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Conservation Partnerships 1 CONSERVATION PARTNERSHIPS to combat wildlife crime in NAMIBIA Demonstrating the benefits of strong conservation partnerships 2 3 There is always somebody somewhere ... Partnerships are at the forefront of combatting wildlife crime There is always somebody somewhere willing to poach; SIX KEY INGREDIENTS TO COMBAT WILDLIFE CRIME IN NAMIBIA there is always some animal in some place vulnerable; • Strong partnership networks • Active sharing of information and other resources if there is a market*, someone will try to supply it • Strategic planning and innovative action • Fast and flexible funding • Use of all available technologies & tools • Ongoing adaptation to changing threats and needs (*a market being an opportunity to make money). ORGANISATIONS COLLABORATING IN NAMIBIA: Criminals adapt when things get difficult. Namibian government Rural communities Anti-Corruption Commission – ACC Communal conservancies Financial Intelligence Centre – FIC Communal farmers An increasing range of species is targeted; Ministry of Defence – MD Freehold conservancies Namibian Defence Force – NDF Freehold farmers new areas are constantly sought; Namibian Army Rhino custodians Ministry of Environment & Tourism – MET Wildlife Protection Services Unit – WPSU Non-Government Organisations intricate criminal syndicates operate across borders and the globe. Intelligence & Investigations Unit – IIU Integrated Rural Development & Nature Conservation – IRDNC Game Products Trust Fund – GPTF Intelligence Support Against Poaching – ISAP Ministry of Finance – MF Legal Assistance Centre – LAC Directorate Customs & Excise Namibia Nature Foundation – NNF Combatting wildlife crime is extremely difficult and complex. Ministry of Home Affairs & Immigration – MHAI Rooikat Trust Ministry of Justice – MJ Save the Rhino Trust – SRT Ministry of Safety & Security – MSS WWF In Namibia Wildlife crime is an economic crime. Namibian Police Force – Nampol Protected Resources Division – PRD Umbrella organisations No cure-all solutions exist. Serious Crime Unit – SCU Namibian Association of CBNRM Support Organisations – NACSO Special Field Force – SFF Namibian Chamber of Environment – NCE Office of the Attorney-General – AG Office of the Prosecutor-General – PG Industry Business community When government, NGOs, the private sector and civil society International linkages Mining industry Governments of Angola, Botswana, South Africa, Zambia & Zimbabwe Tourism & conservation-hunting industries work together at local, regional and global levels to enforce the law, International Consortium on Combatting Wildlife Crime – ICCWC Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna & Flora – CITES International funding agencies Interpol Bureau of International Narcotics & Law Enforcement Affairs, USA – INL wildlife crime becomes risky to the point of dissuading criminals United Nations Office on Drugs & Crime – UNODC Global Environment Facility – GEF World Bank Group – WBG Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau – KfW and impacts can be reduced to levels that no longer threaten species. World Customs Organisation – WCO United States Agency for International Development – USAID Wildcat Foundation WWF Photo: Okonjima Nature Reserve 4 5 Namibia country brief A history of restoration – countering a legacy of decimation Since independence, Namibia has actively nurtured a culture of collaboration, ANGOLA ZAMBIA especially in the conservation sector. This has enabled environmental restoration and wide scale wildlife recoveries – countering a colonial legacy of decimation. ZIMBABWE The systems are not perfect. Conservation efforts can still be strengthened and law enforcement improved. Some natural resource sectors still require urgent attention (e.g. forestry, fisheries). NAMIBIA Pre-Independence Post-Independence NAMIBIA • Decimation of large wildlife in 1700s & 1800s • Biodiversity conservation & sustainable use entrenched in • White rhino locally extinct in Namibia before 1900 constitution of Namibia Area 824,093 km2 (reduced to < 50 animals in South Africa by 1895) • Inclusive conservation legislation in mid-1990s Freehold land ± 43% • Black rhino reduced to remote, isolated populations • Rights over wildlife for communal farmers through Communal land ± 37% WINDHOEK • Elephant reduced to remote, isolated populations formation of communal conservancies in mid-1990s, BOTSWANA • Large predators reduced to remote, isolated populations leading to recovery of wildlife on communal land People ± 2,500,000 • Targeted rebuilding of wildlife populations through • Apartheid isolated Namibia & South Africa from the government–NGO–community partnerships Elephants > 20,000 international community • Reintroduction of white rhino to state parks & freehold Rhinos < 