DOCSLIB.ORG

The Origin of the Lapps in the Light of Recent Genetic Studies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Origin of the Lapps in the Light of Recent Genetic Studies The origin of the Lapps in the light of recent genetic studies A.W. ERIKSSON, J. FELLMAN, H. FORSIUS, W. LEHMANN, T. LEWIN, and P. LUUKKA The Lapps deviate in many genetic and external characters from other peoples of the Finno-Ugrian language group, such as Finns and Estonians. The relation between Lappish and other Finno-Ugrian languages (including Finnish) is still controversial (7). A considerable proportion of the ances­ tors of the present-day Lapps are supposed to have been spread over almost the whole of Finland and the northern parts of Fennoscandia. Five hundred years ago considerable areas of northern and eastern Finland were inhabited mainly by Lapps (Figure 1). Today there are about 35,000 Lapps in the whole of Fennoscandia: 20,000 in Norway, 10,000 in SWeden, 3,500 in Finland, and 1,500 on the Kola peninsula in the Soviet Union. One of the reasons why the commune of Inari was selected for International Biological Program Human Adaptability studies (9) was that this region is inhabited by three l70 Genetic considerations LAPP TERRITORY f'ZZ2] ~ 100 8 c '~;.. :970 AO ---!LC..tt!~!_ ~>-T.tr--.< I Figure 1 A comparison of Lapp territory, around 100 BC and 1970 AD rather different Lapp populations: the Skolt Lapps in· the eastern parts , the Fisher Lapps around Lake Inari, and the Mountain Lapps in the western parts of the cc:mmune · After World War II the Sevettijarvi Skol t Lapps were evacuated from the village of Suenjel and the Nellim Skol t Lapps from the regions south of the River Pasvik (Figure 1). Since. d World War II, the proportion of Lapps in Inari has decline markedly' although their absolute number has not decreased. For the calculations of gene frequencies, the four groups of Sevettijarvi Skolt, Nellim Skolt, Fisher, and Mountain Lapps have been used as representatives of pure, unmixed Lapps, with only those whose ancestors over the last three generations are at least 75 per cent aboriginal Lapps being accepted. More than 95 per cent of the Skolts' GO per cent of the Fisher Lapps, and more than 50 per ce~t of the Mountain Lapps have been studied. The Utsjoki series is a random sample investigated in 1973. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF LAPPS In external characteristics the majority of the Lapps deViate fran the surrounain~ populations. In contrast with Genetic studies on Lapps 171 other Scandinavian peoples, who are among the tallest in the world, the Lapps are short, with legs that are short both relatively and absolutely. The Lapps are also among the most brachycephalic (round-headed) peoples in the world, with a cephalic index of up to 85. They have rather prominent cheek­ bones and a low facial height (11). The flattening of the face, the prominence of the cheekbones, and the reduction of the nasal prominence are not nearly so marked in Lapps as in Mongolian populations. The inner eyefold, covering the inner margin of the eye and responsible for the half-moon slant­ eye of many Asiatic and Amerindian peoples, is rare in Lapps. Pigmentation Some Lapps may have a light complexion in childhood with quite fair hair. However, the darkening of the hair during adolescence is much IOC>re intense than in otper Nordic peoples. A screening of hair pigmentation with "Fisher­ Saller' s Haarfarbentafel," using 30 different hair colour shades (Figure 2), shows that the Lapps, particularly the Finnish Mountain Lapps, have considerably darker hair than the Finns, who are one of the blondest