Annual Report 1999 1 Focus on Results Cover Picture: 2 Chalmers in the New Millennium

Annual Report 1999 1 Focus on results Cover picture: 2 Chalmers in the new millennium. The President looks back Chemical engineering students studying mathematics in small 6 Undergraduate programmes groups together with their 13 Doctoral programmes and research supervisors as part of the new 20 Continuing professional development Mathematical and Computing 21 Systematic improvement Science programme. 22 Interaction with society – Chalmers in the external world 26 International exchange – internationalisation 28 Organisation - management 29 Mathematical and Computing Sciences 30 Physics and Engineering Physics 31 Chemical Engineering 32 Electrical and Computer Engineering 33 Mechanical and Vehicular Engineering 34 Civil Engineering 35 Technology Management and Economics 36 Architecture 37 Environmental Science 38 Chalmers Lindholmen University College 40 Microtechnology Centre, MC2 41 Onsala Space Observatory 42 Information in words, images and sound – library, multimedia and IT 43 People with knowledge – Chalmers personnel 44 New professors – new knowledge 46 The physical environment 47 Chalmers Board of Directors and Management 48 Financial Report – Chalmers University of Technology AB 51 Foundation Board 52 Financial Report – Chalmers University of Technology Foundation 53 Statistical Overview

CHAMPS Chalmers Advanced Management Programs CIT Chalmers Industrial Technology ECTS European Credit Transfer System ESO European Southern Observatory FOA Defence Research Establishment GAME Gothenburg Academy for Management of the Environment GU Göteborg University IMIT Institute for Management of Innovation and Technology IVA Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences

KK-Foundation The Knowledge Foundation A detailed statistical appendix to KTH Royal Institute of Technology this annual report is available from the Public Relations and Press Office, LTH Lund University of Technology Chalmers University of Technology, MISTRA Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research fax +46 31 772 2561 MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology Production: Public Relations and Press Office NFR Swedish Natural Science Research Council Editorial board: NUTEK Swedish National Board for Industrial Technical and Development Agneta Wall Public Relations and Press Office SEST Swedish-ESO Submillimetre Telescope Lena Larsson Finance and Planning SNS Centre for Business and Policy Studies Lennart Larsson, Centor SLU The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Translation: Patrick O’Malley STCW Standard for Training, Certification and Watchkeeping Photographs: Jan-Olof Yxell (unless stated otherwise) STEM Swedish National Energy Administration ISSN SSF Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research 0281-6229 Circulation: TFR Swedish Research Council for Engineering Sciences 2,500 Printed by: TQM Total Quality Management Palmeblads Tryckeri AB, Göteborg VR Virtual Reality June 2000 Undergraduate programmes 1999 1998 1997 Graduates 1294 1286 1228 Doctoral programmes PhDs 104 98 115 Licentiates 133 111 129 Focus Scientific articles Referee-examined 1650 1700 1600 Other articles 900 765 800 on results

Key events of 1999 senting a fall of sek 12 million (+14) compared Summary of 1999 • Industrial Design Engineering, with 1998. The fall in profit is due largely to re- a new MScEng programme, attracted structuring within research, major investments in a record number of applicants new research areas and difficulty in financing • Improved mathematics programme other research areas. • More beginners’ places in Public Operating income foundations EU 2 % Computer Engineering 5 % • New IT university college planned with Operating income, excluding operating grants Göteborg University (GU) and shareholders’ contributions, amounted to sek Misc. 8 % • Extensive international exchange 1844 million (1 678) during the year, which is an increase of sek 166 million (+10 per cent). The Companies Ministry of • Number of doctoral students continues to rise etc. 9 % Education and increase is mainly within research and doctoral Science Chalmers • 35 Graduate Schools 44 % programmes. The increase in income is mainly Foundation • More female teaching staff 13 % from the Chalmers Foundation for major invest- Other • New inter-disciplinary research areas state funding ments in IT and other areas and from public foun- 19 % • Increased research collaboration with GU dations. Other state funding also increased, pri- • Large number of new professors marily from the Swedish National Energy Admin- Operating income in 1999 totalled • Microtechnology Centre continues to grow istration. Financing by the Ministry of Education SEK 1844 million. Total income and Science remains generally unchanged. The amounted to SEK 1852 million. Financial results proportion of state financing fell from 72 per cent Chalmers, including Chalmers Lindholmen Uni- (sek 1215 million in 1998) to 67 per cent (sek versity College, reported a loss of sek 52 million 1239 million in 1999). (–3) after financial income and expense. The fig- Depreciation ures in brackets refer to 1998. The operating loss Operating expenses 8 % was sek 35 million (7). The increased operating Operating expenses, excluding shareholders’ con- loss is mainly within the undergraduate pro- tributions granted, amounted to sek 1879 million grammes, which reported a loss of sek 44 million (1 671). Operating expenses rose by sek 208 mil- Premises 14 % (–14). This loss is sek 30 million (41) more than lion (+12 per cent) during 1999. Personnel costs Personnel the preceding year. Per capita undergraduate stu- rose by 10 per cent, which can be attributed partly 54 % Miscellaneous dent funding remained virtually unchanged com- to the increase in the average number of employ- 24 % pared with 1998 (+0.6 per cent) and it was not ees during the year by 117 and partly to salary possible to adjust the cost level during the year to agreements reached earlier. Depreciation rose by the fall in income. Several programmes are cur- 24 per cent during the year due to the continued rently under review with the aim of increasing large-scale investment in IT and equipment. Operating expenses in 1999 totalled income and reducing costs. Other operating costs increased by 21 per cent, SEK 1879 million. Total expenses Research and doctoral programmes reported mainly in IT-related costs and other purchased amounted to SEK 1904 million. an operating profit of sek 9 million (21), repre- services. ◆

