DOCSLIB.ORG

Human Rights and the Rule of Law in Namibia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Human Rights and the Rule of Law in Namibia Edited by Nico Horn and Anton Bösl 1 This publication would not have been possible without the generous financial support of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation (KAF). Please note that the views expressed herein are not necessarily those of the KAF. KAF is not responsible for the opinions presented in this publication. Konrad Adenauer Foundation P.O. Box 1145 Windhoek [email protected] www.kas.de/namibia © Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung and the Authors All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published: 2008 Second edition: 2009 Cover design: Anton Bösl and John Meinert Printing The cover design is based on a painting by Helen Lieros from Gallery Delta, Harare, Zimbabwe Content editors: Nico Horn and Anton Bösl Language editor: Sandie Fitchat Publication design: Anton Bösl Layout: The Word Factory Printed by: John Meinert Printing (Pty) Ltd Publisher Macmillan Namibia PO Box 22830 Windhoek Namibia Tel. (+264 61) 232165 ISBN 978-99916-0-915-7 2 Table of contents Contributors 5 Foreword 9 Peter Shivute Foreword to the 2nd edition (2009) 10 Norbert Lammert List of abbreviations 11 Introduction 13 Nico Horn and Anton Bosl The rule of law in Namibia 17 Sam K Amoo and Isabella Skeffers The constitutional jurisprudential development in Namibia since 1985 39 Sam K Amoo Traditional governance and African customary law: Comparative observations from a Namibian perspective 59 Manfred O Hinz The justiciability of social, economic and cultural rights in Namibia and the role of the non-governmental organisations 89 John Nakuta Third-generation human rights and the protection of the environment in Namibia 101 Oliver C Ruppel The protection and promotion of human rights in Namibia: The constitutional mandate of the Ombudsman 121 John Walters 3 Human rights and the rule of law in Namibia The Human Rights and Documentation Centre at UNAM 131 Oliver C Ruppel International human rights norms and standards: The development of Namibian case and statutory law 141 Nico Horn The implementation of international and regional human rights instruments in the Namibian legal framework 165 Francois-Xavier Bangamwabo The universality of human rights: Challenges for Namibia 187 Salome M Chomba The rule of law in sub-Saharan Africa – An overview 213 Peter Shivute Appendix 221 Constitution of the Republic of Namibia 4 Contributors Amoo, Sam K is currently the Head of Department and Senior Lecturer in the Private and Procedural Law Department at the Faculty of Law at the UNAM. He obtained a LLM from the University of Toronto; a BA LLB from the University of Zambia and a BBA from the University of Ghana. His last/latest publication: Amoo, SK. 2008 [Forthcoming]. Introduction to law, materials and cases. Windhoek: Macmillan Namibia. [email protected] (+264 61) 246 141 Bangamwabo, Francois-Xavier is a Lecturer in the Faculty of Law at the UNAM. He holds a LLM from the National University of Ireland and a LLB from the University of Zimbabwe. His last/latest publication: F-X Bangamwabo. 2006. The independence and the impartiality of ad hoc international criminal tribunals: The case study of the International Criminal Tribunal of Rwanda. Dublin: University of Ireland. [email protected] (+264 61) 206 3766 Bösl, Anton is the Resident Representative of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation for Namibia and Angola. He holds a PhD in Philosophy from the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich and a PhD in Theology from the Albert Ludwigs University in Freiburg. His last/latest publication: A Bösl et al., (Eds.). 2007. Monitoring Regional Intergration in Southern Africa - Yearbook Volume 7 - 2007. Stellenbosch: Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa. [email protected] (+264 61) 22 55 68 Chomba, Salome is a researcher at the Faculty of Law at the UNAM. She is an LLM candidate at the UNAM. Ms. Chomba holds a LLB and B Juris from the UNAM. [email protected] (+264 61) 206 3664 5 Human rights and the rule of law in Namibia Hinz, Manfred O is currently a Professor in the Department of Public Law and Jurisprudence in the Faculty of Law at the UNAM. Prof. Hinz holds a PhD in Law from the University of Mainz and PhD in Philisophy (Habilitation) from the University of Bremen. He holds the UNESCO Chair for Human Rights and Democracy, Human Rights and Documentation Centre, Faculty of Law, UNAM. His last/latest publication: Hinz, MO & HK Patemann (Eds.). 2006. The shade of new leaves. Governance in traditional authority: A southern African perspective. Münster: Lit Verlag. [email protected] (+264 61) 220541 Horn, Nico is currently the Dean of the Law Faculty at the UNAM. He was formerly a William Paton Fellow at the University of Birmingham. Prof. Horn holds a PhD from the University of the Western Cape; a MA from the Nelson Metropolitan University; a LLM from the University of South Africa; BTh (Hons) from the University of South Africa and a B Proc from the University of Johannesburg. His last/latest publication: Horn, N & PJ Schwikkard. 