Political Handbook & NGO Calendar 2004
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Dear Partners, Friends & Interested Readers,
In order to meet the interests and needs expressed by most of our partners and friends for dissemination of different information via our Political Handbook & NGO Calendar, we decided to publish the 2004 edition.
This time we enlarged the calendar part for those who may wish to use it more effectively. The idea is to concentrate the Handbook on core themes. For this year we decided to present specific articles on the “Cotonou-Agreement”, the agreed co-operation between African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states and the European Union (EU). We want to concentrate our activities in order to accompany the process of the Cotonou Agreement. We are convinced that, the Cotonou Agreement will be one of the important themes of the near future, and that, will shape the economic relationship of developing countries and the European counterparts. It is also in this process that will be decided the development direction of your country within the whole region. In this matter the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung in Tanzania has the following objectives: 1. To provide our partners with readable and relevant information about the Cotonou Agreement and its processes. 2. To raise awareness and encourage our partners for broader participation in the implementation of the Cotonou Agreement in Tanzania and in the East African Region. 3. To enhance the capacities of selected partners so as to ensure their involvement and effective participation in the Cotonou Agreement negotiations and policy processes at national and regional levels. The Cotonou Agreement recognizes the complementary role of the civil society, the private sector, the trade unions etc. (defined as the Non-State Actors) in the development process, and that they are to be involved more systematically in the dialogue, decision-making, evaluation and monitoring. This is a new challenge for the FES.
For those readers who are actively engaged in the development of civil society the Political Handbook and NGO Calendar 2004 provides you with tools to assist you in your work. And for those who need updated statistic information about the country you will find them here.
Finally I would like to thank our many contributors for their work, with special thanks to Angela Ishengoma for the product-coordination, Marianne Schreiber-Einloft for the tireless revision, and Petra Sutila for the design and layout.
Me & all staff of the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Tanzania wish you and your family a healthy, prosperous, successful and peaceful year 2004.
Reinhold Einloft Resident Director TABLE OF CONTENTS
CALENDAR 2003 7
1. OVERVIEW Some basic facts and figures 59 Introduction to indicators 60 Tanzania: a political and historical overview 67
2. THE ACP-EU PARTNERSHIP The Cotonou Agreement: an overview 71 Respecting the rights of LDC 75 New EU-Tanzania Support Strategy 79 Civil society and the ACP-EU partnership 82 Debates around future ACP-EU trade relations 85 The implications of ACP Reform 88 Preparing for negotiations “defending national interest” 91 Cotonou activities of the FES 96 Draft Action Plan for Cotonou-NSA Steering Committee 102
3. FACTS AND FIGURES Internet and e-mail 104 Radiobroadcasting in Tanzania 106 Television broadcasting in Tanzania 109 Cable television 111 Television operators 113 Information on trade unions – Mainland 115 Information on trade unions – Zanzibar 118 Organogram of the labour movement in Tanzania 119 Tanzania cabinet 2003 120 Summary of fully registered political parties 124 The Pemba: By-elections 125
4. USEFUL TOOLS Holding a workshop, seminar or conference 128 8 tips on how to successfully chair a conference 129 Holding effective internal meetings and planning sessions 130 Project outlines 132 Qualities of a moderator 133 The moderation method 134 The structure of your speech 135 Argumentation techniques 135 How to use blackboards and flipcharts 136 The checklist for good implementation of activities 137 Time management - self management 138 Twelve steps towards conflict resolution 139 What is public relations 140 Preparing and running a press conference 140 A press release 141 CALENDAR OVERVIEW 2004 / 2005
JANUARY 2004 FEBRUARY 2004 MARCH 2004 APRIL 2004 MAY 2004 JUNE 2004 MTWTFSS MTWTFSS MTWTFSS MTWTFSS MTWTFSS MTWTFSS 1 2 3 4 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 31 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 26 27 28 29 30 31 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 29 30 31 26 27 28 29 30 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 28 29 30
JULY 2004 AUGUST 2004 SEPTEMBER 2004 OCTOBER 2004 NOVEMBER 2004 DECEMBER 2004 MTWTFSS MTWTFSS MTWTFSS MTWTFSS MTWTFSS MTWTFSS 1 2 3 4 30 31 1 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 26 27 28 29 30 31 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 27 28 29 30 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 29 30 27 28 29 30 31
JANUARY 2005 FEBRUARY 2005 MARCH 2005 APRIL 2005 MAY 2005 JUNE 2005 MTWTFSS MTWTFSS MTWTFSS MTWTFSS MTWTFSS MTWTFSS 31 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 30 31 1 1 2 3 4 5 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 28 28 29 30 31 25 26 27 28 29 30 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 27 28 29 30
JULY 2005 AUGUST 2005 SEPTEMBER 2005 OCTOBER 2005 NOVEMBER 2005 DECEMBER 2005 MTWTFSS MTWTFSS MTWTFSS MTWTFSS MTWTFSS MTWTFSS 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 31 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 29 30 31 26 27 28 29 30 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 28 29 30 26 27 28 29 30 31 JANUARY 2004 WEEK 1 29TH DECEMBER 2003 - 4TH JANUARY 2004
Monday 29
Tuesday 30
Wednesday 31
Thursday 1
Friday 2
Saturday 3
Sunday 4
6 JANUARY 2004 WEEK 2 5TH - 11TH JANUARY 2004
Monday 5
Tuesday 6
Wednesday 7
Thursday 8
Friday 9
Saturday 10
Sunday 11
7 JANUARY 2004 WEEK 3 12TH - 18TH JANUARY 2004
Monday 12
Tuesday 13
Wednesday 14
Thursday 15
Friday 16
Saturday 17
Sunday 18
8 JANUARY 2004 WEEK 4 19TH - 25TH JANUARY 2004
Monday 19
Tuesday 20
Wednesday 21
Thursday 22
Friday 23
Saturday 24
Sunday 25
9 JANUARY 2004 WEEK 5 26TH JANUARY - 1ST FEBRUARY 2004
Monday 26
Tuesday 27
Wednesday 28
Thursday 29
Friday 30
Saturday 31
Sunday 1
10 FEBRUARY 2004 WEEK 6 2ND - 8TH FEBRUARY 2004
Monday 2
Tuesday 3
Wednesday 4
Thursday 5
Friday 6
Saturday 7
Sunday 8
11 FEBRUARY 2004 WEEK 7 9TH - 15TH FEBRUARY 2004
Monday 9
Tuesday 10
Wednesday 11
Thursday 12
Friday 13
Saturday 14
Sunday 15
12 FEBRUARY 2004 WEEK 8 9TH - 15TH FEBRUARY 2004
Monday 16
Tuesday 17
Wednesday 18
Thursday 19
Friday 20
Saturday 21
Sunday 22
13 FEBRUARY 2004 WEEK 9 23RD - 29TH FEBRUARY 2004
Monday 23
Tuesday 24
Wednesday 25
Thursday 26
Friday 27
Saturday 28
Sunday 29
14 MARCH 2004 WEEK 10 1ST - 7TH MARCH 2004
Monday 1
Tuesday 2
Wednesday 3
Thursday 4
Friday 5
Saturday 6
Sunday 7
15 MARCH 2004 WEEK 11 8TH - 14TH MARCH 2004
Monday 8
Tuesday 9
Wednesday 10
Thursday 11
Friday 12
Saturday 13
Sunday 14
16 MARCH 2004 WEEK 12 15TH - 21ST MARCH 2004
Monday 15
Tuesday 16
Wednesday 17
Thursday 18
Friday 19
Saturday 20
Sunday 21
17 MARCH 2004 WEEK 13 22ND - 28TH MARCH 2004
Monday 22
Tuesday 23
Wednesday 24
Thursday 25
Friday 26
Saturday 27
Sunday 28
18 MARCH - APRIL 2004 WEEK 14 29TH MARCH - 4TH APRIL 2004
Monday 29
Tuesday 30
Wednesday 31
Thursday 1
Friday 2
Saturday 3
Sunday 4
19 APRIL 2004 WEEK 15 5TH - 11TH APRIL 2004
Monday 5
Tuesday 6
Wednesday 7
Thursday 8
Friday 9
Saturday 10
Sunday 11
20 APRIL 2004 WEEK 16 12TH - 18TH APRIL 2004
Monday 12
Tuesday 13
Wednesday 14
Thursday 15
Friday 16
Saturday 17
Sunday 18
21 APRIL 2004 WEEK 17 19TH - 25TH APRIL 2004
Monday 19
Tuesday 20
Wednesday 21
Thursday 22
Friday 23
Saturday 24
Sunday 25
22 APRIL - MAY 2004 WEEK 18 26TH APRIL - 2ND MAY 2004
Monday 26
Tuesday 27
Wednesday 28
Thursday 29
Friday 30
Saturday 1
Sunday 2
23 MAY 2004 WEEK 19 3RD - 9TH MAY 2004
Monday 3
Tuesday 4
Wednesday 5
Thursday 6
Friday 7
Saturday 8
Sunday 9
24 MAY 2004 WEEK 20 10TH - 16TH MAY 2004
Monday 10
Tuesday 11
Wednesday 12
Thursday 13
Friday 14
Saturday 15
Sunday 16
25 MAY 2004 WEEK 21 17TH - 23RD MAY 2004
Monday 17
Tuesday 18
Wednesday 19
Thursday 20
Friday 21
Saturday 22
Sunday 23
26 MAY 2004 WEEK 22 24TH - 30TH MAY 2004
Monday 24
Tuesday 25
Wednesday 26
Thursday 27
Friday 28
Saturday 29
Sunday 30
27 MAY - JUNE 2004 WEEK 23 31ST MAY - 6TH JUNE 2004
Monday 31
Tuesday 1
Wednesday 2
Thursday 3
Friday 4
Saturday 5
Sunday 6
28 JUNE 2004 WEEK 24 7TH - 13TH JUNE 2004
Monday 7
Tuesday 8
Wednesday 9
Thursday 10
Friday 11
Saturday 12
Sunday 13
29 JUNE 2004 WEEK 25 14TH - 20TH JUNE 2004
Monday 14
Tuesday 15
Wednesday 16
Thursday 17
Friday 18
Saturday 19
Sunday 20
30 JUNE 2004 WEEK 26 21ST - 27TH JUNE 2004
Monday 21
Tuesday 22
Wednesday 23
Thursday 24
Friday 25
Saturday 26
Sunday 27
31 JUNE - JULY 2004 WEEK 27 28TH JUNE - 4TH JULY 2004
Monday 28
Tuesday 29
Wednesday 30
Thursday 1
Friday 2
Saturday 3
Sunday 4
32 JULY 2004 WEEK 28 5TH - 11TH JULY 2004
Monday 5
Tuesday 6
Wednesday 7
Thursday 8
Friday 9
Saturday 10
Sunday 11
33 JULY 2004 WEEK 29 12TH - 18TH JULY 2004
Monday 12
Tuesday 13
Wednesday 14
Thursday 15
Friday 16
Saturday 17
Sunday 18
34 JULY 2004 WEEK 30 5TH - 11TH JULY 2004
Monday 19
Tuesday 20
Wednesday 21
Thursday 22
Friday 23
Saturday 24
Sunday 25
35 JULY - AUGUST 2004 WEEK 31 26TH JULY - 1ST AUGUST 2004
Monday 26
Tuesday 27
Wednesday 28
Thursday 29
Friday 30
Saturday 31
Sunday 1
36 AUGUST 2004 WEEK 32 2ND - 8TH AUGUST 2004
Monday 2
Tuesday 3
Wednesday 4
Thursday 5
Friday 6
Saturday 7
Sunday 8
37 AUGUST 2004 WEEK 33 9TH - 15TH AUGUST 2004
Monday 9
Tuesday 10
Wednesday 11
Thursday 12
Friday 13
Saturday 14
Sunday 15
38 AUGUST 2004 WEEK 34 16TH - 22ND AUGUST 2004
Monday 16
Tuesday 17
Wednesday 18
Thursday 19
Friday 20
Saturday 21
Sunday 22
39 AUGUST 2004 WEEK 35 23RD - 29TH AUGUST 2004
Monday 23
Tuesday 24
Wednesday 25
Thursday 26
Friday 27
Saturday 28
Sunday 29
40 AUGUST - SEPTEMBER 2004 WEEK 36 30TH AUGUST - 5TH SEPTEMBER 2004
Monday 30
Tuesday 31
Wednesday 1
Thursday 2
Friday 3
Saturday 4
Sunday 5
41 SEPTEMBER 2004 WEEK 37 6TH - 12TH SEPTEMBER 2004
Monday 6
Tuesday 7
Wednesday 8
Thursday 9
Friday 10
Saturday 11
Sunday 12
42 SEPTEMBER 2004 WEEK 38 13TH - 19TH SEPTEMBER 2004
Monday 13
Tuesday 14
Wednesday 15
Thursday 16
Friday 17
Saturday 18
Sunday 19
43 SEPTEMBER 2004 WEEK 39 20TH - 26TH SEPTEMBER 2004
Monday 20
Tuesday 21
Wednesday 22
Thursday 23
Friday 24
Saturday 25
Sunday 26
44 SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2004 WEEK 40 27TH SEPTEMBER - 3RD OCTOBER 2004
Monday 27
Tuesday 28
Wednesday 29
Thursday 30
Friday 1
Saturday 2
Sunday 3
45 OCTOBER 2004 WEEK 41 4TH - 10TH OCTOBER 2004
Monday 4
Tuesday 5
Wednesday 6
Thursday 7
Friday 8
Saturday 9
Sunday 10
46 OCTOBER 2004 WEEK 42 11TH - 17TH OCTOBER 2004
Monday 11
Tuesday 12
Wednesday 13
Thursday 14
Friday 15
Saturday 16
Sunday 17
47 OCTOBER 2004 WEEK 43 18TH - 24TH OCTOBER 2004
Monday 18
Tuesday 19
Wednesday 20
Thursday 21
Friday 22
Saturday 23
Sunday 24
48 OCTOBER 2004 WEEK 44 25TH - 31ST OCTOBER 2004
Monday 25
Tuesday 26
Wednesday 27
Thursday 28
Friday 29
Saturday 30
Sunday 31
49 NOVEMBER 2004 WEEK 45 1ST - 7TH NOVEMBER 2004
Monday 1
Tuesday 2
Wednesday 3
Thursday 4
Friday 5
Saturday 6
Sunday 7
50 NOVEMBER 2004 WEEK 46 8TH - 14TH NOVEMBER 2004
Monday 8
Tuesday 9
Wednesday 10
Thursday 11
Friday 12
Saturday 13
Sunday 14
51 NOVEMBER 2004 WEEK 47 15TH - 21ST NOVEMBER 2004
Monday 15
Tuesday 16
Wednesday 17
Thursday 18
Friday 19
Saturday 20
Sunday 21
52 NOVEMBER 2004 WEEK 48 22ND - 28TH NOVEMBER 2004
Monday 22
Tuesday 23
Wednesday 24
Thursday 25
Friday 26
Saturday 27
Sunday 28
53 NOVEMBER - DECEMBER 2004 WEEK 49 29TH NOVEMBER - 5TH DECEMBER 2004
Monday 29
Tuesday 30
Wednesday 1
Thursday 2
Friday 3
Saturday 4
Sunday 5
54 DECEMBER 2004 WEEK 50 6TH - 12TH DECEMBER 2004
Monday 6
Tuesday 7
Wednesday 8
Thursday 9
Friday 10
Saturday 11
Sunday 12
55 DECEMBER 2004 WEEK 51 13TH - 19TH DECEMBER 2004
Monday 13
Tuesday 14
Wednesday 15
Thursday 16
Friday 17
Saturday 18
Sunday 19
56 DECEMBER 2004 WEEK 52 20TH - 26TH DECEMBER 2004
Monday 20
Tuesday 21
Wednesday 22
Thursday 23
Friday 24
Saturday 25
Sunday 26
57 DECEMBER 2004 - JANUARY 2005 WEEK 53 27TH DECEMBER 2004 - 2ND JANUARY 2005
Monday 27
Tuesday 28
Wednesday 29
Thursday 30
Friday 31
Saturday 1
Sunday 2
58 1. OVERVIEW
SOME BASIC FACTS & FIGURES Compiled by Mr Aloisi Tobias, University of Dar es Salaam, November 2003
Geography1 Total area 945,087 sq. km Land area 886,037 sq. km Water area 59,050 sq. km (This includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba and Zanzibar) Total land boundaries 3,861 km Coastline 1,424 km Highest point: Kilimanjaro 5,895 m Natural resources hydropower, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel
Land use Arable land 4.24% Permanent crops 1.02% Permanent pastures 40% Forests and woodland 38% Other 18% (1993 estimates) Irrigated Land 1,550km2
People 1996 1999 2000 2002 Population2 (estimated) 30.5 mil. 32.9 mil. 33.7 mil. 35.92mil. Population growth rate % 2.8 2.4 2.3 Population density (people per sq.km) 34.5 37.3 38.1 Ethnic groups3 Mainland - native African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu consisting of more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian, European and Arab) Zanzibar - Arab, native African, mixed Arab and native African Religions Mainland - Christian 45%, Muslim 35%, indigenous beliefs 20% Zanzibar - more than 99% Muslim Sources 1 CIA-The World Factbook - Tanzania: downloaded September, 2003 2 Population statistics: World Development Indicators database, 2002 3 Information on ethnic groups and religion: CIA - The World Factbook 59 AN INTRODUCTION TO INDICATORS
An indicator is a measure the nation as a whole). dividing GDP by the popu- that can be used to reflect Gross National Income lation. The figures for progress, stagnation or dete- (GNI) in previous years was GDP are US $ value con- rioration in a particular referred to as Gross verted from domestic cur- phenomenon or situation National Product (GNP) rencies using a single-year such as literacy, the econ- per capita is the main crite- official exchange rate. omy, health and poverty. ria for the country classifi- For example, a change in cation. It does not in itself Unemployment is one of the literacy rate from 5% to constitute or measure wel- the key indicators of the 7% over a five year period fare or success in develop- economy. Unemployment reflects an improvement in ment. It does not distin- is generally defined as males literacy in that period. guish between the aims and and females in the econom- Indicators are also used ultimate uses of a given ically active age group who to compare a given situa- product, nor does it say are not in paid employment tion, for example poverty, whether it merely offsets in cash or kind of self- between one individual and some natural or other obsta- employed on a continuous another, between one cles to welfare. GNI meas- basis, but who are available household and another, ures the total domestic and and have taken specific between one community foreign value added claimed measures to seek paid and another or one country by residents. It comprises employment or self- with another. Gross Domestic Product employment. The rate is The economic and social (GDP) plus net factor derived from the economi- welfare of an individual, income from abroad, which cally active population. The household or community is the income residents employed include regular can be measured using eco- receive from abroad for fac- employees, working propri- nomic and social welfare tor services (labour and cap- etors, active business part- indicators. ital), less similar payments ners and unpaid family made to domestic non-resi- workers but exclude home- ECONOMIC INDICATORS dents who contributed to makers. There are a number of stan- the domestic economy. Income distribution is dardized indicators in this the proportion of the con- area that can give a picture Gross Domestic Product sumption that the popula- of a country’s economic sit- (GDP) is the total output of tion with the lowest con- uation. These indicators are goods and services for final sumption (lowest 20 per- most useful when (1) they use produced in an economy cent) spends. are compared with those of by both residents and non- This indicator can also other countries in the residents regardless of the be used to measure the pat- region; (2) they are put into allocation to domestic and tern of the standard of liv- a time perspective (e.g. the foreign claims. It is calcu- ing. 1960 Gross National lated without making Income compared with that deductions for depreciation The nation’s debt situation of 1980); and (3) when of “fabricated” assets or is an estimate of the nation’s internal variations are taken depletion and degradation public and private sector into consideration (e.g. how of natural resources. GDP long-term foreign debt the project area compares to per capita is obtained by expressed as a percentage of
60 the GNP; an assessment of Life expectancy is the aver- enrolled in a school divided the nation’s ability to pay it age number of years new- by the number of teachers in back and how it affects the born children can expect to the education system. government’s capacity to live taking into account the Sources: provide services to its peo- mortality risks prevailing for 1) Poverty Monitoring Master Plan, United Republic of Tanzania 2001. ple. the cross-section of the 2) World Development Report 2002 population at the time of Rate of inflation is defined birth. as the percentage annual increase in a general price Literacy is defined as the level commonly measured percentage of women and by the Consumer Price men aged 15 and above who Index (CPI) or some com- can read and write. “Adult parable price index. Infla- illiteracy” is defined as the tion affects people’s liveli- proportion of the popula- hood. Price increases of tion over the age of 15 years food and non-food essential who cannot, with under- items means harder lives for standing, read and write a people. short, simple statement on their everyday life. SOCIAL INDICATORS The following represent Primary school gross commonly used indicators enrolment ratio is the total for social development. In number of children enrolled general they are used in the in primary school, e.g. Std. same way as the economic I-VII (whether or not they indicators. belong in the relevant age group for that level), express Infant mortality rate (IMR) as a percentage of the total is the probability of dying number of children in the between birth and exactly relevant age group for pri- one year of age expressed per mary school, e.g. 7-13 years 1,000 live births for a given old. However, it should year. It is a very sensitive always be remembered that indicator, which is influ- the overall net enrolment enced by maternal care, rate is, in most cases, much health services provided and lower due to pupils drop- infant care. The “under 5 ping out of school. mortality rate” is the proba- bility of dying between birth The Ministry of Education and exactly five years of age has issued a directive that expressed per 1,000 live “the primary pupil -teacher births. It is influenced by ratio” must be 45:1. The the livelihood status of the primary pupil-teacher ratio family. is the number of pupils
61 1. POVERTY AND SOCIAL INDICATORS
2. KEY ECONOMIC AND LONG-TERM TRENDS
62 3. STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY
Note: 2002 Data are preliminary estimates
NOTES
63 4. PRICES AND GOVERNEMENT FINANCE
64 5. EXTERNAL DEBT AND RESOURCE FLOWS
Source: The World Bank Group: www.worldbank.org/data/ visited November 2003
NOTES
65 6. ICT INDICATORS
Notes: Figures in italics refer to an earlier year.