Chalmers, including Chalmers Lindholmen University College

Operating income Operating expenses (SEK m) 1999 1998 1997 95/96 (SEK m) 1999 1998 1997 95/96 Ministry of Education and Science 817 811 789 812 Personnel costs 1 007 914 860 789 Other state grants and assignments 349 323 335 313 Cost of premises 261 255 229 250 Grants/assign. from companies etc. 163 157 122 104 Other operating costs 458 379 326 262 Public foundation grants 92 71 45 0 Depreciation 153 123 100 77 EU grants 35 32 31 12 Total 1 879 1 671 1 515 1 378 Chalmers Univ. of Tech. Foundation 237 130 84 27 Miscellaneous 151 154 142 103 Total 1 844 1 678 1 548 1 371

1 Looking back on 1999

Chalmers’ President, Professor Jan-Eric Sundgren Chalmers in the new millennium

The final year of the twentieth century is behind Internet-based reference material about time. us and we have now entered a new millennium. To The project was run according to an extremely Chalmers’ objectives many people, the time perspective could appear tight schedule in a true inter-disciplinary environ- According to the objectives and strategy document adopted by enormous. The final year of the last century was ment, with architects, physicists, IT engineers, the University, Chalmers will also my first full year as President of Chalmers artists and musicians working in close collabora- endeavour “to be at the forefront and this could be an appropriate point to reflect tion with the municipal authority and industry. internationally within technical on what has happened. What did the year mean The project is an excellent symbol of the direc- education and research, to for Chalmers? tion we feel research projects of the future will maintain a high level of quality Last year was in many ways marked by what take – a broadening of traditional university of and good productivity in every could be described as ‘magical’ expectations as technology activities through interaction across area and to be the centre of the old millennium drew to a close. Chalmers also subject and faculty boundaries. This is something technical education and research on a regional, national and had reason very early on in the year to focus on we have already started at Chalmers and of which international level”. the new millennium as we were commissioned by this annual report is clear evidence. An increas- Evaluations, an international the Government Millennium Committee to pro- ing number of areas within research, doctoral reputation and popularity among duce Sweden’s national monument to mark the programmes and undergraduate programmes cut students and researchers are entry into the new millennium. On December 20, across traditional subject boundaries and require the means available to determine His Majesty the King inaugurated the result – an the removal of organisational barriers. Design whether these overall objectives installation known as the Time Document, lo- and communication have acquired greater signifi- have been achieved. cated at Stora Teatern in central Göteborg. The cance in all our activities, as have social and ethi- monument consists of a physical installation, sym- cal issues. bolising time and the relativity of time, as well as

