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Outline of a Diplomatic Leader in the International Community: Hernán Santa Cruz and His Works at the United Nations

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Outline of a Diplomatic Leader in the International Community: Hernán Santa Cruz and His Works at the United Nations Outline of a Diplomatic Leader in the International Community: Hernán Santa Cruz and his Works at the United Nations Erna Ulloa Castillo, Cristian Medina Valverde Human Rights Quarterly, Volume 41, Number 4, November 2019, pp. 962-981 (Article) Published by Johns Hopkins University Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2019.0069 For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/735803 [ This content has been declared free to read by the pubisher during the COVID-19 pandemic. ] HUMAN RIGHTS QUARTERLY Outline of a Diplomatic Leader in the International Community: Hernán Santa Cruz and his Works at the United Nations Erna Ulloa Castillo & Cristian Medina Valverde ABSTRACT This article analyzes the life of a diplomat who played a pivotal role in the United Nations, Hernán Santa Cruz Barceló of Chile. This diplomatic leader focused on creating the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean as well, as the commission that drafted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Through this analysis of his internationalist philosophy, his management as ambassador, and his friendships with vari- ous presidents of the Republic, critical milestones will be examined that marked not only his vision for international relations, but also his most characteristic feature: his faith in the human spirit and a superior destiny. Erna Ulloa Castillo obtained her bachelor’s degree in Social Communication and her Professional Degree in Journalism from the Universidad Católica de la Santísima Con- cepción (Chile). She obtained her Ph.D. in History from the University of Valladolid (Spain). She is currently a Professor in the Department of History and Geography at the Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción. Her main research focuses are History of International Relations in Chile during the XX-XXI centuries, History and Cinema. [email protected] Cristián Medina Valverde obtained his bachelor’s degree in History from the Pontificia Universidad Católica in Chile and his Ph.D. in History from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain). He is currently a Professor of Research at the Institute of History, Department of Law and Government, at the Universidad San Sebastián (Chile). His main research focuses are History of International Relations in Chile during the XX-XXI centuries. [email protected] This article was supported by the Research Department of Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción in Chile, through the Commission for financing academic activi- ties. This work was also supported by Project FONDECYT N°1170184 and the National Commission of Scientific and Technological Research (CONICYT), Chile. Human Rights Quarterly 41 (2019) 962–981 © 2019 by Johns Hopkins University Press 2019 Hernán Santa Cruz Leader in the International Community 963 I. INTRODUCTION Throughout history there have been numerous characters that have impacted a process, time, or period of life, but for various reasons, they have unfor- tunately been relegated to the general oblivion, barely survived but for the people closest to them who remember their works. A clear example is Hernán Santa Cruz Barceló, a virtually unknown dimplomat for new generations, despite being a man who left a deep impression on others not only in the context of international diplomacy, but in the vision of the most significant institution in international history of the latter half of the twentieth century, the United Nations. Influenced by a family environment of enlightened bourgeoisie and public servants, Santa Cruz, a man with an open attitude towards getting acquainted with the outside world and an interest in what happens in it, became familiar with international affairs at an early age. Over the course of time, and to the extent to which he fulfilled various functions, he developed an active diplomatic life that later led him to become part of various insti- tutions within the international community. He travelled to more than 100 countries and established contact with the world’s most influential leaders. The experiences he gained throughout his professional life nurtured his vision and influenced his contributions to the guidelines of the United Nations. Hernán Santa Cruz stood out for his enthusiastic defense and promotion of inalienable and universal human rights at this time. This was especially admirable in the context of World War II, what with its legacy of devastation and the subsequent need to rebuild an international system due to the social, economic, and cultural fabric that was destroyed during the years of conflict. As a diplomatic agent in the service of Chile, he was obligated to respond to the central foundations set by the President of the Republic, Gabriel González Videla (1946-1952). In this regard, it was essential to him that his country participated in an organization such as the United Nations, which took its first steps during the forties. He was aware that