A Study of the Bournville Estate, Birmingham
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Neighbourhoods that work A study of the Bournville estate, Birmingham Rick Groves, Alan Middleton, Alan Murie and Kevin Broughton POLICY P P PRESS i Neighbourhoods that work First published in Great Britain in July 2003 by The Policy Press Fourth Floor, Beacon House Queen’s Road Bristol BS8 1QU UK Tel no +44 (0)117 331 4054 Fax no +44 (0)117 331 4093 E-mail [email protected] www.policypress.org.uk © University of Birmingham 2003 Published for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation by The Policy Press ISBN 1 86134 538 0 Rick Groves is a Senior Lecturer in the Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, University of Birmingham, Alan Middleton is Professor of Urban Studies in the Centre for Public Policy and Urban Change, University of Central England, Birmingham, Alan Murie is Professor of Urban and Regional Studies in the Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, University of Birmingham and Kevin Broughton is a Research Assistant in the Centre for Public Policy and Urban Change, Faculty of the Built Environment, University of Central England, Birmingham. All rights reserved: no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the Publishers. The Joseph Rowntree Foundation has supported this project as part of its programme of research and innovative development projects, which it hopes will be of value to policy makers, practitioners and service users. The facts presented and views expressed in this report are, however, those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Foundation. The statements and opinions contained within this publication are solely those of the authors and contributors and not of The University of Bristol or The Policy Press. The University of Bristol and The Policy Press disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any material published in this publication. The Policy Press works to counter discrimination on grounds of gender, race, disability, age and sexuality. Cover design by Qube Design Associates, Bristol Printed in Great Britain by Hobbs the Printers Ltd, Southampton. ii Contents Acknowledgements v Summary vi •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 Introduction 1 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2 The estate 4 Introduction 4 The neighbourhoods 4 Conclusion 7 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3 Does the neighbourhood work? 8 Introduction 8 Bournville in its national and local context 8 Satisfaction with landlords 8 Perceptions of the estate 9 Social relations on the estate 10 Satisfaction with local services and facilities 10 Crime and security 10 Conclusion 11 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 Residents and residence 12 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 5 Social capital 14 Perceptions of location and community 15 Bonding social capital 16 Bridging social capital 18 Linking social capital 19 Conclusion 20 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 6 Resident satisfaction 23 The estate and its environment 23 Satisfaction with Bournville 23 Change in Bournville over time 24 Problems in the area 24 Housing standards 24 Satisfaction with public services and facilities 25 General satisfaction with local services and facilities 25 Conclusion 26 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7 Crime and disorderly behaviour 27 Introduction 27 The incidence of street crime 27 The incidence of street crime by neighbourhoods 29 The incidence of disorderly behaviour by neighbourhood 31 Perceptions of safety and security 33 Conclusion 34 iii Neighbourhoods that work 8 Tenure mix messages 36 Tenure mix 36 Conclusion 40 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 9 Conclusions: making neighbourhoods work 42 Neighbourhood problems 42 Positive drivers 43 Tenure mix and social mix 43 Social capital, identities and cohesion 46 Time and status 48 Cohesion and exclusion 49 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 10 Policy implications 50 Tailored and integrated responses 50 Neighbourhoods that are attractive to live in 50 Plan, monitor and manage 51 New communities 51 Existing viable neighbourhoods 51 Dysfunctional markets 52 Clearance and rebuilding 52 Conclusion 53 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• References and further reading 55 Appendix A: Neighbourhood plans 57 Appendix B: Social and environmental indicators for Bournville Village Trust 63 iv Acknowledgements This report presents the results of a major research project funded by the Bournville Village Trust and the Joseph Rowntree Foundation. We are grateful for the help and assistance given by Bournville Village Trust and in particular by the Advisory Group members who contributed throughout the project, namely: Professor Ian Cole, CRESR, Sheffield-Hallam University Mr Alastair Flint, Deputy Chief Executive, Bournville Village Trust Ms Pat Kneen, Joseph Rowntree Foundation Professor Martin Snaith, Pro-Vice Chancellor, University of Birmingham Mr Michael Sturge, Joseph Rowntree Foundation Mr Andrew Williamson, Chief Executive, Hastoe Housing Association Ms Lorraine Yates, Bournville Village Trust Finally, our thanks are due to all of those who participated in the focus groups and interviews and assisted with the social survey, which has been a crucial part of the present study. v Neighbourhoods that work Summary There is a renewed interest in Britain and Village Trust to celebrate its centenary and elsewhere in problems associated with funded by the Bournville Village Trust and the neighbourhoods. The increasing concentration Joseph Rowntree Foundation. It is a study of a of deprived households in particular parts of neighbourhood that is not uniform and that cities and growing social polarisation and includes a significant proportion of social rented segregation within cities have triggered a series housing as well as attractive, and sometimes of debates about why these patterns of expensive, owner-occupied housing. difference exist and about what policies can be pursued to ameliorate or change such patterns. It is a neighbourhood in Birmingham that works as evidenced by comparisons with other parts of In Britain there has been a plethora of studies the city: evidence about resident satisfaction and about neighbourhoods but they are principally evidence about residential mobility. At the same studies of neighbourhoods that do not work. time it is not a uniform neighbourhood or a Unfortunately, it is not clear that we can neighbourhood without problems. It provides us understand better how to develop policies to with an important opportunity to assess what address neighbourhood problems by continually contributes to the relative success of this studying neighbourhoods that do not work. neighbourhood in dealing with different needs What we need are studies about neighbourhoods and providing satisfactory housing of choice for that do work, do house a mix of households and, different groups. in the British context, do include a significant proportion of social rented dwellings. The aim of the study has been to identify how Bournville Village Trust could do things better to It could be argued that we know that affluent, ensure that Bournville remains an attractive and owner-occupied neighbourhoods work and that sustainable community. The study has also been they work because they are affluent. We know, designed to contribute to the broader debate and in turn, that this is directly linked to the understanding about how neighbourhoods work. problems associated with neighbourhoods of A longer report from this study is being mixed tenure and with a higher proportion of published separately summarises the evidence lower income households – less affluent areas generated through the research project. The work less well. The challenge is to find focus of this report, rather than reproducing the neighbourhoods that have a mix of tenures and evidence, is on the conclusions and implications include a significant proportion of social rented of the research