2 Fulfilling objectives through renewal quired on an ongoing basis. This will be vital if we Chalmers’ core activity is to mediate, renew and are to achieve the innovative thinking and crea- refine knowledge through a strong degree of in- tivity required to compete on an increasingly fluid teraction with the demands and expectations of labour market. society. Extensive work has been done on the re- People’s social skills will assume greater sig- newal processes at Chalmers during the year. nificance as more jobs become team- and project- These changes are necessary and their success de- oriented. Proficiency in foreign languages will mands both time and involvement on the part of need to be improved to keep pace with the rapid many people. The skills and commitment of globalisation of the labour market. Continuous Chalmers’ employees and students is an indica- investment in life-long learning is becoming cru- tion that we will emerge successful in our endeav- cial for more and more people. our to be a technical university with a leading On the pages to come you can read more Looking back on 1999 international position in teaching and research about a number of initiatives Chalmers has taken that contributes to national and international de- in continuing professional development to meet velopment. the new conditions that are emerging. It is a matter of developing teaching, capitalise on the new Demand for life-long learning technology, and – through interaction with ex- Chalmers is naturally influenced by the rapid ternal partners – find new ways of working in a structural changes taking place in society. During service-minded, flexible organisation. the year, they have been very obvious, with a distinct focus on information technology and an ex- The students are Chalmers’ future panding ‘new economy’. These changes will have The student body is one of Chalmers’ principal major implications for education and ultimately assets and we will continue to attract the best. We our view on education will change. More people will therefore continue to develop our teaching to need to learn more often. Some way into the 21st ensure that the young people who come to us will century it is expected that half the Swedish popu- have their expectations and dreams fulfilled. lation will have taken part in some form of higher Competition for the students of the future will education. increase considerably. Key elements in the teach- Changes are also taking place on the labour ing process of the future will be new ways of pass- market. The traditional career paths for people ing on knowledge – from teaching facts to acquir- who have completed their training can no longer ing knowledge. We must help more people to re- be taken for granted. Knowledge must be ac- alise the potential of education, feel a desire to

On December 20 His Majesty the King unveiled the Time Document, Sweden’s national monument to mark the entry into the new millennium. The Time Document comprises a physical installation, symbolising time and relativity of time, and an Internet-based reference book about time.

Photo Lennart Håkansson

3 learn and gain pleasure from learning. We must address the socially uneven student recruitment therefore introduce new pedagogical approaches pattern, we will work more intensively with and make use of new media and aids in the learn- schools from which recruitment has up to now ing chain. The classroom and the teacher must be been weak. complemented by projects, problem-based teach- The BScEng programmes and activities at ing and efficient use of IT aids, including new Chalmers Lindholmen play an important role in distance learning methods. The teachers must be all these contexts. To be well equipped to meet the given the time to develop within pedagogy and future, we have reinforced the organisation and didactics. clarified the BScEng and nautical programmes. During the year, Chalmers commenced the Since July 1, 1999, these programmes have had a development of these types of new learning en- more independent position with Chalmers Lind- Looking back on 1999 vironments, including changes in, for example, the holmen acquiring the status of subsidiary. teaching of mathematics. The programmes and their arrangement have also been the subject of Choice of direction in research development and examination. One example is Research at Chalmers is constantly seeking new the new MScEng programme in Industrial Design paths and new areas are continually coming into Engineering, started in autumn 1999. Never be- focus. Environmental research was reinforced fore has a course programme at Chalmers had so considerably during the year with the establish- many applicants per place. ment of six new professorships. One of the biggest Recruitment of the best students will be the challenges we are facing at the present time is how key to future success. Chalmers must adopt a to contribute to developing a society founded on completely different approach and make itself sustainable development and where people’s more visible in the high school world than is the needs are in harmony with the conditions of na- case today. It is vital to find ways of stimulating ture. How do we satisfy current needs without skills development among high school teachers jeopardising the potential of future generations and to reduce the students’ difficulties when to satisfy their needs? transferring from high school to Chalmers. To During the year, Chalmers drafted a research strategy plan that was aimed not only at keeping pace with developments on the research front but also making an active contribution to moving it forward. The focal points are the human being and human potential for a better life. Chalmers’ strengths within biosciences were the subject of an extensive review during the year and at the beginning of 2000 Chalmers, together with Göteborg University, will select a number of specific investment areas. We have also reinforced microtechnology research by setting up the Chalmers Microtech- nology Centre, MC2. As in biosciences, the role of information technology in Chalmers’ research has been evaluated with the aim of making the correct investments. A focus on these areas is necessary if we are to continue to compete with the best. In the reports from the different schools later on we will see how information and communication emerge as a common theme in research. The various disciplines, such as medicine, mathematics, physics, chemistry and electronics, are commu- nicating more to be better equipped to handle a more rapid and more extensive flow of information about the building blocks of our world. At the School of Architecture, we have brought together both education and research to focus on the issue of how an old industrial city is transforming into a knowledge city – with Göteborg, our hometown, serving as an example.