2008. Commentary on the new Namibian Criminal Procedure Act, Volumes 1 and 2. Windhoek: Orumbonde Press. He is a co-drafter of the recent Confession against nuclear armament: Evangelicals for National Security through International Cooperation. [email protected] (+264 61) 206 3622 Nakuta, John is currently the Head of Department in the Department of Public Law and Jurisprudence, Faculty of Law, University of Namibia. He is a PhD candidate at the University of Maastricht. He holds a LLM from the University Utrecht; a LLB from the University of South Africa; a diploma in Higher Education Diploma from UNAM and an Education Diploma from the Perseverance College of Education in South Africa. His last/latest publication: Jauch, Herbert & John Nakuta. 2008. Understanding Namibia’s Labour Law: A guide to the Labour Act (No. 11 of 2007). Windhoek: Labour Resource and Research Institute. [email protected] (+264 61) 206 3773 6 Human rights and the rule of law in Namibia Ruppel, Oliver C is a Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Law, University of Namibia and the Director of the Human Rights and Documentation Centre at UNAM. He is the Regional Resource Person to the World Trade Organisation for ‘Trade and Environment’ in Southern Africa. He holds a LLD from the University of Pressburg; a MM from the University of Hagen; a LLM from the University of Stellenbosch; a Dipl Phil from the University of Munich and a LLB Hons (German State Law Exams). His last/latest publication: Hinz, MO & OC Ruppel (Eds.). 2008 [Forthcoming]. Customary law, biodiversity and the protection of the environment: Case studies from Namibia. Windhoek: Namibia Scientific Society. [email protected] (+264 61) 206 3664 Shivute, Peter is the Chief Justice of the Republic of Namibia. He was formerly a Regional Court Magistrate and Judge President, before being appointed as Chief Justice. He holds a LLM from the University of Warwick; a MA LLB from the University of Cambridge; a Diploma in Development Studies and Management and a Diploma in Legal Studies which he obtained in Zamiba. In his capacity as Chief Justice, he is the Chairperson of the Judicial Service Commission and Chairperson of another statutory body, the Board of Legal Education. [email protected] (+264 61) 279 901 Skeffers, Isabella is the Programme Officer at the Konrad Adenauer Foundation in Windhoek. She is a Candidate legal practitioner at the Justice Training centre at the UNAM and a LLM candidate at the same University. Ms Skeffers hold the LLB and B Juris degrees from the University of Namibia. Her last/latest publication: Geraldine Mwanza Geraldo and Isabella Skeffers. 2007 (online). Researching Namibian law and the Namibian legal system. New York. Hauser Global Law School Program; available only at http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Namibia.htm. [email protected] (+264 61) 225568 7 Human rights and the rule of law in Namibia Walters, John is the Ombudsman of the Republic of Namibia. He holds a BA; LLB from the University of the Western Cape. Before his appiontment as Ombudsman in 2004, Adv. Walters was appointed as acting Attorney General of the Republic of Namibia. Before that, he worked for the Ministry of Justice as a Prosecutor and later as a Magistrate, at several stations around Namibia. His last/latest publication: Walters, JR. 2006. Special report on conditions prevailing at police cells throughout Namibia. Windhoek: Office of the Ombudsman. [email protected] (+264 61) 207 3111 8 Foreword It is recognised that there are differences of opinion as to the definition of the concept rule of law. There may also be divergent views as to whether there exists a nexus between the rule of law, democracy, and sustainable economic and social development. These differences in definition and understanding of the concept have led to misunderstandings and even contradictions in the implementation of the rule of law. It is, however, uncontroversial that the rule of law plays a crucial role in the protection and promotion of human rights, democracy and transparent governance. According to the World Bank, the rule of law prevails in countries where the government itself is bound by the law, every person in society is treated equally under the law, the human dignity of each individual is recognised and protected by law, and justice is accessible to all. In deciding whether or not to invest in a particular country, genuine investors meticulously examine, among other things, a state’s commitment to the rule of law and the effectiveness of its institutions.
Recommended publications
  • Transnational Resistance Strategies and Subnational Concessions in Namibia's Police Zone, 1919-1962