peoples in the world (6). Eye colours have been determined using Martin-Saller's scale (Figure 3). The pigmentation of the irises and the eye grounds (fundi) is much stronger than among the other Nordic populations. AlIIDst 30 per cent of the Fisher Lapps but hardly 5 per cent of the Skolt Lapps have deep brown eyes (7 and 8). On average, no less than 40-60 per cent of Fin- nish Lapps have blue eyes. Reflectance spectrophotometry has shown that among Fin­ nish Lapps skin colour is not yellow, as in Mongolians (un­ published observations). The Mongol spot can be found in most children of the Mongolian race but is rare among those of Lappish and other European populations. Hirsute Traits of Lapps The Lapps have soft and not unconononly wavy hair, in con­ trast to the coarse, straight hair of the Mongolian race. Microscopic studies show that the hair texture and hair pig­ mentation of the Skolt Lapps should be classified as Euro­ pean (Caucasian), not as Mongoloid (14). In its ample growth of hair, the white race resembles monkeys more than any other human race. Among Lapps, beard growth is rather sparse, and sideburns on the cheeks are often missing. Among the Lapps, body and axillary hair 172 Genetic considerations HAIR COLOUR (HAARFARBENTAFEL FIS CHER-SALLER) FINNS (NE FINLAND) MOUNTAIN LAPPS 30 no322 d',20-55y n • 9 7 d', 20 - 59 y 20 10 °lo F"·L M·O P·T U v w x y F-L M·O P-T U 40 FINNS (OULU) SKOLT LAPPS 30 n " 249 d', 20 - 59 y n = 7,1, d', 20 - 4 9 Y 20 10 F"· L M·O P. T U V W X y y Figure 2 A comparison of hair coloration in Finns and black)Lapps (F-L, blond; M-o, fair; P-T, brown; U-Y, brown to growth too is commonly sparse, as among the Mongoloi· d race.ng The occurrence of lniddle-phalangeal hair, at least ~ Lapps in Finland, is as high as among other Fennoscandian P<>PUlations (SWedes 70 per cent, NE Finns 80 per cent~s "oki Skolt females 75 per cent, Skolt males 95 per cent, U ~ Lapp females 69 per cent, Utsjoki Lapp males 74 per cen. ns (unpublished observations). The majority of the populatio Genetic studies on Lapps 173 % 30 SKOLT LAPPS 20 <60yd',n=202 10 20 LAPPS < 60y d', n = 6l 10 30 FINNISH MOUNTAIN 20 LAPPS < 60 y d', n= 88 10 lO 30 FINNS <60yd', n= 675 20 10 1 2 3 l 5 6 7 8 IRIS COLOUR TYPES (MARTIN -SALL ER'S SCALE) Figure 3 A comparison of iris colour types (Martin Saller's scale) for Lapps and Finns of Mongoloid affinity so far studied seem to have consider­ ably lower frequencies of individuals with middle-phalangeal hair. 174 Genetic considerations Dermatoglyphics The patterns of skin ridges of Skol t Lapps are mainly of European type (8) . The frequency of congenital dislocation of the hip among Lapps is 20-30 times as high as among other North-European populations. MONOGENIC TRAITS High Gene Frequency in Lapps The majority of the Lapp populations so far studied in Fennoscandia have some genetic traits in common. In compari - son with the Scandinavians, the Lapps have very high fre­ quencies of sane markers. The most striking is the gene A2, which is about 2 to 5 times as high as in the surrounding populations (Table 1). The Lapps have the highest frequency of the A2 gene in the world. The rather high frequency of this gene in other Scandinavian populations has been inter­ preted as a sign of Lappish gene flow to the surrounding populations (4). TABLE l the High and low gene frequencies in Lapps; the arrows indicate that gene frequencies resemble eastern ( ~ ) and western (~) traits Lapps Other Scandinavians High frequency in Lapps A2 25 (14-37) 5 NS Gml,13 15 (5-22) 8 1 2 (0-4) l? Inv 18 (13-26) 7 Acf' 50 (40-61) 25 PGM2 pC l 40 (21-55) 20 10 (2-19) 8 ADA2 12 (10-16) 7 lm 60 (58-80) 30 w (dry cerumen) 30 (18-37) 17 Low frequency in Lapps B 6 (0-32) 11 r Gc2 17 (6-29) 38 14 (2-33) 24 se 2 16 (12-21) 48 ~F 1 (0-2) 5 6 (2-9) 19 t (PTC) 35 (26-55) 50 Genetic studies on Lapps 175 Until now, it has been believed that the Ai gene had a very low frequency among Siberian North-Asiatic populations. However, a high frequency of the A2 gene has been found re­ cently in a north-Altayan group (Sukernik, personal communi­ cation). It will be very interesting to see what continued subtyping of the blood group A will show in the north­ Siberian populations. A high frequency of A2 in the northern USSR could be interpreted in two ways, either as an indica­ tion of a relationship with the Lapps, or as evidence that the A2 gene is of selective advantage in arctic and sub­ arctic regions. However, the A2 gene seems to be ccmpletely missing among the Ainu and the pure Eskimos. The Mongolian ga:mniaglobulin haplotype Gml ,13 has been found in all Finnish Lapp populations except Fisher Lapps. This Mongoloid trait has, however, also been found in other European populations, e.g. in Aland Islanders, Finns, and Maris (13). Figure 4 shows that among Europeans there is a distinct increase of the Gm(l) allotype frequency in the northern direction (south-north cline). Mediterranean populations, e.g. Yugoslavs and Greeks, have frequencies of 30 to 40 per cent, but in north-European populations frequencies are 60 to 70 per cent. The Lapps living in the Far North, the BO 70 EJ mTI 0 @~ 60 ~ l!i w 0 © 8 :::i © ® @©ii>22 ® '::: 50 >- <{ @ e @ __J ® 0 40 C0 C0 D LAPPS Q OTHER EUROPEANS 30 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100% Gm (1) Figure 4 The relationship between latitude and frequency of occurrence of Gm(l) gene 176 Genetic considerations Inari Fisher Lapps and the SWedish Lapps have frequencies in good agreement with an increasing frequency of the Gm{l) allotype with latitude.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Second World War As a Trigger for Transcultural Changes Among Sámi People in Finland
    Acta Borealia A Nordic Journal of Circumpolar Societies ISSN: 0800-3831 (Print) 1503-111X (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/sabo20 Second world war as a trigger for transcultural changes among Sámi people in Finland Veli-Pekka Lehtola To cite this article: Veli-Pekka Lehtola (2015) Second world war as a trigger for transcultural changes among Sámi people in Finland, Acta Borealia, 32:2, 125-147, DOI: 10.1080/08003831.2015.1089673 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08003831.2015.1089673 Published online: 07 Oct 2015. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 22 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=sabo20 Download by: [Oulu University Library] Date: 23 November 2015, At: 04:24 ACTA BOREALIA, 2015 VOL. 32, NO. 2, 125–147 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08003831.2015.1089673 Second world war as a trigger for transcultural changes among Sámi people in Finland Veli-Pekka Lehtola Giellagas Institute, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY The article analyses the consequences of the Lapland War (1944– Received 28 October 2014 45) and the reconstruction period (1945–52) for the Sámi society Revised 25 February 2015 in Finnish Lapland, and provides some comparisons to the Accepted 24 July 2015 situation in Norway. Reconstructing the devastated Lapland KEYWORDS meant powerful and rapid changes that ranged from novelties Sámi history; Finnish Lapland; of material culture to increasing Finnish ideals, from a Lapland War; reconstruction transition in the way of life to an assimilation process.