4 Interaction with Göteborg University In many of the attempts at renewal that have been made and initiated during the year, interaction with Göteborg University has played an important role. Together, we are working to reinforce the region in close co-operation with representatives from the municipal authority, the region and industry. One of the ideas to emerge during the year is a joint platform for the renewal of IT education and research and at the end of the year a decision was taken to build a new, joint IT university at Lindholmen. Work is under way and the Samtal med rektorer first students will be enrolled in 2001. Göteborg must continue to develop into an interactive city, with efficient communications, nodes, thoroughfares and locations for creative meetings between people and activities. It must be accessible, functional, secure and stimulating. Göteborg and Västra Götaland need more research and development within areas of the future, such as IT, biotechnology, design and the environment. More course places are required as well as more international and advanced programmes – particularly those that attract women. We want to reinforce investment in new areas of the future, building up attractive, cross-border environments and with powerful interaction with the community and the recruitment of first-rate teaching and research staff. New communications are also required that will facilitate the creation of an academic area from the northern part of the river at Lindholmen to the Medicinarberget area and Sahlgrenska University Hospital. We will then have a true ‘city university’. My first year as President of Chalmers has been an extremely exciting year, full of new ideas and concepts. Financial restructuring and problems have been mixed with new investments in the future and with enthusiasm and commitment on the part of our students and employees. I am highly impressed by the commitment and the collective expertise at Chalmers and by the active interest shown by former Chalmers students in their old university. Thank you for an exciting and stimulating year.

Jan-Eric Sundgren president

5 Undergraduate Programmes

Objectives the country. However, despite a relatively low Undergraduate Programmes Chalmers’ objective in the undergraduate pro- pressure of applications, the chemical engineering grammes has been to develop and improve the programme still had an acceptably high level of MArch and MScEng programmes students’ learning environment in both physical admission points. This indicates that applicants BScEng programmes and intellectual terms. The aim is to move away for chemical engineering make a very conscious 50 % from teaching to learning and at the same time choice of programme. This is also confirmed by raise the level of satisfaction and enthusiasm in the fact that reserve admissions are normally low, 40 the course programmes. Changes in the way i.e. those enrolled actually commence their stud- 30 teaching and examinations are arranged – ies. marked by fewer timetabled elements and more Admissions in autumn 1999 were generally 20 time allocated for the student’s personal acquisi- stable and reserve admissions moderate. Over the 10 tion of knowledge – together with a greater de- years it has been more common for applicants to gree of student involvement in the planning and decline a place in the local reserve admissions 0 follow-up of the programmes and the pedagogi- system. Shortage of accommodation and other Autumn 95 96 9798 99 cal merits of the teaching and research staff, are social factors mean that applicants often find it Percentage of women admitted onto just some of the features that have moved this difficult to accept a place at such a late stage. In the undergraduate programmes at process forward during the past year. 1999, Chalmers offered for the first time the op- Chalmers. Chalmers’ internal target was an 84 per cent portunity to postpone commencement of studies pass rate for courses pursued by a total of 7,535 because of national service, even in the local re- students (expressed as full-time equivalents) and serve admission process. This was naturally to the that the number of MScEng degrees awarded great satisfaction of the thirty individuals who had should at least come up to the target of 2,400 set been admitted and it also helped speed up and for the three-year period. improve the efficiency of the reserve admission system. Recruitment and admission On average, the pressure of applications for Throughflow Chalmers’ programmes increased slightly in 1999 During the past 2-3 years, the number of study compared with 1998. The new MScEng pro- breaks and students dropping out of courses has gramme in Industrial Design Engineering had increased, particularly in the MScEng/MArch more first-option applicants per place than any programmes. At the same time, the demand from programme ever offered at Chalmers. BScEng graduates to supplement their pro- All the places on the BScEng course programmes with an MScEng degree has fallen grammes were filled, with the exception of the Admission points slightly. Overall, this means that the latter years building and civil engineering programmes. Many Applicants of the MScEng/MArch programmes have not per place of those admitted, particularly for the computer been utilised to the full and the total study times 18 D K engineering and electrical engineering pro- through to graduation are long. These issues were 17 E M grammes, had admission points that were suffi- addressed by the Chalmers board on a number of 16 cient for admission to the equivalent MScEng 15 occasions during the year. The board subse- programme. The applicants had thus specified the quently requested that an action programme be 4 BScEng programme in their application. As in implemented, aimed primarily at ensuring that 3 previous years, the pressure of applications for those who are enrolled and commence their stud- 2 places on the Marine Engineers programme was ies are also encouraged to see them through to the 1 good and the number of admissions high, al- end. 0 though many students failed to enrole, thus ex- 97 98 99 97 98 99 97 98 99 97 98 99 plaining the number of places not taken up. Mathematics DEK M There has been a downturn in the number of Observations and discussions in recent years sur- Admission points and number of applicants for the chemical engineering pro- rounding the decline in students’ results in math- applicants for four of the MScEng grammes at Chalmers, a trend that has been noted ematics have led to a range of projects. A system- programmes during the past three in chemical engineering programmes throughout atic approach has been adopted to learn more years.

