MFR PAPER 1032 Lanna ' heng i a rn~lI\hl'r III till' \Iarine Life R ~ 'e ardl Group. cripp" In,litution of (hcan .. ograph), LniHf'oil) of (alilor .. nia. an l)i eJ,!o. La JIIII.!. (' \ Tens of thousands of genera of 92037. are known on land: there is only one on the sea-Ha lobates . about 2 month, lor the L'g!! III d,'\elt p into mature ,ldulh. r hc ,~ . c, .1IC 11111 dl,tlngul,hahle unlil Ihe I.I\! Il\ IllI h I Notes on the Ecology of the stage. Oceanic Halobates The,e In,cct, II\e e'\dll'l\ch "ll Ih.: surfacc of the ocean . ..t Ihc\ .IrC \1 I Ill! les) and cannot 11\. Ilhllugh "'\l1' earlier \\llrk~r, ha\c rcr"rtni Ih,1I Halohal{"l can dl\e. I hd\c nUl bccll LANNA CHENG able to induce them III d" ,(I HU\I" eyer. \\hen lhe) arc 1,lrccd 1I1llkr watcr lhc) can ,\llm I,'r ,I, 1'"lg.1 .111 INTRODUCTION Iy rclated to surface properties of the hour or 1\\0. Thl' ahilll\ tIl \\ '11 ocean suc h as temperature. salinit). undcr \\ atcr 1\ rre,umdhh Imr"[(,lnl Members of the H alobares surface c urre nts. and winds ( avilov. for the suni\al 01 lhe,e IlhCCh IIll.l (H cteroptcra:) are the o nly 1967). in ~torm\ the) arc rr(lhabh "iten known insects found in the oceans, submerged b) \\a\e, llr pr.t\ l t yet they are a m o ng the least studi ed GENERAL BIOLOGY mately the) Illu,l re .. ,url.lcc, he")1 L marine organisms. Althou gh these Our present knowledge of the bi .. the) become \\ atcrl(lgged .lIld dr 1\\ n insects h ave been known to marine o logy of these ocea ni c insects is based For this rea,on lhc) r(""C\\ .t \ ... f\ biologists a nd ocean ographe rs since m ainl y o n casual ob ervations at sea. effecli\'e \\ ater-rercllelll C(I.1111l1! III the earl y 1800's, nothing much was si nce attempts to rear them in the hall', on their hlld\ ,url.lce Ihe ,I added to our knowledge of these la boratOl'y h ave not been successful called "pi a,lron" II h Ich al", he Ip unique insects until the last 20 year so far. them 10 retain a lIprl) III 11\ \ ~Lll III (Cheng, 1972). W e now know t h at The adults a re dark gra) or black. enahle lhcm l" re'rlre \\hcll IIh there are 39 d escribed s pecies found wi th som e pale marki ngs on thc head Illerged (Cheng. I 97..1dl. In the world's oceans, seas, a nd a nd prothorax. a lmost 5 mm in bod} The adulh arc allr,lcled III light .tnd lagoons (H erring, 196 1, 1964). le n gth , with a leg spread of about 15 ma) be dlp .. netted ca,," h\ 1I Illg .1 DISTRIBUTION mm (Figure 2). The eggs are laid on light lurc When a Ilghl tr;l!' 1I.t 11 cd a ny sui table or a \ a i lable ftoati ng on a raft .11 the Hallall In,llIlIle 01 Five H alobares species are com m o n ­ object. the commonest substrate :\Ianne BIOiL1g). (,'cllnut hl.llld. II ly found in the o pen ocean (Figure I). bei ng piece of \\ ood, feathers. Janu..tr) 197,. thc Ilr,t rCLlI11~1l ..til All fi\'c-H . III i(,(11 IS. H . S('I'iUIIS, H . a nd tar lumps. They are about I mm adull male,. carnc III Ihc h:,!ill . flcr ge/'ll/(/lIl1s. H . splellilells, and H. in le n gth and look rather like minia­ about IOmlnulc, The lir,t 11\ mph \\.1 IOhrilllls-are found in the P acific ture rice grains. The ne\\I) hatched caughl ..tl lhe Ilghl ,lllll''''1 ~ Illur Ocean, but only the first two occur n) mphs, \\ hich are a lso about I mm in after the trar \\.1 ,cl ur \dull 1111 also in the India n Ocean , a nd only H . bod) length. are light hro\\ n in color hUIt'1 cllntlnllcd tel C,)IllL 1,1 II ~hl lIIic(/IIS is kno\\ n from the tlantic \\ ith characteristic dark brO\\n pattern .. lhrllllghllut thL I1lght. bd I(,n I'J (I Ocean (Cheng, I 973a1. In general the) ing. There are fi\e n) mphal ,tage" and 064..