    [Show full text]
  • Exchanging Knowledge of Monitoring Practices Between Finland and Greenland
    Deepening Voices - eXchanging Knowledge of Monitoring Practices between Finland and Greenland Lead Author: Tero Mustonen Contributing Authors: Vladimir Feodoroff, Pauliina Feodoroff, Aqqalu Olsen, Per Ole Fredriksen, Kaisu Mustonen, Finn Danielsen, Nette Levermann, Augusta Jeremiassen, Helle T. Christensen, Bjarne Lyberth, Paviarak Jakobsen, Simone Gress Hansen and Johanna Roto Contents 1. eXchanging Knowledge . 3 4. Deepening Methods: 1.1. Monitoring traditional ecological knowledge in the North Atlantic and Why Do We Monitor, Where and What Impact Does It Have . 35 European Arctic Communities . 5 4.1. Improving Communications Through Video Projects . 37 2. The pilot projects . 7 5. Next Steps and Recommendations . 40 2.1 PISUNA in Greenland . 8 2.2 Lessons learned in Greenland . 9 References . 44 2.3 Jukajoki in Finland . 11 Appendix 1: Workshop Participants . 45 2.4 Lessons learned in the boreal . 13 Appendix 2: Summaries of the Report in . 46 2.5 Näätämö River in Skolt Sámi Area, Finland . 14 English . 47 2.6 Lessons learned amongst the Skolts . 16 Finnish . 48 Danish . 49 3. Results from the Aasiaat Workshop by Knowledge Holders, Greenlandic . 50 Scientists and Managers . 17 3.1. Main messages from the Workshop, 5th to 8th December, 2017 . 18 3.2. Ocean Change: At the Ice Edge . 27 . 3.3. Sharing Traditions: Joint Cooking . 30 3.4. Meeting the Future Elders: School Visit . 32 3.5. Example of a Seasonal Harvest . 34 Cover photo: Glacier east of Kangerlussuaq, Greenland. All report photos: Snowchange, 2018, unless otherwise stated. Layout: Eero Murtomäki and Rita Lukkarinen, 2018 Disclaimer: Best possible efforts have been taken to ensure the www.lumi.fi documentation of views from the workshops, but authors are responsible for any mistakes left in the text.
    [Show full text]
  • Pasvik–Inari Nature and History Shared Area Description
    PASVIK–INARI NATURE AND HISTORY SHARED AREA DESCRIPTION The Pasvik River flows from the largest lake in Finn- is recommended only for very experienced hikers, ish Lapland, Lake Inari, and extends to the Barents some paths are marked for shorter visits. Lake Inari Sea on the border of Norway and Russia. The valley and its tributaries are ideal for boating or paddling, forms a diverse habitat for a wide variety of plants and in winter the area can be explored on skis or a and animals. The Pasvik River is especially known for dog sled. The border mark at Muotkavaara, where its rich bird life. the borders of Finland, Norway and Russia meet, can The rugged wilderness that surrounds the river be reached by foot or on skis. valley astonishes with its serene beauty. A vast Several protected areas in the three neighbouring pine forest area dotted with small bogs, ponds and countries have been established to preserve these streams stretches from Vätsäri in Finland to Pasvik in great wilderness areas. A vast trilateral co-operation Norway and Russia. area stretching across three national borders, con- The captivating wilderness offers an excellent sisting of the Vätsäri Wilderness Area in Finland, the setting for hiking and recreation. From mid-May Øvre Pasvik National Park, Øvre Pasvik Landscape until the end of July the midnight sun lights up the Protection Area and Pasvik Nature Reserve in Nor- forest. The numerous streams and lakes provide way, and Pasvik Zapovednik in Russia, is protected. ample catch for anglers who wish to enjoy the calm backwoods.
