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What Are Insects and How Can We Identify Them?

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What Are Insects and How Can We Identify Them? 9/25/2016 First, a shameless program plug! Vegetable IPM Program: Joe Ingerson-Mahar, Vegetable IPM Coordinator Kris Holmstrom, Vegetable Program Coordinator State-wide network of insect traps What are Insects and How Can We Conduct field scouting Identify Them? Research Education Joe Ingerson-Mahar Vegetable IPM Coordinator Grower meetings Rutgers University Regional and national meetings Plant and Pest Newsletters – maps of pest insects Web site: www.pestmanagement.rutgers.edu/IPM/Vegetable/ Phone: 732-932-9802 Question!! How many insect species are there in New Jersey? . Have you eaten an insect this morning? . 5,000 . Did you have a bowl of cereal, . 3,000,000 a bagel, croissant, toast, . 28,000,000 home made bread, English muffin or . estimated species in the world pancakes for breakfast this morning? A Dunkin Donut?? “No man can truly be called an If you did then you have eaten at least pieces entomologist, the subject is too vast.” of insects today. Author Olivier Wendel Holmes, sr 3 4 Number of species Where are they found? described estimated Vertebrates Invertebrates All described non-insects . Can you think of a place that they don’t Described insects live? Halobates water strider . In sea water. 67 species live Plants and fungi Estimated insect in the antarctic species . 250+ species live in the arctic 5 tundra 6 1 9/25/2016 Examples of beneficials – stinkbug feeding on a Importance of Insects potato beetle larva, and a honey bee seeking nectar. The Good . As human food (2 billion people, world-wide – Nat. Geo.) . As pollinators . As food for the food chain (fish, birds, mammals) Copyright © 2006 Sasha Azevedo . A part of the planet’s ecology – detritivores, scavengers Photo: Tonia Brown . Aesthetics – insect designs 7 8 The Bad Disease carriers . Malaria – estimated that ½ of all . As disease carriers human deaths throughout history . As crop pests were caused by malaria vectored by mosquitoes . As structural pests . 5 strains – Plasmodium falciparum worst Get those tarsi up in the air . Allegeries and phobias . Bubonic plague, typhus, dengue where I can see . Just simply annoying fever, chagas disease, sleeping them! sickness, yellow fever, West Nile . Inspirations for really bad virus, leishmaniasis (Baghdad boils) movies and chikungunya are other vectored diseases – mosquitoes, fleas, kissing bugs, tsetse flies, sand flies 9 Nuisances Head lice 11 12 2 9/25/2016 Crop Damage – pepper Pepper weevil adult weevil larval feeding Overall size – 3/16” Round compact abdomen Femur Tibia Long slender snout Elbowed, clubbed antennae Spur/spine on underside of femur 13 14 Brown marmorated Structural damage – subterranean termites, stinkbug Formosan termites, carpenter ants and others Termite castes Researchers at the University of Maryland report the state is being Reproductive invaded by stinkbugs. It's so bad that if you close your eyes and breathe, you think you're in New Jersey. - Jay Leno, Newsmaxx, 2010 Workers 15 Soldiers 16 Carpenter ant Clean, smooth gallery Soldier caste – note the large head 17 18 3 9/25/2016 Termite Carpenter Ants - castes reproductive Not only homes but…. F M waist soldier workers 19 20 Arthropoda = Jointed foot . Trilobites - extinct . Insects . Millipedes . Centipedes . Arachnids (spiders, mites, ticks, scorpians, pseudoscorpians, whip and wind scorpians) . Crustaceans (crabs, lobsters and crayfish, sow bugs, pill bugs) Good or Bad? 21 22 How to separate centipedes Non-Insects Photo by Drees. from millipedes (looking at Centipede the middle of the body) Orb weaver Tick 23 Behavior? 24 4 9/25/2016 # of legs… # of body regions The exoskeleton . Exoskeleton made of chitin . Gives the body strength, flexibility and prevents water loss . Limits the size insects can grow Abdomen Thorax Head I like a little iron in my diet! 25 26 A quick anatomy lesson Body organization Digestive . Hard exterior system Heart exoskeleton . Open circulatory Anus Stomach system inside Crop . Heart is located in Brain the abdomen . Thread-like tubules Spiracles carry oxygen Nervous system . Behold the “Bud bug” 27 28 Basic Bug In general……. You can identify insects by: . 3 body parts 1) Size – are little and big bugs the same species? . 6 legs 2) Color – light or dark?; pattern? Sex? . 1 pair of antennae 3) Shape…Shape – mimics? . 0,1, 2 pairs of wings This is called picture-booking! But you have to be careful. 