- h,'ur . .11 \1 hlLh lillie It u I are found in tro pica l and subtropical before the insects become ,c'\uall) beg.ln tel gel II:,!hl \\ a te rs, the ir ranges e'\tending from mature. 'We do not kno\\ hll\\ long Dunng a recellt " r~dltl n Il Ihe lat. .. +0 0 N . to .. +0 0 in thc Atlantic each stage take,. but laborator) data nllrth Lenlral P;,tcII·l. f') )(Ilh I HI I (Chcn g. 1973b) and thc Pacific (Cheng. from reari ng clo,e1) related fre,h\\ ater ne 1973a, 1973c) but being morc re .. gerrids ( heng. 1966a) and a near .. ,tricted in the Indian Occan (Ch cng. shorc "pccie" H ./llIl1uii,l/Iil. (H erring. llgr.lrh\ L ~.HLh flu;! 19711. Ithough the e,\act factor, 1961) ,ugge't thaI 10 .. 12 da), I a found lh I fit I limiling the di~lribulion llf each rca on able perll1d for each lage II Ithln ,pecies are nlll kno\\ n. thc) are certain .. H ence it \\ould require a pen'ld III .lrn\ cd n Halobar es were observed to feed on Island , together with o ne ample consist of about 90 percent seawater. one another when numbe rs were kept of Gygis alha which contained no On a recent expedition to the orth without food in an aquarium on board recognizable Halo/wles remain . Two Paci fic o va ri ous organ isms collected in the R/V Thomas Washingron . of these stomachs contai ned onl y well the neuston tows or di p-netted from The only definitive published record digested Halobclles remains, but the the surface water were offered to the of predato rs of Halobates is one by heavily cuticularized legs are easi ly Haloholes kept in an aquarium on Ashmole and Ashmole (1967), who recogni zable by their black colo r. In board the ship. These insects were carried out a very detailed study on two other samples. the in sect' bodies. never seen to feed on Phy\(//ia, Velello, the feeding ecology of of too. were still recognizable. while in or Po rpila. They were, however, Christmas Island (a small tropical is­ the fifth sample some o f the Halobale.1 observed to feed on pontellid copepods. land in the central Pacific). and re­ specimens were still intact. (S ince the hyperiid am phipods, euphausiid . and corded these insects in the stomach sample size was so small no attempt myctophid larvae trapped on the sur­ contents of two (out of eight examined) was made to estimate the pro po rtion­ face fi lm . H ow often such be­ species of surface-feedi ng seabi rds. al volume of insects in the food of come caught in this way is not known, the blue-grey noddy. Procelslerna th ese seabi rds.) but I found many mall animals could cemlea, and the Phoenix petrel , Pl ero­ Di ssecti o ns of adult Halob({[es, be caught by simply pouring the con­ droma alba. Although fish and squid collected ali ve. have shown th at th eir tents of a plankton haul from one formed the mai n bulk of their food, body cavity i often filled with orange­ beaker to another. and presumably Halobates was found to be quite an colored lipids. suggesting th at they surf a nd spray could have the same important component of their diet. In may be a rich source o f food for u r­ effect in nature. It is also very likely a total of 95 a mples of regurgi tated face-feeding fi hes. H owever. the that Holohates could feed o n fioating food from Pt. alba, Halobates was stomachs of several fishes (Celllro­ fish eggs. which. duri ng some seasons. found in II sampl es. th ough it con­ brachlls brel'iroSlris, C. choerocepha­ a re fo und in great abundance in tropi­ stituted less than 0.5 percent of the IllS, and CYll1bolophol'lls sp.). caught cal and subtropica l waters. nfor­ total volume of food. Among 34 P. in neuston nets together with Halo­ tunately, suitable fish eggs were not eerulea samples studied. 