    [Show full text]
  • Archipelago Business Development 12.3.2019
    Archipelago Business Development 12.3.2019 www.inari.fi INARI MUNICIPALITY Established in 1876 MUNICIPAL COAT OF ARMS Silver whitefish with golden reindeer antlers on a black background. The coat of arms symbolizes traditional sources of livelihood in the municipality. Designer: Ahti Hammar,1955 www.inari.fi NEIGHBOURS OF INARI INARI MUNICIPALITY Finnish municipalities: Enontekiö Kittilä Sodankylä Utsjoki Norway Russia www.inari.fi AREA OF INARI MUNICIPALITY Total area, 17 321 km² 2,2 km² / inhabitant whereof water area 2 148 km² 0,3 km² / inhabitant Protected area, total 10 948 km² Urho Kekkonen National Park (a part) 62 km² Lemmenjoki National Park 2 850 km² Wilderness area, total 6 030 km² Other protected areas 2 006 km² www.inari.fi POPULATION OF INARI Population 31.12.2018 6 908 Change in 2017 +0,5 % Sami population 2 200 North Sami 900 Inari Sami 700 East Sami 600 The population age structure in 2017 0-14 12,5 % 15-64 62,6 % 65- 24,9 % www.inari.fi LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN INARI MUNICIPALITY Finnish North Sami Inari Sami East Sami www.inari.fi JOBS BY EMPLOYER SECTOR 2015 Primary production 7,4 % Manufacturing 7,0 % Services 83,3 % - public - private Other sectors 2,3 % www.inari.fi The latest investments - Ivalo airport/Ivalon lentoaseman laajennus ja peruskorjaus, Finavia Oyj, 13,5 M€ + lisälaajennus 2019 (konepaikkoja 4->7 kpl, matkustajatilat +1000 m2 - Test World Oy:n Indoor II –hanke, Kiinteistökehitys InLike Oy, 5,6 M€ + Test World III – , kustannusarvio 13 M€ - Saariselkä 72 plots / Saariselän kunnallistekniikka Rinnealue, Inarin
    [Show full text]
  • Saami Religion
    Edited by Tore Ahlbäck Saami Religion SCRIPTA INSTITUTI DONNERIANI ABOENSIS XII SAAMI RELIGION Based on Papers read at the Symposium on Saami Religion held at Åbo, Finland, on the 16th-18th of August 1984 Edited by TORE AHLBÄCK Distributed by ALMQVIST & WIKSELL INTERNATIONAL, STOCKHOLM/SWEDEN Saami Religion Saami Religion BASED ON PAPERS READ AT THE SYMPOSIUM ON SAAMI RELIGION HELD AT ÅBO, FINLAND, ON THE 16TH-18TH OF AUGUST 1984 Edited by TORE AHLBÄCK PUBLISHED BY THE DONNER INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH IN ÅBO/FINLANDRELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL HISTORY DISTRIBUTED BY ALMQVIST & WIKSELL INTERNATIONAL STOCKHOLM/SWEDEN ISBN 91-22-00863-2 Printed in Sweden by Almqvist & Wiksell Tryckeri, Uppsala 1987 Reproduction from a painting by Carl Gunne, 1968 To Professor Carl-Martin Edsman on the occasion of his seventififth birthday 26 July 1986 Contents Editorial note 9 CARL-MARTIN EDSMAN Opening Address at the Symposium on Saami religion arranged by the Donner Institute 16-18 August 1984 13 ROLF KJELLSTRÖM On the continuity of old Saami religion 24 PHEBE FJELLSTRÖM Cultural- and traditional-ecological perspectives in Saami religion 34 OLAVI KORHONEN Einige Termini der lappischen Mythologie im sprachgeographischen Licht 46 INGER ZACHRISSON Sjiele sacrifices, Odin treasures and Saami graves? 61 OLOF PETTERSSON t Old Nordic and Christian elements in Saami ideas about the realm of the dead 69 SIV NORLANDER-UNSGAARD On time-reckoning in old Saami culture 81 ØRNULV VORREN Sacrificial sites, types and function 94 ÅKE HULTKRANTZ On beliefs in non-shamanic guardian spirits among the Saamis 110 JUHA Y. PENTIKÄINEN The Saami shamanic drum in Rome 124 BO LÖNNQVIST Schamanentrachten in Sibirien 150 BO LUNDMARK Rijkuo-Maja and Silbo-Gåmmoe - towards the question of female shamanism in the Saami area 158 CARL F.