Sources: Country background information, UNESCO and World Bank; ICT infrastructure and access,ITU and UNESCO; Computers and the Internet,ITU and WITSA; ICT expenditures,WITSA; ICT business & government environment,World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report 2002-2003 and Global Information Technology Report 2002-2003 (ratings) and Net- craft (secure servers). See Definitions and Sources for more complete information.
Development Data Group, World Bank
The World Bank Group: http://www.worldbank.org/data/ visited November 2003
66 TANZANIA:A POLITICAL AND HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
By Mr O.K. Temwende, Kivukoni Academy of Social Sciences
The United Republic of Tan- The later struggle for became the Tanganyika zania was formed in April national freedom in Tan- African Association (TAA) 1964 by the union of Tan- ganyika was not marked by in 1948. In 1934 a similar ganyika and the state of Zan- sharp confrontation and African Association was zibar, comprising the islands bloodshed as was the case in formed in Zanzibar. of Zanzibar and Pemba. Tan- neighbouring Kenya or other After the Second World ganyika had been successively African colonies like War members of the Tan- a German colony, a British Mozambique, Angola or ganyika African Association administered League of Zimbabwe. There were two moved with the tide of Nations’ Mandate, a United main reasons for this rela- nationalism and, in 1953, Nations’Trust Territory under tively peaceful struggle. One under the able and skilful British administration, and was that there was only a chairmanship of Julius finally independent since small body of white settlers in Nyerere, the TAA was reor- 1961 within the Common- Tanganyika, numbering ganized as a political party, wealth of Nations. Zanzibar about 20,000 in the 1950s, leading directly to the forma- was a British colony until and as few of them were of tion of the Tanganyika 1963. British origin, there were not African National Union Africans in Tanganyika, as very strong British political (TANU) in 1954, while in was the case in other parts of and economic interests in Zanzibar the African Associ- Africa, never reconciled Tanganyika. The other rea- ation was reorganized into themselves to colonial domi- son was that in 1946, after the Afro-Shiraz Party in nation. From the very begin- the Second World War, Tan- 1957. ning, they rose and fought the ganyika became a United The formation of TANU colonial invaders. The most Nations’ Trusteeship Terri- in 1954 marked the begin- outstanding resistance was tory. As such it could scarcely ning of the independence shown by the Sambaa led by be allowed to fall under settler struggle in earnest. After Kimweri against the Ger- control. seven years of intense politi- mans; by the Hehe under As in the majority of cal struggle Tanganyika won Mkwawa who fought a long African colonies, nationalism her freedom under the aus- and bitter war against the developed in Tanganyika pices of the TANU, strength- Germans; and during the after 1945. In fact the first ened by the cooperation of Maji Maji War under the signs of national awareness the trade unions and agricul- leadership of Kinjeketile, were already evident shortly tural co-operatives. Mputa and Kibasila. Due to after the First World War Two years later, in the lack of unity among these when, both on the mainland December 1963, the Islands early nationalists and fighters and on Zanzibar, African of Zanzibar and Pemba also for freedom, and due to the associations were formed. became independent, but superior fighting power of the On the mainland the African under a government without colonial invaders, all of these Association (AA) was wide support.This was a gov- early liberation struggles formed in 1929 as a discus- ernment dominated by the ended up in total failure and sion group among educated Sultan of Zanzibar and a great loss of life. persons. This association minority of land-owning
67 local Arabs. Two months although the economic per- Mkapa became President of after independence in Janu- formance of the period was the United Republic of Tan- ary 1964, the Sultan’s govern- far from satisfactory, stan- zania, while Dr. Salim ment was overthrown and dards of living did improve. Amour became President of power passed to non-Arab Access to education and Zanzibar. Afro-Shiraz Party. health services was extended A difficult political situa- The leaderships of the and national unity was con- tion arose after the 1995 elec- newly independent Tan- solidated. This last aspect is tions. The main opposition ganyika and Zanzibar seen as President Nyerere’s party CUF disputed the replaced parliament with the most significant achieve- results and boycotted the party as the centre of power ment. House of Representatives. It and in 1965 a change in the Given the failure of Uja- claimed that victory had been constitution made the coun- maa and self-reliance, Presi- snatched out of the hands of try a one-party democratic dent Nyerere’s successor, its leader, Seif Shariff state. President Ali Hassan Hamad, and appealed to Tanganyika had inherited Mwinyi, made an about turn world opinion to denounce an economy torn and dilapi- and in 1985 he negotiated an the poll and introduce sanc- dated by many years of colo- adjustment programme with tions against CCM. nialism. There was a very low the Bretton Woods institu- In 1997 the Common- level of literacy, a poor infra- tions. Since 1986 the country wealth secretariat came in as structure and a high rate of has been involved in a series mediator and, after pro- disease and poverty. In of adjustment programmes tracted negotiations, an response to this, in 1967, the following on from the first accord was made but never new leadership made the agreement with the IMF. implemented. The situation then famous Arusha Decla- Tanzania had effectively no remained tense up to 2000 ration on Socialism and Self- choice and was forced to when the second multiparty reliance as the country’s implement drastic measures elections were held. Again development blueprint. The in an attempt to create an CCM won both in the main- cornerstone was Ujamaa, a environment favourable to land and in Zanzibar with policy of “villagisation” investment in all the eco- Mr Mkapa as President of whereby the rural population nomic sectors. The 1990s the Union and Mr Aman was grouped into village have seen an acceleration of Karume as President of communities to cultivate land the reforms with considerable Zanzibar. The post 1995 together and be provided effort going into the key pro- election scenario was with essential services. The gramme of decentralisation. repeated after the results of object was that they should In the early 1990s the rul- the 2000 elections. However, be self-sufficient in basic ing party CCM sensed that this time, CCM and CUF needs. the democratic movement wasted no time and entered This project did not sur- was gaining ground across into negotiations, reaching an vive. It collapsed along with Africa. It had grasped the accord in September 2001. socialism elsewhere in the nettle of economic liberalisa- The implementation of the world. Central planning tion and now also managed accord started towards the proved itself unable to to swim with the tide of end of 2001. mobilise the country’s eco- democratisation. A multi- The Revolutionary Gov- nomic forces and there were party system was introduced ernment of Zanzibar (SMZ) too many management in July 1992 and the first has passed a motion on the errors, not to mention cases multiparty elections were run accord in the House of Rep- of embezzlement. However, in 1995. Benjamin William resentatives. SMZ is also
68 effecting the 8th amendment TADEA fielded candidates Assembly (Parliament) of her constitution in order to in constituencies where the passed the Anti-terrorism provide for the implementa- CUF candidates were barred Act, amid an outcry that it tion of the accord. by the Zanzibar Electoral would discriminate against The President of the Commission. Muslims. This Act became Union, Hon. B. W. Mkapa, The ruling party CCM operational since June 15, has appointed Hon. Hamad won in all the six constituen- 2003. Under the new law, Rashid Mohamed of Civic cies where the CUF was terrorism suspects could be United Front (CUF) an MP barred to field candidates. repatriated to countries where in the Union Parliament. The But it also lost the strategic they are alleged to have com- Union President has also Mkanyageni constituency, mitted the crime. formed a commission headed home to the Vice President On August 2, 2003 Presi- by Brig. Hashim Mbita (Rtd) Dr Ali Mohamed Shein. dent Benjamin Mkapa inau- to inquire into the clash The constituency had fallen gurated the Rufiji Bridge between the police and vacant following the worth shs. 30 billion. It is demonstrators which appointment of Dr. Ali hoped that the bridge will act occurred in the islands of Mohamed Shein as Vice as a catalyst to development Unguja and Pemba on 26 - President after the death of in the southern corridor of 27 January 2001. the late Vice President Dr. the country as well as speed The number of fully regis- Omar Ali Juma. up the development and tered political parties Following the landslide unity among member states increased from 13 in 2000 to victory of the Kenyan opposi- of the Southern African 15 in 2002. Two parties, tion under the umbrella of Development Community namely PPP and MSHIKA- NARC in 2002, a series of (SADC). But the bridge will MANO, have obtained tem- consultations among Tanzan- particularly ease communica- porary registration. During ian political opposition par- tion and transport problems the same period two parties ties were held with the objec- experienced by the people of have been de-registered, tive of forming a coalition Mtwara, Lindi, Coast and namely TPP and PONA. along the lines of the Kenyan Dar es Salaam. Four coun- In the first By-Elections NARC.However these con- tries – Uganda, Kenya, Zam- held in May 18, 2003 in sultations which lasted for bia and Zimbabwe witnessed Pemba after the 2000 general almost a year were more often its inauguration. elections and the CCM- mired in wrangles among and CUF Mwafaka of 2001, the within the parties. However, The 23rd Summit of heads of ruling CCM lost heavily to after last minute withdrawal State and Government of the the Zanzibar main opposi- by some of them, eight oppo- Southern African Develop- tion party – CUF. sition parties signed a unity ment Community (SADC) CUF won all the eleven pledge on August 30, 2003. was held in Dar es Salaam, House of Representatives The parties which signed Tanzania August 25 – 26. At seats it had contested as well include UDP,UMD, the end of the meeting the as all the 17 seats it contested NCCR-Mageuzi, FORD, (SADC) countries issued a for the Union Parliament. NLD, TADEA and PPT- 52 point communique in Three other opposition par- Maendeleo. Four parties did which among others, they ties – the National Conven- not sign the document – reaffirmed their support for tion for Construction and these were CUF, Zimbabwe. President Ben- Reforms (NCCR – CHADEMA, CHAUSTA jamin Mkapa became the Mageuzi) the Tanzania and TLP. new Chairperson of the Labour Party (TLP) and In 2002 the National organization for the coming
69 year. This was the first time the road towards stimulating brought about by the dis- for Tanzania to host a SADC the development of a robust puted 1995 elections in the conference since its inception private sector in the country. Isles. Finland said that the in the late 1980s On 1st September, 2003 political situation in Zanzibar The Vice President Dr. Finland resumed economic now allows donor countries Ali Mohamed Shein aid to Zanzibar five years to resume long-term devel- launched on August 27, 2003 after the Isles government opment cooperation with the the National Trade Policy was denied aid not only by Isles. ■ and small and Medium Finland but also other donor Enterprises Policy. These countries due to a political two constitute a milestone on crisis and human rights issues
NOTES
70 2.THE ACP-EU PARTNERSHIP
THE COTONOU AGREEMENT: AN OVERVIEW
The ACP-EU Partnership Agreement or in short, the Cotonou Agreement is a comprehensive trade and aid agreement concluded between the EU and 77 African- Caribbean-Pacific countries. It was concluded for a twenty-year period (2000-2020) and signed in June 2002 in Cotonou, Benin. Furthermore the agree- ment is a financial protocol, divided into 5 year periods with the financial means provided under the corresponding European Development Fund (EDF). EDF9 for the period 2002-2007 contains 13,5 billion Euro to which may be added some 10 billion Euro unused funds from previous EDFs.
1. ACP-EU Relations in latest agreement on develop- •Political pressure increased a Historical Perspective ment cooperation. While the to make Lomé-agreements The Cotonou agreement development strategy was compatible with WTO- may be called the fourth reformulated every five years rules; phase of development coop- and new elements were intro- • The focus of EU-aid eration between ACP-coun- duced like Stabex and Sys- shifted from ACP-countries tries and the EU. European min, Lome I – II remained to Central & Eastern Europe Development policy, in its primarily programmes on (CEE). While still increasing beginning was largely shaped economic cooperation. slightly in absolute figures, in by the colonial history of the Lome III and IV may be relative terms, ACP-share in European community’s seen as third phase of ACP- EU-aid fell from 61% in member countries with EU relations, as they took 1990 to 30% in 1998 France pressing for special momentum in a radically •Lome IV, for the first relations with their former changing economic and time, introduced ‘political colonies. The first two agree- political environment. The conditionalities’ and linked ments focussed on French ‘neo-liberal age’ of the some aid to structural adjust- speaking Africa (Yaounde I 1980ies and the end of the ment and the observance of 1963-69 and Yaounde II bipolar world of the east- human rights. 1969-75). The second phase west-confrontation changed took off with the United the framework of EU-ACP- When Lomé IV expired the Kingdom (UK) joining the relations in several ways: environment for the Euro- EU in 1973 and request sim- •Trade preferences to ACP pean development aid had ilar privileges. The commu- countries eroded irreversibly changed dramatically and nity reacted with a more bal- due to progressive lowering of had to be reformulated anced geographical spread. EU-tariffs under against the backdrop of: Lome I (1975-80) included GATT/WTO as well as EU • the future enlargement of 47 ACP countries, a figure preferential agreements to the EU to Eastern Europe which rose to 77 under the other areas; • the decreased geo-strate-
71 gic importance of ACP- 3. development aid coopera- A distinction is made states in comparison to the tion. between fundamental and Mediterranean and Latin essential elements. Essential American states All three areas are open to the elements, the violation of • the WTO trade regime participation of Non-State which may lead to aid sus- which demands most actors. pension, includes Human favoured nation treatment (a)Political Dialogue between rights, democracy and the thereby contradicting the ACP and EU rule of law, while fundamen- Lomé rules (Occasionally tal elements, which constitute experienced in the banana The Cotonou-agreement no ground for aid suspension dispute between USA and identifies three joint ACP- focus on good governance, the European Union) EU institutions that engage including the participation of • the worsening of eco- in political dialogue and the new actors. nomic and social conditions management of cooperation. There is no doubt, that the in many parts of Africa and There is the ACP-EU political dialogue is framed resulting frustration of Euro- Council of Ministers, which into the conflicting principles pean Union. Despite prefer- on the ACP-side includes of sovereignty vs. suspension ential access the ACP-share one member of the Govern- of aid and that the differenti- in EU markets had fallen ment of each ACP-member ation between ‘essential ele- from 6,7% (1976) to 3% country and on the EU-side ments’ and ‘fundamental ele- (1998) the Council of the EU and ments’ leaves much space for representatives from the interpretation. Within the EU claims European commission. So far the mechanism has occurred to completely aban- The ACP-EU-Commit- been used in the case of Zim- don the Lomé regime while tee of Ambassadors monitors babwe where the formulation statements of ACP-Govern- the implementation of the of the CSP and NIP was ments mostly expressed the Cotonou agreement and blocked by the EU due to the need to continue with the plays the role of advisor to the political development in this Lomé regime. In the end, a Council of Ministers. The country. compromise was found, joint Parliamentary Assem- which , at the same time, is a bly has plenary sessions twice (b) Towards regional integra- continuation of Lomé as well a year, can break into regional tion and a new trade regime as a departure from it. and sub-regional meetings compatible with WTO-rules and recommends to the 2. The Cotonou council of Ministers on any The Cotonou-agreement lays Agreement: Some duties it feels fit. out a time-table towards Principles and Objectives The joint ACP-EU insti- establishing a new trade The EU-ACP relations as tutions shall engage in dia- regime. outlined in the Cotonou- logue on human rights, • Until 31. Dec. 2007, all agreement can – for the pur- democracy, rule of law, current ACP tariff prefer- pose of this study – be subdi- migration, arms trade, peace ences shall be maintained; vided into three major area: and security and so on. It is •As from 2008 onwards, 1. a political dialogue between thus established, that issues of LDC of the ACP-group ACP - countries and the EU, political democracy and may continue to receive non- 2. the development of a new peace & security become reciprocal trade preferences trade regime, called Economic integral part of development while non-LDCs shall have Partnership Agreements, and cooperation. concluded so-called Eco- the nomic Partnership Agree-
72 ments (EPA) with the EU, to which the EU responds by “ Article 2: which allow for reciprocal identifying its sector focus Fundamental Principles preferences (EU-ACP-free and bringing development […] Participation: apart from trade agreements) and are activities of other donors like central government as the WTO-compatible; Worldbank or bilateral EU main partner, the partnership •The EPAs shall promote member countries pro- shall be open to different regional integration and thus, grammes into a coherent kinds of other actors in order shall be concluded with plan. to encourage the integration regions instead of national of all sections of society, economies; •National or Regional including the private sector • EU-ACP-negotiations in Indicative Programme (NIP, and civil society organisa- effect started in 2002. It was RIP) tions, into the mainstream of agreed, that the first year will Based on a country or political, economic and social be used to agree on basic regional support strategy, a life; […]” principles for EPAs while national or regional indicative end of 2003, negotiations on programme is drawn up for Article 6 defines the actors of regional EPA should take off five years, listing individual cooperation. On the State and be concluded latest till concrete proposals for fund- side, local, national and 2007. ing. regional Government bodies are listed. On the Non-State (c) Development aid •Review side, the agreement mentions cooperation – national and The indicative programme the private sector, economic regional will have an annual review, to and social partners, including check on operation and trade unions and “civil society While Lome IV had 10 dif- implementation, and a mid- in all its forms according to ferent instruments, coopera- term review and an end-term national characteristics”. tion under Cotonou is ratio- review to give a performance From here-on, the later group nalised and based on 2 instru- test. is many times referred to as ments: Firstly, grants are Non-State Actors. given though a country sup- 3. Participation of There are additional selec- port strategy (CSS), which Non-State Actors (NSAs) tion criteria to cut down covers all grants and runs for One of the most radical inno- Non-State Actors “in all its a period of five years. Sec- vations of the Cotonou- forms” to a more manageable ondly, investments are oper- agreement is the introduction manner. The Cotonou agree- ated under a special invest- of a new participatory ment mentions three such ment facility. approach. For the first time, qualifying criteria: Programming of develop- the ACP and the EU legally ment aid can be for regional commit themselves to involve “Article 6.2 or national projects. In both new actors. Article 2 of the Recognition by the parties of cases, the sequence of pro- Agreement defines participa- non-governmental actors gramming involves three tion as a fundamental princi- shall depend on the extent to steps: ple of the cooperation which they address the needs between the EU and the of the population, on their • Country or Regional Sup- ACP-countries. The princi- specific competencies and port Strategy (CSS, RSS) ple of participative develop- whether they are organized Based on a country or regions ment is promoted to involve a and managed democratically situation analysis, develop- wide range of actors. and transparently” ment strategies are outlined
73 There is no single chapter in outcome is made a major dures. It is left to State actors, the Cotonou agreement con- point in quality management, to set up a mechanism for taining in a comprehensive no clear provision is provided consulting non-State actors. manner the ‘participatory as to how non-State actors We can assume, that the def- rights’ of the new actors. should get involved in what initions of Article six, dealing Article four outlines the gen- kind of review procedure. with the selection of partici- eral approach but informa- pants, can be applied in the tion is spread through many For the purpose of our study, same manner. The relevant parts of the document and two more points should be passage is: “way to the selec- due to the changing context, mentioned here: tion of procedures”. ■ the meaning sometimes • The participation of new changes as well. There actors is not treated as an appears to be three areas, essential element but as a NOTES where Central Governments fundamental element the vio- should allow participation of lation of which constitutes no new actors: ground for aid suspension. If a national Government how- (a) Policy formulation and ever, does exclude non-State drawing-up programmes: actors from participation, the The rights are limited to EU has the possibility to information and consultation sanction bad governance by while voting and final deci- taking note of it through the sion-making is left to State review process and reducing actors. The areas of informa- its funding in the aftermath. tion and consultation include Whether the EU will use a the political dialogue, the sanction line or not is not economic partnership agree- regulated and appears to ments as well as the aid pro- depend on the individual gramme under CSS/NIP and case. RSS/RIP; The defence line of an ‘erring State’ can even be seen (b) Project implementation: as being cared for in the Two issues are of major agreement where it states in importance. The private sec- Article four, that non-State tor should be strongly actors shall be involved involved in terms of consult- “where appropriate”. This ing as well as taking con- passage can be interpreted as tracts; and NGOs and socio- providing the legal argument economic interest groups for limiting participation. may receive financial The agreement is silent on resources for capacity build- any institutional provisions ing to improve their partici- how the involvement of non- pation; State actors should be organ- ized. There is no mentioning (c) Programme review and of a formalized process like evaluation: While the moni- the establishment of consul- toring of programme imple- tation committees or mini- mentation and reviewing the mum requirements for proce-
74 RESPECTING THE RIGHTS OF LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES (LDC)
“THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY AND FUTURE TRADE RELATIONS WITH THE EU” Compiled by: European Research Office March, 2003
Recognising the Differences access to the EU market for such a keen interest in the In developing future trade all products which meet the economic partnership agree- relations with the EU the rules of origin for least devel- ment negotiations which members of the East African oped country products. were launched between the Community face a funda- Kenya finds itself in a EU and the ACP in Septem- mental dilemma as a result of somewhat different position ber 2002 and which are the very different trade for as a non-least developed intended to establish WTO options open to least devel- country, the alternative to the compatible free trade area oped and non-least devel- current Cotonou Agreement arrangements over a transi- oped ACP countries. trade preferences which tional period from 2008 to Uganda and Tanzania as Kenya enjoys is the standard 2020. least developed countries GSP treatment. This trade If Kenya is unable to have a recognized right under regime would lead to a re- negotiate a new preferential WTO rules to non-recipro- imposition of standard, yet basis for its trade relations cal trade preferences. The reduced import duties and with the EU, which preserves EU has recognized this right special duties on a range of and enhances existing trade through its “Everything But products for which Kenya preferences, then it will revert Arms(EBA)” initiative, currently enjoys duty and back to standard GSP treat- which granted full duty, special special levy free access.1 Sig- ment. levy and quota free access to the nificantly, these product areas This would result in the EU for all products “originat- (most notably cut flowers and re-imposition of GSP import ing” in least developed coun- horticultural products) are duties across a range of prod- tries,except arms, munitions sectors into which Kenya has ucts which are of growing and, on a transitional basis, been diversifying in recent importance to Kenya’s export sugar, rice and bananas. years to reduce its depend- trade with the EU. The Since this GSP based ini- ence on traditional export product area most likely to tiative applies equally to all commodities (coffee and tea) affected are cut flowers, least developed countries and prices for which are showing although certain temperate does not discriminate a strong downward trend. horticultural products could between countries at the Kenya thus finds itself in a also be affected by a re-impo- same level of development, position where it needs to sition of duties.2 unlike the Cotonou Agree- find a new basis for its future However there is one area ment trade provisions, it is trade relations with the EU where Uganda, Tanzania and not subject to challenge in the beyond the lifetime of the Kenya will be similarly WTO. As a consequence current Cotonou Agreement affected by the introduction Uganda and Tanzania will in trade provisions which expire of reciprocity in their trade future enjoy complete duty, at the end of 2007. This is relations with the EU, that is quota and special duty free why Kenya is currently taking in terms of its impact on
75 EXPORTS TO THE EU 2000
(MILLION EURO AND % OF TOTAL EXPORTS TO EU)
76 Government revenues. Each with the EU. This would participating in a larger eco- East African country has a involve all East Africa Com- nomic area centered on the high dependence on customs munity countries making EU. However, while the duties as a source of govern- concrete commitments on benefits to Kenya of retaining ment revenue and for each the progressive elimination, and enhancing existing pref- East Africa country the EU is over a 10 to 12 years period, erential access to the EU a major source of imports. of import duties on substan- market are apparent, it is The official study on the tially all trade with the EU unclear what additional ben- impact of regional economic and the conclusion of agree- efits least developed countries partnership agreements in ments on a range of trade will in reality (as opposed to East Africa found that likely related areas and with regard theoretically), gain from join- government revenue losses to trade in services. ing in the with regionally would be equivalent to 12% Least developed Uganda negotiated economic partner- of total government revenue and Tanzania would be ship agreements. in Kenya, 16% of total gov- expected to enter into and ernment revenues in Uganda fulfill all the same reciprocal The Market Access Issue and 20% of total government obligations as non-least for LDCs revenue in Tanzania. developed Kenya. How diffi- Least developed countries Structuring tariff offers in cult these obligations would such as Uganda and Tanzania order to reduce or defer rev- prove to be on Uganda, Tan- already enjoy full duty, levy enue losses and mobilizing zania and Kenya respectively and quota free access to the effective assistance in support will depend on: EU market for all originating of processes of fiscal restruc- • the extent to which the products through the EBA turing with thus be important elimination of duties on could generate additional areas to be addressed for all imports from the EU would market access benefits for East African countries in the lead to increased competition Ugandan and Tanzanian pro- forthcoming negotiations. for local producers supplying ducers, since there is nothing East African markets; extra in terms of removing EPAS and Least • the extent to which the market access restrictions Developed Countries elimination of duties on which an EPA could bring Currently despite the right imports from the EU would Tanzania and Uganda. which least developed coun- lead to increased competition For Uganda and Tanzania tries like Uganda and Tanza- in areas where local producers the market access issues faced nia enjoy to non reciprocal could develop production for related to the establishment trade preferences, the Euro- a larger integrated East and implementation of issues pean Commission in its African market; linked to rules of origin under approach to economic part- • the impact the elimination the EBA initiative. This nership agreements in of customs duties on imports includes the rules of origin to expecting least developed from the EU will have on be applied, the cumulation ACP countries to give up this government revenues from arrangements allowed, the right. In the East African customs duties and total gov- provisions made for deroga- context, Uganda and Tanza- ernment revenues. tions from the rules of origin nia would be expected to give and the administrative up this right to non-recipro- In the EU’s view these tem- arrangements established for cal trade preferences in favour porary adjustment costs need the implementation of the of the regional negotiation of a to be weighed against the EBA initiative in favour of reciprocal preferential economic benefits which East African least developed countries. partnership agreement (EPA) producers would gain from In this context the follow-
77 ing issues will need to be allow duty free access for existing European Develop- addressed: products to which strict sani- ment Fund (EDF) resources The establishment of rules tary standards are applied. and instruments and will not of origin for least developed involve the allocation of any country exports, which take However, all these issues will additional funds or the cre- account of the production need to be addressed in the ation of any new aid instru- constraints faced in most context of the elaboration of ments. ■ LDCs and that are designed the EBA initiative in favour to enable individual LDCs to of least developed countries Footnotes: 1. An important priority for Kenya is to take advantage of the nomi- and not in the context of the identify precisely the tariff and trade nal duty free access granted EPA negotiations. treatment which would be applied to its under the EU’s GSP scheme current and emerging exports under the for LDCs. Getting to Grips with standard GSP regime, in order to deter- mine the likely impact of a re-imposition Supply Side Issues of duties on current and emerging • the derogation procedures The European Commission exports to the EU. to be followed under the maintains that EPAs will 2. How important this development EBA by least developed allow a more comprehensive would be for Kenyan exporters can only countries seeking to establish approach to be adopted to be determine by a detailed review of: the or extend new industries; addressing the supply side duties and special duties charged on cur- • the cumulation provisions constraints which inhibit rent and likely future exports under the EU’s standards GSP scheme; the likely to be applied to LDCs that competitive production in impact of a new WTO agreement on the form an integral part of ACP countries. However, duties charged; the impact of the process regional integration initia- the European Commission is of reform of the EU’s Common Agricul- tural Policy on market prices for cut flow- tives involving non-least also insisting that this more ers and temperate agricultural products. developed ACP countries. comprehensive approach to • the administrative arrang- addressing supply side con- ements to be established to straints will be financed using
From left to right: H.E. Amb. S Mlay - Tanzanian Ambassador to Brussels, Dr. R. Shayo - Chairperson Tanzania Cotonou- NSAs Steering Committee, Mr. R. Einloft - Resident Director FES Tanzania, and Dr. P. Goodison - Consultant European Research Office, during the official opening of the Cotonou workshop for exchange of Regional experiences on NSAs networking. Supported by FES, 30/8/2003, Dar es Salaam.