23 contained bales in the N orth Paci fic Gyre (Iat. available for feeding experiments dur­ remains of Halobales. which in this 28 ° N. long. 155 ° W ). contained no ing the recent expedition. The insects case constituted as much as 7 percent insect remains. Halobales remains Table 1.-Collecting data on seabird stomach by volume. have been found in a young Pacific samples. anchovy (Dr. A. S. Loukashkin. Cal­ I recently obtai ned from the Smith­ Species sonian Institution 20 samples of ifornia Academy of Sciences, San Field Ha/o- Number stomachs belongi ng to three species of Francisco: per onal communicatio n) Date Locality bates surface-feeding seabirds. the white and al 0 in the stomach of a SCII'CIiI1- Gygls alba 5872 18 Feb 66 l1 ° 03 ' S 171 °06'W tern Gygis alba. Procelslerna cerulea, ella siill1 collected in J akarta Bay (Dr. Swain I. and Pterodrollla alba, all collected M. Hutomo, Institute of larine Re­ 5873 18 Feb 66 l1 ° 03'S 171 ° 06'W Swain I. during the Smithsonian Pacific Ocean search , J a karta: personal communica­ 5874 18 Feb 66 l1 °03'S 171 ° 06'W tion). In both cases they were initially Swain I. Biological Survey Program in 1966 5876 18 Feb 66 l1 ° 03'S 171°06'W (Table I) . The samples came from a considered to be aerial contaminants. Swain I. 0528 26 Apr 66 20 0 N 158°W rather wide area of the Pacific Ocean. I hope that in the future more of our Hawa iian Is . extending roughly between lat. 25 ° N colleagues will report any insects 6580 26 Jul 66 04° 40'S 174° 31'W Gardner I. 0 0 0 to 20 S and long. 150 W to 180 W , which they may find in fish stomachs, 2387 6 Aug 66 02°29'S 162° 30'W well within the distribution range so that we may learn more a bout Halo­ 6638 7 Aug 66 00° 15'S 159°55'W Jarvis I. of at least three oceanic species of bales' predators. 6693 10 Sep 66 16° 45 ' N 169°32'W Johnston I. Halobates (Figure 3). Most of the 6726 16 Sep 66 03°08 ' S 171 ° 05'W stomachs were found to be almost Enderbury I. PREY Procelsterna cerulea empty or contained only a few uniden­ 1794 26 Feb 66 02°39'S 175° 21 'W tified fragments of partially digested Halo bales have been reported to 2234 8 Jun 66 23°20'N 164° 40'W + 2236 8 Jun 66 23° 21'N 164° 43'W + food. However. Halobales was found in associate with pelagic coelenterates 2237 8 Jun 66 23° 24' N 164° 52'W + five samples of P. cerulea, corroborat­ 2238 8 Jun 66 23° 28'N 164°59'W + such as the Portugese man-of-war. 6686 17 Aug 66 Oo o48 ' N 176°38'W ing the earli er report by Ashmole and Ph ysalia ; the by-the-wind-sailor. Vel­ Howland I. 6731 26 Sep 66 03°08' S 171 ° 05'W + Ashmole ( 1967). Four of the stomach ella; a nd th e jellyfish. Porpita, pre­ Enderbury I. sampl es came from birds collected in sumably feedi ng on these common 6765 11 Oct 66 03° 35'S 171 ° 32'W Birn ie I. an a rea several hundred miles north­ surface marine animals. It seems un­ 6766 11 Oct 66 03°35'S 171 ° 32'W west of the H awaiian Islands, a nd the likely that they could live by feeding Birnie I . Pterodroma alba remai ni ng one came from Enderbury excl usively on these animals, which 2414 20 Aug 66 04° 59'N 173° 22'W