    [Show full text]
  • Siirtolaisista Kansalliseksi Vähemmistöksi Kari Storaas
    Arina 2009 Siirtolaisista kansalliseksi vähemmistöksi Kari Storaas Eräs vanhimmista informanteistani lainasi isovanhempiensa sanoja: ”Suomi on takanamme. Norja on meidän maamme.” Isovanhemmat olivat asettuneet asumaan Itä-Ruijan Etelä-Varankiin 1880-luvulla. Lainaus osoittaa, että he olivat tulleet tietoiseksi siitä, että heidän menneisyytensä oli eri kansallisuudessa kuin tulevaisuus. Heistä oli tullut Norjan kansalaisia, mutta he puhuivat jatkuvasti suomea ja heidän lähisukulaisensa ja juurensa olivat Suomessa. Olivatko he siis edelleen suomalaisia vai oliko heistä tullut norjalaisia tai kveenejä? Kysymykseen sai vaihtelevia vastauksia riippuen siitä kenelle se esitettiin. Entä heidän nykyään elävät jälkeläisensä, ovatko he suomalaisia, norjalaisia vai/ja kveenejä? Tähänkin kysymykseen saa erilaisia vastauksia. Vastaukset riippuvat muun muassa siitä miten käsitetään geopoliittiset rajat sekä käsitteet kansakunta, kansallisvaltio ja valtio. Kysymykseen sisältyy lisäksi käsitys etnisyydestä ja sen merkityksestä ihmisten luokittelussa. Vastauksissa näkyy myös ajan, paikan ja erilaisten kulttuurikontekstien merkitys. Emme tietenkään voi pitää selvänä, että suomenkieliset siirtolaiset, jotka muuttivat Norjaan eri aikoina eri puolilta Suomea ja Pohjois-Ruotsia, olisivat omanneet samanlaisen käsityksen itsestään, tai että ympäristö olisi tehnyt niin. Sama koskee heidän jälkeläisiään. Artikkeli pohjautuu tohtorinväitöskirjaani vuodelta 2007, jonka empiirisen materiaalin olen koonnut Pykeijassa, Näätämössä ja Etelä-Paatsjoella Etelä- Varangin
    [Show full text]
  • Reindeer Herding in Finland
    Reindeer herding in Finland A report for Trashumancia y Naturaleza Tero Mustonen and Gwyn Jones Skolt Sámi herders in Inari, Finland. Gleb Raygorodetsky, 2014, Used with permission Reindeer Herding in Finland A report for Trashumancia y Naturaleza Tero Mustonen and Gwyn Jones June 2015 Written by: Tero Mustonen, Snowchange Cooperative And edited by : Gwyn Jones, EFNCP This report was part-funded by Trashumancia y Naturaleza and the European Commission (DG Environment) through the LIFE+ NGO support grant. Its content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the views of the funders. European Forum on Nature Conservation and Snowchange Cooperative , Pastoralism, Havukkavaarantie 29, Penygraig, Llanfair Clydogau, Lehtoi, Lampeter SA48 8LJ, UK 8125 Finland Telephone: +44 7884116048 Telephone: +358 407372424 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Internet: www.efncp.org Internet: http://www.snowchange.org/ 2 1. Introduction to reindeer herding practices in their geographical context Currently the maximum number of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) 1 allowed in Finland is 203,700 animals. Currently there are approximately 4,600 reindeer owners. Both Sámi and Finns herd reindeer and in fact any citizen of the European Economic Area can become a reindeer herder in Finland. The modern reindeer year revolves around the following cycles 2: A. Calving : The young calves are born between late April/early May and June. The majority of the calves are born in the ‘wild’ 3. After that the reindeer are released to the summer pastures to roam freely. B. In mid to late June the reindeer are gathered for calf marking . Round ups are carried out in specific reindeer cooperative locations, where the herds are counted, the new calves marked with ear marks and then the reindeer are released to roam freely until autumn in small herds ranging in size from a few animals to dozens at a time.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction Finland Is Geographically and Culturally Between East and West
    1 Reinventions of an Old Tradition: Orthodox Processions and Pilgrimage in Contemporary Finland Elina Vuola, University of Helsinki Introduction Finland is geographically and culturally between East and West. When Christianity reached the area known today as Finland about a millennium ago, the Orthodox faith spread from the East and the Roman Catholic faith from the West. Like many other areas between competing superpowers, the borders of Finland have been constantly changing over the centuries and the region has formally belonged to both Sweden (until 1809) and Russia (1809–1917), while managing to maintain its distinct culture and language. The Orthodox tradition has been present in the southeastern parts of today’s Finland ever since it was first Christianized. A few