rise developments were reserved for the most senior offcers between the camp and the old city, Sadar divided into three main land use areas – mili- and occupied as much as two acres (Did- Bazaar by the end of the 19th century be- tary, bungalow, and bazaar (Diddee & Gupta, dee & Gupta, 2013). Bungalows were built came the primary economic hub in Pune, 2013). A large central area was dedicated to on high plinths, with large verandahs, high with over 2,400 houses and 700 shops. The military uses, and became home to parade ceilings, and windows and doors placed to British forces it served replaced local court- grounds, a race course, messes, stores, ar- maximize air circulation but minimize sun iers as the city’s most lucrative consumer mouries, hospitals, and barracks. The orig- penetration. Each plot had its own well, and segment (Diddee & Gupta, 2013). inal soldiers’ tents were soon replaced by dwellings featured separate kitchens to con- long, low, tiled-roof hutments, which in turn tain smoke and smells. Servants’ quarters Sadar Bazaar was laid out by the British were later replaced by permanent barracks. were also located separately on the prop- with narrow east-west streets connecting As soldiers began to die from tropical diseas- erty. British offcers had many servants and four wide north-south streets: Main Street es, the built form of the barracks changed to enjoyed a lifestyle many of them could not (now Mahatma Gandhi Road - See Figure prioritize air circulation and hygienic condi- afford in Britain (Diddee & Gupta, 2013). 3), Centre Street, East Street, and West tions. Later barracks for British troops had Street. The roads were lined with trees and high ceilings with windows high on the walls, Offcers usually did not own their own bun- had open gutters on both sides, although in and the rooms were raised on high plinths galows, as they were regularly rotated be- some places these were covered with slabs surrounded by deep verandahs to shield tween postings in Britain and abroad. As a of stone. Main Street was especially well- living quarters from the sun and “noxious result, it became commonplace for Indians treed. Plots of land were assigned to Indians vapours.” Native troops, who were more from the old city or Sadar Bazaar to purchase along these streets, where they could erect accustomed to the local climate, had more the units and lease them out. Though they shops and houses (Diddee & Gupta, 2013). traditional and cheaply-built barracks similar owned the buildings, Indians were not per- to the old hutments (Diddee & Gupta, 2013). mitted to reside in the bungalows until the end Initially, thatched huts were built in rows 5 with a variety of building materials and sty- listic elements (Diddee & Gupta, 2013).

The earliest groups to take up residence and establish shops in Sadar Bazaar were grain dealers from Marwar and Gujarat who followed the British army (Diddee & Gupta, 2013). There was already a large grain-trad- ing industry in Pune, and many existing grain dealers opened branches in Camp or relocated entirely from the old city to peths near Sadar Bazaar to be closer to the new consumer base (Diddee & Gupta, 2013).