4 sali vary e nzy mes injected into th e prey via the sali vary canal a nd then sucked up via th e food cana l, much in the same way as in oth er gerri ds (C heng. 1966b). When H (l /o /wfes is feedin g it holds its prey with it s fro nt legs. If the prey is relati ve ly sma ll it is held well above the wa ter urface. the insect assu m in g a ri gid "sta nding" positi o n durin g the entire feeding period (see cover). whi ch may la t fro m 5 to 20 minutes. If th e prey is relati ve ly large. such as a fi sh la rva 1-2 cm lo ng. the insect merely grasps it : in such cases. m o re than o ne insect may feed simul ta­ neously on the same victim . The "sta nd­ in g" feeding positi o n is p resu mably a n ada pt ati on fo r avoid ing competition. sin ce these in ects may detect food by the surface ri pples created by a strug­ gling o rgani sm in the same way as th eir fresh water relatives (Murph). 197 1). a nd lift ing it off the sea surface eliminates such ripples. This standing positi o n, w ith the antennae held in an Figure 4.-Tip of rostrum (Scanning Electron Micrograph)(Scale = 10" ) . up right position a nd the body supported o n the tips of the mid- and hind tarsi, have not been o b e rved to di ve under­ is very different from the usual "rest­ water to catch prey. even w he n po­ Figure 5 . - Tip of rostrum , showing sensory hairs ing" position of these insects. in which and papillae (SEM) (Scale = 2" ) . tenti al prey was wimming directl y underneath the m . The mo uthpa rt of H a /ob(lfeS are of th e cl assica l n type. The rostrum or beak consists of a four-seg­ mented sheath. encl osing a pair of serrated ma ndibles a nd a pair of lo ng maxill ae or stylets . It is usu all y held in a ho ri zonta l positi on, tucked under th e head . but when the a nimal IS feed ­ in g it is swung fo rward and held per­ pendicul ar to th e lon gitudinal axis of th e body. It tip is equipped w ith sen­ sory papillae and hairs (Fi gures 4 and 5) whic h a re presuma bl y respo nsibl e for locating suita bl e spots fo r penetrat­ ing the bod y o f the prey. The m an­ dibles, which are o nl y sli ghtly longer than the rostrum , fl a nk the pa ired maxillae, and serve to pi erce th e body wall of the prey. The inner maxill a ry surfaces are lined with ha irs which hold the edges o f th e two stylets to­ gether to form the feeding tube (Fig­ ures 6 and 7). The food is liquified by