78 NEW EU – TANZANIA SUPPORT STRATEGY
Source: EU newshabari, July 2002
DIRECT FINANCE FOR operation of 76M Euro, to be mit substantially higher levels TANZANIA’S BUDGET disbursed in FY 2001/02 and of allocations to priority sec- Macro-economic reforms 2002/03, has been conceived tors. It is expected that as a pre-requisite as a contribution to the donors will finance about Continued macro-economic poverty Reduction Budget 55% of the priority recurrent reforms are a basic founda- Support (PRBS) facility in expenditure or 30% of the tion of the Tanzanian Poverty which Denmark, Finland, overall budget. The instru- Reduction Strategy (PRSP). Ireland, Netherlands, Swe- ment for channeling funds Among the reforms initiated den and the UK, plus two will be the Poverty Reduction since 1995, most noteworthy non-EU partners participate. Budget Support Facility has been the success of the The main purpose of PRBS (PRBS) put in place in 2000 macro-economic stabilization is to contribute to achieving to accommodate external program. This program was Poverty Reduction Strategy budget aid to the general implemented with great objectives through general budget. commitment. As a result, budget support. The joint Transparency and GDP growth average 4% in mechanism reduces cost for effectiveness in funds’ 1996-2000, inflation de- the Government of absorb- management must be clined from 30% to 6% and ing external assistance and guaranteed substantial foreign exchange allows for joint monitoring of The Cotonou Agreement reserve were built up. The big expenditure plans, budget allows for general budgetary domestic and foreign debt execution and financial man- aid as long as public expendi- stocks partly inherited from agement reforms. ture management is transpar- the past, making Tanzania Budget support will ent, accountable and effec- one of the world’s most represent 34% of the 9th tive. The prerequisite for any indebted countries, have EDF overall envelope for budget support, therefore, been tackled with donor Tanzania would be that Tanzania assistance. HIPC will result Government will allocate sig- ascertains the necessary stan- in a net reduction of 45% in nificant funds to priority sec- dards in the management of Tanzania’s foreign debt, tors identified in its Poverty such funds. A set of joint per- hitherto amounting to 7.6 Reduction Strategy, with the formance indicators, applica- billion US$. objectives to reduce income ble by all donors involved, Donors’ support to poverty, improve quality of will allow monitoring macro-economic reforms life and social well being of progress in these key areas. A large number of donors the poor whilst maintaining Disbursement of yearly have been involved in support macro-economic stability. tranches of EC support will to macro reforms, through The EC will support the depend on the achievement balance of payments aid sec- Government in its effort to of satisfactory results. A tor-specific interventions, combat poverty by contribut- package accompanying mainly under co-financing ing to the general budget, measure aimed at strengthen- arrangements. together with a number of ing capacity in accounting, The second 8th EDF other donors. Donor support procurement and internal macro-economic support to the budget will then per- auditing through technical
79 assistance and training, as Tanroads •Support for the road sec- well as for improving the pro- •Strengthening of districts tor policy reform programme duction of macro-economic and municipalities to deliver and strategy implementation and financial statistics will be district road programme •Finance for backlog, peri- designed and supported by Current EU financed odic and routine maintenance the EC. projects under 7th and 8th to bring the network to a EDF. maintainable condition SUPPORT TO ROAD Following the agreement on •Continued support for the SECTOR IS MAINTAINED the road sector reform in development of the high pri- Road sector reform 1999, the European Com- ority truck road network process mission approved three major •Active donor coordination In 1998 and 1999, institu- road projects in 2000 and tional reforms were made in 2001 to be funded by the 8th BASIC EDUCATION TO the road sub-sector. Follow- EDF: REMAIN TOP PRIORITY ing the establishment of the •Mwanza border – Tinde EU support to Tanzania road Fund in August 1999 & Nzega – Isaka road (Euro Development Strategy and the Road Agency Tan 85 million) was approved in Considerable progress has Roads in 2000, the European March 2000. been made in developing an Commission and the Tan- •Mwanza Region Trans- Education Sector Develop- zanian Government signed port Programme (Euro 35 ment Strategy (ESDS) since Financing Agreements for million) in March 2000 the beginning of 2001 under road projects totaling over • Backlog Maintenance the leadership of the Prime Euro 160 million. In 2001, Project (Euro 42 million) in Minister’s Office. In June discussion continued March 2001 2001, the Minister of Educa- between Government of tion and Culture approved Tanzania and the road Two other major road proj- the Primary Education donors on the implementa- ects funded by the 7th EDF Development Plan (PEDP) tion of the reform. This were under implementation as the first component of included a sector coordina- in the roads sector during ESDP to become opera- tion meeting in June 2001 2001: tional. Concurrently, Gov- and the Consultative Group •RUSIRM project ( 23.8 ernment-donor dialogue on Meeting in September 2001. million) the political and technical The European Commission •Wazo Hill – Bagamoyo level quickly improved. As a plays a coordinating role for Road (EDF Euro 2 million, consequence, the idea of sup- donors involved in the road Italy Euro 13 million for porting the District Based sector. The main issues under works). Support to Primary Educa- discussion are: Road sector perspective tion programme was dropped • The consolidation of the under 9th EDF in favor of support to PEDP. road sector reform process Roads remain the biggest Moreover, EDF funds •The redefinition of the sector under 9th EDF pro- remaining unspent under the role of the Ministry of Works gramme.The overall aim is to Interim Textbook Pro- and the implementation of support the Tanzanian Gov- gramme, which came to an the transition towards this ernment’s National Transport end in 2001, will be reallo- new role Policy and improve access to cated to support PEDP. • The adequacy of road local, regional and interna- maintenance funding tional markets and services. Urgent needs •Continued support for There are four components in PEDP first of all aims at further capacity building of the support strategy: absorbing the increase in pri-
80 depend on the ability of each sector to effectively play their role and the establishment of effective institutional coordi- nation mechanisms. EC involvement Since the beginning of the 1990’s an amount of Euro 51 million from STABEX resources has been allocated to the coffee sub sector.These STABEX transfers have been used, on the one hand, to support macro-economic reforms through the provi- Some of the participants of the Cotonou workshop for exchange of regional experiences sion of the foreign coffee sec- on NSAs Networking, supported by FES. 30th August 2003, Dar es Salaam. tor (improvement of coffee quality, multiplication and mary enrolment resulting will be presented to the EDF Committee in September distribution of plants) and, on from the abolition of primary the other hand, to support school fees earlier this year. 2002. Renewed support under the preparation and imple- Enrolment in standard I is mentation of reform (coffee expected to increase from 9th EDF Under the 9th EDF, it is research and extension, etc). 800,000 to 1,500,000 pupils. STABEX Resources have This requires an estimated intended to allocate 15% of the funds towards the Pri- also been allocated to the tea 14,000 new classrooms and sector for an amount of Euro 7,000 new teachers during mary Education Develop- ment Programme. 3.0 million and to the cotton 2002, as well as textbooks and sector for Euro 2.2 million. other educational material. At Future support AGRICULTURE NOT the same time, PEDP The EU and the Ministry of FORGOTTEN includes strategies to improve Finance are finalizing a new the quality of education in Sector Development Programme agreement of support to the order to reduce drop-out rates, agricultural sector. A total and strategies to improve In 2001, the EU and selected other donors assisted the amount of 40 million will regional, social and gender be allocated. The priorities equality in the education sys- Tanzanian Government in the preparation of its Agri- for the use of those funds will tem. be improving productivity, Pooled funding cultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) as an quality and profitability of EU support to the PEDP will smallholder coffee produc- be provided through a pooled instrument for stimulating growth and reducing poverty. tion; reducing marketing funding arrangement. Gov- costs and access to services, ernment and donors have Due to diversity of the agri- cultural sector, many actors through the improvement of recently signed a Memoran- rural feeder roads; and sup- dum of Understanding which are involved in the Develop- ment of this sector: public porting the government’s lays down the procedures for Agricultural Sector Develop- the management of the institutions, private stake- holders, civil society and ment Programme to stimu- pooled fund. The Financing late agriculture growth. ■ Proposal for an amount of Development partners. The Euro 25 million from EDF 8 success of the ASDS will
81 CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE ACP-EU PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT IN TANZANIA
TANZANIA COUNTRY STRATEGY PAPER 2001 – 2007 By Mr Daudi Msangi, Deputy National Authorizing Officer, Ministry of Finance, During the Path Finding Workshop Janu- ary 2003
THE PROCESS the NAO: “participants were range of stakeholders: civil Following the signing of the carefully selected to enable dis- society, the private sector and Cotonou Agreement on 23 semination of information on research institutions, culmi- June 2000 Guidelines for the the Cotonou Agreement to the nating in a stakeholder work- programming of the 9th Tanzanian Community, shop in March 2001. EDF were issued by the drawing participation from the On the EU side this was European Commission and press, the private sector, civil accomplished by undertaking the Secretariat of the Africa- society, the NGO-community, an appraisal of the Govern- Caribbean-Pacific (ACP) as well as institutions for ment medium-term strategy Group of States organized a research and higher learn- and a thorough analysis of three-day Regional Seminar ing…”. constraints, capacities, in Mauritius in September The objective of the prospects and needs, together 2000. The purpose of the launching was “to promote with a dialogue within the seminar was to bring together awareness and participation of donor community, and in the national and regional all stakeholders in program- particular with EU member authorities, as well as the ming for the resources availed to states. This culminated in a Heads of Delegation with the Tanzania under the Agree- response strategy. objective of familiarizing all ment”. The process really came parties with the background The programming for the together when discussions and content of the Partner- 9th EDF now started in took place on the response ship Agreement. In this con- earnest, taking its cue from strategy and the preparation text it is noteworthy that the Poverty Reduction Strat- of Sector Indicative Work Civil Society and Private Sec- egy Paper (PRSP), which had Programmes to underpin the tor representatives from Tan- been completed, in the pre- Strategy was undertaken in zania were invited and ceding month. The PRSP very close collaboration actively participated in the itself had been prepared in a between the two parties. The seminar. highly participatory manner resulting Country Support In January 2001 the Head and had involved legislators Strategy Paper (CSP) was of Delegation of the Euro- and representatives of civil signed on 8th March 2002 pean Commission in Tanza- society, the private sector, nia, together with the Perma- research institutions and the THE CONTENTS AND nent Secretary Finance, who poor themselves. STATUS OF THE TANZANIA is the National Authorizing On the Tanzania side pro- COUNTRY STRATEGY AND Officer (NAO) of the Euro- gramming involved the elab- INDICATIVE PROGRAMME pean Development Fund oration of a Policy Frame- The CSP contains two parts. (EDF) jointly launched the work document and subse- Part A is the Country Strat- Cotonou Agreement in a cer- quently an outline strategy egy, which comprises the EC emony which, in the words of and sharing it with a wide and Tanzania Cooperation
82 and Development Objec- Lines, which could be used to involving the road users in tives, the Country Analysis, finance specific operations. both regions, were organized and Assessment of Past and and effective feedback on Ongoing Cooperation and FOCAL SECTORS such issues as community the Response Strategy. Transport infrastructure involvement in maintenance, Part B is devoted to the The purpose of EC’s support road safety and the spread of Indicative Programme, and to the road sector is improved HIV/AIDS was obtained this will be the focus of this access to services and to mar- and taken into account in the part of the presentation. kets at local, regional and second phase of the project. international level. 9TH EDF INDICATIVE The support is focused on Basic Education PROGRAMME three major areas of interven- EC support to this PRSP The Resources tion: priority sector is focused on The resources available under i. rehabilitation of priority improving gender-balanced the Indicative programme roads; and equitable access to better amount to a total of 355 mil- ii. support to road quality basic education. The lion Euros (360 billion Tan- maintenance; and indicative allocation of 43.5 zania Shilling). This is split iii. institutional support to million Euros will be pro- over two ‘envelopes’: improve the management vided in the form of sector- The ‘A’ Envelope of 290 million of the road sector. specific budget aid for the Euros is to cover long-term implementation of the Edu- development operations with Discussions with Govern- cation Sector Development the CSP. The indicative allo- ment and with the Donor on Programme, to be imple- cation of this envelope on a the contents of the pro- mented in a decentralized sector base is as follows: gramme for the sector has approach and with the sup- •Transport infrastructure reached a point were identifi- port of a group of donors. (roads) 116 ME cation and formulation can The Government will • Basic education 43.5ME take off soon. transfer funds to local school • Macro support 98.6ME From the experience level in the form of Capita- •Other programmes under previous EDF pro- tion and Investment Grants. • (Governance, Non-State grammes, the area that lends The local School Develop- actors, reserve) 31.9ME itself well to involvement of ment Committees will be Non-State actors is backlog playing an increasing role in A second envelope, the so- maintenance of non-paved the management of their called ‘B’ Envelope of 65 mil- roads, as executed under the schools in conjunction with lion Euros, is available to cover ongoing Ruvuma and south- the headteachers. unforeseen needs including ern Iringa Road Mainte- emergency assistance, contri- nance Programme Macro Support butions to debt relief and (RUSIRM). This project, With an indicative allocation mitigation of the adverse which effectively started in of 98.6 million Euros, the effects of export earnings 2000, has involved the local EC will support the national instability. communities in maintenance Poverty Reduction Strategy Outside the Indicative pro- activities, as well as providing (PRS) by contributing to the gramme Tanzania also has information sessions to local general budget through access to the 9th EDF Invest- stakeholders/road-users in untied macro support. This ment facility managed by the the area. The project was and other external support European Investment Bank reviewed in 2002 and stake- will permit increased levels of (EIB), as well as EC Budget holder workshops, again allocation to PRS priority
83 sectors within the budget. Participatory Development, most certainly include the The Government has as implementing partners, as extent to which they address already set up a consultation facilitators, and, as beneficiar- the needs of the population, mechanism to ensure the par- ies of training as well as ‘own- on their specific competen- ticipation of a broad range of ers’ of community-based cies and whether they are actors to accompany the sup- development interventions. organized and managed port in connection with the An indicative amount of 17.4 democratically and transpar- Poverty Reduction Budget million Euros has been set ently. Support (PRBS) and HIPC aside for this, and the CSP We look forward to the initiative and the EC contri- states in this context that discussions and the group bution is placed in this con- Non-State Actors will be the work, which is planned and text. beneficiaries to the tune of a express the hope that this will maximum of 2% of total contribute in giving shape NON-FOCAL AREAS available funds. and substance to the effective Good Governance participation of Non-State In addition to promoting CONCLUSION Actors in the development good governance in all areas By adopting the 9th EDF process in general and in the of co-operation at both Country Support Strategy, implementation of the 9th macro and sector-specific lev- based on the spirit of the EDF Strategy and Indicative els, the CSP stresses the Cotonou Agreement, and Programme in particular. ■ strengthening of capacity for building upon the experi- service delivery at local level ences with participatory and the encouragement of a approaches gained in the culture of participatory man- preparation of the PRSP, the NOTES agement where local societies scene has been set for taking can gain influence in deci- the participation of Non- sion-making and access to State actors, including civil development opportunities. society a step forward. An indicative amount of 29 Depending on the million Euros has been specifics of the sectors con- reserved for this Governance cerned, such participation Programme. may take place at strategy, Three areas of interven- programmes or project level. tion have been identified: Participation could be as •A Capacity Building pro- implementing partners, as gramme for Participatory facilitators or as beneficiaries, Development; or in the evaluation of strat- •Support to the ongoing egy and programmes. Provi- Local Government Reform sions exist in the CSP for the Programme; and building of capacity for Non- •Support for the imple- State actors, for effective par- mentation of the National ticipation. Anti-Corruption Strategy. The issue has been raised of eligibility of Non-State Non-State Actors will be actors to take part in Tanza- particularly involved in the nia-EC cooperation. The realization of the programme criteria for eligibility will have for Capacity Building for to be defined, but they will
84 DEBATES AROUND FUTURE ACP-EU TRADE RELATIONS
Source: European Research Office
This brief on “Debates Around Future ACP-EU Trade Relations” provides an overview of some of the debates that have taken place on the issues faced in future ACP-EU trade relations. It looks at: • the commitments which the EU has made on future market access for ACP exports; • the debates around the issue of addressing supply side constraints; • the debates around the issue of the external effects of the common agri- cultural policy; • the debates around the issue of the fiscal implications for ACP states of moves towards free trade with the EU.