    Transnational Resistance Strategies and Subnational Concessions in Namibia's Police Zone, 1919-1962

    Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2021 “Remov[e] Us From the Bondage of South Africa:” Transnational Resistance Strategies and Subnational Concessions in Namibia's Police Zone, 1919-1962 Michael R. Hogan West Virginia University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Part of the African History Commons Recommended Citation Hogan, Michael R., "“Remov[e] Us From the Bondage of South Africa:” Transnational Resistance Strategies and Subnational Concessions in Namibia's Police Zone, 1919-1962" (2021). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 8264. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/8264 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “Remov[e] Us From the Bondage of South Africa:” Transnational Resistance Strategies and Subnational Concessions in Namibia's Police Zone, 1919-1962 Michael Robert Hogan Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In History Robert M.
  • Chiefs, Policing, and Vigilantes: “Cleaning Up” the Caprivi Borderland of Namibia

    Chiefs, Policing, and Vigilantes: “Cleaning Up” the Caprivi Borderland of Namibia

    BUUR_Ch03.qxd 31/5/07 8:48 PM Page 79 CHAPTER 3 Chiefs, Policing, and Vigilantes: “Cleaning Up” the Caprivi Borderland of Namibia Wolfgang Zeller Introduction Scholars examining practices of territorial control and administrative action in sub-Saharan Africa have in recent years drawn attention to the analytical problems of locating their proponents unambiguously within or outside the realm of the state (Lund 2001; Englebert 2002; Nugent 2002; Chabal and Daloz 1999; Bayart et al. 1999). This chapter analyzes situations in which state practices intersect with non- state practices in the sense of the state- (and donor-)sponsored out- sourcing of policing functions to chiefs and vigilantes, where chiefs act as lower-tier representatives of state authority. My point of departure is an administrative reform introduced by the Namibian Minister of Home Affairs, Jerry Ekandjo, in August 2002, which took place in the town Bukalo in Namibia’s northeastern Caprivi Region. Bukalo is the residence of the chief of the Subiya people and his khuta (Silozi, council of chiefs and advisors).1 Before an audience of several hundred Subiya and their indunas (Silozi, chief or headman), the minister announced two aspects of the reform that had consequences for policing the border with Zambia. First, Namibian men from the border area were to be trained and deployed to patrol the border as “police reservists,” locally referred to as “vigilantes,” Secondly, Namibian police were going to conduct a “clean-up” of the entire Caprivi Region, during which all citizens of BUUR_Ch03.qxd 31/5/07 8:48 PM Page 80 80 WOLFGANG ZELLER Zambia living and working permanently or part-time in Caprivi without legal documents would be rounded up, arrested, and deported back to Zambia.
  • RUMOURS of RAIN: NAMIBIA's POST-INDEPENDENCE EXPERIENCE Andre Du Pisani