29 30 5 9/25/2016 A spurious vein = Syrphidae Camel or cave crickets Copyright © 2005 tom murray 32 Some insects have aposomatic coloring – warning signs. Urticating hairs Saddle-backed caterpillar 33 34 Classification by How do they grow? development: . Incomplete metamorphosis . All arthropods shed their . Ametabolous exoskeletons as they grow . Paurometabolous . Insects may molt (shed) their . Hemimetabolous exoskeletons 3 to 30 times . Complete metamorphosis . The exoskeleton splits down . Holometabolous the back and the insect crawls out of it . Adults do not shed 35 36 6 9/25/2016 In summary - Examples of Holometabolous = Ametabolous development (primitive insects) nymphs = Paurometabolous niaids = Hemimetabolous (aquatic only) North Carolina State University = Holometabolous (most insects) 38 Illinois Department of Health larva pupa Pupae How insects are classified - based on wing development . Phylum Arthropoda . Class Hexapoda . Apterygote (Ametabolous) – wingless insects – primitive insects Typical moth pupa . Collembola – detritous Butterfly feeders, largely non- chrysalis pests . Thysanura – silverfish Silverfish – occasional nuisances in the home . Protura – detritus feeders – non-pests Stag beetle pupa 39 40 Robber fly pupa How insects are classified by wing development . Exopterygote – wings develop externally in the immature stages . Orthoptera – crickets, grasshoppers, cockroaches, praying mantids, walking sticks . Hemiptera – stinkbugs, squash bugs, toad bugs, many species of aquatic bugs Paurometabolous . Homoptera – aphids, scales, leafhoppers, froghoppers, planthoppers, cicadas Springtails or . Mallophaga – body lice Collembola . Anoplura – head lice . Odonata – dragonflies and damselflies Hemimetabolous . Ephemeroptera – mayflies . Plecoptera – stoneflies 41 42 7 9/25/2016 How insects are classified by Taxonomic classification wing development - where we want to end up . Endopterygote (Holometabolous) – wings are . Kingdom – Animalia not present in the immature stages but are present in the adult stages . Phylum – Arthropoda . Coleoptera – beetles . Class – Hexapoda . Lepidoptera – moths and butterflies . Order – Coleoptera . Diptera – flies . Hymenoptera – ants, bees and wasps . Family – Carabidae . Neuroptera – ant lions, lacewings, owl flies . Genus – Calosoma . Siphonoptera – fleas . Strepsiptera – beetle parasites . Species – scrutator . Thysanoptera - thrips 43 44 External structures to aid Antennae in identification . Antennae Antennae are very distinctive . Eyes and are often used to help differentiate insect orders and . Mouthparts families of beetles, particularly. Legs including tarsi . Wings 45 46 Moniliforn - beadlike Filiform – filament like . Examples . Examples 47 48 8 9/25/2016 Clavate, capitate - Paul McCleod What kind of antennae clubbed does this beetle have? . Examples Elbowed, also Symmetrical and clavate Asymmetrical 49 50 The Chews Serrate - sawlike Plumose - feathery Eyes Fly . Compound eyes - 2 with many facets – ommatidia . Simple eyes have but one facet Dragonfly ocellus – depending upon the insect there The Chews may be 0, 1, 2 or 3 – never in immatures The Chews 51 52 Emarginate eyes The compound eyes Compound eye wrap around the base of the antenna 3 ocelli or it appears as though there are 4 compound eyes Cerambycids have emarginate eyes 53 54 9 9/25/2016 Chewing Dragonfly – mouthparts predator, Mouthpart types eats flying insects Chewing – mandibles moving side to side 4 structures for Sucking – mouthparts have become mouthparts: 1) Upper lip elongated and designed to take up (labrum) fluids 2) Mandibles Lapping – mouthparts have modified to 3) Maxillae (hidden) become a spongy organ that filth flies 4) Lower use to lap up aqueous food lip (labium) 55 56 Mandibles . Mandibles may be toothed or have flat crushing surfaces. In plant feeders the mandibles are often covered by the upper and Flat bark beetle Labrum lower lips making them Mandible difficult to see. Labium Round headed Maxillae wood boring beetle 57 58 Different mandible types Mouthparts in ants . Sucking – the mandibles and other mouthparts have modified to become a beak designed to Theses 4 photos suck up liquid food courtesy of antweb.org Minute pirate bug killing a thrip 59 60 10 9/25/2016 c Sponging lapping b a mouthparts of a muscid fly a) Maxillary palps b) Mouthparts – modified mandibles and maxillae Mouthparts at work c) Antennae d d) Haltere – all that remains of the second pair of wings Muscid fly with sponging, lapping mouthparts where the drop of liquid is61 62 Photo by Mark Plonsky Presenting the thorax Ambush bugs (Hemiptera) – predators piercing sucking insects, pro meso meta 63 64 Robber fly (Diptera) – Tarsal formula predator, piercing sucking mouthparts Especially useful in beetles but also used in other groups Coxa 4 – 4 – 4 ? Trochanter Femur 5 – 5 – 5 Tibia 5 segments Tarsus 65 66 11 9/25/2016 Identifying Wings predators Identification shortcut: . # of pairs – 0, 1, 2 Swollen forelegs almost always means predator . Fleas, lice = 0 . Flies and some mayflies = 1 . Beetles, moths, bees, grasshoppers, thrips – just about all other winged insects = 2 67 68 Wing venation Identify
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