What Commitments On from the EU on all these within an increasingly liberal- Future Market Access For market access issues at the ized trading environment. ACP Exports Have Been outset of the negotiations. How these problems can be Made? This is seen as important addressed prior to the intro- Three major concerns with since it will provide the basis duction of free trade with the regard to future access for for ACP countries to attract EU is seen as a critical issue ACP exports to the EU mar- investment in those areas of for the future. It is however ket are emerging: growth, which are currently felt to be an area which to •a review and relaxation of being held back by the appli- date has been underdevel- the rules of origin; cation of residual market oped within the European • the need for a substantive access restrictions. Commission’s approach to improvement in real market the development of future access opportunities for ACP How Is The Issue Of ACP-EU trade relations. exporters in areas of immedi- Supply Side Constraints Against this background ate benefit (the elimination of To Be Addressed? the ACP-EU joint Parlia- residual market access restric- It is recognized in the ACP mentary Assembly has called tions on 40% of agricultural that in order to be able to take for: tariff lines where the EU advantage of trade prefer- •a systematic review of the retains in place restrictions); ences a country needs to be successes and failure of exist- •consultations on how gen- able to produce competitively ing programmes intended to uine EU health concerns and get products to the mar- address supply side con- (human, animal and plant) ket at a reasonable cost. As straints, with a view to ascer- can be addressed without cre- the experience under the taining the effectiveness of ating new barriers to ACP Lome Convention has various types of interventions exports. demonstrated many ACP under different circum- countries face major prob- stances; ACP representatives are call- lems in producing and sup- •a review of existing insti- ing for a clear commitment plying goods competitively tutional arrangements for
85 extending assistance to it will be necessary for ACP 36% of ACP exports to the addressing supply side con- governments to: “fully inte- EU are agricultural products straints, so as to determine grate EPAs within their devel- and agriculture in most ACP which institutional delivery opment strategies”, particularly countries constitutes the mechanisms have proved in allocating resources under social and economic back- most effective; national and regional indica- bone of the economy. • the establishment of co- tive programmes. The effects of CAP ordinated and integrated Against this background reform are already being felt country specific programmes the European Commission in terms of a decline in the of assistance to address sup- has highlighted how the value of certain ACP agricul- ply side constraints, which transitional period up to 2008 tural product exports to the reach beyond the current should be used: “for building EU. Southern Africa beef instruments and approaches, capacity in the public and pri- exports between 1996 and applied under existing ACP- vate sector of the ACP countries 2002 have seen average price EU co-operation arrange- with a view to enhancing their declines in £ of between 28% ments. ability to define and implement and 30% depending on the appropriate regional and multi- cuts of beef being exported. More specifically calls have lateral trade strategies and poli- In its 2000 Communica- been made for the issue of cies”, including measures to: tion on the EU sugar regime how to address supply side “enhance competitiveness, to the European Commission constraints to be fully and strengthen regional organiza- estimated the likely earnings comprehensively addresses in tions and to support regional losses to ACP exporters of an the development of future trade integration, where appro- extension of CAP reform to ACP-EU trade relations. priate with assistance to budg- the sugar sector. On the basis These concerns are etary adjustment and fiscal of a 25% reduction in the EU reflected in the ACP guide- reform, as well as to upgrade sugar price it projected lines for negotiations that infrastructure and to improve annual income losses to ACP specifically call for: “the provi- investment.” sugar exporters of some Euro sion of additional resources, 250 million. with rapid and flexible dis- How Is the Issue Of The On the export side lower bursement procedures”, with a External Effects Of the EU cereal prices have seen a view to addressing supply CAP To Be Addressed? rapid expansion of EU value side constraints, promoting It is clear that with a process added cereal based product trade, strengthening product of reform of the Common exports to the ACP group. specific export corridors, and Agricultural Policy underway, Clearly from an ACP per- attracting foreign investment. designed to enhance the price spective, dialogue with the This forms part of a detailed competitiveness of EU agri- EU on these issues within the consideration within the cultural and value added food context of the forthcoming ACP guidelines of what product industries on both trade negotiations would needs to be done if the Com- EU markets and international appear to be essential for a mission’s proposed Economic markets (including of course wide cross section of ACP Partnership Agreements are those markets also served by countries since it strikes at the to contribute to the sustain- ACP producers), this will have heart of the structural devel- able poverty focused develop- an impact on the market con- opment of agricultural ment of ACP economies. ditions facing ACP producers dependent ACP economies. From the European Com- of similar or competing prod- This was recognized in Arti- mission perspective if supply ucts. This is a particularly cle 12 of the ACP negotiat- side issues are to be addressed important issue given that ing guidelines.
86 How Is The Issue Of The Swaziland will range from The ACP guideline Fiscal Implications Of 5.3% of total government explicitly highlights the Moves Towards Free revenue (Botswana) to 13.9% importance of addressing the Trade With The EU To of total government revenue fiscal consequences of moves Be Addressed? (Swaziland). 1 In the case of towards free trade with the In many ACP countries Namibia these estimated rev- EU. These guidelines for import duties constitute an enue losses would be equiva- negotiations go further call- important source of govern- lent to two and half times the ing for additional resources to ment revenue. Partly this is current Namibian govern- be provided outside of the because import duties are rel- ment budget deficit. EDF in order to deal with atively easy and cheap to col- While it needs to be rec- this issue and other adjust- lect. In many ACP countries, ognized that in an era of trade ment related problems. particularly in Africa, duties liberalization there is a need The EU mandate for its on imports from the EU con- for developing countries to part refers to making avail- stitute a major part of total reduce their dependence on able “where appropriate… customs revenues. Against trade taxes, studies in assistance to budgetary adjust- this background in a number Namibia also suggest that ment and fiscal reform”. ■ of ACP countries there is this process of fiscal restruc- concern over the implications turing is likely to be a difficult Footnote for government revenues of task. The process of fiscal 1. “The Economic Impact of the Pro- posed European Union-South Africa moves towards free trade restructuring required as a Free Trade Area Agreement on with the EU. result of multilateral trade lib- Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swazi- An analysis of the provi- eralization is likely to be land”, BIDPA, Gaborone, Botswana and sions of the EU-South Africa intensified by the conclusion IDS Sussex, UK, July 1998. Trade, Development and of reciprocal preferential Co-operation Agreement trade arrangements with the reveals that revenue losses for EU, in those instances where neighbouring Botswana, the EU is the major trading Lesotho, Namibia and partner.
NOTES
87 THE IMPLICATIONS OF COMMON AGRICULTURE POLICY (ACP) REFORM:TOOLS FOR IDENTIFYING “OFFENSIVE” INTERESTS
By Dr Paul Goodison European Research Office
Past Treatment and acceptable on the EU market In the cereals sector, where Emerging Issues without losing the duty free this process is most advanced, Traditionally under succes- access traditionally granted basic prices fell between 50% sive Lomé Conventions and them by the EU. This is an and 55% between 1992 and now under the Cotonou issue which the ACP collec- 2002. Direct aid payments to Agreement ACP countries tively will need to take up and farmers increased corre- have enjoyed duty free access address. spondingly and cereals pro- to the EU market for virtually Perhaps of more serious duction increased 16%, with all their exports. This duty concern in terms of future the EU now expecting a free access however has been ACP-EU trade relations is record wheat harvest in 2003. qualified in three significant the likely impact of CAP This has increased EU con- respects: reform on the value of current sumption of domestically • through the establishment trade preferences and any produced animal feed and of rules of origin; future new preferences which reduced the demand for • through the application of might be extended to the imported animal feed. the safeguard provisions and ACP in the agricultural sec- In areas more directly rele- associated consultative proce- tor. vant to ACP exporters, the dures; extension of this process of • through the application of The Impact of CAP reform in the EU beef sector qualified duty and quota free Reform on the Value of after 2000 saw the £ denom- access for products falling ACP Preferences inated value of Namibian under the EU’s common The process of CAP reform beef exports fall between 28% agricultural policy (CAP). launched in 1992 marks a and 30% depending on the In an era of increasingly fundamental shift in EU sup- beef cut being exported1.In globalised patterns of pro- port to its agricultural sector. the sugar sector where reform duction and input sourcing Prior to 1992 the policy focus has been consistently been the limitations on duty free was on price support in order deferred since 1992, it has access arising from restrictive to encourage production and been estimated by the Euro- rules of origin are likely to ensure European food secu- pean Commission that a 25% become an increasingly seri- rity.Since 1992 a shift in reduction in the EU sugar ous problem for ACP coun- policy has been underway price would result in income tries. This is particularly the involving a movement away losses to ACP sugar exporters case in the clothing and tex- from price support towards of around Euro 250 million tile sector, where with the increased levels of direct aid per annum2.Planned reforms emergence of combination to EU farmers. This is in the rice sector involving fabrics, ACP cotton produc- allowing EU farm gate prices price reductions and ers find it increasingly diffi- to fall without adversely increased levels of direct aid cult to produce clothing affecting farm incomes. payments to EU rice farmers
88 is likely to lead to a 50% In the first phase this production of any individual reduction in the EU rice price scheme will cover all products product is likely to exert a within 4 years, greatly reduc- currently subject to reform, with downward pressure on EU ing the attractiveness of the the dairy, sugar, olive oil and market prices for all products EU market to ACP rice certain fruit and vegetable currently falling under the exporters (including Guyana, regimes being incorporated CAP. This would occur since Surinam and least developed into the scheme at a later if existing high prices were countries considering invest- date. retained in any one sector ing in rice production to Ultimately however all more farmers would move exploit the new “Everything products subject to the CAP over to the production of that But Arms” trade preferences will fall under this decoupled commodity in order to reap extended by the EU in the system of payments per farm. the benefits, with increased rice sector). While nominally this supply exerting a downward During the recent CAP scheme is designed to allow pressure on prices which mid term review discussions EU farmers to respond to under the new system would the Commission has made market signals, these basic be allowed to find their own clear its long term intention market signals will be dis- level (since a farm income to shift from product support torted by the levels of direct safety net would be provided to producer support through aid payments established by the system of direct aid the introduction of a “single (nominally provided to rec- payments). decoupled income payment per ompense farmers for wider This will have important farm”3 public services they provide implications for a wide range Under this scheme a single with regard to environmental of ACP non-traditional payment will be made to each protection, food safety, ani- exports, (particularly fruit, farm, based on the level of aid mal welfare, stewardship of vegetable and horticultural the farmer used to get. How- the countryside and rural products falling under Decla- ever this new payment will development). In the EU ration XXII of the Cotonou not be linked to the produc- cereals sector it is clear that Agreement) which have been tion of any specific product. the shift over to direct aid developed in the past 10 Since this aid will not be payments has shifted farmers years. linked to the production of supply side responses, so that These developments will any specific crop, the whole at any given price level they greatly reduce the value of scheme will be more WTO produce substantially more than trade preferences extended compatible, since it the EU’s they would in the absence of to ACP countries in the view such aid is non-trade direct aid payments. The level agricultural sector under distorting. In order to be eli- of direct aid payments in the any future economic part- gible for the payment EU cereals sector with which nership agreements. farmers will however have to other regimes are being har- This situation is likely to meet certain EU environ- monised has led to a 16% be compounded by the mental, animal welfare and increase in EU cereals produc- increased costs ACP food quality standards. tion despite an average of exporters will need to carry in Nominally EU farmers between a 50% and 55% order to comply with increas- would be getting the de-cou- decline in cereals prices since ingly strict EU hygiene stan- pled direct aid payment for 1992. dards. The very real danger is complying with these stan- Overall, from an ACP that ACP exporters could dards (so called cross compli- perspective, the move over to find their profit margins ance) rather than for produc- a single system of farm pay- squeezed between the declin- ing any particular product. ments de-coupled from the ing value of preferential
89 PRODUCTS FALLING UNDER THE CAP ACP strategies for dealing with the EU as a whole (and • cereals; •rice; • oilseeds; not simply the European •dried fodder; • milk & milk • sugar Commission which has clear • beef & veal; products; •pig meat; instructions from the Council • wine • poultry meat • cotton on what it can and cannot do • olive oil; & eggs; •tobacco in the negotiations with ACP • seed flax; • sheep meat • hops countries) in the conduct of • silkworms; & goat meat • seeds; the forthcoming economic • animal feed •fruit & • honey; partnership agreement nego- stuffs; vegetables; tiations. While the European • peas, field • flowers & live Commission will play the beans, sweet plants; pivotal role in the negotia- lupins •fibre flax & tions with the ACP, all the hemp; major decisions taken will be • potatoes; the result of pressures exerted by EU member states through the Agricultural access and the increasing prices for those products Ministries, via the Agricul- costs of supplying the EU where they have a current or tural Commissioner and via market. In some sector this is potential production and the Trade Ministers through already occurring, with export interest; the Article 133 Committee. Swaziland discontinuing d) those products where If the ACP ignore this exports of lower quality cuts detailed discussions on Sani- reality in their conduct of the of beef to the EU market in tary and Phytosanitary Stan- ongoing trade negotiations the face of the rapid decline dards (SPS) issues will need with the EU they will find in UK prices of these beef to be taken up in order to themselves giving ground in cuts since 1999. ensure that measures to pro- the trade negotiations, with- tect EU human, animal and out securing any correspon- Implications for Negotiat- plant health are not designed ding benefits. ■ ing Future Access and implemented in ways In this context ACP govern- which become new barriers ments will need to carefully Footnotes to trade for ACP exporters. 1. EU Agricultural Commissioner Fis- identify their “offensive” This will allow ACP chler acknowledged that only 1/3 of the interests in the forthcoming countries and regions to price reductions on the EU beef market trade negotiations with the clearly identify their offensive between 1999 and 2002 were related to EU. Each ACP government the crisis of confidence following the negotiating priorities and BSE and FMD crisis and that 2/3 of the will need to identify: assess the relative costs and price reduction were the result of the a) those products where benefits to be gained from the reductions in the intervention price aris- trade barriers still exist and conclusion of an economic ing from the process of CAP reform. where it has a current pro- partnership agreement with 2. October 2000 Commission Commu- duction interest; the EU. It will furthermore nication to the Council on the Common b)those products where enable them to identify those Organisation of the Market in Sugar. See trade barriers still exist and http://www.sugartraders.co.uk/compro- EU member states which are posals.pdf where it could profitable most likely to exert pressure on develop a production and the European Commission to 3. See Communication from the Com- export interest; maintain barriers to ACP mar- mission to the Council and the European Parliament “Mid Term Review of the c) the likely impact of ket access. Common Agricultural Policy”, Brussels, CAP reform on market This can then inform 10.7.2002 COM (2002)394 final, p.19.
90 PREPARING FOR NEGOTIATIONS TOOLS FOR PREPARING TARIFF OFFERS AND “DEFENDING NATIONAL INTEREST”
By Dr Paul Goodison, European Research Office
THE REAL FOCUS OF safeguard measures; and products, where the sim- NEGOTIATIONS d) the products which should ple introduction of free trade It needs to be recognised that only be subjected to tariff would lead to socially, eco- over the next six years of reductions and eventual free nomically and politically negotiations with the EU the trade at the end of the transi- unacceptable adjustment focus will not be on the intro- tion period (“back-loading”); costs. duction of free trade but e) administrative questions In the context of trade rather on: such as the rules of origin to negotiations the EU fully a) the products which should be applied in an increasingly takes this reality into account. be excluded from moves globalised world. towards free trade; THE EU’S APPROACH TO b) the products which should If the focus was exclusively on AGRICULTURE be subjected to special the introduction of free trade For the EU the most sensitive arrangements under moves then negotiations could be sector is the agricultural sec- towards free trade; completed in 6 weeks rather tor. In its trade negotiations c) the products which should than 6 years. The key issues with the ACP member, be offered protection from at stake relate to the treat- South Africa, this led to a sit- unfair competition through ment of “sensitive” sectors uation where the final agree-
Source: Financial Times, Wednesday, September 3-9, 2003
91 ment introduced free trade From an EU perspective to identify the most appropri- for only 61% of South however this needs to be seen ate options for the treatment Africa’s current agricultural against the background of the of these “sensitive” products, exports to the EU (with process of reform of the com- given the human and institu- many of these products being mon agricultural policy. A tional capacity constraints “back-loaded”). Special process which de facto faced in ACP countries?3 arrangements involving the amounts to a long term (20- establishment of tariff rate 30 year) sectoral adjustment The first step in answering quota’s were created for a fur- and restructuring programme these two questions is to ther 13% of South Africa’ (conducted with the benefit define what a sensitive prod- agricultural exports, while of large scale public aid pro- uct is. This will need to be fully 26% of South Africa’s grammes - since 1992 when done by each individual ACP current agricultural exports the reform process began the government in all sover- were entirely excluded from EU agricultural budget has eignty, but it would facilitate moves towards free trade increased around 50%2). the establishment of com- with the EU. A range of mon regional and pan-ACP products where South Africa THE CHALLENGE FOR positions if some common has existing production but THE ACP criteria were used in identify- where current EU import The questions arise: ing “sensitive” sectors. Such duties have prevented any • what steps are ACP coun- criteria could include: trade taking place (e.g. sugar) tries taking to identify those • the importance of the sec- were also excluded from sectors of their economies tor or product to employ- moves towards free trade. and those products where ment; Scope was left in the agree- moves towards free trade • the importance of the sec- ment for re-visiting the tariff with the EU could entail tor or product to rural treatment to be accorded high adjustment costs? incomes; these products. • what steps are being taken • the importance of the sec- tor or product to women pro- ducers and the poor; WHY EU AGRICULTURE IS SEEN AS • the importance of the DIFFERENT product to the structural development of the sector; “Farming is not an industry that can be abandoned to the ten- • the importance of the sec- der mercies of market capitalism, and this for one very simple tor or product to food secu- reason: in the agricultural sector the drive to maximise out- rity; put and minimise costs has consequences that are unaccept- • the importance of the sec- able to our communities.... If farming had to go by the princi- tor or product to a specific ple of the international division of labour, if, in other words, region in a country; we let the consumer choose the product of the most efficient • the extent of trade distor- producer on a globalised market, five million of Europe’s six tion arising from public aid million farmers would go to the wall. That is not acceptable programmes for competing and it is not what our European civilisation is about”. products in OECD coun- tries. Pascal Lamy, EU Commissioner for Trade, “Which Agricultural model for the EU?” Having identified the prod- The Economist Conference ucts which are deemed to be Paris, 3rd October 2002.1 “sensitive” due to the scale of the adjustment costs which
92 would arise from the intro- of ACP negotiators in their is particularly the case in duction of free trade with the dealings with the EU. It those areas where arrange- EU, ACP governments and would allow attention to be ments can be built on existing subsequently regions, will focussed on the most impor- EU practices. A case in point have to determine the most tant areas where tariff negoti- in this regard is the existing appropriate treatment to be ations will have an impact Cotonou Agreement safe- accorded such products. and facilitate the discussion guard provisions. of the particular arrange- DEALING WITH SENSITIVE ments required in “sensitive” DEVELOPING THE PRODUCTS areas requiring special SAFEGUARD PROVISIONS Under the kind of free trade arrangements. The safeguard clause which areas the EU is concluding There is already a body of the EU uses under the Coto- there are only a limited num- experience in the ACP on the nou Agreement to protect ber of options open for the establishment of special against sudden upsurges in treatment of such products. arrangements for “sensitive” ACP exports which could This can be summarised in a products. For example, in disrupt EU markets has a single matrix, which deals Southern Africa the SADC number of interesting fea- with the “sensitive” products, Sugar Protocol and within tures. The first interesting associated down stream products the Southern African Cus- feature is the scope of the and competing products. toms Union the controls and safeguard provisions. The Establishing national regulations on trade in cereal Cotonou safeguard clause positions on specific product products. allows the EU to take appro- chains in the context of such The adoption of such an priate measures against ACP a matrix would facilitate the approach to the detailed exports where imports into establishment of sectoral preparation of negotiating the EU: positions at a regional and positions could greatly facili- •cause or threaten to cause pan-ACP level. This could tate the achievement of ACP serious injury to EU produc- greatly strengthen the hand negotiating objectives. This ers;
CEREALS PRODUCT CHAIN MEAT PRODUCT CHAIN
Treatment/ “Back Special Exclusions Safeguards Treatment/ “Back Special Exclusions Safeguards Product Loading” Arrang. Product Loading” Arrang.