    RUMOURS of RAIN: NAMIBIA's POST-INDEPENDENCE EXPERIENCE Andre Du Pisani

    SOUTHERN AFRICAN ISSUES RUMOURS OF RAIN: NAMIBIA'S POST-INDEPENDENCE EXPERIENCE Andre du Pisani THE .^-y^Vr^w DIE SOUTH AFRICAN i^W*nVv\\ SUID AFRIKAANSE INSTITUTE OF f I \V\tf)) }) INSTITUUT VAN INTERNATIONAL ^^J£g^ INTERNASIONALE AFFAIRS ^*^~~ AANGELEENTHEDE SOUTHERN AFRICAN ISSUES NO 3 RUMOURS OF RAIN: NAMIBIA'S POST-INDEPENDENCE EXPERIENCE Andre du Pisani ISBN NO.: 0-908371-88-8 February 1991 Toe South African Institute of International Affairs Jan Smuts House P.O. Box 31596 Braamfontein 2017 Johannesburg South Africa CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 1 POUTICS IN AFRICA'S NEWEST STATE 2 National Reconciliation 2 Nation Building 4 Labour in Namibia 6 Education 8 The Local State 8 The Judiciary 9 Broadcasting 10 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC REALM - AN UNBALANCED INHERITANCE 12 Mining 18 Energy 19 Construction 19 Fisheries 20 Agriculture and Land 22 Foreign Exchange 23 FOREIGN RELATIONS - NAMIBIA AND THE WORLD 24 CONCLUSIONS 35 REFERENCES 38 BIBLIOGRAPHY 40 ANNEXURES I - 5 and MAP 44 INTRODUCTION Namibia's accession to independence on 21 March 1990 was an uplifting event, not only for the people of that country, but for the Southern African region as a whole. Independence brought to an end one of the most intractable and wasteful conflicts in the region. With independence, the people of Namibia not only gained political freedom, but set out on the challenging task of building a nation and defining their relations with the world. From the perspective of mediation, the role of the international community in bringing about Namibia's independence in general, and that of the United Nations in particular, was of a deep structural nature.
  • Liste Des Indicatifs Téléphoniques Internationaux Par Indicatif 1 Liste Des Indicatifs Téléphoniques Internationaux Par Indicatif

    Liste Des Indicatifs Téléphoniques Internationaux Par Indicatif 1 Liste Des Indicatifs Téléphoniques Internationaux Par Indicatif

    Liste des indicatifs téléphoniques internationaux par indicatif 1 Liste des indicatifs téléphoniques internationaux par indicatif Voici la liste des indicatifs téléphoniques internationaux, permettant d'utiliser les services téléphoniques dans un autre pays. La liste correspond à celle établie par l'Union internationale des télécommunications, dans sa recommandation UIT-T E.164. du 1er février 2004. Liste par pays | Liste par indicatifs Le symbole « + » devant les indicatifs symbolise la séquence d’accès vers l’international. Cette séquence change suivant le pays d’appel ou le terminal utilisé. Depuis la majorité des pays (dont la France), « + » doit être remplacé par « 00 » (qui est le préfixe recommandé). Par exemple, pour appeler en Hongrie (dont l’indicatif international est +36) depuis la France, il faut composer un Indicatifs internationaux par zone numéro du type « 0036######### ». En revanche, depuis les États-Unis, le Canada ou un pays de la zone 1 (Amérique du Nord et Caraïbes), « + » doit être composé comme « 011 ». D’autres séquences sont utilisées en Russie et dans les anciens pays de l’URSS, typiquement le « 90 ». Autrefois, la France utilisait à cette fin le « 19 ». Sur certains téléphones mobiles, il est possible d’entrer le symbole « + » directement en maintenant la touche « 0 » pressée plus longtemps au début du numéro à composer. Mais à partir d’un poste fixe, le « + » n'est pas accessible et il faut généralement taper à la main la séquence d’accès (code d’accès vers l'international) selon le pays d’où on appelle. Zone 0 La zone 0 est pour l'instant réservée à une utilisation future non encore établie.
  • Namibia Legal Environment Assessment of HIV and AIDS