years after Finland’s independence in 1917, the Finnish Orthodox Church decided to change its jurisdictional position and became autonomous under the Patriarchate of Constantinople in 1923. The Orthodox Church acquired the status of a national church alongside the Lutheran Church. Today, the Church has about 62 000 members, accounting for 1.1 percent of the population of Finland (Kupari 2016; Trostyanskiy 2011). After the Second World War, Finland lost significant parts of its easternmost territories to the Soviet Union, including most of Karelia, where the majority of the Orthodox lived. Over 400 000 Finnish Karelians became internally displaced people who were evacuated and resettled in other parts of Finland. These included about 55 000 Orthodox Christians, two-thirds of the then Finnish Orthodox population. (Kupari 2016; Laitila 2006.) The evacuees from the ceded areas included about five hundred Skolt Saami1 (sä’mmlaž in Skolt, kolttasaamelaiset in Finnish).
    [Show full text]
  • Business Plan.Pdf
    Business plan for the Wilderness Guide Cooperative Äes Antti Emil Pöysä 2017 Business plan for the Wilderness Guide Cooperative Äes Antti Emil Pöysä A business plan submitted to the School of Tourism and Maritime Technology of Polytechnic Institute of Leiria in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master's Degree in Sustainable Tourism Management Business plan written under the supervision of Professor Luís Lima Santos and Professor Conceição Gomes 2017 Executive summary Thesis in Finnish is opinnäytetyö, a word that can be translated as "showcasing of what has been learned". Firstly, this business plan is written to apply, as versatilely as possible, what I have learned in the University of Applied Sciences for Engineering and Economics Berlin's Bachelor in International Business program and later in the Polytechnic of Leiria's Master in Sustainable Tourism Management program. Secondly, the business plan utilises my experience and networks in organising up to three week wilderness tours, which I have done in more or less wild environments in Finland, Portugal, and Russia. The reasoning and justifications in this plan are possibly more thorough than a regular business plan would have, since this one is done partly for academic purposes. Despite the academic approach, the business plan is still a functional and flexible decision making tool. One of the goals was to write a plan that can be easily understood and followed by the internal stakeholders of the business. The business plan is for a company that offers one to two weeks guided, self–sustained wilderness tours in the Finnish Lapland, which are done by hiking, paddling, or skiing.
    [Show full text]
  • Northern Lapland Nature Survey 1996-1999
    Sihvo Northern Lapland nature survey 19961999 Northern Lapland nature survey 19961999 Sihvo, J Forest and Park Service, Natural Resources Unit, PO Box 36, FIN- 99801 Ivalo, Finland, juhasihvo@metsafi Abstract The survey area includes all the protected and wilderness areas of Northern Lapland and other lands not used for commercial forestry. Altogether the survey area covers about 2.5 million hectares, which accounts for almost 30 % of the land area administered by the Metsähallitus – Forest and Park Service. Interest towards northern nature is increasing. Decision makers need in- formation about nature, its current state, and changes occurring. Informa- tion is needed for planning the use and management of northern natural resources on a sustainable basis. The Forest and Park Service needs infor- mation for land use planning and management, for instance in protected and wilderness areas. The Nature Survey gives a firm basis for monitoring envi- ronmental changes. In the Nature Survey every hectars of the study area is classified accord- ing to the nature types.The biotopes are identified and their boundaries are marked on aerial infra-red photographs. In addition to aerial photographs, information from other sources, such as old surveys, topographic maps, pre- vious studies and local inhabitants, is utilized. The varios nature types are identified according to topography, vegeta- tion, trees and natureless of the site. Nature types include rock, mineral soil, peatland, water and built environment. From the tree layer tree coverage, volume and species are listed amount other things. Naturalness of a com- partment is estimated using sign and knowledge of earlier timber harvests, deterioration of vegetation and amount of buildings or their remnants.