Maize Beef
Wheat Pork
Flour Poultry
Cakes Tinned Meat
Pasta Prepared Meat
Biscuits etc
Etc
93 • threaten serious distur- veillance in areas where the agricultural based economies bances in any sector; safeguard clause may be in the context of a process of • threatens to create diffi- invoked. The aim of these CAP reform designed to culties which could lead to an provisions is to limit the enhance the price competi- economic deterioration in a actual use of safeguard meas- tiveness of EU food and region of the EU. ures by allowing preventive drink exports (against the action to be taken where close background of increased lev- Considerable emphasis is monitoring of trends in “sen- els of EU public sector aid to placed on preventing disrup- sitive” sectors detects a prob- the EU agricultural and food tion of markets by allowing lem which could arise. This processing sector) and moves action, when imports preventive action has, where towards free trade with the “threaten” to create “injury”, invoked, involved voluntary EU. While ACP markets in “difficulties” or “distur- export restraint in the sensi- themselves are not important bances”. Action can be taken tive areas concerned, so as to to EU exporters, even small in a pre-emptive way because avoid the actual formal invo- increases in EU exports of these provisions also include cation of safeguard measures. agricultural and value added arrangements for regular con- These provisions have a food product exports to sultations and statistical sur- strong relevance to ACP Africa, stimulated by the
EU CEREAL BASED VALUE ADDED FOOD PRODUCT EXPORTS TO THE ACP
1996 1997 1998 % change
Cereals (CN 10) 243 216 216 - 11.2% Products of Milling (CN 11) 201 333 336 + 67.2% Preparations (CN 19) 133 176 205 + 54.1%
Source: “Agricultural Situation in the Community” Tables 3.6.12, 1999.
EVOLUTION OF EU CHICKEN EXPORTS TO THE DRC (0207 MEAT AND EDIBLE OFFAL OF FOWLS) (Selected Years)
Value ‘000 ECU/EURO
1992 23,152 1993 21,160 1994 21,060 1995 16,376 1996 20,861 ...... 2000 44,550
94 process of reform can have a devastating effect on local Footnotes small-scale chicken produc- profound implications for 1. http://europa.eu.int/rapid/start/cgi/ local agricultural producers. tion. guesten.ksh?p_action.gettxt=gt&doc=SP Already in the mid 1990s, Such developments can EECH/02/451|0|RAPID&lg=EN&dis following the first round of only be compounded by play= cereals sector reform EU moves towards free trade 2. Figures used are extracted from exports of value added cereal with the EU in the agricul- Extracted for “The Agricultural Situation based products to the ACP tural sector. Establishing in the European Union” Annual Reports, have increased dramatically monitoring and surveillance table 3.4.4. (see table). arrangements in sensitive sec- 3. There have been instances of govern- Similarly EU poultry tors mirroring those used by ments establishing highly sophisticated exports to ACP countries like the EU could prevent these tariff schedules to achieve various objec- tives but these have proved ineffective the Democratic Republic of kinds of disruptions arising because the human and institutional the Congo (DRC) have seen under future trade arrange- capacity to effectively administer this a massive increase as lower ments with the EU. The EU sophisticated policy was not in place. EU cereal prices have could scarcely object to the reduced feed costs and fuelled inclusion of such safeguard a 150% expansion of EU measures in future economic poultry exports. In 2000 partnership agreements, since poultry meat was the single they would largely be based largest EU export to the on the provisions the EU cur- DRC, 3 times larger than the rently benefits from under second most important the Cotonou Agreement. ■ export. This increase has had
NOTES
95 COTONOU ACTIVITIES OF THE FRIEDRICH EBERT STIFTUNG TANZANIA
By Mrs Sylvia Hangen-Riad, Consultant and Mr. Reinhold Einloft, Resident Director FES Tanzania
The Cotonou Agreement is a stakeholders, students etc. in- ship, which developed into a complex convention and its and outside of Tanzania who comprehensive agreement provisions involve new are looking for readable and based on a trade and aid pil- opportunities as well as new basic information on the lar. The trade cooperation is risks for the stakeholders ACP-EU partnership and its characterised until 2007 by especially in the African, provisions in general as well non-reciprocal trade benefits Caribbean, Pacific (ACP) as its implementation in Tan- for ACP states including countries. Much will depend zania in particular. Towards unlimited entry to the EU on the proactive influence the this end our website gives a market for 99% of industrial ACP countries will be able to brief introduction to the and other goods. The aid exert on the implementation Cotonou Agreement, high- component provides pre- of the Agreement. Thus, for lights the challenges and con- dictable aid flows over a five many of the new actors in the straints the new provisions in year period, in areas such as ACP countries effective par- the Agreement pose to the economic, social and human ticipation in the Cotonou Tanzanian stakeholders, development or regional inte- partnership is a matter of introduces to the FES Coto- gration. support and access to topical nou-strategy and the respec- Even though the new and concise information in tive FES activities in Tanza- Cotonou Agreement, signed view of the multitude of key nia and the East African in June 2000 and replacing issues involved in the cooper- region and guides to further the Lomé Convention, pre- ation and the impacts forth- sources of reference. serves the Lomé principles coming (trade) negotiations and its two pillars, it adapts to have on their region or single WHAT IS THE ACP-EU a new geostrategic situation country. COOPERATION ABOUT? as well as the challenges of FES as a longstanding SOME BASICS globalisation and poverty partner of those actors in The cooperation between the alleviation. Thus, three major developing countries whose EU and the ACP group of changes mark a break with activities contribute to a par- states, of which Tanzania is a the past: ticipatory transition to member, has a longstanding 1. Cotonou rests on a democracy, has put the Coto- tradition. Within the last 25 strengthened political foun- nou Agreement on its agenda years, under the previous dation. A broader political and offers support to their Lomé I-IV conventions, a set dialogue offers the chance to local partners through a wide of shared principles, assuring discuss political issues outside range of complementary the equality of the partners, the development coopera- activities. dialogue, contractually agreed tion. In this context our website rights and obligations and the 2. The trade cooperation will is conceived to build a source joint administration of the undergo a far-reaching trans- of Cotonou information for cooperation, shaped the pro- formation. Planned is the all practitioners, interested file of the ACP-EU partner- establishment of Economic
96 Partnership Agreements imports and the increased 2002, there is an expressed (EPAs) envisaging the ACP competition for local produc- need for more NSAs to par- states to establish World ers jeopardising jobs in this ticipate and contribute to the Trade Organization (WTO) sector, contribute to national process.On the other hand -compatible Free Trade Areas problems and challenges at the ability of the Tanzanian (FTAs) on the basis of exist- the same time. Given a situa- NSAs to act is limited. Many ing regional frameworks, tion of a prevailing fragmen- NSAs (especially those based such as Southern African tation of responsibilities in in rural areas) still operate in Development Community trade matters between differ- very difficult conditions. To (SADC) or East African ent Tanzanian line ministries play, as expected now, a polit- Community (EAC). and a missing link between ical part in form of an influ- 3. The agreement extends its trade strategies and national ential third force in the policy partnership to Non-State development goals, there is fora of the Cotonou coopera- Actors (NSAs). For the first even risk that the implemen- tion, the sector has to be sup- time in its history it recog- tation of EPAs in Tanzania ported/empowered/guided, nizes the complementary role might fail to complement the through information dissem- civil society, private sector, national pro-poor develop- ination, network formation, trade unions etc. play in the ment agenda. as well as capacity building on development process. In At present furthermore issues related to trade, lobby- Future NSAs are to be the integration of the Non- ing-skills, and negotiation. involved more systematically State Actors in the inter-gov- in inter-governmental dia- ernmental cooperation meets logue, decision-making, eval- its limits. On the one hand, uation and monitoring the Tanzanian government FES - TANZANIA processes. seems to be taking an advan- tage of the Cotonou Agree- OBJECTIVE SPECIAL CHALLENGE FOR ment which leaves it open for In the light of the above state- TANZANIAN KEY-PLAYERS ACP governments to decide ments it is the objective of ACTORS on the new provisions, and Friedrich Ebert Stiftung in Tan- The provisions of the Coto- whom to involve. FES is zania nou Agreement, particularly encouraging the NSAs to 1. to provide local partners with the new trade regime and the organise themselves and be readable and relevant Information extension of the partnership pro-active in a number of about the Cotonou Agreement to NSAs, pose a great chal- ways rather than wait for the and its processes government to invite them to lenge to the Cotonou part- 2. to rise awareness among local ners in Tanzania. participate in the processes. partners to encourage broad par- The envisaged trade liber- Experience has shown that ticipation in the implementation alisation under the EPA con- Tanzanian NSAs received of the Cotonou Agreement in cept, which in deviation to recognition by the govern- Tanzania and the East African the present EU-ACP trade ment and were involved in Region regime aims at opening the the processes of the country’s Poverty Reduction Strategy. 3. to enhance the capacities of ACP markets for all imports selected partners to ensure their from the EU free of duty, Although the EU-Tanzania involvement and effective partici- involves serious implications invited some representatives pation in the negotiation- and pol- for the Tanzanian economy. of NSAs based in Dar es icy processes related to the The loss of an important rev- Salaam to participate in this implementation of the Agree- enue source caused by the year’s Annual Review of the ment at national and regional level elimination of all tariffs on Tanzania-EU Cooperation
97 ACTIVITIES TAMWA), the Media participation in the pro- By and large FES activities (Financial Times) informal grammes and policy have various alignments. sector (VIBINDO), Tanzan- processes related to the • They are conceived to ian umbrella organisations implementation of the Tan- inform our partners about the (Tanzania Association of zanian Country Support course, contents, risks and NGOs-TANGO, Tanzania Strategy. (Think Tank Profile chances of the processes related Council for Social Develop- available) to the implementation of ment-TACOSODE), the Cotonou. private sector (the Savings The Think-Tank meetings Against the background of and Credit Union League of also gave the input for a the forthcoming launching of Tanzania-SCULT), the Pres- • Path-finding Workshop phase II of the EPA negotia- ident’s Office Planning and on Emerging Opportuni- tions in September 2003, the Privatisation (POPP), the ties for Civil Society FES programme focus of the Ministry of Industry and Organisations (CSOs) year 2003 shifted to the Trade (MIT), the National Participation in the ACP- Cotonou trade component Parliament, the East African EU Development Cooper- and the economic and social Legislative Assembly ation, held on 29th of Janu- impacts the conclusion of an (EALA). We cooperate inter ary 2003. It was jointly EPA can have on Tanzania alia with the Economic and organized by ESRF and and the integration process in Social Research Foundation FES, who shared the view East Africa. (ESRF) and the East African that the lack of awareness and Therefore workshops at Business Council (EABC), information was one of the national level complement The EU-Delegation, and the major hurdles for Tanzanian FES activities with regional Embassies. We would like to NSAs to participate in dia- scope. Thus, we are able to include more actors from the logue on the Cotonou Agree- reach a broad audience, rang- private sector like the Small ment. The workshop brought ing from civil society organi- Industries Development together key actors of the sations, government institu- Organisation (SIDO). urban NSAs sector with rep- tions and line ministries to resentatives of the EU and the members of parliament in OUR ACTIVITIES IN MoF. (Workshop Report avail- Tanzania and within the DETAIL able). institutional framework of In March 2002 FES Tanza- A second chain of events the EAC. nia established an FES-activ- dealt with EPAs and their To name a few: In our ity-coordinating forum, the impacts on Tanzania and the workshops participate repre- • Cotonou Think-Tank regional integration process sentatives from the relevant The group encompasses 3 in the Eastern African trade unions and their permanent members and is region. umbrella organisation open to various guests. In In September 2002 FES (Teachers Trade Union- 2002 the Think-Tank met in cooperation with the Fac- TTU, Researchers Academi- with representatives from the ulty of Commerce and Man- cians and Allied Workers European Development agement/ University of Dar Union-RAAWU, Trade Fund (EDF)-Support Unit es Salaam conducted a two Unions’ Congress of Tanza- to the Ministry of Finance days nia, TUCTA), women (MoF), the EU-Delegation • Strategic Trade Policy organizations (Tanzania and the Economic and Social Training Retreat,involving Gender Networking Pro- Research Foundation civil servants from the Presi- gramme-TGNP, Tanzania (ESRF) and discussed the dential Office Planning and Media Women Association- realistic options for NSAs Privatisation and line min-
98 istries dealing with trade. It April 2003. The team faced by Tanzania with was the objective of the received support from ESRF regard to the trade liberalisa- Training to familiarize the and FES. The group con- tion and the establishment of participants with essentials of cluded its field study in Tan- Economic Partnership the forthcoming ACP-EU zania with two workshops. Agreements. (all preliminary trade negotiations and sensi- The first workshop papers available). tise for coordination of stake- • “Getting Ready for Eco- The second workshop was holders with complementary nomic Partnership Agree- a follow-up to the above, competences and skills. ments (EPAs)” was jointly elaborating on • “EU-ACP Economic organized by GDI and • Economic Partnership Partnership Agreements ESRF and took place on Agreements and Poverty and Regional Integration 28th of April 2003. The Alleviation. It was organ- in East Africa - Options group presented its prelimi- ized by GDI and FES on for Tanzania” is the title of a nary findings to key stake- 30th of April 2003. The study carried out by a holders from NSAs, Govern- objectives of the workshop research team of the German ment departments, and the were twofold: Development Institute Donor community (as well as 1. To bring together a small (GDI), which has been visit- the FES), enlightening on group of experts to exchange ing Tanzania in March and the processes and difficulties and enhance understanding
99 on the inter-linkages of trade in cooperation with nia, Bonn. matters and poverty allevia- ECONEWS. It brings •Stefan Leiderer, April tion goals. together NSAs from Kenya, 2003. Beyond the Tax Book. 2. To stimulate a discussion Uganda, Tanzania and An Assessment of the Poten- on how EPAs can effectively Ethiopia, prepares the partic- tial Revenue Impact of an contribute to poverty allevia- ipants in three training mod- EPA in View of Prevailing tion and the action needed to ules to assist in the interpreta- Tax Exemptions. Discussion further this goal. tion and implementation of Paper No. 1. Presented at the agreement in the Eastern GDI Workshop on EPA 01.07.-02.07.2003FES/ Tan- African region. Module 1 Negotiations. Daressalam. zania held two workshops on took place in Kenya, whereas •Katja Schemmann, Judith • “Networking at national, Module 2 of the programme Schwethelm, April regional and ACP level. was conducted in Tanzania 2003.Preparing EPA Negoti- How can NSAs benefit 27th to 29th of August 2003. ations. The National and from it ?” and on • At the end of the Module 2 Regional Level. Discussion “EPAs, the link to the training of Cotonou Consul- Paper No. 2. Presented at WTO and the impacts on tants, a workshop on “Expe- GDI Workshop on EPA East African Countries” to rience Exchange with NSAs Negotiations. Daressalam. which an expert from Brus- from other East African • Elke Herrfahrdt, Eckhard sels, Mr. Paul Goodison of countries (namely Kenya, Volkmann, April 2003. Mak- the European Research Uganda and Ethiopia) on ing the Society’s Voice Office, was invited. Networking” took place on Heard. Involvement of Non- The workshops lead to the the 30th of August 2003. State Actors in EPA Negoti- establishment of the • The “Launching of the ations. Discussion Paper No. • Cotonou Steering Com- Tanzania NSAs Steering 3. Presented at GDI Work- mittee, which took responsi- Committee”, took place on shop on EPA Negotiations. bility to operate as a reference the 30th of September 2003 Daressalam. point on Cotonou issues and in Dar-es-Salaam. The Please contact: [email protected] the creation of a non-formal Committee decided to meet organised Cotonou Informa- bimonthly to plan for further EXPECTATIONS tion and Communication activities. • The January 2003 work- network of relevant Tanzan- The following papers can shop was seen as a key- ian NSAs. be ordered: opener for the NSAs to meet At present, it holds weekly • Think Tank Profile with the EU-delegation, and meetings and is charged with •Report of the Path-find- requested continued discus- specific tasks of identifica- ing Workshop on Emerging sions as the issues related to tion, mobilisation, motiva- Opportunities for CSOs Par- the implementation of the tion, information, and organ- ticipation in the ACP-EU ACP-EU Cotonou Agree- isation of other Non State Development Cooperation, ment are new to the majority Actors (NSAs) relevant in Daressalaam. of the Tanzanians. Therefore the Cotonou cooperation. •FES Cotonou Info for awareness raising and dis- Integrated in the committees’ Non-State Actors semination of Cotonou work are some of Tanzanian • German Development information is a constant in participants of the FES EU- Institute, February 2003. The FES activities and support ACP consultants training. EU-ACP Economic Part- additional FES measures in • FES EU-ACP consult- nership Agreements and Tanzania. ants training. The training Regional Integration in East •At the same time, FES was designed by FES/Kenya Africa. Options For Tanza- provides more concise capac-