5 Figure 6. - Third and fourth segment of rostrum ensheathing maxillary stylets (SEM) (Scale = 50 ~ ) .

Figure 7.-Hairs on inner surface of maxillary stylet (SEM) (Scale = 5 ~ ) .

Figure 8.-Ha/obates in resting position .

6 Figure 9.-Top view of resting Ha/obates . the antennae are he ld in front of the head a nd the legs are well spread out (Figures 8 and 9). CONCLUSION

Organisms of the ocean surface have received very little attentio n in marine biological studi es. Even the of such common animals as Physalia and Veldla has yet to be resolved (Savilov. 1968). Our knowledge of the bi ology of a nimals occupying this specia l stratum of the ocean a nd of their roles in the food web is still o nl y fragm enta ry . Eggs and la rvae of several species of fis h a re found exclusively in this layer . This is a lso where air-borne polluta nts a nd oth er cont amina nts first come into contact with the ocean . Since the surface of the ocean is thu potent ia ll y of conside rable econom ic and ecological importance. it is essen­ tial for us to study a nd understa nd the Acade mic Senate. U nive rsit y of 1972. Skaters 01 the 'ieas Oceans "(0) q better the animals li ving in this 55. stratum. including. as o ne of the top C a li forni a in San Di ego. fo r a m a ll 1973a. H lIlo/)"le:;. Oceanogr. M..tr BioI resea rch grant to cover expenses fo r A nnu. Rev. 11.223-235. predato rs of this ecosystem. that eni g­ 1973b. The ocean stnder Halohates mati c insect . Halohwes . Stereoscan E lectro n Mic roscopy: and ( Gerndae) 111 the Atlantic Ocean. [In Ru.,s .. engl. summ.] O"eano- the Foundati o n for Ocean Re ea rch. 10gYIa 13 :6 3-690. Sa n Diego. fo r a researc h gra nt. 1973c. Some H"I"h"l5 . Universit y of Kansas, and Dr. H . A . Cheng. L .. and J . T. Ennght 197'. Can H"I Fehlma nn , Smi thsoni an I nsti tution, Ashmole. N. P., and M. J . Ashmolc. 1967. "hOI(,.1 dodge neh" II ' By moonltght' C omparati ve feeding ecology of sea birds for providing seabird sto mach sample Llmnol. Oceanogr. 18060-009. of a tro pical oceani c island. Bu ll . Peabody Hernng. J . L. 1961. The genus Hlll"hcl/c I fo r this study: Dr. J. Bardach. H awa ii Mus. Nal. Hisl. 24: 1- 13 1. (Hemiptera Gerndael. Pac, Insects ~ C heng, L. 1966a. Studies o n t he bIO logy of 223-305. Institute of Marine Biol ogy, for mak­ the G erridae (H em .. Heteroptcra) II : The 1964. A ne\\ species of H"I"hctl< \ from ing ava il able facilities for fi eld work o n life hi story of AlelrocoY/, 1(,IIiI/C(}/III\ the Bay of Bengal (Hemiptera Gerridae) Esaki . Entomol. Mo n. M ag. 102:273-282. Proc. Enl. Soc. Wash. 1>0:85-80 Coconut Island: M iss E ll en Flentye 1966b. Studies o n th e biology of the Murph). R. 1971. The water stnder', re for techni cal a sistance with th e Scan­ G erridae (Hem .. Heteroptera) I: Observa­ sponse to pre) , 1-auna lD-36. ti o ns o n the feeding of LIIlIlIOgOlIl/s ji,.I­ Sa,ilo\. A. l. 1907 OceanIc insects of the ning E lectron Microscope: Mr. Larry IlI)'IIlI/ (F.). Entomol. Mon. Mag. 102 121 - genu, H"I"hlll(,1 (Hemiptera. Gerndael 111 128. the PaCific. Oceanolog) 7· 2."2-20 I Ford. Scripps Institution of Oceanog­ 197 I. The ocean-stnder HlIlo/JlIles (Ger­ 1968 , Pleuston of the PaCific Oce,ln p raphy. for photographic assistance ndae: H etero pt eral. (Abstr.) Proc. Symp. 264-353 "'auka. \I'hco\\ [In Ru" ,. India n Ocean a nd Adjacent Seas. p. 125- transl. b) N atl T cch I nf en L S Dcr \\ith the cover and Figures 8 and 9 : 126. Com mer ]

MFR Paper 1032. Fro m Marine Fish eries Revi ew. Vol, 36, No. 2, February 1974. Copies of this paper, in limited numbers, are available from 0 83, Technical Information Division, Environmental Science Inform atIO n Center, NOAA , Washington, DC 20235.