    Namibia Legal Environment Assessment of HIV and AIDS

    Namibia Legal Environment Assessment Of HIV and AIDS Consultants AIDS and Rights Alliance for Southern Africa: International Consultant Legal Assistance Centre: National Consultant Final Report March 2016 1 | P a g e Table of Contents Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................. 5 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... 6 Part I ......................................................................................................................................... 10 Introduction and Background .............................................................................................. 10 Aims and Objectives ............................................................................................................ 11 Aim .................................................................................................................................. 11 Specific objectives ........................................................................................................... 11 Key Deliverables .............................................................................................................. 12 Implementation Modalities .................................................................................................. 12 Technical Approach ........................................................................................................
  • Of Trials, Reparation, and Transformation in Post-Apartheid South Africa: the Making of a Common Purpose

    Of Trials, Reparation, and Transformation in Post-Apartheid South Africa: the Making of a Common Purpose

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE NYLS Law Review Vols. 22-63 (1976-2019) Volume 60 Issue 2 Twenty Years of South African Constitutionalism: Constitutional Rights, Article 6 Judicial Independence and the Transition to Democracy January 2016 Of Trials, Reparation, and Transformation in Post-Apartheid South Africa: The Making of A Common Purpose ANDREA DURBACH Professor of Law and Director of the Australian Human Rights Centre, Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales, Australia Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/nyls_law_review Part of the Constitutional Law Commons Recommended Citation ANDREA DURBACH, Of Trials, Reparation, and Transformation in Post-Apartheid South Africa: The Making of A Common Purpose, 60 N.Y.L. SCH. L. REV. (2015-2016). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@NYLS. It has been accepted for inclusion in NYLS Law Review by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@NYLS. NEW YORK LAW SCHOOL LAW REVIEW VOLUME 60 | 2015/16 VOLUME 60 | 2015/16 Andrea Durbach Of Trials, Reparation, and Transformation in Post-Apartheid South Africa: The Making of A Common Purpose 60 N.Y.L. Sch. L. Rev. 409 (2015–2016) ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Andrea Durbach is a Professor of Law and Director of the Australian Human Rights Centre, Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales, Australia. Born and educated in South Africa, she practiced as a political trial lawyer, representing victims and opponents of apartheid laws. In 1988 she was appointed solicitor to twenty-five black defendants in a notorious death penalty case in South Africa and later published an account of her experiences in Andrea Durbach, Upington: A Story of Trials and Reconciliation (1999) (for information on the other editions of this book see infra note 42), on which the documentary, A Common Purpose (Looking Glass Pictures 2011) is based.
  • Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report: Volume 2

    Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report: Volume 2

    VOLUME TWO Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report The report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was presented to President Nelson Mandela on 29 October 1998. Archbishop Desmond Tutu Ms Hlengiwe Mkhize Chairperson Dr Alex Boraine Mr Dumisa Ntsebeza Vice-Chairperson Ms Mary Burton Dr Wendy Orr Revd Bongani Finca Adv Denzil Potgieter Ms Sisi Khampepe Dr Fazel Randera Mr Richard Lyster Ms Yasmin Sooka Mr Wynand Malan* Ms Glenda Wildschut Dr Khoza Mgojo * Subject to minority position. See volume 5. Chief Executive Officer: Dr Biki Minyuku I CONTENTS Chapter 1 Chapter 6 National Overview .......................................... 1 Special Investigation The Death of President Samora Machel ................................................ 488 Chapter 2 The State outside Special Investigation South Africa (1960-1990).......................... 42 Helderberg Crash ........................................... 497 Special Investigation Chemical and Biological Warfare........ 504 Chapter 3 The State inside South Africa (1960-1990).......................... 165 Special Investigation Appendix: State Security Forces: Directory Secret State Funding................................... 518 of Organisations and Structures........................ 313 Special Investigation Exhumations....................................................... 537 Chapter 4 The Liberation Movements from 1960 to 1990 ..................................................... 325 Special Investigation Appendix: Organisational structures and The Mandela United
  • Combating Political Violence Movements with Third-Force Options Doron Zimmermann ∗