100 ity building.Support is FOCUS AND PERSPECTIVE www.fes.de/Cotonou required at national as well as Against this background the FES office Kenya: at regional level. In Septem- focus of FES/Tanzania is on www.kenya.fes-interna- ber 2003 the regional group- the establishment of a Coto- tional.de ings, whatever form they may nou Information- and Com- FES office Uganda: have (SADC, EAC, etc.), are munication network of NSAs. www.uganda.fes-interna- expected to negotiate the The envisaged network is tional.de details and modalities of the conceived to link various FES office Tanzania: envisaged EPAs with the EU. Tanzanian NSAs who in the www.tanzania.fes-interna- At the moment in Tanzania medium term will be able to tional.de the responsibilities for trade deal with EPA trade matters on relevant national and matters are with the Ministry as well as the Cotonou devel- regional stakeholders in of Industries and Trade opment issues. Therefore, the the Cotonou processes (under the Tanzania Trade objectives of our project are: refer to: and Poverty Programme- 1) to assist a steering com- ESRF: www.esrftz.org TTPP) in close collaboration mittee to identify relevant TGNP: www.tgnp.co.tz with Economic and Social stakeholders in the Tanzan- Research Foundation-ESRF. ian-EU trade and aid cooper- Government of Tanzania: The country still has to put ation www.tanzania.go.tz much effort in identifying a 2) to provide specific infor- EU-Delegation/Tanzania: national EPA strategy, which mation on EPA and the www.deltza.cec.eu.int, will be based on broad own- Cotonou development com- email: delegation- ership, be pro-poor oriented ponent [email protected] and help to preserve Tanza- 3) to improve the participants EcoNews/Kenya: nia’s interests even if it has to capacity to exchange and www.econewsafrica.org negotiate EPAs in a regional cooperate in a network Mwengo/Zimbabwe: email: grouping bigger than the 4) to enable the group to [email protected] EAC. establish links to national The EAC is confronted Government Institutions EAC: www.EACHQ.org with comparable problems. (Natinal Authorising Offi- SADC: www.sadc.int Its partner states decided in cer-NAO, line Ministries COMESA: an extra-ordinary Summit of etc.) and regional NSAs net- www.COMESA.int Heads of State in Kampala, works (e.g. ECONEWS, 11. April 2002, to negotiate MWENGO) on the private sector: EPAs as a bloc. So far the 5) to increase the networks www.acpbusiness.org implementation of the initia- capacity to negotiate trade on EPAs and other trade tive lacks an pro-active issues in the respective inter- matters refer to: engagement and the estab- governmental fora and par- www.epawatch.net lishment of a negotiation ticipate in the Cotonou pol- www.acp-eu-trade.org structure as most of the rele- icy processes, such as the vant stakeholders in the EAC mid-term review of the For general information Secretariat and in the mem- Country support Strategy. on the Cotonou ber countries, such as Tanza- Agreement refer to: nia, are fully absorbed by the FURTHER INFORMATION EC/Brussels: completion of the EAC cus- on Cotonou and the www.europa.eu.int toms union. Consequently, specific FES-engagement ECDPM/Maastricht: EPA is not a priority issue. refer to: www.ecdpm.org FES-Headquater/:
101 ACTION PLAN FOR COTONOU-NSAS STEERING COMMITTEE
102 Expected Outcome of the Action Plan: - Ability to establish a network amongst From the action plan, the steering committee the local actors should be able to: - Ability to establish a network amongst •Identify or establish information gaps the regional actors •Identify or establish information points - Regular information flow on the • Collect information developments of Cotonou issues • Assess the information - Extent to which local and regional •Interpret the collected information contacts provide new information/ •Take positions from the results of the insights about the Cotonou process collected and interpreted information • Discharge the information • Co-operation from EU and Gov’t • NSAs participate adequately in the The willingness of the EU and Government to Country Review in 2004 support the steering committee and NSAs will be measured by; - Regular attendance or response to Possible Observable Indicators invitations, inquiries or requests by the Steering Committee • Collection and Dissemination of - Ability to provide information, resources, information persons and guidance to the steering - Ability of the steering committee/NSAs committee to undertake self-assessment - Ability of the information generated to •Self Organisation of the Steering close the information gaps of the Steering Committee Committee and interested NSAs Success of the Action Plan will depend on the - Improved confidence amongst steering willingness of the steering committee to committee and NSAs remain committed and dedicated to achieving - Ability of established contacts to co- the underlined long-term vision of the action operate and provide required information plan. This will be measured by: - Ability of a permanent information flow - Regular attendance of the meetings loop to be established btn NSAs-SC and - Regular and active participation during information points the meetings - Ability of information collected to - Completion of tasks assigned by the provide concrete implications of the steering committee. Cotonou process on Tanzania’s policy issues like trade, market access, local • Assumptions prices, farm gate prices for local products, - NSAs will be interested in participating future supply curves of local products in the Cotonou process (especially agricultural produce) - The EU and Gov’t will remain interested - Ability of information to generate more in engaging the NSAs in the Cotonou interest amongst major stakeholders process - Ability of the steering committee to - The NSAs will mandate the steering simplify the available information committee to engage on its behalf with other actors •Networking - The resources will be available - Holding of local workshop on the Cotonou process - Holding of regional workshop on the Cotonou process
103 3. FACTS & FIGURES
INTERNET AND E-MAIL
The Internet to-date or even meant to be www.yahoo.com. These addr- This is a computer network helpful. Anyone with access esses open the websites of that joins other networks to the internet can publish Google, Altavista and Yahoo. together e.g. those of aca- his/her own material and When you access a search demic and government insti- make it accessible on the web. engine, you will have to type tutions, schools, libraries and Internet users must therefore some key words in the space corporations, making them approach websites with a very provided. The search will be seem to be just one network critical mind. based on those words you to the user, who sits in front of A web is distinguished by chose as the most important her/his computer at home, in the prefix http:// in its ones. Here is the secret: what the office or at an “internet address, which you should sort of key words should you café”. The Internet provides write on top of the page of use, and how to combine access to information stored your “browser” software (e.g. them? in different computers all over Netscape, Internet Explorer). the world and it also provides Each website has a unique 1. Be specific the opportunity to engage in address, known as URL. The The more specific your search discussions and to share ideas FES Tanzania address is is, the more likely you will and research with people con- http://tanzania.fes-interna- find what you want. For nected to the network. tional.de example if you want to know To access the Internet you Take care when writing how many international need a computer with the web addresses for they are treaties Tanzania has signed, adequate software, a tele- sensitive to punctuation and you should write “Tanzania phone-line and a modem spaces (there are no spaces in international treaties signato- (modem = contraction of electronic addresses), and are ries” or you even write “how modulator/demodulator) to normally written in lower many international treaties link your computer with the case. Tanzania has signed?” You’ll telephone. You also need to be surprised at how often this subscribe to an “internet Search engines and works! provider”, (see our list of websites major internet providers in When you are looking for 2. Use the symbol + to add Tanzania). information you might If you want to be sure that the already know the website to pages you will find contain World Wide Web (www) look in and its address. If you not only one or another word Through the Internet, you do not know where to look, you typed, but all of them, you can access the WWW.This is then you will have to use a should use the symbol +. For the name given to the appar- search engine. A search instance, you want to find ently seamless “web” of many engine helps you find infor- pages where there are refer- geographically separate mation. To access the search ences to President Mkapa sources of information. The engine you write http://www. together with references to mass of data available is over- and the name of the search Mwalimu Nyerere. You whelming. There is no guar- engine, e.g. www.google.com should then type: antee that it is accurate, up- OR www.altavista.com OR +Mkapa+Nyerere. You can
104 narrow down your search by •Fast the other side of the globe is adding more specific words. • InfoSeek not more expensive than • Dogpile sending one to a computer 3. Use the symbol - to subtract • MSN next door. If you want all the pages •LookSmart. To send and receive e-mails related to those key words but you will need a dedicated pro- not the ones referring to a spe- You can also enter a search gram, such as Outlook cific subject, you can use the engine and search for specific Express, Microsoft Outlook, symbol -. Using the above search engines, for example, Eudora, Pegasus and others. example, you want references +“search engines”+Africa. You will have your own elec- to President Mkapa and Some of the specific search tronic address and will send Nyerere, but do not want ref- engines for Africa are: your message to another erences to Ujamaa, you can • Mosaique.com address. If you have a connec- type: +Mpaka+Nyerere-Uja- • ClickAfrica.com tion to an internet provider maa. •Orientation Tanzania you will receive an address •Woyaa.com which is composed of two 4. Use quotation marks to keep •Ananzi.com parts: your-login-name + the expressions together •Zebra.co.za symbol @ + the name of the If you want to find references •Siftthru.com internet provider. FES Tanza- to a special combination of •Searchenginewatch.com nia’s electronic address is words, you will have to write •Fishhoo.com. [email protected] those words in quotation marks. For example, if you E-mail Chatting and conferencing type+President+Mkapa, you’ll This refers to electronic mail The Internet provides the get sites that make references as opposed to airmail or sur- possibility of communicating to those words together or face mail (today popularly directly with others “on-line”. separated. But if you write known as “snail mail”). You In other words the people “President Mkapa”, you’ll get can send messages to anyone chatting or holding a confer- only the references where both with an Internet account, and ence are at their computers of the words appear in that it can include not only text, and are on the Internet at the same order. but also pictures and spread- same time. ■ sheets. Incoming messages are 5. Combining all of it stored in your mail-box on Try to use the different signs your internet provider until to be specific. For example: you access it. E-mail is deliv- +“President Mkapa” + “Mwal- ered very fast, in a matter of imu Nyerere” + development - seconds or a few hours. This “international cooperation” depends amongst other things on the amount of data being Here are the names of a few transferred and the quality of search engines: telephone lines and that of • Google (www.google.com) your modem. The cost of • Altavista sending e-mail depends on (www.altavista.com) the amount of data and there- •Yahoo fore the length of time it takes •Lycos to send it from your computer •WebCrawler to the local server. It is rela- • HotBot tively cheap: sending e-mail to
105 RADIO BROADCASTING IN TANZANIA
Source: Tanzania Broadcasting Commission, September 2003
RADIO TANZANIA DAR ES RADIO ONE SALAAM RTD (National Service) P. O. Box 4374, Dar es Salaam Director of Broadcasting Tel: 022- 2775914, 022-2775916 P. O. Box 9191, Dar es Salaam Fax: 022-27759715 Tel: 022 2860760-5, Fax: 022 2865577 Website: www.ippmedia.com Owner: Government of the United Owner: IPP Media Ltd. Republic of Tanzania Location: Plot No. 130 Mikocheni Industrial Location: Nyerere Road/Mandela Road Area, Dar es Salaam Date of license issue: 1st January 1994 Date of license issue: 3 February 1994 Frequencies: Base Station (Dar es Salaam ) Frequencies: FM Frequencies 90.0 MHZ, 92.3 MHZ Base St. (Dar es Salaam) 89.5 MHZ MW Frequencies 531 KHZ, 657 KHZ, 837 Arusha Booster St. 99.3 MHZ KHZ, 1035 KHZ Mwanza Booster St. 102.9 MHZ SW Frequencies (IN KHZ) 9785, 5050, Dodoma Booster St. 100.8 MHZ 5985, 6105, 7165, 7280, 9550, 9685, 9750, Moshi Booster St. 1323 KHZ 15435. Dodoma Booster St. 87.7 MHZ, 603 KHZ RADIO EAST AFRICAN FM Mbeya Booster St. 92.3 MHZ, 621 KHZ P. O. Box 4374,Dar es Salaam Mwanza Booster St. 89.2 MHZ, 88.5 MHZ, Tel: 022-2775914, 022- 2775916 720 KHZ Fax: 022-2775915, 022-2119373 Arusha Booster St. 91.6 MHZ, 1215 KHZ Owner: IPP Media Ltd. Nachingwea Booster St. 684 KHZ Location: Plot No. 130 Mikocheni Industrial Lindi Booster St. 107.1 MHZ, 93.5 MHZ Area, Dar es Salaam Masasi Booster St. 92.3 MHZ, 105.9 MHZ Date of license issue: 2 January 2000 Songea Booster St. 98.7 MHZ, 990 KHZ Frequency: Kigoma Booster St. 88.4 MHZ, 711 KHZ Base St. (Dar es Salaam ) 87.8 MHZ
RADIO FREE AFRICA (RFA) RADIO SAUTI YA INJILI P. O. Box 1732, Mwanza P. O. Box 777, Moshi Tel: 028-2503262, Fax: 028-2500713,2561890 Tel: 027-252772 Email: [email protected] Owner: Tanzania Evangelical Lutheran Website: www.rfa.co.tz Church Owner: Diallo Investment Co. Ltd Location: Moshi (Off Arusha Road) Nyalla Investment Co. Ltd Date of license issue: 29 January 1996 Location: CPLC Building, Ilemela- Frequencies: Mwanza/Posta Rd. Base St. (Moshi) 92.2 MHZ Date of license issue: 6 September 1996 Moshi Booster St. 97.2 MHZ Frequencies: Arusha Booster St. 96.2 MHZ Base St. Mwanza 89.9 MHZ, 1377 KHZ Same Booster St. 104 MHZ Arusha Booster St. 89.0 MHZ Kibaya (Simanjiro/Manyara) 102.9 MHZ Shinyanga Booster St. sq 88.2 MHZ Dar es Salaam Booster St. 98.6 MHZ Mbeya Booster St. 88.8 MHZ
106 RADIO KWIZERA RADIO 5 ARUSHA Ngara Field Office P. O. Box 11843, Arusha P. O. Box 154, Ngara Tel: 027-2506447, Fax: 027-2504201 Tel: 028-2223679, Fax: 028-2222507 Owner: Didas D. Kavishe Owner: Jesuits Refugee Service Diocese of Location: CCM Building Rulenge - UNHCR Date of license issue: 26 November 1999 Location: Ngara Frequency: Date of license issue: 28 December 1995 Base St.(Arusha) 105.7 MHZ Frequencies: Base St. (Ngara) 93.6 MHZ CHEMICHEMI RADIO Kibondo Booster St. 97.9 MHZ SUMBAWANGA P. O. Box 34, Sumbawanga CLOUDS ENTERTAINMENT Tel: 025-722765, 025-72178 RADIO FM Fax: 025-70637, 025-72641 P. O. Box 32513, Dar es Salaam Owner: Catholic Archdiocese, Sumbawanga Tel: 022-2123919, Fax: 022-2123919 Location: Plot No. 506 Block N Email: [email protected] Date of license issue: 29 November 1999 Owner: Clouds Entertainment Ltd. Frequency: Location: NIC House, Dar es Salaam Base St. (Sumbawanga) 92.2 MHZ Date of license issue: 12 December 1998 Frequencies: RADIO MARIA Base St.(Dar es Salaam) 88.4 MHZ P. O. Box 152, Songea Arusha Booster St. 98.4 MHZ Tel: 025-2602348/2525, Fax: 025- 2602593 Mwanza Booster St. 99.4 MHZ Email: [email protected] Owner: Catholic Archdiocese - Songea RADIO TUMAINI Location: St. Joseph Building - Songea P. O. Box 9916, Dar es Salaam Date of license issue: 3 May 1996 Tel: 022-2117307, Fax: 022-2112594 Frequency: FM 89.1 MHZ Email: [email protected] Owner: Catholic Archdiocese Dar es Salaam PRT – RADIO TANZANIA Location: 1 Bridge Street, Dar es Salaam Director of Broadcasting Date of license issue: 3 January 1994 P. O. Box 9191, Dar es Salaam Frequencies: Tel: 022-2860760-5, Fax: 022-2865577 Base St. (Dar es Salaam) 96.3 MHZ Owner: Government of the United Republic Kibaha Booster St. 91.6 MHZ of Tanzania Location: Nyerere Road/Mandela Road RADIO UHURU FM Date of License Issue: 1st January 1994 P. O. Box 9221, Dar es Salaam Frequency: Tel: 022-2182234, Telex: 41239 Base St.(Dar es Salaam) 94.6 MHZ Email: [email protected] Owner: Uhuru Publication Ltd RADIO KISS FM Location: Lumumba Street Plot No.70 P. O. Box 1732, Mwanza Date of license issue: 2 February 2000 Tel: 028-2503263 Frequencies: Fax: 028-2500713, 028-2561890 Base St. (Dar es Salaam) 95.2 MHZ Email: [email protected] Arusha Booster St. 99.7 MHZ Website: www.rfa.co.tz Mwanza Booster St. 92.9 MHZ Owner: Diallo Investment Co. Ltd Nyalla Investment Co. Ltd
107 Location: CPTL Building Ilemela- RADIO UKWELI Mwanza/Posta Road Diocese of Morogoro Date of Issue License: 19th June 2000 P. O. Box 640, Morogoro Frequency: Tel: 023-3340, 023-4828, Fax: 023-3341 Base St.(Mwanza): 88.7 MHZ Owner: Catholic Archdiocese Morogoro Arusha Booster St.: 89.9 MHZ Location: Bishop House, Morogoro Dar es Salaam Booster St.: 89.0 MHZ Date of license issue: 4th August 2000 Mbeya Booster St.: 96.4 MHZ Frequency: Base St. (Morogoro) 92.6 MHZ RADIO SKY FM P. O. Box 4374, Dar es Salaam ABOOD RADIO Tel: 022-2775914, 022-2775916 P. O. Box 127, Morogoro Fax: 022-2775915, 022-2119373 Tel: 023-2603529, 2603877 Website: www.ippmedia.com Fax: 023-2603039 Owner: IPP Media Ltd. Email: [email protected] Location: Plot No 130 Mikocheni Light Owner: Abood Company Ltd Industrial Area Location: Msamvu Industrial Area Block C Date of License Issue: 2nd January 2000 Date of license issue: 19th September 2001 Frequency: RADIO CHOICE FM Base St. (Morogoro) 89.7 MHZ P. O. Box 32513, Dar es Salaam Tel: 022-2123919,Fax: 022-2123919 RADIO FARAJA Email: [email protected] P. O. Box 47, Shinyanga Owner: Clouds Entertainment Ltd. Tel: 028-2872068, 2763033 Location: NIC House, Dar es Salaam Fax: 028-2763040 Date of License Issue: 7th March 2002 Email: [email protected] Frequency: Owner: Catholic Diocese of Shinyanga Base St. (Dar es Salaam) 102.5 MHZ Location: Ngokolo Area (Cathedral Plot Area-Shinyanga) RADIO TUMAINI Date of license issue: 12th June 2001 INTERNATIONAL Frequency: P. O. Box 9916, Dar es Salaam Base Station (Shinyanga) 92.3 MHZ Tel: 022-2227307 Owner: Catholic Archdiocese Dar es Salaam THE QURAN VOICE RADIO (QVR) Location: 1 Bridge Street, Dar es Salaam Katibu Mkuu Date of license issue: 19th March 2001 Baraza Kuu la Waislamu Tanzania Frequency: P. O. Box 21422, Dar es Salaam Base St. (Dar es Salaam) 105.8 MHZ Owner: BAKWATA Location: Samora Avenue MAGIC FM RADIO Date of license issue: Cable Vision Network Frequency: P. O. Box 8983, Dar es Salaam Base St. (Dar es Salaam) 102.0 MHZ Tel: 022-2180406, 022-2185240 Owner: Africa Media Group WAPO RADIO Location: Jamhuri/Zaramo Street P. O. Box 76837, Dar es Salaam Date of license issue: 10th December 2001 Tel: 022-850221, Fax: 022-2850221 Frequency: Owner: The Word and Pentecostal Organiza- Base Station 92.9 MHZ tion (WAPO)
108 Date of license issue: 31st May 2002 Email: [email protected] Frequency: Owner: Society of the Precious Blood Base St. (Dar es Salaam) 98.0 MHZ Location: Kisasa ‘B’ Centre, 1 Block ‘A’ Date of license issue: 24th January 2003 ORKONEREI FM RADIO Frequency: P. O. Box 12785 (TERRAT), Arusha Tel: 0744-287636, Fax: 027-28965 BUSINESS TIMES RADIO FM Owner: The Registered Trustees of Orkonerei P. O. Box 71439, Dar es Salaam Integrated Pastoralist Survival Programme Tel: 022-2118381 Location: Terrat Village, Simanjiro, Manyara Owner: Business Times Date of license issue: 26th August 2002 Location: Lugoba Street, Plot No. 64 Frequency: Date of license issue: 15th March 2002 Base St. (Manyara) 94.8 MHZ Frequency: Base St. (Dar es Salaam) 100.5 MHZ SUNRISE FM RADIO P. O. Box 14321, Arusha RADIO SAUT FM STEREO Tel: 027-2548415, 0741-350792 St.Augustine University (Nyegezi) Fax: 027-2548415 P. O. Box 307, Mwanza Owner: Haji Suwedi, Mary R. Laizer Tel: 028-2550272, 2552725, 2550560 Location: Block EE Nairobi Road Fax: 028-2500575 Date of license issue: 29th November 2002 Email: [email protected] Frequency: Owner: St.Augustine University Base St. (Arusha) 94.4 MHZ Location: St.Augustine University, Nyegezi Street RADIO MWANGAZA Date of license issue: 21st September 2001 P. O. Box 3086, Dodoma Frequency: Tel: 026-2304671, Fax: 026-2300482 Base St. (Nyegezi) 96.1 MHZ