7 T.ble I -Common .nd le,.ntl'je nam •• of t • MFR PAPER 1033 11th nd ,11.111,,11 u, d In Inlo 'Judy

Research d etermines fatty aCid composition of 32 c ommonly eaten finfish, crustaceans, and mollusks

Chemical and Nutritive Values of Several Fresh and Canned Finfish, Crustaceans, and Mollusks. Part II. Fatty Acid Composition

JAMES C. BONNET, VIRGINIA 0 SIDWELL, and ELIZABETH G. ZOOK

ABSTRACT

I ,/II flllfll r fll, I, /III ,let/a .,/, / 1/,,1 /,11 ,1/(/ /,,[1 \ ( d If '''f'' 1110"/\ ( {I/I /1 /lIIf1' II, "I/'/{I" III/I tll/ci 11/11/, I.. /f f1l1111/1 wl,l/o" /1111<1 1 1 ",J ,II 1/ /II/It II hl ", (,dm,tO III ( r .. ph lc.:O I... INTRODUCTION ,1Il d'11 Illu k .... 111' " Ih l rL pl rt I III 10 Ih\:ll L Ir clc.:d fr ~ III IhL IllLdl \ IIh krill fc p,' rt I , r t ttl dd thL ,a1U L pdr '!LUIll dher the P If h;ulll dher Ith 'ugh th~r~ h,111? bl?~n ,I Plllnbcr Il) r Ilk 01 Ih " 1... 11 \ ,ILIO Ill ... Lh ,," L \ ,I dl 1111.111 n ot ludll? cdl"ri"d l'Ut on till? lall\ .I ud ,'mell h,11 , I me n.: 0 11,1 IfL ,ldd"J t, ( ! In ti\h. Icn Iluk h;l b"CIl Jnne' lI n lh~ thL' Cl Ol I'i1.ttl (lll edible tk h llf l?elll1l111 n l1\.\rk ~·1 h h III Chromatographic Conditions thl? L nitl?d Statl? Cklll,tll (l ll1 -' h,l ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE 1 hL H \ P \". .. 11 U cd reporkd on Llml? pl?"il? II I "'lth Ir ~ h­ OIla I\ater and man nl? li ,h el f ,'rth -\ rnl? r­ Samples ica. " rZcc.zkll\\ 1-.1. r l?nnc\ ••1Ild H 'I~I? I hl. ,11ll1'11I1I! tl?Lhrllljll': I ..I~ cnh~J (19- 2) 'lall? "porll?J ,In ,Im l? el l th" hI "11"').. Lt ,ti • mollu k\ ' and SIan b~ and Hall l l t)h-) ha ve ahl' done ,lme II e)rk In Ihl? ,rl?.l Total Fat of commen:ialh im portant fj ,h In lhl? The hdllllll ,-,Irrlcr _.1 n \\ ratc \\,\ I he l"tal I,ll 11.1' Jcll?lllllno:d \ 11 hI) 1111 /01111 . 11\ Jfn~1?1l III \ r.!te. ~- t.;niled Stales ~l u ch o f lhL LHh..:r I,IUI acid data ,11 adJbl1? at pre,,;nl C,I \ l? r eJlhk 11111 .:k h) tilL Illdh,IJ dL\~ ,'p~d 1111 I 111 n . ,lIr n \\ r,ll':. _ 00 mlllllan. fi h components \\ hich arc Illlt I? Jlbk h) \llllth . \ lllhr~"I? ,lnJ r...1,hl ' "Iumn IClllpl?r,lturc.: pr'lgr.tmIllI?J Ir m portio ns-liver. roc. mill. ctc. ( 196~1 1~1I t, 210 .Il I pl?r mlnutc. dl?ll?':l,lr [I?mpen.llllr~ :2, - '. ,1110 In­ The object of this tud) II a\ ILl prel- Preparation of Esters vide total fa t a nd th e fait) aCId compo­ .I..:<:II,'n l\?mp~ralllrc:2 __ C \leth) I e\ler lIere preparuJ u\lng sition of commonly marketed finfhh . RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS both fresh and canned. cru\taceam. the mClhod

8