Another early group was the Parsis, who had previously supplied the British army in Bom- bay and Sirur, Karnataka. They introduced “Europe Shops,” selling timepieces, grocer- Figure 3: Main Street, Now Mahatma Gandhi Road. (Diddee & Gupta, 2013) ies, textiles, liquor, wine, and products pre- viously not found in Pune. They would later along Main Street and Taboot Street. As the For the most part, bazaar residents built establish the city’s frst ice-making factory street grid was laid out and expanded, the two or three-storey houses, with shops on and photography studios. Increasingly pros- huts were replaced with permanent struc- the ground foor and dwellings above, in perous, the Parsi community became major tures. While the British designed the street the traditional Indian style (Diddee & Gup- landowners, including in Civil Lines, where plan, established building codes, and con- ta, 2013). Although plots of land were small, they built bungalows to lease to British off- ducted regular inspections to enforce clean- the traditional Indian courtyard plan re- cers (Diddee & Gupta, 2013). liness and code adherence, the residents of mained popular. Building facades were the Sadar Bazaar were free to design their own medium for property owners to showcase Another successful community was the buildings (Diddee & Gupta, 2013). the architectural styles of their places of ori- Bohris Muslims, who were already well es- gin, and so an eclectic streetscape evolved tablished as hardware traders in the old 6 city and successfully shifted their business very heterogeneous and cosmopolitan. Its til the 20th century; this, despite the old city to Sadar Bazaar, where they also dealt in various cultures distributed themselves into holding its frst democratic election in 1883 Chinaware and textile imports from England ethnicity or profession-based enclaves, in (Diddee & Gupta, 2013). (Diddee & Gupta, 2013). keeping with the traditional Indian urbanism found in old Pune (Diddee & Gupta, 2013). Though the economy of Sadar Bazaar was Bene-Israelis, the “Sons of Israel”, arrived based on serving the needs of the British in the mid-1800s and were considered to In addition to the economic activities men- military camp, bazaar residents did not so- be “a rising class.” Because they closed tioned above, businesses in Sadar Bazaar cially intermingle with either the British sol- their shops on Saturdays, they were called included money lending, carpentry, book diers and offcers or the residents of the old the “Shaniwar Telis”. They prospered and binding, coach building, hat making, shoe city of Pune (Diddee & Gupta, 2013). They came to live in large houses of two storeys making, hair cutting, masonry, contracting, existed in a self-sustaining community which or more, and own a great deal of property and trade in textiles, timepieces, clothing, was more heterogeneous and cosmopolitan (Diddee & Gupta, 2013). groceries, and other merchandise, both lo- than either the Camp or the old city. cally made and imported. The frst cinemas Other prominent ethnic groups in Sadar Ba- arrived in the bazaar in the early 20th centu- zaar in the 19th century were the Memon ry, introducing a new form of entertainment Muslims from Bombay, Christians from Goa, (Diddee & Gupta, 2013). Kamathis, and various other Indians, Eur- asians, and Europeans (Diddee & Gupta, To manage the Cantonment, the British es- 2013). Prominent castes included Shimp- tablished a committee consisting of nine is and Deshastha Brahmins. Languages British offcials and four civilian residents of spoken in the bazaar at this time included the Cantonment, and installed the Canton- Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati, Kutchi, Telugu, ment Magistrate. Solely controlling the judi- Tamil, and English. Religious institutions ciary, police, jail, registrar, conservancy, and included Hindu, Jewish, and Jain temples, sanitation, the magistrate ruled autocratical- Muslim masjids and dargahs, Christian ly with little resistance from the Cantonment churches, and Zoroastrian agiaries (Diddee Committee (Diddee & Gupta, 2013). Re- & Gupta, 2013). sentment towards the magistrate manifest- ed in periodic protests in the 19th century, The population of Sadar Bazaar was thus but the system of governance remained un- 7 2.2. Existing Conditions Sadar Bazaar today remains a cosmopoli- 2.3 Policy Context tan and heterogeneous community. Areas Pune Cantonment today has a population within it retain names based on 19th century Heritage conservation in is support- of over 67,000, a decline from its population ethnic enclaves such as Shimpi Ali and Teli ed by the central, state, and local govern- in 1981 of 86,000 (see Figure 4) (Pektar & Ali, though the demographics of these areas ments, as well as by non-governmental Diwan, 2012). Land use in Sadar Bazaar have changed and many enclaves have dis- organizations (NGOs). As the central and is approximately one-third residential, one- persed or relocated within the Cantonment state governments focus primarily on major ffth commercial, one-ffth road network, and the surrounding peths (Diddee & Gupta, archaeological sites and prominent Indian one-seventh mixed-use, one-tenth ameni- 2013). To summarize and organize relevant monuments, local governments and civic or- ties and services, and less than one-twen- considerations to our project, we performed ganizations have assumed the responsibility tieth open space (see Figure 5) (Pektar & a preliminary, pre-feldwork SWOC analysis to protect local heritage, which largely takes Diwan, 2012). which can be seen in Appendix 2.1 the form of historic buildings, structures, and

Figure 4: Pune Cantonment Population Figure 5: Land Uses in Sadar Bazaar 8 sites (Republic of India, 1958; State of Ma- The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Re- festival, and distributed promotional mate- harashtra, 1960). In the Cantonment area newal Mission (PCB, 2013a), a central gov- rials to increase public awareness of local of Pune, the protection of local heritage has ernment initiative aimed at improving infra- heritage. Janwani has taken a leading role been acknowledged by local government, structure and quality of life in Indian cities, in increasing the profle of heritage in Pune. though NGOs have taken a leading role in outlined a model City Development Plan heritage promotion and protection activities. for the PCB in 2013. The plan, which will 2.3.3: INTACH help guide the Cantonment’s future devel- 2.3.1: opment, speaks directly to the need for im- Founded in 1984, the Indian National Trust proved conservation measures (JnNURM, for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) is an The Pune Cantonment Board (PCB) is a 2013). In response, the PCB acknowledged NGO dedicated to the preservation of Indian body of civic administration responsible for the importance of heritage protection and cultural heritage (INTACH, 2014). INTACH the Pune Cantonment, its present mandate accepted a planning framework that encour- lists and documents heritage structures and stemming from the Cantonments Act, 2006. ages progress on this fle. properties through local chapters, and de- The PCB is distinct from the Pune Munic- velops recommendations to promote heri- ipal Corporation, which manages the city 2.3.2: Janwani tage protection in government policy. The government. The PCB is responsible for the organization works both independently and Cantonment’s administration, and manages Meaning “voice of the people,” Janwani is a in partnership with other government and utilities and basic infrastructure, hospitals, social initiative dedicated to the promotion non-government bodies. primary schooling, taxation, and the prepa- of sustainable and equitable development ration and implementation of town planning in Pune (Janwani, 2014). Formed in 2006 schemes (PCB, 2013). Though cantonment with support form the Mahratta Chamber of boards have discretionary power to provide Commerce Industries and Agriculture, the for the maintenance and preservation of his- organization employs a community-based torical monuments and archeological sites, approach, involving both government and the PCB has to date been reluctant to in- non-government actors, to improve quality volve itself in the protection of local heritage of life. Its projects address a range of focus (Republic of India, 2006). Consequently, areas, such as urban planning, transporta- conservation efforts in the Cantonment have tion, governance, and the environment. In focused largely on religious heritage, led by the area of heritage, Janwani has devel- religious groups and NGOs. oped walks, organized an annual heritage 9 3.0 Methodology