TELEVISION BROADCASTING IN TANZANIA Source: Tanzania Broadcasting Commission, September 2003
TELEVISHENI YA TAIFA (TVT) COASTAL TELVISION NETWORK P. O. Box 31519, Dar es Salaam (CTN) Tel: 022-2700011, 2700062, 2700464 P. O. Box 8983, Dar es Salaam Fax: 022-2700468 Tel: 022-2185240, Fax: 022-2185354 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Owner: Government of the United Owner: Africa Media Group Republic of Tanzania Location: Jamhuri/Zaramo Street Location:Kijitonyama, Off Bagamoyo Road Date of license issue: 14 February 1994 Date of license issue: 10 March 2000 Frequency: Frequency: Base St. (Dar es Salaam) Channel 7 (VHF) Base St. (Dar es Salaam) Channel 5 (VHF)
109 DAR ES SALAAM TELEVISION MMDS – Group X (DTV) (Channel 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22) P. O. Box 21122, Dar es Salaam Tel: 022-2116341/6, Fax: 022-2113112 C2C TELEVISION Email: [email protected] P. O. Box 8983, Dar es Salaam Owner: Africa Media Group Tel: 022-2185240, Fax: 022-2185354 Location: Jamhuri/Zaramo Street Email: [email protected] Date of license issue: 20 May 1994 Owner: Africa Media Group Frequency: Location: Jamhuri/Zaramo Street Base St. (Dar es Salaam) Channel 40 (UHF) Date of License Issue:24th August 1999 Frequency: INDEPENDENT TELEVISION (ITV) Base St. (Dar es Salaam): Channel 28 (UHF) P. O. Box 4374, Dar es Salaam Tel: 022-2775914, 2775916, 2773980 CHANNEL TEN TELEVISION Fax: 022-2775915 P. O. Box 21122, Dar es Salaam Email: [email protected] Tel: 022-2116341/6, Fax: 022-2113112 Owner: IPP Media Email: [email protected] Location: Mikocheni Industrial Area Owner: Africa Media Group Date of license issue: 17th January 1994 Location: Jamhuri/Zaramo Street Frequencies: Date of license issue: 11th January 2002 Base St. (Dar es Salaam) Channel 11 (VHF) Frequencies: Arusha Booster St. Channel 6 (VHF) Base St. (Dar es Salaam) Channel 58 (UHF) Moshi Booster St. Channel 9 (VHF) Dodoma Booster St. Channel 57 (UHF) Dodoma Booster St. Channel 11 (VHF) Arusha Booster St. Channel 42 (UHF) Mwanza Booster St. Channel 10 (VHF) Mwanza Booster St. Channel 54 (UHF) Tanga Booster St. Channel 63 (UHF) STAR TELEVISION P. O. Box 1732, Mwanza DAR ES SALAAM TELEVISION Tel: 028-2503262, 028-2560561 PAY TV Fax: 028-2500713, 028-2561890 P. O. Box 21122, Dar es Salaam Owner: Diallo Investment Co. Ltd Tel: 022-2116341/6, Fax: 022-2113112 Nyalla Investment Co. Ltd Email: [email protected] Location: CPLC Building - Ilemela Owner: Africa Media Group Date of license issue: 19 June 2000 Location: Jamhuri/Zaramo Street Frequencies: Date of License Issue: 11th January 2000 Base St. (Mwanza) Channel 31 (UHF) Frequencies: D’Salaam Booster St. Channel 42 (UHF) Base St. (Dar es Salaam) Channel 53 (UHF) Arusha Booster St. Channel 34 (UHF) M-Net Channel Mbeya Booster St. Channel 58 (UHF) Channel 56 (UHF) Super Sport Channel Channel 64 (UHF) Movie Magic Channel TELEVISHENI BURUDANI P. O. Box 1528, Arusha INDEPENDENT TELEVISION 2 Tel: 027-2500400, Fax: 027-2500400 (ITV 2)/C5 Email: [email protected] P. O. Box 4374, Dar es Salaam Owner: Didas Kavishe/ Anthony Glass Tel: 022-2775914, 2775916, 2773980 Location: Kijenge, Arusha Fax: 022-2775915 Date of license issue:5 March 1999 Email: [email protected] Frequencies: Owner: IPP Media
110 Location: Mikocheni Industrial Area Owner: Jitendra P. Ganatra and Date of License Issue: 4th January 2000 Ramesh V. Savajiani Frequencies: Location: Mathuradas Street, Plot No. 649 Base St. (Dar es Salaam) Channel 24 (UHF) Date of License Issue: 7th January 1997 Frequency: ABOOD TELEVISION Base St. (Dar es Salaam) Channel 61 (VHF) P. O. Box 127, Morogoro Tel: 023-2603231, 023-2603529 TELEVISION BURUDANI Owner: Aziz M. Abood (DAR ES SALAAM) Location: Msamvu - Morogoro P. O. Box 1528, Arusha Date of License Issue: 17th October 1998 Tel: 027-2502431, Fax: 027-2502310 Frequencies: Email: [email protected] Base St. (Morogoro) Channel 34 (UHF) Owner: Didas Kavishe/Anthony Glass Location: Hall 1, University Hill, D’ Salaam SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF Date of License Issue: 5th March 1999 AGRICULTURE TELEVISION Frequency: (SUATV) MMDS-Group X (Ch. 1/4/7/10/13/16/19/22) P. O. Box 3000, Morogoro Tel: 023-2603511/4, 2603236 AGAPE TELEVISION (ATV) Fax: 023-2604652 P. O. Box 70029, Dar es Salaam Email: [email protected] Tel: 022-2150798, Fax: 022-2780217 Owner: SUA Email: [email protected] Location: SUA Administrative Block Owner:World Agape Ministries Date of License Issue: 21st April 1995 Location: Mbezi Industrial Area Frequency: Date of License Issue: 11th February 2002 Base St. (Morogoro) Channel 6 (VHF) Frequency: Base St. (Dar es Salaam) Channel 36 (UHF) CABLE ENTERTAINMENT NETWORK (CEN) P. O. Box 4454, Dar es Salaam Tel: 022-2153454/6, Fax: 022-2113148
CABLE TELEVISION NETWORKS IN TANZANIA Source: Tanzania Broadcasting Commission, September 2003
CABLE TELEVISION NETWORK STAR CABLE TELEVISION LTD. (CTV) P. O. Box 1468, Dar es Salaam P. O. Box 3774, Dar es Salaam Tel: 022-2151768, 0742-781837 Tel: 022-2116594, 2116611 Owner: Jahagir Hassan Dalvi (Director) Fax: 022- 2112119 Karim A. Ladha Email: [email protected] Location: Mfaume Road, Upanga West Owner: Hitesh Tanna (Director) Date of license issue: 15 December 1995 Bhasker Rughan & Harold Mgone Location: Sewa Street, Dar es Salaam Date of license issue: 13 June 1995
111 BHARAT VIDEO CENTRE INTERNATIONAL P. O. Box 2768, Mwanza ENTERTAINMENT CABLE Tel.: 028-242475, 242200 TELEVISION NETWORK (IECTN) Owner: Bharat Unadkati (Director) P. O. Box 757, Moshi Dhilu Jadawji Tel: 027-2752307, 2752478 Location: Gurio/Nkurumah Rd. Owner: Shobhag D. Shah Date of license issue: 18 July 1994 Location: Mwanza Road 45 F Section 3 Date of license issue: 15 July 1996 MWANZA SATELLITE CABLE TELEVISION BAHMAN SATELLITE CABLE P. O. Box 647, Mwanza TELEVISION Tel: 028-42550, 2502187 P. O. Box 52444, Tanga Fax: 028-2500713 Tel: 027-242 911, Fax: 027-247041 Owner: Rizwani Kanji (Director) Owner: Ally H. Said/Ahmed H. Said Hino/Moihin Barmeda Location: Bandari House, Tanga Location: Nkomo Street Date of license issue: 11 May 1996 Date of license issue: 8 February 1994 DHANDHO CABLE NETWORK AYOUB CABLE TELEVISION P. O. Box 161, Mbeya P. O. Box 333, Shinyanga Tel: 025-24479, 4329, 3453 Tel.: 028-2762013 Fax: 025-24079 Owner: Ayoub Aziz (Director) Owner: Karim Dharsi (Director) Location: Shinyanga town (by the market) Location: Mbalizi Road Date of license issue: 24 August 1996 Date of license issue: 3 January 1997
TABORA CABLE TELEVISION ARUSHA CABLE TELEVISION P. O. Box 506, Tabora (ACTV) Tel: 026-2855 P. O. Box 7043, Arusha Owner: Shashikant M. Patel (Director) Tel: 027-2506937, 2502284 Jagdish M. Patel Fax: 027-2502284 Location: Tabora Down Town Owner: Abdi Abdulrasul (Director) Date of license issue: 23 January 1996 Location: Galionder Road, Arusha Date of license issue: 13 June 1996 SPACE SATELLITE CABLE TELEVISION CABLE TELEVISION NETWORK P. O. Box 946, Musoma (CTN) Tel: 028-2550675, 2255480 P. O. Box 88, Tanga Owner: Geoffrey Kajanja (Director) Owner: Hitesh Tanna, B.S. Rughan Location: Mkendo Street, Plot No. 36 & H. Mgome Date of license issue: 27 July 1997 Location: Taifa Road Date of licence issue: 1 June 1999 MILLAN VIDEO CENTRE P. O. Box 10367, Arusha CABLE TELEVISION NETWORK Tel: 027-2506471 (CTV), TANGA Owner: Sudha Millan (Director) P. O. Box 3774, Dar es Salaam Millan T. Majithia & Mohamed Hassan Tel: 022-2116594, 2116611 Location: Aman Road, Plot No. 112 Fax: 022- 2112119 Date of license issue: 29 January 1994 Email: [email protected]
112 Owners: Hitesh Tanna (Director) WIN CABLE TELEVISION Bhyasker Rughan & Harold Mgone P. O. Box 7177, Dar es Salaam Location:Taifa Road Tel: 022-2120683, 0741-278999 Date of License Issue: Fax: 022- 2113688 Owner: Nilesh Nanubhai Patel GHANA CABLE TELEVISION Location: Ali Hassan Mwinyi Road, Plot P. O. Box 10213, Mwanza No. 2290/8/12 Tel: 028-2561016, Fax: 028-2507705 Date of License Issue: 27th February 2002 Owners: Patrick Pius/Youseff Kassim Location:Karume Street, Mwanza Date of License Issue:
TELEVISION OPERATORS Source: Tanzania Broadcasting Commission, September 2003
NJOMBE DISTRICT COUNCIL TV Frequency: UHF Channel 52 (NDC TV) P. O. Box 547, Njombe SONGEA TOWN COUNCIL TV Tel: 026-2782111, 2782202 P. O. Box 14, Songea Fax: 026-2782062 Tel: 025-2602970 , Fax: 025-2602970 Owner: Njombe District Council Owner: Songea Town Council Location: Njombe District Council Location: Songea Town Council Compound Compound Frequency: UHF Channel 34 (Njombe) Frequency: UHF Channel 22 (Songea)
MWAKALELI SECONDARY SONGEA TELEVISION SERVICES SCHOOL P. O. Box 95, Songea P. O. Private Bag, Tukuyu Tel: 025-22884, 025-22778 Tel: 21 (through telephone operator) Owner: Daudi Kinyunyu Owner: Headmaster Location: Songea Town Mwakaleli Secondary School Frequency: UHF Channel 53 (Songea) Location: Mwakaleli Secondary School Frequency: UHF Channel 64 (Tukuyu) MASASI DISTRICT COUNCIL P. O. Box 60, Masasi RUNGWE DISTRICT COUNCIL TV Tel: 2510031, 2510013, 2510045 P. O. Box 148, Tukuyu Owner: Masasi District Council Owner: Rungwe District Council Location: Masasi District Council, Location: Rungwe District Council Head Office Compound - Tukuyu Frequency: UHF Channel 47 (Masasi) Frequency: UHF Channel 21 (Tukuyu) MBOZI COFFEE CURING MBOZI DISTRICT COUNCIL TV COMPANY TV P. O. Box 3, Mbozi P. O. Box 291, Mbozi Tel: 44 (through telephone operator) Tel: 025-2504412, Fax: 025-2504434 Owner: Mbozi District Council Owner: Mbozi Coffee Curing Co. Ltd Location: Boma Street, No. 14 – Vwawa Location: Mlowo Village, Plot No. 1
113 (Tunduma Highway) C.G. TV TRANSMISSION CENTRE Frequency: UHF Channel 22 (Mbozi) P. O. Box 2207, Tabora Tel: 026-2604893 TUNDURU DISTRICT Owner: Director, C.G. Traders Ltd COUNCIL TV Location: Kaze Hill, Plot No 282 P. O. Box 275, Tunduru Frequency: UHF Channel 34 Tel: 065-602812/4, Fax: 065-602808 Owner: Tunduru District Council IRINGA MUNICIPAL COUNCIL TV Location: District Council Block – Tunduru P. O. Box 162, Iringa Frequency: UHF Channel 30 (Tunduru) Tel: 026-2700202, 2700470 Fax: 026-2702203 SUMBAWANGA TOWN COUNCIL Owner: Municipal Director, Iringa P. O. Box 187, Sumbawanga Location: Uhuru Avenue, Iringa Tel: 025-2802163, Fax: 025-2802380 Frequency: VHF Channel 6 Owner: Sumbawanga Town Council Location: Regional Commissioner’s Block, MUSOMA TOWN COUNCIL TV Nyerere Road. P. O. Box 194, Musoma Frequency: UHF Channel 30 Tel: 028-2622208, 2622550 Fax: 028-2620550 IRAMBA DISTRICT COUNCIL TV Owner:Town Director, Musoma P. O. Box 115, Kiomboi Location:Town Council Compound Tel: 026-2502253, Fax: 026-2502253 Frequency: VHF Channel 6 Owner: District Executive Director Location: Mandela Road Kiomboi INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT Frequency: UHF Channel 50 MANAGEMENT(IDM) MZUMBE P. O . B o x 1, Morogoro ASHANTI GOLDFIELD TV Tel: 023-2604274, 2604253 P. O. Box 532, Geita, Mwanza Owner: IDM Mzumbe Dar es Salaam Office Location: IDM Compound P. O. Box 75803 Frequency: VHF Channel 16 Dar es Salaam Geita -Tel: 028-252020, 2520545-6, 2520318 MBEYA MUNICIPAL COUNCIL Fax: 028-2520212 P. O. Box 149, Mbeya DSM – Tel: 022-260054, 2600507, 2600521, Tel: 026-2502563, 2502372 2600170, Fax: 022-2602889 Fax: 026-2504390 Owner: Geita Gold Project Owner: Mbeya Municipal Council Location: Geita Gold Project Village Location: Mbeya Municipal Office are Frequency: MMDS Frequency: UHF Channel 50
NOTES
114 INFORMATION ON TRADE UNIONS IN TANZANIA 2003 Source: Compiled by Mrs. D.M.Uiso, Office of the Registrar of Trade Unions in Tanzania, September 2003
115 116 NOTES
117 INFORMATION ON TRADE UNIONS IN ZANZIBAR Source: Compiled by Talib O. Mbwana, General Secretary Zanzibar Local Government Workers’ Unions (ZALGWU), September 2003
118 FEDERATION UNDER THE TRADE UNION ACT NO.4,2001
ORGANOGRAM OF THE LABOUR MOVEMENT IN TANZANIA
TANGANYIKA FEDERATION OF LABOUR (TFL) 1955-1964
NATIONAL UNION OF TANGANYIKA WORKERS (NUTA) 1964-1979
JUMUIYA YA WAFANYAKAZI WA TANZANIA (JUWATA) 1979-1991
MULTIPARTY DEMOCRACY
ORGANIZATION OF TANZANIA TRADE UNIONS (OTTU) 1991-1998
TU ACT. NO. 10 OF 1998
TANZANIA FEDERATION OF LABOUR (TFL) TRADE UNION CONGRESS OF TANZANIA - TUCTA 18.05.2001
AFFILIATES AFFILIATES WAMEUTA, IGWUTA,TASIWU, DOWUTA TASU, RAAWU,TAMICO,TUICO,TPAWU, CWT,TAL- GWU,TRAWU,TUGHE, COTWU-T,TUJ, CHODAWU
TUCTA AFFILIATES TASU TANZANIA SEAMEN’S UNION TUICO TANZANIA UNION OF INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL WORKERS TPAWU TANZANIA PLANTATION AND AGRICULTURAL WORKERS’ UNION TTU TANZANIA TEACHERS’ UNION RAAWU RESEARCHERS,ACADEMICIANS AND ALLIED WORKERS UNION TUGHE TANZANIA UNION OF GOVERNMENT AND HEALTH EMPLOYEES COTWU TANZANIA COMMUNICATION AND TRANSPORT WORKERS UNION TAMICO TANZANIA MINES AND CONSTRUCTION WORKERS UNION TRAWU TANZANIA RAILWAYS WORKERS UNION CHODAWU CONSERVATION, HOTEL, DOMESTIC AND ALLIED WORKERS UNION TALGWU TANZANIA LOCAL GOVERNMENT WORKERS UNION TUJ TANZANIA UNION OF JOURNALISTS
TFL AFFILIATES IGWUTA INDUSTRIAL AND GENERAL WORKERS UNION TANZANIA TASIWU TANZANIA SOCIAL INDUSTRIAL WORKERS’ UNION WAMEUTA TANZANIA FISHING AND ALLIED WORKERS UNION DOWUTA DOCK WORKERS UNION TANZANIA
119 TANZANIAN CABINET AND PERMANENT SECRETARIES Source: Tanzania Information Services, as of September 2003
THE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE VICE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE P. O. Box 9120, Dar es Salaam P. O. Box 9120, Dar es Salaam Tel. 2116900, 2116898/9 Tel. 2110614, Fax 2110614 PresidentH.E. Benjamin William Mkapa The Vice President Hon. Dr Ali M. Shein Chief Secretary Marten Lumbanga Tel. 2116919 Tel. 2116679 Minister of State (Poverty Alleviation) Minister of State (Good Governance) Hon. Edga D. Maokola-Majogo, (MP) Hon. Wilson Masilingi, (MP) Tel. 2112849, 116964 Tel. 2114240 Minister of State (Environment) Permanent Secretary, State House Hon. A. Ntangazwa, (MP) Abel Mwaisumo Permanent Secretary Raphael Mollel Tel. 2110932 Tel. 2116995
CIVIL SERVICE DEPARTMENT PLANNING AND PRIVATISATION P. O. Box 2483, Dar es Salaam P. O. Box 9242, Dar es Salaam Tel. 2118531/4 Tel. 2112681/4, Tlx. 2141516 Minister of State (Civil Service) Minister of State Hon. Dr A. Kigoda, (MP) Hon. Mary Nagu, (MP) Tel. 2112746 Tel. 2116999, Fax. 113084 Permanent Secretary Dr. Enos Bukuku Permanent Secretary Tel. 2116728 J. Rugumyamheto Deputy Permanent Secretary Omar Bendera Tel. 2130122 Tel. 2110411
REGIONAL ADMINISTRATION PRIME MINISTER’S OFFICE & LOCAL GOVERNMENT P. O. Box 3021, Dar es Salaam P. O. Box 1923, Dodoma Tel. 2117249/55 Tel. 2321848 Prime Minister Hon. F. T. Sumaye, (MP) Minister of State Hon. Brig. Gen. Hassan Tel. 2112847, 2117264 Ngwilizi, (MP) Minister of State (Policy Issues & Chief Dodoma, Tel. 2321603 Whip) Hon. William Lukuvi, (MP) Dar es Salaam, Tel. 2124326 Tel. 2110365 Deputy Minister Hon. M.K.P. Pinda, (MP) Minister of State (Information and Political Dodoma, Tel. 2321606 Affairs) Mohamed S. Khatib, (MP) Dar es Salaam, Tel. 2120120 Tel. 2112849 Permanent Secretary D.M.S. Mmari Permanent SecretaryRose Lugembe Dodoma, Tel. 2321607 Tel. 2135076, Fax 2112850 Dar es Salaam, Tel. 2128105 Deputy Permanent Deputy Permanent Secretary Damian Foka Secretary Eliseta Kwayu Tel. 2128105, Dar es Salaam Tel. 2113713
120 DEFENCE AND NATIONAL Deputy Minister Hon. Mudhihir M. SERVICE Mudhihir, (MP) P. O. Box 9544, Dar es Salaam Tel. 2110876 Tel. 2151197-9, 2150556-9, 2150588, Permanent Secretary Abu-Bakar Rajabu 2150690, Tlx. 2141721 Tel. 2110877 Minister Hon. Prof. P. Sarungi, (MP) Tel. 2152697 FINANCE Permanent SecretaryVincent Mrisho P. O. Box 9111, Dar es Salaam Tel. 2152690 Tel. 2111175-6 Minister Hon. Basil P. Mramba, (MP) INDUSTRIES AND COMMERCE Tel. 2112854 P. O. Box 9503, Dar es Salaam Deputy Minister Hon. A. Issa Khatibu, (MP) Tel. 2180049, 2180075 Tel. 2112855 Minister Hon. Dr. J. Ngasongwa, (MP) Deputy Minister Hon. Dr F. Limbu (MP) Tel. 2181398 Tel. 2113804 Deputy Minister Hon. Rita Mlaki, (MP) Permanent Secretary G.S. Mgonja Tel. 2181398 Tel. 2112856 Permanent Secretary Ahmed Ngemera Permanent Secretary Paniel M. Lyimo Tel. 2181397 Tel. 2113334 Deputy Permanent Secretary FOREIGN AFFAIRS & Wilfred L. Nyachia INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION Tel. 2111025 P. O. Box 9000, Dar es Salaam Tel. 2111937-41, Fax 2141197 EDUCATION & CULTURE MinisterHon. Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, (MP) P. O. Box 9121, Dar es Salaam Tel. 2112851 Tel. 2110146 Deputy Minister Hon. Dr A. Shareef, (MP) Minister Hon. Joseph J. Mungai, (MP) Tel. 2111941, 2112852 Tel. 2113134 Permanent Secretary Philemon Luhanjo Deputy Minister Hon. Bujiku Sakila, (MP) Tel. 2112853 Tel. 2127535 Permanent Secretary Mwantumu Malale COMMUNICATION AND Tel: 2113139 TRANSPORT P. O. Box 9423, Dar es Salaam SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & Tel. 2116704 HIGHER EDUCATION Minister Hon. Prof. Mark Mwandosya, (MP) P. O. Box 2645, Dar es Salaam Tel. 2112857 Tel. 2117118, 2116531 Deputy Minister Hon. Dr. M. Daftari, (MP) Minister Hon. Dr P.Y. Ng’wandu, (MP) Tel. 2116704 Tel. 2116531 Permanent Secretary Salum Msoma Deputy Minister Hon. Z. M. Mhita, (MP) Tel. 2112858 Permanent Secretary Ruth Mollel Tel. 2116669 LABOUR, YOUTH DEVELOPMENT & SPORTS AGRICULTURE & FOOD SECURITY P. O. Box 1422, Dar es Salaam P. O. Box 9192, Dar es Salaam Tel. 2112506, 25411-5 Tel. 2862480/4 Minister Hon. Prof. Juma Kapuya, (MP) Minister Hon. Charles Keenja, (MP) Tel. 2112510 Tel. 2862065
121 Deputy Minister Hon. Prof. P. Mbawala(MP) HOME AFFAIRS Permanent Secretary Wilfred Ngira P. O. Box 9223, Dar es Salaam Tel. 2862064 Tel. 2112034/9, Tlx. 2412034 Minister Hon. Ramadhani O. Mapuri, (MP) NATURAL RESOURCES Tel. 2117108 & TOURISM Deputy Minister Hon. Capt. J. Chiligati P. O. Box 9352 (MP) Dar es Salaam, Tel. 2114373 Tel. 2113753 Minister Hon. Zakia H. Meghji, (MP) Permanent Secretary Benard Mchomvu Tel. 2116681 Tel. 2119050 Permanent Secretary Salmon Odunga Tel. 2116682 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, WOMEN & CHILDREN WORKS P. O. Box 3448, Dar es Salaam P. O. Box 9423, Dar es Salaam Tel. 213256, 2127159 Tel. 2111553 Minister Hon. Dr. Asha-Rose Migiro, (MP) Minister Hon. John P. Magufuli (MP) Tel. 2132057 Tel. 2116663 Deputy Minister Hon. Shamim Khan, (MP) Deputy Minister Hon. Mwenegoha Hamza Permanent Secretary Mary Mushi Abdallah, (MP) Tel. 2115074 Tel. 2117116 Permanent Secretary John Kijazi LANDS AND HUMAN Tel. 2110263 SETTLEMENT DEVELOPMENT ENERGY & MINERALS P. O. Box 9132, Dar es Salaam P. O. Box 2000 Tel. 2121241/9 Tel. 2126557, 2124170, Tlx. 2137138 Minister Hon. Gideon A. Cheyo, (MP) Minister Hon. Daniel N. Yona, (MP) Tel. 2113164 Tel. 2112791 Deputy Minister Hon. Tatu Ntimizi, (MP) Deputy Minister Hon. Dr. I. Msabaha, (MP) Tel. 2116517 Tel. 2110426 Permanent Secretary Salome Sijaona Permanent Secretary Patrick Rutabanzibwa Tel. 2113165 Tel. 2112793 COOPERATIVES AND MARKETING HEALTH P. O. Box 9192, Dar es Salaam P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam Tel. 2862480/1 Tel. 2120261/4 P. O. Box 201, Dodoma Minister Hon. Anna Abdallah, (MP) Minister Hon. C. George Kahama (MP) Tel. 2124019, Fax. 2138060 Tel. 2862066, Dar es Salaam Deputy Minister Hon. Dr. Hussein A. 026-2322148, Dodoma Mwinyi, (MP) Deputy Minister Hon. H.Chibulunje (MP) Tel. 2112883 Tel. 026-2322149 Permanent Secretary Mariam Mwaffisi Permanent SecretaryLadislaus Komba Tel. 2116684 Tel. 026-2322153
122 WATER & LIVESTOCK JUSTICE AND CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT AFFAIRS P. O. Box 426, Dodoma P. O. Box 9050, Dar es Salaam Tel. 026-2322619/620/621 Tel. 2111895 Minister Hon. Edward Lowassa, (MP) Minister Hon. Bakari Mwapachu (MP) Tel. 026-2322600 Tel. 2113234 Deputy Minister Hon. Anthony Diallo, Attorney General Andrew Chenge (MP) Tel. 2113236 Tel. 026-2322601 Permanent Secretary Johnson Mwanyika Permanent Secretary Bakari Mahiza Tel. 2113243 Tel. 026-2322602 Deputy Permanent Secretary Dr. Charles W. Nyamrunda
NOTES
123 SUMMARY LIST OF FULLY REGISTERED POLITICAL PARTIES IN TANZANIA Source: Registrar of Political Parties in Tanzania, October 2003
124 PEMBA BY-ELECTIONS IN 17 CONSTITUNCIES 18TH OF MAY 2003
Source: The Zanzibar Electoral Commission June 2003.