    [Show full text]
  • Finland | EXPLORING ARCTIC LAPLAND CULTURE and WILDERNESS | 7 DAYS February 28-March 6, 2021
    Finland | EXPLORING ARCTIC LAPLAND CULTURE AND WILDERNESS | 7 DAYS February 28-March 6, 2021 TRIP ITINERARY 1.800.941.8010 | www.boundlessjourneys.com How we deliver THE WORLD’S GREAT ADVENTURES A passion for travel. Simply put, we love to travel, and that Small groups. Although the camaraderie of a group of like- infectious spirit is woven into every one of our journeys. Our minded travelers often enhances the journey, there can be staff travels the globe searching out hidden-gem inns and too much of a good thing! We tread softly, and our average lodges, taste testing bistros, trattorias, and noodle stalls, group size is just 8–10 guests, allowing us access to and discovering the trails and plying the waterways of each opportunities that would be unthinkable with a larger group. remarkable destination. When we come home, we separate Flexibility to suit your travel style. We offer both wheat from chaff, creating memorable adventures that will scheduled, small-group departures and custom journeys so connect you with the very best qualities of each destination. that you can choose which works best for you. Not finding Unique, award-winning itineraries. Our flexible, hand- exactly what you are looking for? Let us customize a journey crafted journeys have received accolades from the to fulfill your travel dreams. world’s most revered travel publications. Beginning from Customer service that goes the extra mile. Having trouble our appreciation for the world’s most breathtaking and finding flights that work for you? Want to surprise your interesting destinations, we infuse our journeys with the traveling companion with a bottle of champagne at a tented elements of adventure and exploration that stimulate our camp in the Serengeti to celebrate an important milestone? souls and enliven our minds.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Studies of the Lapps
    c RECENTSTUDIES OF THE LAPPS THE LAPPS. By BJORN COLLINDER.Princeton: Princeton University Press fol the American-Scandinavian Foundation, 1949. 84 x 54 inchqs; 252 pages; maps andillustrations. $3.75. THE SKOLT LAPP, COMMUNITY SUENJEL SIJD DURING THE YEAR 1938. By KARLNICKUL. Stockholm:Hugo Gebers Forlag for theNordic Museum, 1948.122 x 93 inches; 90 pages, 64 plates,maps and diagrams. Swedish kroner 31i.00. The successful herding of reindeerby the Lapps for many centuries isan example of the effective exploitation of an arctic and subarctic environment. For this reason, and because of the influence of the Lapps on the Alaskan and Canadian reindeer industry, up-to-date information about this highly resourceful and intelli- gent people will be of interest to readers of Arctic. Such information is available in English in ‘The Lapps’ by Bjorn Collinder, Professor of Finno-Ugric Languages at the University of Uppsala, Sweden, and ‘The Skolt Lapp community’ by Karl Nickul, a Finnish geodesist who is Secretary of Lapin Sivistysseura (The Society forthe Promotion of Lappish Culture), Helsinki. Thesetwo books complement each other and can profitably be read together. Both the American-Scandinavian Foundation and the Nordic Museum, Stockholm, have done a real service to arctic anthropology by makingthese studies available. The term “Lapp” covers a number of related peoples living in an area stretch- ing from western Norway to Russia’sKol’ski Poluostrov(Kola Peninsula). Pro- fessor Collinder gives both a broad survey of the ways of life of the various Lapp communities and bringsout the important differences among them in language, clothing, religion, and reindeer herding methods and other phases of the subsistence pattern.
    [Show full text]