    Combating Political Violence Movements with Third-Force Options Doron Zimmermann ∗

    Between Minimum Force and Maximum Violence: Combating Political Violence Movements with Third-Force Options Doron Zimmermann ∗ Introduction: Balancing the Tools of Counter-Terrorism In most liberal democratic states it is the responsibility of the police forces to cope with “internal” threats, including terrorism, since in such states terrorism is invariably defined as a criminal act rather than a manifestation of insurgent political violence. In many such instances, the resultant quantitative and qualitative overtaxing of law en- forcement capabilities to keep the peace has led to calls by sections of the public, as well as by the legislative and executive branches of government, to expand both the le- gal and operational means available to combat terrorism, and to boost civilian agen- cies’ capacity to deal with terrorism in proportion to the perceived threat. The deterio- rating situation in Ulster in Northern Ireland between 1968 and 1972 and beyond is an illustrative case in point.1 Although there have been cases of successfully transmogrifying police forces into military-like formations, the best-known and arguably most frequent example of aug- mented state responses to the threat posed by insurgent political violence movements is the use of the military in the fight against terrorism and in the maintenance of internal security. While it is imperative that the threat of a collapse of national cohesion due to the overextension of internal civil security forces be averted, the deployment of all branches of the armed forces against a terrorist threat is not without its own pitfalls. Paul Wilkinson has enunciated some of the problems posed by the use of counter-ter- rorism military task forces, not the least of which is that [a] fully militarized response implies the complete suspension of the civilian legal system and its replacement by martial law, summary punishments, the imposition of curfews, military censorship and extensive infringements of normal civil liberties in the name of the exigencies of war.
  • Namibia-Free and Fair Elections-Fact

    Namibia-Free and Fair Elections-Fact

    WILL NAMIBIA'S ELECTION BE FREE AND FAIR ? by Geoffrey Bindman INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF JURISTS BP 120, 1224 Chene-Bougeries/Geneva, Switzerland Tel. 022-49 35 45 ....J' ·otc . a:a.. (..) PREFACE In August 1989 Geoffrey Bindman, an English solicitor, was asked by the International Commission of Jurists to attend the hearing of an application by the Legal Assistance Centre to the Supreme Court of Namibia.The application sought to dismiss a challenge by the Government to the freedom of the Centre to represent litigants in proceedings alleging human rights abuses by the police and security forces. As the application was decided quickly in favour of the Centre, Mr. Bindman spent the remainder of his time in Namibia looking into the role of the law in Namibia's transitional period from being a dependency of South Africa to becoming an independent state. He came to the conclusion that the dominant role of the South African-controlled Government endangers the prospect of a free and fair election. Accordingly,this document, in addition to being a report of the legal proceedings before the Supreme Court, recounts disturbing features of the run-up to the independence election which is due to be held in November 1989. In view of the urgency, the International Commission of Jurists has decided to publish his report in this form. Niall McDermot Secretary-General International Commission of Jurists ~;bra ry InternatiOnal Commjssion of Jurists (ICJ) Geneva, Switzerland 1 \C ?R ~: 'vv \ L WILL NAMIBIA'S ELECTION BE FREE AND FAIR? Introduction The immediate purpose of my visit to Namibia was to observe on behalf of the International Commission of Jurists the hearing of an application by the Legal Assistance Centre to the Supreme Court in Windhoek.The application sought to dismiss a challenge by the government to the freedom of the Centre to represent litigants in proceedings alleging human rights abuses by police and security forces.
  • A Dissertation SUBMITTED to the FACULTY of the UNIVERSITY of MINNESOTA BY