the international community should not only consider the consequences that the two world wars had for Europe, but also for Latin America, a region that urgently needed international help after WWII. The war had a marked effect on its overall economy: 65 percent of the population survived mainly from agricultural activities, the industrial sector was suffering, two thirds of the population was malnourished, and nearly 30 percent did not have ac- cess to primary education. Therefore, his central objective was to establish a separate organization that turned its efforts toward improving conditions in the Latin American region and the Caribbean, which finally materialized 964 HUMAN RIGHTS QUARTERLY Vol. 41 into the creation of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC).1 Our study addresses the perspective of the Chilean diplomat regarding three central axes: first, his intellectual biography marked by familial influence and his stay in Brazil, which brought him closer to his socio-cultural side; second, his role as the Chilean ambassador to the United Nations and his participation in the team led by Eleanor Roosevelt that drafted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.2 And third, a reflection on the importance and transcendence of his ideas for initiating a regeneration of the international community based on cooperation and integration. Our literature review includes primary sources, marked by a qualitative analysis of speeches, letters, press releases, and books. This literature was retrieved from the Historical General Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Af- fairs in Chile, specifically the Hernán Santa Cruz Collection, belonging to the Donations Fund, which was donated by the ambassador’s own family to the Chilean State archive. II. HERNÁN SANTA CRUZ: IDENTITY OF A HUMANITARIAN AND POLITICIAN If there was one fact that embodied the path of Ambassador Hernán Santa Cruz, it was that he went from being a perfect stranger in the UN corridors, to a man who was highly valued for his ideas and projections. Raúl Prebisch, a renowned Argentine economist and politician who, among his many acheivements, was one of the most accomplished Executive Secretaries of ECLAC (1950-1963) and Secretary General of the United Nations Confer- ence on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), had a particular idea of him: “the experience gathered by Hernán . will be a valuable antecedent in understanding what is happening globally and the enormous potential of the United Nations.”3 Undoubtedly, Santa Cruz became an active member in the international community as a humanist imbued with the nineteenth- century’s pursuit of being with an interest in social, economic, and cultural development. In 1986, he was distinguished as a member by the Chilean Academy of Social Sciences, Politics and Morals, and occupied chair No. 55. By then, Santa Cruz was a highly recognized diplomat with a vast international 1. CRISTIÁN GARAY & ÁNGEL SOTO, GABRIEL GONZÁLEZ VIDELA: “NO A LOS TOTALITARISMOS, YA SEAN ROJOS, PARDOS O AMARILLOS…” 100-12 (2013). 2. Roland Burke, Emotional Diplomacy and Human Rights at the United Nations, 39 HUM. RTS. Q. 273 (2017). 3. HERNÁN SANTA CRUZ, COOPERAR O PERECER: EL DILEMA DE LA COMUNIDAD MUNDIAL 16 (1984). This quote has been translated by the authors, and the same applies to all other quotes in the manuscript unless indicated otherwise. 2019 Hernán Santa Cruz Leader in the International Community 965 career. His internal recognition by Chile represented certain particularities, given the historic turmoil through which his country was living under the regime of General Augusto Pinochet.4 It was also during those years that Chile received an international condemnation for permanent violations of human rights.5 His incorporation into the Academy was seen as an assess- ment of one of the dimensions of his work that focused on the cultivation and development of man, rather than just a tribute to his solid career in the field of diplomacy and international agencies. This distinction must have contained a special tinge for him, since in the post-World War II and Cold War world, which was dominated by natural, physical, and chemical sciences, it was unusual to highlight someone who cultivated the social sciences. He likely noted a contradiction between the common interest at the time, which was science and technology-based social development, and what he believed to be essential, which was humanist- based social development. During his welcome speech to the Chilean Academy of Social, Political and Moral Sciences on 7 October 1986, Carlos Martínez Sotomayor, also a former Ambassador of Chile to the United Na- tions, described Santa Cruz as having: [A] practical and logical spirit with strong reasoning, endowed with a healthy curiosity and capacity for analysis, agile and systematic; a conciliatory spirit that leads to quick and positive solutions to problems. He caresses a realistic sense of appreciation of human beings and situations, and an ideal for constant intellectual improvement; possessor of an unshakable faith in justice, human dignity and freedom.6 These characteristics were undeniably molded and influenced by his childhood and family.
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