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Martin Luther – Einführung Und Lektüre Einiger Hauptschriften Vorlesung SS 2018

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Martin Luther – Einführung Und Lektüre Einiger Hauptschriften Vorlesung SS 2018 Bek.kunde SS 2018 - Lutherschriften Bekenntniskunde II Martin Luther – Einführung und Lektüre einiger Hauptschriften Vorlesung SS 2018 1 Bek.kunde SS 2018 - Lutherschriften Lernziele SS 2018 • Basiskenntnisse über Leben und Werk Martin Luthers, Kenntnis der wichtigsten Lutherausgaben und Fähigkeit zum Quellenstudium • Kenntnis von und Auseinandersetzung mit einigen wichtigen Schriften Luthers aus verschiedenen Perioden • Fähigkeit zur kritischen Reflexion der Wurzeln unserer evangelischen Kirche und zur kreativen Weiterführung unserer Tradition heute. 2 Bek.kunde SS 2018 - Lutherschriften Planung SS 2018 • 1. Einführung, Biografie, theologisches Profil Woche 1 -2 • 2. Bibliothek: Einführung in die Lutherschriften • 3. Von der Freiheit eines Christenmenschen Wochen 4 - 6 • 4. Sakramentsverständnis Wochen 7 – 9 • 5. Eventuell: Luther und der Staat Wochen 10 – 12 • 6. Exposé / kurze schriftliche Arbeit zu einer Lutherschrift nach eigener Wahl. 3 Bek.kunde SS 2018 - Lutherschriften Bewertung (Noten) • Mitarbeit in der Stunde, Leseaufgaben bearbeiten 50% • Schriftliche Arbeit zu einer selbst gewählten Lutherschrift 50% 4 Bek.kunde SS 2018 - Lutherschriften Luthers Biografie: Kindheit und Jugend Geb. am 10.11.1483 in Eisleben. Eltern: Hans und Margarethe Luder. 1484 Umzug nach Mansfeld, Aufstieg zu wohlhabenden Bürgern (Kupferbergbau). Schulen: Mansfeld (Lateinschule) 1497 Magdeburg, Schule der Brüder vom gemeinsamen Leben 1498-1501 Eisenach (v.a. Latein) 5 Bek.kunde SS 2018 - Lutherschriften Studium 1501 Universität Erfurt (eingeschrieben als "Martinus ludher ex mansfelt“) Vorherrschend: die via moderna, die konsequent die Methoden des Spätscholastikers Wilhelm von Ockham († 1349) anwendete Studium der septem artes liberales. 1502 baccalaureus artium, 1505 magister artium. Berechtigung zur Einschreibung an einer höheren Fakultät. 1505 Beginn des Jura-Studiums 6 Bek.kunde SS 2018 - Lutherschriften Augustinerorden 2. Juli 1505, Gewitter-Erlebnis und Gelübde: "Hilff du, S. Anna, ich wil ein monch werden" Juli 1505 Bitte um Aufnahme ins Augustinerkloster in Erfurt, Herbst 1505 Novize, Herbst 1506 Profess (Ordensgelübde des Gehorsams, der Armut und Keuschheit) 1507 Priesterweihe Wichtig wurde für Luther der Generalobere der Augustinerobservanten, Johannes von Staupitz († 1524). Auf dessen Anweisung Theologiestudium in Erfurt und Wittenberg. Bibelstudium und alte Sprachen (‚ad fontes‘) Romreise 1510-1511 7 Bek.kunde SS 2018 - Lutherschriften Lehrtätigkeit 1512-1517 1512 Doktor der Theologie; Lehrstuhl Lectura in Biblia, den er bis zum Lebensende innehat Vorlesungen: Psalmen (1514/15, Dictata super Psalterium) Römerbrief (1515/16) Galaterbrief (1516/17) Hebräerbrief (1517/18). Kollegen u.a. Nikolaus von Amsdorf und Karlstadt (Andreas Bodenstein) Allmählicher Durchbruch der reformatorischen Erkenntnis 8 Bek.kunde SS 2018 - Lutherschriften Reformatorische Reifezeit Aufgrund der Exegese entstehen erste stärker reformatorische Schriften: 1516 in der Thesenreihe "De viribus et voluntate hominis sine gratia" 1517 in der "Disputatio contra scholasticam theologiam" 1518 „Disputatio Heidelbergae habita“ Turmerlebnis – vermutlich 1518. Er beschreibt es 1545 als Durchbruch zur Erkenntnis der Gerechtigkeit Gottes, die den Sünder gerecht macht, der sich im Glauben ganz dem gnädigen Gott anvertraut. 