    A Dissertation SUBMITTED to the FACULTY of the UNIVERSITY of MINNESOTA BY

    THE IMPACT OF HUMAN RIGHTS LAW IN TIME A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Geoffrey T. Dancy IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Kathryn Sikkink July 2013 Geoffrey T. Dancy 2013 © ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am absolutely, unequivocally indebted to my adviser Kathryn Sikkink for her counsel, her support, and her infectious commitment to good social science. I also owe a great deal to Ron Krebs, who suffered through repeated office visits filled with half-formed ideas, and served persistently as a devoted critic and ally of my project. I would like to thank Ben Ansell for his help with the numbers, and James Ron for going out of his way not only to stay on my committee despite adversity, but also to provide me with his characteristically brilliant feedback. Also, I appreciate deeply my colleagues who participated in our dissertation group, including Giovanni Mantilla, Ralitsa Donkova, Bridget Marchesi, and Brooke Coe. Additionally, I want to give a special thanks to those who provided invaluable comments at various meetings of the Minnesota International Relations Colloquium, including Bud Duvall, David Samuels, Lisa Hilbink, Jonas Bunte, Laura Thaut, and Ismail Yaylaci. The majority of this research would not have been finished without the assistance of the National Science Foundation, which supported me for three years through the Oxford- Minnesota Transitional Justice Collaborative. Also, I benefited greatly from the support of the University of Minnesota Graduate School, which provided me with a year of funding through the Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship. Mom and Dad, you have always supported me despite my strangeness, and you never questioned my desire to pursue a twenty-year education.
  • Flags and Banners

    Flags and Banners

    Flags and Banners A Wikipedia Compilation by Michael A. Linton Contents 1 Flag 1 1.1 History ................................................. 2 1.2 National flags ............................................. 4 1.2.1 Civil flags ........................................... 8 1.2.2 War flags ........................................... 8 1.2.3 International flags ....................................... 8 1.3 At sea ................................................. 8 1.4 Shapes and designs .......................................... 9 1.4.1 Vertical flags ......................................... 12 1.5 Religious flags ............................................. 13 1.6 Linguistic flags ............................................. 13 1.7 In sports ................................................ 16 1.8 Diplomatic flags ............................................ 18 1.9 In politics ............................................... 18 1.10 Vehicle flags .............................................. 18 1.11 Swimming flags ............................................ 19 1.12 Railway flags .............................................. 20 1.13 Flagpoles ............................................... 21 1.13.1 Record heights ........................................ 21 1.13.2 Design ............................................. 21 1.14 Hoisting the flag ............................................ 21 1.15 Flags and communication ....................................... 21 1.16 Flapping ................................................ 23 1.17 See also ...............................................
  • 14 September 1989

    14 September 1989

    Bringging Africa South TODAY the pall of deep grief that layover the Swapo Election Directorate and the Namibian people generally was given verbal expression in a -forcefully worded.. ()Qndemnation by the mass .- organisation ofthe "deliberate and well calculated" assassination of Amon Lubowski. Terming the perpetrators the of the cold -blooded murder of Cde, "enemies of the Namibian people" Lubowski " . in accord with popular sentiment, The Administrator General has been Swapo identified the motive behind .dragging his feet on the issue of the slaying was to cause panic and dismantling the para-military force "create an atmosphere of insecu­ of Koevoet as is required under rity" before the November elections UNSCR435. as well as scaring patriots from giv­ Referring to Anton's great per­ ing Sam Nujomathe hero's welcome sonal courage in remaining active in he deserved. Swapo, the Directorate of Elections In an oblique attack on South Af­ mentioned his murder had been pre­ rica's man in Windhoek, Swapo took ceeded by anonymous telephone calls on Louis Pienaar by attributing the threatening violent demise to Anton. original source of the weapon used to Gwen Lister and Dave Smuts who gun down Anton to the authorities knew him well, and were associated meant to uphold law and order dur­ together in opposing the illegal South ing transition to political independ­ African occupation of Namibia, re­ ence. ceived similar threats. "Only people who have access to The Swapo leadership currently in fry(' AK-47s are the SADF, Police and the country futher paid tribute to a THE HEAD ofSwapo's Directorate, Mr Hage Geingob, comforts the wife ofslain Koevoet The latter has in particular .