6 about students’ problems prior to commencing 3500 persons mathematics courses and to be better equipped to First-option meet their needs. In a number of programmes, applicants 3000 projects are in progress to increase student moti- vation and involvement in their studies, including a wider use of group work, written and oral pres- 2500 entations and continuous assessment. The integration of mathematics and applied subjects is 2000 being improved through interaction between teaching staff from different disciplines. The MScEng programmes in bioengineering and 1500 chemical engineering with engineering physics Admissions, Year 1 now have a completely new course in mathemat- 1000 1000 persons ics, with a strong focus on calculations and inte- First-option gration with other subjects. The course has a Graduates applicants strong element of project and group work. 500 500 Admissions, Year 1 MArch programme 0 0 The MArch programme has been evaluated by Autumn 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 Autumn95 96 97 98 99 the National Agency for Higher Education, 96 97 98 99 whose report in 1999 confirmed that Chalmers is Admissions and graduations, MArch and MScEng Admissions to BScEng programmes moving in the direction envisaged. The assess- programmes at Chalmers. The graduation at Chalmers. ment group acknowledged the good structure and diagram is displaced five years compared with management of the MArch programme at the admissions, which is equivalent to the Chalmers and also stated that the vision and pro- approximate average study time. filing programmes have come a long way, even if further standpoints must be adopted as guidance in deciding which aims need to be followed. It is felt that the aims are too broad to be realised. The enquiry also confirmed that Chalmers has the shortest real study time of the three MArch programmes in Sweden. Starting in the 1999/2000 academic year, the fourth year of the MArch programme will take the form of a cohesive, full-year programme on the theme “The Architecture and Identity of the Knowledge City”. This deals with the architectural and urban construction aspects of the city of Göteborg and its search for a new identity with, among other things, knowledge and information technology as key renewal forces. The programme also includes ideas on improved transport potential between Chalmers and Chalmers Lind- holmen, one of the proposals to emerge being a cable car.

Biotechnology The fourth year of the biotechnology programme was run for the first time, beginning in autumn 1999. Similar to other programmes when they first began, the number of students was small. Study breaks by students have been particularly notice- able as there are no students from earlier courses to fill the vacant places. The students who have chosen their specialisation are quite evenly dis- tributed between biochemical and engineering subjects, indicating that the ambition to make the programme into a technically-oriented biotechnology programme has succeeded.

7 Industrial Design Engineering Technical communication The new MScEng programme in Industrial De- The specialisation Technical Communication was sign Engineering was started in autumn 1999. The run for the first time during the year. Seventeen aim of the programme is to provide a holistic view students from different MScEng programmes of product development, a humanistic view of were brought together and, using their subject technology and its use and to focus on people’s areas as a platform, they worked to make natural needs and capabilities. The programme combines science and engineering accessible. The course basic subjects within natural sciences and me- has in a unique way interwoven elements of writ- chanical and production engineering with areas ing and presenting in Swedish and English with such as colour and form, product semiotics, prod- graphic presentation and multimedia. The capac- uct semantics, human being-machine interaction, ity to structure information and adapt to target Undergraduate Programmes information technology and integrated product groups was a permanent focal point. The totality development. Natural sciences and mechanical was reinforced by the course leader taking part engineering have been merged with the mechani- personally in all sections of the programme.