9 Bek.kunde SS 2018 - Lutherschriften Missbrauch des Ablasses Prediger und Seelsorger in der Wittenberger Stadtpfarrkirche. Konfrontation mit dem wachsenden Ablasswesen (Ablassbriefe kaufen statt beichen). Hintergrund: Ämterkumulation (Markgraf Albrecht von Brandenburg war auch Kurfürst und Kardinal von Mainz, Erzbischof von Magdeburg und Administrator von Halberstadt) mit damit verbundenen Schulden. Dominikanermönch Johannes Tetzel predigt den Petersablass. Das Geld geht teilweise zur Schuldentilgung (was Luther allerdings damals noch nicht wusste). Ablass: nicht Kauf der göttlichen Sündenvergebung an sich, sondern Erlass der irdischen Sündenstrafen bzw. der reinigenden Genugtuung. Stellvertretend auch für Seelen im Fegefeuer. Vgl. päpstl. Dekret Cum postquam vom 9.11.151810 Bek.kunde SS 2018 - Lutherschriften 95 Ablassthesen 31. Okt. 1517 Brief an den Erzbischof von Magdeburg, beigelegt 95 Thesen als Grundlage für eine Disputation (Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum) Thesenanschlag an die Türe der Wittenberger Stadtkirche ist vielleicht nur eine Legende. 1518 ergänzt Luther seine Thesen mit Ausführungen (Resolutiones...) und mit einem volkstümlichen „Sermon von Ablass und Gnade“. Bereits Ende 1517 sind Drucke der 95 Thesen in Leipzig, Nürnberg und Basel im Umlauf . Reaktionen teils begeistert, teils ablehnend. 11 Bek.kunde SS 2018 - Lutherschriften Kirchlicher Prozess Meldung durch Kardinal Albrecht in Rom. Febr 1518 Anweisung aus Rom an den Orden, Luther zum Schweigen zu bringen. Johannes von Staupitz ignoriert dies und lädt zu einer Disputation in Heidelberg ein (April 1518) Eröffnung eines kirchlichen Prozesses in Rom; Aufforderung an Luther (August 1518), binnen 60 Tagen zu erscheinen. Kurfürst Friedrich der Weise (gest. 1525) erwirkt ein Verhör in Augsburg, durch den päpstlichen Legaten Kardinal Cajetan. 12.-14.10.1518 Augsburg; unfruchtbarer Disput; Luther appelliert an den „besser zu unterrichtenden Papst“. Cajetan an Kurfürst Friedrich: Luther sei eindeutig ein Ketzer und müsse ausgeliefert werden. Der Kurfürst lehnt ab; Rom ist abwartend aus Rücksicht auf die polit. Verhältnisse (anstehende Kaiserwahl). 12 Bek.kunde SS 2018 - Lutherschriften Kirchlicher Bann Leipziger Disputation, Sommer 1519: Johannes Eck (Prof. in Ingolstadt) gegen Karlstadt und Luther. Klärungen und Verschärfungen. Eck ist entschlossen, in Rom Luthers Verurteilung zu betreiben. Juni 1519 Wahl des span. Habsburgerkönigs zum Kaiser (Karl V) Herbst 1519: Gutachten der Universitäten Köln und Löwen gegen Luther. Bannandrohungsbulle "Exsurge Domine" vom 15. Juni 1520, in der Papst Leo X. († 1521) 41 Sätze L.s als ketzerisch, falsch, ärgerlich oder verführerisch verwirft. Veröffentlichung in Deutschland (in Meissen am 21. Sept.) sie ist rechtskräftig. Luther soll widerrufen. 13 Bek.kunde SS 2018 - Lutherschriften Kirchlicher Bann (Forts.) Vermittlungsversuch durch Karl von Miltitz: Treffen mit Luther Okt. 1520, rückdatierter „Sendbrief an den Papst Leo X“ mit der Schrift De libertate christiana als Beilage; fragwürdiger Appell an den ‚frommen Leo‘ mit dem Versuch, alle Schuld auf Eck zu schieben. 