2,000 • Homeland policies isolated communities land (private ownership possible) Lions < 800 • Very limited economic development in homelands • Growth & range expansion of black rhino through Rhino Pangolins ? • No access to or benefits from wildlife Custodianship Scheme (government retains ownership) • No incentives to conserve natural resources • Natural growth & range expansion of elephant State conservation areas ± 19.6% • No input into conservation decisions (± 7,000 in 1995 to > 20,000 today) (includes Namibian portion of KAZA) • Natural growth & range expansion of lion Community conservation areas ± 21.9% • Growth of government conservation structures & • Rebuilding of populations of most historically occurring Other formal conservation structures ± 7.3% expansion of protected areas from 1950s, leading to species in national parks, on freehold & communal land Total land with formal conservation status ± 48.7% recovery of rare species in parks • Viable populations of almost all historically occurring large • Rights over wildlife for freehold farmers in 1960s, leading mammals Independence of Namibia 21 March 1990 SOUTH AFRICA to recovery of wildlife on freehold land South African (apartheid) administration 1921-1990 • Rampant poaching for ivory & rhino horn in 1970s & ‘80s The widespread conservation successes since independence German colony 1884-1915 (with South African apartheid military involvement) were enabled through strong partnerships between • Start of community game guard system to combat government, international funding agencies, local NGOs, poaching in 1980s tourism & conservation-hunting industries & rural communities. 6 7 The poaching explosion of the new millennium – in Namibia An ancient practice with a modern edge The trade in ivory, rhino horn and other wildlife products is an ancient practice, with a modern criminal edge. Wildlife products are not new commodities (although new uses are being promoted, especially in food and medicine). Through international treaties and national legislation, a clear distinction has been made between legal wildlife use and wildlife crime. Combatting wildlife crime is a fight against ancient markets and entrenched supply chains – now with huge illicit profits. Namibia has been increasingly targeted Rhino and elephant poaching in Africa ... ... and poaching in Namibia • Rhino poaching rampant across Africa from 1970s • Rampant poaching of elephant & black rhino in 1970s & by organised poaching syndicates since 2012, • Reduction of black rhino population from ± 100,000 in ‘80s with South African (apartheid) military involvement leading to a rapid escalation 1960 to ± 2,500 in 1995 • Start of community conservation programme in 1980s of rhino and elephant poaching • Angola, Botswana & Zambia rhinos reduced to remnant • Active rebuilding of most wildlife populations over past populations, Zimbabwe rhino severely impacted three decades, including elephant, rhinos, lion, leopard, and increasing poaching and trafficking • South Africa & Namibia initially little affected, enabling cheetah, hyaenas, giraffe, antelopes, crocodile of other species significant rebuilding of populations in these countries • Commercial poaching reduced to negligible levels after over past three decades independence • South Africa targeted from 2007 • Namibia increasingly targeted by poaching syndicates • Namibia targeted from 2012 from 2012 • Rapid escalation of rhino & elephant poaching • Elephant poaching rampant across Africa in 1970s & 80s • Increasing poaching/trafficking of other species • Some population recoveries in 1990s • Namibian pangolin poaching recognized as major • Renewed poaching onslaught since 2005 problem from 2014 (pangolin believed to be most • Continental population estimates prior to 1990 patchy, trafficked wild animal in the world); current status of but show rapid decline Namibian pangolin population uncertain • Southern African populations healthy & increasing in • Lion, leopard & cheetah targeted (regular confiscation recent decades of skins) • Continental population estimated to have decreased by • Reptiles, esp. crocodile, snakes & tortoises targeted up to 30% in last decade • Birds & bird’s eggs targeted (e.g. carmine bee-eaters at colonies) Southern Africa and Namibia have clearly become targets • Indigenous/endemic plants targeted for both live trade since poaching in other areas has become less profitable & timber 8 9 Namibia’s response to the crisis A timeline of mobilisation 2010 First rhino poaching awareness meetings in 2016 NGOSS established & specialist staff employed response to poaching increase in South Africa 2016 National needs assessment undertaken, resulting in 2011 Rhino Ranger Incentive Programme to appoint & INL funding (2 yrs) to support government &
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