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Introduction, Background, and Methodology 1.0 Introduction Sadar Bazaar, a bustling, cosmopolitan area itage assets. These assets are recognized 1. Research and review international in Pune’s Cantonment, is home to a rich as tangible records of the past and a means best practices for managing and pro- array of cultural groups and architectural of protecting communities’ distinct identities moting cultural and architectural heri- styles, and is an area of signifcant historical in years ahead, while ensuring continued tage; value. Today, ‘Sadar Bazaar’ is known more functionality and economic sustainability to 2. Propose appropriate strategies to commonly as ‘Camp’ or ‘M.G. Road’, and serve contemporary needs. manage and promote architectural her- can be identifed as the area around Shivaji itage in Sadar Bazaar; Market. It is loosely bounded by Ambedkar This project developed a community-based 3. Develop a heritage walking trail Road to the north, East Street to the east, heritage promotion and management strate- through Sadar Bazaar showcasing its Jaan Mohammed Street to the south, and gy for Sadar Bazaar. The proposed strategy historical, architectural, and cultural Convent Street to the west (see Map on supports Janwani, a social initiative of the heritage; and page 16). Mahratta Chamber of Commerce Industries 4. Create a ‘heritage walk’ toolkit that and Agriculture Pune, in fostering apprecia- may be used to design heritage walks Urban growth pressure and rising property tion for heritage among both locals and vis- in the future. values are prompting architectural and de- itors. mographic change in the area, most notably ‘Heritage,’ within the context of this report, the loss of heritage buildings and the devel- To achieve the project goals of supporting is used to refer to both people and places, opment of nondescript structures that de- heritage conservation efforts in Sadar Ba- encompassing the physical features of the tract from Sadar Bazaar’s historic character zaar and promoting the area as an architec- area, i.e. built heritage, and traditional or in- and sense of place (see Figure 1). There is, tural and cultural destination within Pune, tangible heritage. Both bottom-up and top- however, growing interest in heritage protec- four objectives were identifed. The project down strategies are required to effectively tion in Pune, with many organizations and team sought to: conserve heritage assets, but generating an communities working to preserve their her- appreciation of heritage among area proper- 1 ty owners is better suited to the local context and falls within the purview of non-govern- mental actors such as Janwani. Although policies are considered as part of the case study research, the report primarily focuses on strategies for community-based heritage promotion and management. The develop- ment and implementation of guidelines and policies to conserve heritage should follow once local stakeholders recognize the value of heritage conservation. The proposed initiatives seek to engage lo- cal stakeholders in heritage conservation, with the intent of generating a sense of own- ership and recognition of heritage value, mobilizing stakeholders to protect historic buildings and other cultural assets. Figure 1: Old and new buildings along MG Road 2 2.0 Background The following section provides context on established in the area between the Bhai- in Khadki village (Diddee & Gupta, 2013). the history and character of the study area, roba Nala and Manik Nala streams, where and identifes important actors involved in it continues to operate as a military facil- The Cantonment embraced two pre-existing heritage conservation. Understanding the ity to this day. A smaller cantonment was villages, Ghorpadi in the north and Wana- area’s history, existing conditions, and pol- also set up, north of the Mula-Mutha River, wadi in the south, but was for the most part icy context is essential to the development of a relevant and feasible heritage manage- ment strategy. 2.1 History of the Sadar Bazaar British forces assumed control of Pune fol- lowing the Battle of Khadki in November 1817. By 1819, the British forces had re- located from Shaniwar Wada in the centre of the old city (see Figure 2), to an area east of the old city, in what is now the Civ- il Lines neighbourhood, to reduce tensions with the local population (Diddee & Gup- ta, 2013). When additional troops arrived from Bombay (now Mumbai), the camp was moved further southeast and a cantonment Figure 2: The Shaniwar Wada Fort (Sinha, 2013) 3 privately owned by feudal landlords. Nego- The area surrounding the military zone was of the 19th century (Diddee & Gupta, 2013). tiations over land acquisition were complet- used for the lodgings of offcers and their The bazaar was generally where commer- ed belatedly in 1827, by which time much of families. This area was characterized by cial activities would take place. In addition the Cantonment was already built (Diddee & bungalows reminiscent of English