New admissions cal engineering programme and teaching staff Total no. registered from the School of Architecture and the Medialab Social sciences and humanities 50 % have also been involved. The demand for places A discussion took place during the year about the on this new programme is high, with over 17 first- inclusion of humanities and social sciences in the 40 option applicants per place and very high admis- programmes at Chalmers. During the year, a working group set up by the President examined 30 sion point requirements as a result. reasons for including different elements of hu- 20 IT programmes manities and they discussed how the legitimacy of In autumn 1999, the number of first-year places these areas can be promoted within the Univer- 10 on the MScEng programmes in computer engi- sity. At a two-day seminar, the programme heads 0 neering increased by 50 per cent. This increase and students discussed the form the increased el- Autumn 9798 99 was preceded by exhaustive discussions on access ement of perspective-expanding subjects could Proportion of women among new to resources in the form of teaching staff and take. Discussions within the University alone ap- admissions and of the total number premises, as it is of vital importance that the pro- pear to have contributed to an increase in appli- of students registered. gramme can retain its working form with a strong cations for the elective courses offered in these element of group work and projects. areas. In autumn 1999, Chalmers and Göteborg “The humanities are very poorly represented in the University decided to found an IT university col- undergraduate programmes … It is vitally important lege as a complement to the current education for a university of technology to find ways of structure. The new IT university college will pro- learning how to communicate knowledge, not only vide three-year programmes that can be inte- through courses on how to write reports but also in grated with the use of IT in a variety of disciplines, active knowledge acquisition.” (Chalmers President including economics, education, art, graphic pres- Jan-Eric Sundgren in Magasin Chalmers 4/98) 4.5-year MSc-programmes entation and design. A Architecture D Computer Science Men and Engineering Women E Electrical Engineering 200 persons 100 % F Engineering Physics I Industrial Engineering 90 and Management

K Chemical Engineering 80 Kb Bioengineering 150 Kf Chemical Engineering 70 and Engineering Physics 60 M Mechanical Engineering

Td Industrial Design Engineering 100 50 V Civil Engineering Z Automation Engineering 40

3-year BSc-programmes 30 Bi Construction Engineering 50 20 Di Computer Engineering

Ei Electrical Engineering 10 Ki Chemical Engineering Mi Mechanical Engineering 0 0 ADEF I KKfMVZBiDiEiKiMiSk ADEF I KKb KfMTdV Z BiDi Ei Ki MiSi Sk Si Marine Engineering Sk Merchant Marine Officer Graduates, 1999. Proportion of female first-year-students in autumn 1999.

8 Chalmers Lindholmen committees. Students on the Electrical Engineer- On July 1, 1999, Chalmers Lindholmen acquired ing programme have, based on their own views a more independent position as a subsidiary of and wishes, received training in how to provide Chalmers University of Technology AB, thus constructive criticism in specific areas, such as on opening up potential for new initiatives and ac- course committees. The content of the course tivities. At the same time, those involved are evaluations has been examined and developed to very conscious about ensuring that the whole of help the participants become better prepared to Chalmers should be perceived as a cohesive unit, evaluate the role of the individual courses in the particularly with regard to student issues. The programme as a whole and to focus less on prac- students should feel that they belong to a unified tical and organisational factors during the course. Chalmers in every respect. The aim is for more practical problems to be rec- In the BScEng programmes, collaboration has tified as the course proceeds. Undergraduate Programmes commenced between different schools to provide During the summer of 1999, material was de- a better overall picture of the engineering pro- veloped to provide new students with information grammes. A good example is the mechanical and about how university studies differ from high construction engineering students’ collaboration school studies. The material was made available in the design of an industrial building. on the Internet before the students commenced Chalmers task as a centre of education also their studies. Key terms and concepts were pre- includes the provision of advanced courses for sented as well as different study methods, along merchant marine officers. At the Department of with interviews with former students about their Maritime Studies at Chalmers Lindholmen, sev- experience when they first began studying at uni- eral courses are being developed by reason of the versity. The aim is to prepare in different ways the revised STCW Convention. During the autumn, a new students for their forthcoming studies at new course was run in Crisis Management. The Chalmers. aim of the course is to provide an understanding As is the tradition, the Chalmers educational of the safety organisation and the ability to take awards were presented at this year’s conferment part in the management of such an organisation ceremony. Four awards were made to a total of on board. The course also teaches how to handle five teachers. During the spring those who re- crisis situations with an understanding of human ceived the awards ran seminars to pass on their behaviour in crises and under stress. ideas to colleagues and other interested parties. It was very obvious that each of those who re- Educational development ceived the awards in their own way confirmed At the Centre for Educational Development, their belief in the students’ capacity and willing- work continued during the year to reinforce the ness to assume responsibility for their education. work surrounding course evaluations and course