The project team used a variety of comple- tity, urban design, and streetscape assess- precedents and best practices relevant to mentary qualitative methods to guide the ment. The team also used secondary data the project. reaserch process and achieve identifed sources to analyze several case studies of goals and objectives. The combination of research techniques and varied sources of information allowed for in-depth study of heritage promotion and helped to validate project conclusions and recommendations.

3.1 Literature & Document Review

Prior to travelling to Pune, the project team conducted detailed background research and analysis of secondary data to build a good understanding of Pune, its history, and how to approach heritage manage- ment and promotion in the Indian context. The team also familiarized itself with plan- ning processes, legislative framework, and heritage strategies in Pune, India. In addi- tion, the team studied literature on heritage Figure 6: Conducting the workshop at BVDU conservation, public space and place iden- 10 3.2 Workshop into two sections, one observing key heri- 3.2). The revised assessment tool includes tage sites identifed by Janwani and work- the following components, as described in Prior to commencing feldwork in Pune, shop participants, the other assessing street Figure 7 below: (See Appendix 3.3 for fur- the project team conducted a workshop segments connecting the sites (For details ther elaboration). at Deemed University regarding the instrument see Appendix (BVDU) College of Architecture to gain feed- back on the background research and to in- form the direction of the feld research (see Figure 6). The ffteen workshop participants included representatives from Janwani, lo- cal architecture and heritage conservation professionals, and BVDU faculty and stu- dents. (For details regarding the workshop see Appendix 3.1).

3.3 Site and Route Observation

3.3.1 Assessment Tool

Drawing from the literature and document review, the team created an integrated streetscape audit instrument for creating the heritage walk. Following the workshop and feedback from Janwani, the tool was adjust- ed to adopt an approach better suited to the context of Sadar Bazaar.

Revisions made to the integrated streets- cape audit tool included dividing the audit Figure 7: Site and route assessment categories and indicators 11 Adjustments to the assessment tool ensured highest and offered the most pleasant expe- that all sites chosen for the route were sig- rience. The draft route was then tested and nifcant in adding architectural, commercial, further adjusted. culinary, cultural, or religious aspects to the trail. Observing and analyzing street seg- 3.4 Key Informant Interviews ments within the study area was key to en- suring that the most diverse and enjoyable In addition to the input gained from the routes were selected, while remaining mind- workshop and feldwork analysis, several ful of characteristics such as ease of travel key informant interviews were conducted to and accessibility, comfort, physical design. discuss heritage promotion strategies in Sa- dar Bazaar and the team’s overall research 3.3.2 Fieldwork approach.

Over four days, the project team, with the The project team conducted seven assistance of six BVDU students, complet- semi-structured interviews with local in- ed 44 site assessments and 45 street seg- formants. The interviewees represented a ment assessments (see Appendix 3.4). As- range of backgrounds and skillsets, includ- sessments were conducted during morning ing professional architects, urban design- hours, refecting the normal time the walk ers, professors, and master’s students (see would occur. The data collected was then Appendix 3.6). compiled and analyzed by each assessment group (see Appendix 3.5). The interviews provided opportunity for dia- Figure 8: Fieldwork with BVDU students logue on topics ranging from the economic 3.3.3 Establishing a Route benefts of heritage in Pune, the importance of public-private partnership, and advice for After completing feldwork, a subgroup of the creation of the heritage trail. This also four team members compared their fndings allowed for constructive feedback and sug- to identify sites and routes for the trail. Multi- gestions, as well as validation of the team’s ple maps of the study area were annotated, method in completing the project. indicating which sites and streets ranked the 12