10. Dez. 1520: Luther verbrennt die Bannandrohungsbulle in Wittenberg. endgültiger Bruch mit Rom. Theologische Antwort zur Jahreswende 1520/21 ("Assertio omnium articulorum M. Lutheri per bullam Leonis X. novissimam damnatorum„ bzw. dt „Grund und Ursach aller Artikel...“) 3. Januar 1521 Bannfluch des Papstes über Luther 14 Bek.kunde SS 2018 - Lutherschriften 1520: Reformatorische Programmschriften Mai: "Von den guten Werken" (Glaubengerechtigkeit und Werke) Juni: "Von dem Papsttum zu Rom wider den hochberühmten Romanisten zu Leipzig" (Ekklesiologie) August: "An den christlichen Adel deutscher Nation von des christlichen Standes Besserung" (Kirchenreform) Oktober: "De captivitate Babylonica ecclesiae praeludium" (Sakramente) November: "Von der Freiheit eines Christenmenschen" - "De libertate Christiana" vgl. 1523 auch: "Von weltlicher Oberkeit, wie weit man ihr Gehorsam schuldig sei" (Abgrenzung kirchl. und weltl. Macht) 15 Bek.kunde SS 2018 - Lutherschriften Reichstag zu Worms 1521 Einladung zur Verteidigung auf den Reichstag zu Worms, mit Versprechen des freien Geleites. Unterwegs viel Jubel für Luther 17. + 18. April 1521 Verhör: ob er seine Schriften bestätige oder sie widerrufe. Nach 1 Tag Bedenkzeit: "wenn ich nicht durch Zeugnisse der Schrift und klare Vernunftgründe überzeugt werde; denn weder dem Papst noch den Konzilien allein glaube ich, da es feststeht, daß sie öfter geirrt und sich selbst widersprochen haben, so bin ich durch die Stellen der heiligen Schrift, die ich angeführt habe, überwunden in meinem Gewissen und gefangen in dem Worte Gottes. Daher kann und will ich nichts widerrufen, weil wider das Gewissen etwas zu tun weder sicher noch heilsam ist. Gott helfe mir, Amen!" 16 Bek.kunde SS 2018 - Lutherschriften Reichsacht und Schutz auf der Wartburg 26. Mai 1521, sog. `Wormser Edikt‚: Reichsacht gegen Luther, d.h. er ist vogelfrei Inszenierte Entführung Luthers durch Kurfürst Friedrich und Schutzaufenthalt auf der Wartburg (bei Eisenach). 10 Monate dort als ‚Junker Jörg‘. Übersetzung des NT aus dem Griechischen in elf Wochen. Das Werk wird später von Melanchthon u.a. noch bearbeitet; es erscheint 1522 im Druck ("Das Newe Testament Deutzsch", Wittenberg, Melchior Lotther d.J.). Weite Verbreitung; grosse Bedeutung für die deutsche Sprache. Übersetzung des AT später; 1534 erscheint die Gesamtausgabe. Erste deutsche Bibel gedruckt: 1466! 17 Zürcher Bibel: erste Vollausgabe 1531! Bek.kunde SS 2018 - Lutherschriften 18 Bek.kunde SS 2018 - Lutherschriften 19 Bek.kunde SS 2018 - Lutherschriften 20 Bek.kunde SS 2018 - Lutherschriften 21 Bek.kunde SS 2018 - Lutherschriften 22 Bek.kunde SS 2018 - Lutherschriften 23 Bek.kunde SS 2018 - Lutherschriften Rückkehr nach Wittenberg und Beginn der Kirchenorganisation Ungeduldige Reformer in Wittenberg (Karlstadt): Änderungen des Gottesdienstes, Anfänge von Bildersturm Rückkehr Luthers von der Wartburg, acht Invocavit-Predigten (März 1522) zu Fragen der rechten Ordnung; Vorsicht bezüglich äusserlicher Änderungen Festigung der Reformation in weiteren Gebieten; die Reichsacht gegen Luther ist faktisch undurchführbar Predigtreisen
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