How does Chalmers receive a student with a foreign background? Over the years, there are more and more a written examination than during an oral technical high school. I was 26 years old, which I students at Chalmers with a foreign background. examination,” he states. “What I feel is good here thought was quite old. By tradition, if I were still in This could vary from students who come here to is that the practical elements are more extensive.” my home country I would have already completed study for a year or so to those who come to In Edin’s class there ten people with a foreign my higher education. At the time, it felt that the Sweden to stay. How are they faring? Is background, four of whom come from the former MScEng programmes were a little too long and Chalmers managing to take care of students with Yugoslavia. How do they manage the language? instead I applied for the BScEng course at a foreign background? We put this question to “Things are going well. I studied Swedish at the Chalmers Lindholmen.” What does Edin think Edin Alihodzic, who came to Sweden from adult education college before beginning at about Chalmers Lindholmen? “The location is Sarajevo seven years ago. He had already Chalmers Lindholmen. And a good deal of the perhaps not the best. I live in Gårda and I have a studied a technical course at high school and all teaching is in English. Even if the lectures are in 45-minute journey to the University. I feel that the he really needed to do was to supplement certain Swedish, all the study literature in the third year ‘old’ Chalmers position is three hundred times subjects. Despite this, he still opted to study 90% is in English apart from one book, which is in better, although I can’t complain as Chalmers of the Swedish high school course programme at Swedish.” He began studying English in Sarajevo Lindholmen has really excellent buildings and the Majorna Adult Education College. He is now at the age of six. He also emphasises the good access to computers. And the course in the third and final year of the electrical educating role of television. “In Yugoslavia, the programme is very good.” engineering programme at Chalmers Lindholmen, films weren’t dubbed. All American and English Are you aware of your foreign background or specialising in telecommunications. What does he films had subtitles, as in Sweden, and so I have you been integrated into all things think about the Swedish education system? “I acquired a good deal of my knowledge of English Swedish? “You are always aware of your feel it’s easier here than in Sarajevo. This is that way.” background but I must say that everything is just probably due to the fact that in Sweden virtually Why did Edin choose Chalmers Lindholmen? “It fine. I feel I have been totally integrated into the all the examinations are written, which relieves was a natural choice,” he says. “I wanted to stay course and with my fellow students and I don’t the pressure. You have more time to think during in Göteborg, where I had already studied at a feel on the outside in any way,” concludes Edin.