125 Source: Caricatures & Cartoons, E.A. 1st Exhibition by G. Mwampembwa, Kenya 1999
126 NOTES
127 4. USEFUL TOOLS
HOLDING A WORKSHOP,SEMINAR OR CONFERENCE
Planning and Budgeting tions, participants’ fees etc. 2. Terms of reference for 1. Develop the idea Record all expenditure, resource persons Identify: remembering to keep receipts • Discuss subject,objectives • The main objectives for each item and duration of their input • The target group • Explain how these fit in to • The intended outcome Organising the overall objectives and Write the outline. 1. A checklist program for the workshop • Book the venue & accom • Discuss the desired 2. Develop the program modation method of presentation Decide: • Hold preparatory meetings • Give information about • Which topics • Prepare PR (public rela- the venue and the facili- • The time frame tions) activities if relevant ties/equipment provided • The organisational style • Make agreements with for the workshop (conference, lectures, resource persons • Request a written paper working groups) • Prepare the invitations and or hand-outs if they • How much time is needed -State the objectives clearly are considered necessary for the various elements, -Give information about • State the terms of payment not forgetting recreation the program, venue, dates, for the persons services • Who will act as resource resource persons and par- Try to hold preparatory meet- persons ticipants ings with resource persons. • Whether or not to seek -If participants have to do media coverage of the homework beforehand, Implementing event make this clear 1. Arrival -Explain financial and Organisers should be in place Try to involve participants in other conditions clearly well before the participants developing the program. • Make the necessary travel • Check the venue and the arrangements technical facilities needed 3. Calculate the budget • Hold a joint session with • Give resource persons a • Preparatory meetings all resource persons final briefing • Hall charges • Prepare the necessary • Prepare for the registration • Catering materials, forms, of participants • Refreshments during documents • Display the program and sessions -Stationery other documents, if relevant • Accommodation -Registration forms • Travel -Claims forms for 2. Registration • Stationery allowances • Secretariat/organising team -Printed program 3. Welcome • Reception (if necessary) -Papers and teaching Explain: materials • Subject of the meeting 4. Income and expenditure -Workshop documentation • Who are the organisers Record all income - dona- and sponsors
128 • Objectives • Logic and timing of program • Methodological approach • Expected outcome
4. Holding the sessions • Handle transport claims etc. during tea breaks only
5. Departure Collect all that is necessary before people leave • Signed registration forms/list of participants • Signed allowance claims • Original detailed invoices and receipts for venue, food, drinks, accommoda- tion, travel, stationery etc.
6. After the event As soon as possible take care of • Accounting Source: Bridging the Gap: A Guide to Monitoring and Evaluating Development Projects • Report writing by Bernard Broughton & Jonathan Hampshire • Any other follow-ups needed
8 TIPS ON HOW TO SUCCESSFULLY CHAIR A CONFERENCE
1 It is the conference chairperson’s responsibility to see that the atmosphere during the discussion is always friendly, communicative and fair. 2 The conference chairperson introduces the topic in an objective and informative way. He/she formulates the discussion goals for each item on the agenda. During a discussion, he/she must not initially express his/her own opinion or assessment as this would bias the discussion. 3 The chairperson speaks as little as possible in order to give maximum time to the conference participants. Conference chairmanship principally entails raising questions and giving the word to different speakers.
129 4 Questions from the chairperson should always be designed to stimulate dialogue and consequently should never be answered by the chairperson himself/herself. 5 Preference should be given to open questions (W-questions: who, why, where, when, etc.) and information questions. Closed questions (which can only be answered with a “yes” or “no”) can be fatal to a discussion. 6 Should a discussion peter out it is up to the chairperson to get it moving again by means of (open) questions, thought-provoking remarks and a summary of the proceedings so far. 7 The chairperson should make interim summaries to emphasize the thread of the discussion. At the close, the chairperson gives a general summary and his/her evaluation as to which of the goals formulated at the outset have or have not been achieved. 8 At the end of the conference, it is also up to the chairperson to formulate and delegate tasks to individual participants. Nobody ought to leave the conference without precisely knowing: a. what has been achieved in today’s discussion, b. what is my specific assignment until the next conference/meeting, c. where and when is the next conference/meeting?
Source: Schulte, Carla (1997) Talking Politics (and being understood), Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
HOLDING EFFECTIVE INTERNAL MEETINGS AND PLANNING SESSIONS
Starting the meeting Remember the issues that (if necessary). After that ask 1. Who is chairing the meet- might have cropped up at the which issue should be dealt ing? (It is best to have agreed previous meeting. with first, second, third and so on this in advance.) on. This should not take more 4. In collaboration with the than five minutes! 2. Who is going to write the participants decide how much minutes? time it will take to discuss During the meeting each issue. Confirm at what 1. Follow the agreed agenda, 3. If the agenda has not been time the meeting has to close. discussing the issues in turn. prepared in advance, then the Ask if anyone has to leave The chairperson or moderator chairman, (you), should col- early. must see to it that the agreed lect the issues that need to be time frame is adhered to. If discussed from the partici- 5. Then ask participants this proves difficult, then the pants. They should be written which issues they wish to con- group must be asked to decide up on a board or a flipchart, so centrate on at the meeting and whether to continue the dis- that everyone can see them. which ones can be postponed cussion of the issue in ques-
130 tion and therefore extend the meeting, or whether to stop the discussion and continue it at an agreed time.
2. Never move on to the next issue before making a decision on the one being discussed.
Closing the meeting 1. Quickly repeat the decisions that have been made.
2. Decide when and how the minutes will be distributed.
3. Decide who will chair the next meeting.
4. Close the meeting at the Source: Bridging the Gap: A Guide to Monitoring and Evaluating agreed time. Development Projectsby Bernard Broughton & Jonathan Hampshire
NOTES
131 PROJECT OUTLINES by Meike Meyer
Should be short, Explain briefly aims, clear and promising. general objectives, TITLE OF THE PROJECT former projects! Those who really • Name of Convince the reader know what they proposing agency of the need for this want can usually do • Address and with 2-3 objectives. contact person project! Be as concrete as • Short presentation Explain the idea of possible. of your NGO the project and how • Objectives you want to fulfill Who takes interest • Justification for the objectives, in this project? choosing the project describe the impact! Who shall be • Target group involved? • Know-how from Do you need to con- Who profits from outside needed? tact other persons to the project and how? • Budget fulfill your objec- • Schedule/program tives? Specify their Detailed list of • Feasibility capacities or know- expected expendi- • Sustainability how! tures (personnel • Intended follow-ups material, travel, etc.). • More info about your Be precise about the NGOs background, venue, duration Do you foresee any work done so far etc. methodology! prohibitive difficul- (optional) ties or problems? Which further impact does it have? Any workshops about maintenance By whom? List and organisation of names. the project?
✓ Practical advice • use white, clean sheets of A4 - paper • present your project in a typewritten version if possible • write on one side of the paper • make sure you have a clear structure • attach a covering letter
132 QUALITIES OF A MODERATOR
THE MODERATOR document the steps of the HOW TO PREPARE A discussion process and its MODERATION Moderation technique can immediate results best be used in groups of up to • ask the right questions • The issue, the main 15 participants. How to be a and break deadlocks objective, and the quality good moderator is not of the intended results something to be learned have to be very clear quickly and easily, but is a Usually two people can ful- • Be aware of the matter of guided experiences, fill these tasks easier than participants’ composition, self reflection and continuous one... background, knowledge, learning. A moderator’s tasks interests and potential are to: conflicts • help the group to know THE IDEAL MODERATOR •Determine the duration of and appreciate their own IS A PERSON WHO IS... the process, the facilities knowledge and strengths available and their • help the discussion process •regarded as neutral by all limitations to be coherent and result- participants • Identify clear-cut oriented • therefore an outsider to the objectives and goals for • be expert at guidance as far discussion group and every session, what as the “how” of the • able to use visualisation methods to use and the discussion process is techniques, such as amount of time needed concerned, and not the pinboards, flipcharts and • Make sure that sufficient “what” blackboards visualisation materials are • visualise and thus available.
NOTES
133 THE MODERATION METHOD
The typical steps in moderating a discussion
1. OPENING - Warm-up with participants (explain your role, make them know each other). - Discuss and agree on time-frame and organisational matters. - Collect the expectations of participants. - Discuss and agree on expectations that shall/can be objectives for the workshop. - Agree on methodology. - How will minutes be taken? 2. COLLECT ISSUES/SUBJECTS - Phrase the guiding question carefully and in a very focused manner and visualise it! - Collect all answers/ideas of participants, without discussing them first! - Visualise answers/ideas as they come. - Group them into clusters and give a name/title to each cluster. 3. SELECT ISSUES/SUBJECTS - Phrase a guiding question carefully and write it down visibly. - Allow participants to prioritise clusters according to their individual preferences. - The agenda will then be determined by the number of “votes” per cluster, going through as many clusters as time or workshop-concept allows. - In doing this, every participant gets the same number of “votes” which he can use on the clusters as he wishes. (One way of doing this is to hand out little markers of some sort to every participant so that they can all jot down their preferences at the same time.) If possible avoid “voting” by raised hands. 4. WORK ON THE ISSUE AND FIND A WAY TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM - Find a method of how to discuss or “solve” the prioritised subject/s. - The method has to depend on the kind of issue at hand and the intended results. 5. PLAN ACTION/DETERMINE THE FOLLOW-UPS - Visualise the activities regarded necessary by the group. - Write down who will be in charge and by when different tasks need to be done. 6. CLOSING - Find out, whether participants’ expectations have been fulfilled, - Whether they are satisfied with the process and the result.
Always come up with a result! Always pin down which task is assigned to whom! Always ascertain if you have addressed the needs and expectations of the participants!
134 THE STRUCTURE OF YOUR SPEECH
The aim of a discursive is to OPENING REMARKS •Present your own convince the listeners of the (max. 3 minutes) evaluation. correctness of the speaker’s • Begin with a provocative •Prove the accuracy of your opinion on the subject in proposition, a rhetorical assessment. question. Such speeches question, a current event, ✓SUBJECT-RELATED should not last longer than 30 etc. CONCLUSION minutes. ✓PREVIEW THE MAIN (max. 4 minutes) POINTS OF YOUR •Summarise the main How do you most SPEECH argument in a maximum effectively structure such a (max. 1 minute) of three points. speech? ✓MAIN BODY ✓AUDIENCE RELATED ✓AUDIENCE RELATED (max. 20 minutes) CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION • Discuss the current (max. 1 minute) (max. 1 minute) situation/the facts/the • Close your speech by, for •Create the right problem. instance, thanking the atmosphere for the speech • Discuss a variety of audience for their attention. by referring to the audience, possible solutions. Source: H. Hess: Party Work in Social the venue, the occasion, etc. •Discuss the pros and cons Democratic Parties ✓SUBJECT-RELATED of these solutions.
ARGUMENTATION TECHNIQUES
Good argumentation techniques are always beneficial. Your chances to win others over are higher if you can: •present effective arguments and •refute your opponent’s arguments.
PRACTICAL TIPS •Try to understand the position of your counterpart first, then react to it. • If your counterpart’s argumentation is weak, repeat your own good arguments. • If you are interrupted, insist on the right to finish what you were saying. •Anticipate your counterpart’s arguments by including them in your own argumentation. •Use the persuasive power of examples. Ask your counterpart to provide concrete examples of how to apply his theories. • Expose generalisation and inaccuracies. •Stick to the facts of the issue. Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere during an • If somebody evades the issue, return to the subject. interview with the German magazine “Der Überblick” in Hamburg in April 1999. Source: C. Schulte, 1997, Talking Politics (and being understood): Kampala, Fountain Publishers
135 HOW TO USE BLACKBOARDS AND FLIPCHARTS
Blackboard Useful in gatherings of up to 25 people. + It is easy to write information & easy to correct it. -Information is wiped off, it disappears and it is hard for participants to retrieve. TIP If the chalk squeaks - this always makes participants uncomfortable - break the chalk and continue writing using the broken end.
Flipchart Useful in gatherings of up to 35 people. +Sheets can be prepared in advance. Information can be displayed for a long period by removing sheets from the flipchart and posting them on the wall. TIPUseful for a wide range of information e.g. displaying the day’s agenda, important overviews, central state- ments, flowcharts, participants’ contributions.
General rules • Do not write down too much: concentrate on key issues only. • Give the audience time to copy the contents of the presentation OR give it to them as a hand out afterwards. If you intend to distribute a handout, tell the participants so. Otherwise it is likely that they will spend time making unnecessary notes. • Do not talk with your back turned to participants (e.g. while writing on the blackboard or flipchart). • Do not stand in front of your presentation - the participants will get irritated at not being able to read what is written.
NOTES
136 THE CHECK LIST FOR GOOD IMPLEMENTATION OF ACTIVITIES
1. Important: plan step by step. What should be done first?
2. Consider all improbabilities, and plan alternatives.
3. Fix deadlines for you and for your partner.
4. Follow-up the results before the deadline.
5. Keep an eye on the indicators to be achieved.
6. Hire assistants, delegate, mobilize people.
7. For seminars & workshops, check everything in advance on loco.
8. Take care of the documentation (dates of receipts, use of materials, tasks of people involved ...)
9. Support partners in the learning process. Sell the idea “on-the-job learning”.
10. Take care of the financial settlement and reporting as soon as possible.
11. Evaluate with the partners the achievement of objectives and indicators. Write recommendations. File documents. Release important papers. Inform other related institutions.
12. Write a reminder for following-up the results sometime later. Document it.
13. Keep your colleagues informed and updated.
Source: Workshop Report Management Skills for Source: Bridging the Gap: A Guide to Monitoring and Decision-Makers - August 1999 Evaluating Development Projects, by Bernard Broughton & Jonathan Hampshire
137 TIME MANAGEMENT - SELF MANAGEMENT
Participants in one of the seminars supported by FES, discussing issues of “Time Management” in 2001
Most people bristle at the idea of becoming a slave to time: “The Swiss have clocks, but we have time”, said a wise old man in Bhutan. A certain degree of time and self- management is nonethe- less necessary if you wish to be effective and to achieve your goals. Many people rely on their memory as their management tool, but most find that at some point their memory lets them down. “Sorry, I forgot” is not an uncommon statement. This is not ne- cessarily a catastrophe, but in some instances forgetting can have unfortunate consequences. You might lose an important contract, you might lose your job, you might even lose your husband/wife to-be!
RULE 1: Write things down - use a diary and a calendar, (e.g. the FES diary/calendar). • Keep a “things to do” list. • Enter all your appointments and deadlines, putting in a reminder maybe a week before the deadline falls. • Review your appointments and deadlines regularly, informing those implicated in good time if you want to change them. • Plan your week: Make the “things to do” list, get an overview over your appointments and deadlines. • Plan your day. •At the end of each day and at the end of each week make a review. Did you do all that you had planned to do? Did you meet your deadlines? Did you attend the scheduled meetings? Were you late? Why?
RULE 2: Be realistic about what you can manage to do • Do not get overloaded: you have to be realistic about what you can overcome in the given amount of time. • Prioritise: decide what are the most important issues. • Say no, if the task is beyond what you are capable of doing. • Remember to make time for your private life - family, friends, hobbies and your own relaxation. This is where you renew your energy.
138 TWELVE STEPS TOWARDS CONFLICT RESOLUTION
By Dr M. O. Maundi, Centre for Foreign Relations
1. Understanding the conflict • its type • its sources • its intensity • its impact
2. Identifying the parties to the conflict • whether bilateral or multilateral conflict
3. Identifying the issues involved
4. Determining the method of resolution • Conflict prevention: Preventive diplomacy • Conflict resolution: Negotiation - Direct negotiation between the conflicting parties. - Assisted negotiation: Use of a third party. Mediation/Facilitation Conciliation Good offices Arbitration
5. Determining the mechanism of resolution • The actors/agents -States - NGOs - Individuals: Eminent personalities - Inter-governmental organizations
6. Determining the venue and dates for negotiation
7. Negotiating rules of procedure
8. Setting the agenda
9. Launching the substantive negotiations
10. Reaching a compromise agreement
11. Implementing the negotiated settlement
12. Guaranteeing and monitoring the implementation of the agreement
139 WHAT IS PUBLIC RELATIONS?
Public Relations (PR) is about relations between an organization - be it a business enterprise, a political party or an NGO - and the public. Such relations exist, whether we want them to or not. It is therefore wise to consider what image you wish the public to have of your organization and to work consciously on the promotion of that image. An organization manifests itself to the public in many ways. It can be through its propagated political aims, the behaviour of its representatives and members, its public statements and activ- ities, the atmosphere at its public meetings and press conferences, its transparency and its accountability.
The traditional “tools” of a public relations officer are: • press conferences • publications • leaflets • posters • press releases • public events
These tools must be used carefully. A public meeting held without being well prepared or a badly designed and written publication may do more harm than good!
PREPARING AND RUNNING A PRESS CONFERENCE
A press conference is an event to which members of the press are invited for a briefing by the host organisation or personality. The briefing is followed by an opportunity for the journalists to ask questions. Often press conferences are held when the subject matter is intricate and further questions from journalists are expected and desired. If the information/news to be given at the press conference is not sufficiently interesting, relevant or “meaty” for the invited media’s readers/viewers, then it is likely that the journalists will not show up.
Preparation • Are the objectives clear and is the topic well defined? • Which media are to be invited? Remember, TV & radio may have special needs. • Is the time/date well chosen and convenient for journalists? Does it allow them to meet their deadlines? Does it coincide with other important events? • Who will chair the conference? • Who will act as the organisation’s spokesperson/s? • Is the opening statement well prepared? • Are the major arguments well supported in the written handouts? • Check the venue: make sure that there are enough chairs, tables and lights. • Have handouts ready, e.g. press release. You might prepare a press folder that includes the most important statements, a report and background material.
Invitation • The headline must clearly indicate the host organisation, the name of the person responsible
140 and how to contact him/her. • State the subject matter clearly. (Who did/does what, when, where, why and how.) • Provide information about the speakers. • Provide details about the venue, time and date. • Send out/deliver the invitation at least a week in advance. • Send out a reminder one or two days before the event.
Running it • Ask journalists to note their names and which media institution they represent on a prepared list. This is useful information for making follow-ups. • Make the written handouts available for journalists when they arrive. • The chairperson opens the conference and introduces the speakers and subject. • The key presenter makes his/her statement clearly and concisely, and relates them to the hand- outs. • The chairperson moderates the question and answer session. • Answers must be brief, clear and concise. It is good to give practical examples to illustrate the message you want to give. • Speakers must remain relaxed, friendly and forthcoming even when provoked.
A PRESS RELEASE
This is one of the most useful mediums through which an organization can make itself and its views known to the public. The contents might be: • Statements on pertaining issues. • Reports on activities or events you have organized. • Announcements of forthcoming events. • Reactions to statements made by others.
PROS AND CONS Issuing a press release is a relatively cheap way of creating awareness about one’s stand. However, badly written press releases and those dealing with unimportant issues will annoy the recipients and may create negative feelings towards your organization.
HOW TO WRITE IT • The headline must state clearly the name of the organization issuing the release and the subject matter. • State the most important themes first. • Make clear why you are issuing the press release at this particular point in time. • The journalist must be able to pick out relevant information easily and quickly. • Use a typewriter or word processor, double-space and use only one side of the page. • Give information about how to contact the person responsible: name, address, telephone, e-mail address.
141 NOTES
142 EDITORIAL
PUBLISHED BY Friedrich Ebert Stiftung P. O. Box 4472 Kawawa Road Plot No. 397 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Telephone: 255-22 2668575/2668786 Fax: 255-22 2668669 Mobile: 0744 884 485/0741 324 924 E-mail: [email protected]
COPYRIGHT© 2003 Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Dar es Salaam
EDITORS Reinhold Einloft Angela K. Ishengoma Marianne Schreiber-Einloft
LAYOUT Petra’s Maridadi Limited
TYPESETTING/DESIGN Petra’s Maridadi Limited
PRINT Tanzania Printers Ltd.
NB: Articles which carry an author’s name do not necessarily reflect the view of FES. All facts and figures presented in this NGO Calender are correct to the best of our knowledge. However, FES bears no responsibility for oversights, mistakes or omissions. The Friedrich Ebert Stiftung The Friedrich Ebert Stiftung,1 or FES, was founded in 1925 as a political legacy of Germany’s first democratically elected President, Friedrich Ebert, who died in that year. Ebert, a Social Democrat of humble origins, had risen to hold the highest office in his country despite considerable opposition from his political adversaries. He assumed the burden of the presidency in a country which was crisis ridden following its defeat in World War 1. His own personal experience led him to propose the establishment of a foundation with a threefold aim: • to further a democratic, pluralistic political culture by means of political education for all classes of society. • to facilitate access to higher education for gifted young people by providing scholarships. • to contribute to international understanding and co-operation in order to avert a fresh outbreak of war and violent conflicts wherever possible. Today, the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung is a political non-profit making, public-interest institution committed to the principles and basic values of social democracy in its educational and policy- oriented work. Development Co-operation In the Foundation’s offices in Africa, Asia, Latin America and Oceania approximately 80 German staff and 600 local nationals are involved in projects in the fields of economic and social development, social-political education and information, the media and communication and in providing advisory services. The Friedrich Ebert Stiftung sees its activities in the developing countries as a contribution to: • the improvement of political and social framework conditions • the democratisation of social structure •the empowerment of women and the promotion of gender •the strengthening of free trade unions • the improvement of communication and media structures • regional and international media co-operation • regional co-operation between states and interest groups • the resolution of the North-South conflict This calendar is intended to provide not only an individual tool for purposes of time planning but also a day-to-day handbook for quick reference on issues that may be of interest to people in NGOs and to other politically active Tanzanians.
1 Stiftung is the German word for “foundation”
North-South Dialogue: Julius Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Nyerere, former President of P. O. B o x 4472 the United Republic of Kawawa Road, Plot No. 397 Tanzania and Willy Brandt, Dar es Salaam,Tanzania former Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany Tel: 255-22 2668575/2668786 Fax: 00255-22 2668669 Mobile: 0744 884 485/0741 324 924 WILLY BRANDT: E-mail: [email protected] “International co-operation is far www.tanzania.fes-international.de too important to be left to governments alone.” ISBN 9987-22-054-1