cottages, to smaller bazaars in Wanawadi, Ghorpadi, Gupta, 2013). surrounded by colourful English-style gar- and Sholapur Road, a larger piece of land dens on plots sized by military rank. As a was dedicated at the west of the Canton- The Cantonment was developed to suit the planned, suburban environment, it was very ment for the main commercial area, Sadar needs of the British colonialists, and con- different from the old city. The largest plots Bazaar (Diddee & Gupta, 2013). Located sisted of low-density, low-rise developments were reserved for the most senior offcers between the camp and the old city, Sadar divided into three main land use areas – mili- and occupied as much as two acres (Did- Bazaar by the end of the 19th century be- tary, bungalow, and bazaar (Diddee & Gupta, dee & Gupta, 2013). Bungalows were built came the primary economic hub in Pune, 2013). A large central area was dedicated to on high plinths, with large verandahs, high with over 2,400 houses and 700 shops. The military uses, and became home to parade ceilings, and windows and doors placed to British forces it served replaced local court- grounds, a race course, messes, stores, ar- maximize air circulation but minimize sun iers as the city’s most lucrative consumer mouries, hospitals, and barracks. The orig- penetration. Each plot had its own well, and segment (Diddee & Gupta, 2013). inal soldiers’ tents were soon replaced by dwellings featured separate kitchens to con- long, low, tiled-roof hutments, which in turn tain smoke and smells. Servants’ quarters Sadar Bazaar was laid out by the British were later replaced by permanent barracks. were also located separately on the prop- with narrow east-west streets connecting As soldiers began to die from tropical diseas- erty. British offcers had many servants and four wide north-south streets: Main Street es, the built form of the barracks changed to enjoyed a lifestyle many of them could not (now Mahatma Gandhi Road - See Figure prioritize air circulation and hygienic condi- afford in Britain (Diddee & Gupta, 2013). 3), Centre Street, East Street, and West tions. Later barracks for British troops had Street. The roads were lined with trees and high ceilings with windows high on the walls, Offcers usually did not own their own bun- had open gutters on both sides, although in and the rooms were raised on high plinths galows, as they were regularly rotated be- some places these were covered with slabs surrounded by deep verandahs to shield tween postings in Britain and abroad. As a of stone. Main Street was especially well- living quarters from the sun and “noxious result, it became commonplace for Indians treed. Plots of land were assigned to Indians vapours.” Native troops, who were more from the old city or Sadar Bazaar to purchase along these streets, where they could erect accustomed to the local climate, had more the units and lease them out. Though they shops and houses (Diddee & Gupta, 2013). traditional and cheaply-built barracks similar owned the buildings, Indians were not per- to the old hutments (Diddee & Gupta, 2013). mitted to reside in the bungalows until the end Initially, thatched huts were built in rows 5 with a variety of building materials and sty- listic elements (Diddee & Gupta, 2013). The earliest groups to take up residence and establish shops in Sadar Bazaar were grain dealers from Marwar and Gujarat who followed the British army (Diddee & Gupta, 2013). There was already a large grain-trad- ing industry in Pune, and many existing grain dealers opened branches in Camp or relocated entirely from the old city to peths near Sadar Bazaar to be closer to the new consumer base (Diddee & Gupta, 2013). Another early group was the Parsis, who had previously supplied the British army in Bom- bay and Sirur, Karnataka. They introduced “Europe Shops,” selling timepieces, grocer- Figure 3: Main Street, Now Mahatma Gandhi Road. (Diddee & Gupta, 2013) ies, textiles, liquor, wine, and products pre- viously not found in Pune. They would later along Main Street and Taboot Street. As the For the most part, bazaar residents built establish the city’s frst ice-making factory street grid was laid out and expanded, the two or three-storey houses, with shops on and photography studios. Increasingly pros- huts were replaced with permanent struc- the ground foor and dwellings above, in perous, the Parsi community became major tures. While the British designed the street the traditional Indian style (Diddee & Gup- landowners, including in Civil Lines, where plan, established building codes, and con- ta, 2013). Although plots of land were small, they built bungalows to lease to British off- ducted regular inspections to enforce clean- the traditional Indian courtyard plan re- cers (Diddee & Gupta, 2013). liness and code adherence, the residents of mained popular. Building facades were the Sadar Bazaar were free to design their own medium for property owners to showcase Another successful community was the buildings (Diddee & Gupta, 2013).

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