9 Examinations The government’s assignment to Chalmers is divided among the different schools in the form of Two students’ experience school assignments. The three-year examination of Industrial Design undertaking has therefore also been divided Engineering among the different programmes. The majority of In autumn 1999, Chalmers started the new programmes have satisfied these internal exami- MScEng Programme in Industrial Design Engin- nation objectives, which is naturally important if eering. We asked Klara Sibeck what it was like to Chalmers as a whole is to fulfil its aims. study Industrial Design Engineering. “It’s good fun, The MScEng and BScEng programmes held a with a high work rate and a varied range of courses,” says Klara. What made you decide to total of three degree cermony days during the come to Chalmers? Undergraduate Programmes year, during the spring and autumn for MScEng “After studying sciences at high school at home in and MArch graduates and during the autumn for Karlskoga I took a one-year course at art college. BScEng graduates. In addition to the festive, cel- As I’m interested in Industrial Design, studying ebratory aspects, it emerged that the opportunity Industrial Design Engineering at Chalmers suited The recipients of the education to take part in these festivities is for some students me perfectly. Personally, Göteborg was the natural awards ran a series of seminars a contributing factor to their actually completing choice of study location as I was born here.” during the spring: their courses and receiving their degrees. During the first six months Klara and the 30 other Gunnar Lidén students on the programme studied a great deal of Renewal in education – A problem Student involvement mathematics and took courses in engineering of initial value or peripheral value? Chalmers is working continually to improve the methodology and design methodology. The design Tom Adawi true level of student influence. Awareness of the course included a semantic* analysis of a product Between karma and quanta. benefit of the students’ involvement in develop- and the students gained an insight into the pro- Mikael Enelund fessional role of the industrial designer. Teaching ing the quality of the programmes and learning is True knowledge assumes staff from the School of Design taught sketching personal work – Tried and tested on the increase. Student involvement in different techniques and courses have started in colour and educational methods are up to enquiries and drafting groups is becoming in- form with teachers from the School of Architecture. standard. creasingly tangible, even if the students’ tight “It’s the idea of studying different subjects that I Lars Nordlund work schedule at times prevents involvement. enjoy,” says Klara. “I have detected a certain degree A continuous examination system. During the year, the strong student-driven of envy from friends on other programmes and they Jana Madjarova and have every reason to be envious.” Klara explains Christer Borell OM-form project was concluded. The project, led that several of her fellow students have switched by a student and involving a range of different Common thoughts on education from other Chalmers programmes. Elin Länner- from Jana and Christer. skills at Chalmers, resulted in the reconstruction ström is one of them. She studied Chemical of the entrance floor of the Mechanical Engineer- Engineering for two years before she began the ing building. The reconstruction has given the Industrial Design Engineering programme. We students a meeting point for creative activities asked her why she changed direction. “Chemical and social contacts. Preparations are also being Engineering was fine and I wasn’t unhappy in any made for a small fiction library and a range of ex- way. At the same time it felt a little too much like cramming. I simply wanted to work more creatively. I hibitions. The new resources have also been an in- wanted to think and create myself. It was through a ducement to create opportunities for more festive network where we discussed running a summer activities and other arrangements at the School. course in Industrial Design that I first heard that Chalmers had started a programme in Industrial Performance rates Design Engineering,” Elin explains. Chalmers’ assignment for 1999 covered 7,880 stu- What differences did she note between Chemical dents (expressed as full-time equivalents) Engineering and Industrial Design Engineering. Chalmers reported a total of 7,427 students. In the “Industrial Design Engineering suits me much Chalmers’ educational structure, with a high pro- better. Up to now I feel that the programme has 168 teachers and 149 doctoral portion of long course programmes, it is difficult been very good even if there have been teething students took part in teaching and to bring in new students at short notice to com- problems as the programme is completely new. Despite the fact that I’m back in year one and that education courses during 1999. pensate for people dropping out or taking a break in reality I’ve lost two years I don’t regret changing,” from their studies. says Elin. “The enjoyment factor is important and The performance rate for 1999 was 86% (85% this is very evident at Industrial Design Engineering. for 1998) and Chalmers has met its internal per- As the class is not that big we have got to know formance rate target despite the fact that the tar- each other in a completely different way than at the get for the number of full-year students has not larger schools and we have our own home room been achieved. (the drawing rooms at the School of Architecture) During the year, 835 MScEng students gradu- with our own workplaces. This offers the opportunity to study and work in a way that I have not ated together with 43 MArch students and 245 been used to previously.” BScEng students. During the period 1997-99, 2,441 MScEng students graduated, thus meeting * Semantics is the study of the message of symbols. the state assignment target of 2,400. Learning about symbols is known as semiotics.

10 The chairman of the Student Union looks back on 1999 “1999 was the first full year with our new president needed. “Chalmers is already a major construction Jan-Eric Sundgren. A change of president is site. And not simply the new Student Union building always exciting and Jan-Eric is the first president – there is construction everywhere, resulting in in modern times who is not a Chalmers graduate,” more, much-needed study places. There has been a explains Andreas Eklöf, chairman of Chalmers significant investment in new buildings and Student Union. “I know that the president has a refurbishment of the old buildings and the students positive attitude to the students and sees us as have been involved in making an inventory of what colleagues. He has said he wants to see student needs to be done. To date, the focus has been on influence and not simply student representation. I the physical environment, although a group is now find this reassuring,” says Andreas, who is happy starting to work on the mental aspects of life at Undergraduate Programmes that the university plan has focused on the Chalmers,” explains Andreas. This is important, students as the operating core. particularly in the light of the fact that the number of students dropping out of university has increased Viewed from the Student Union’s point of view, in recent years. what is it that characterises Chalmers five years after becoming a foundation university? “I believe “Otherwise we can derive pleasure from the fact that we have a lot more potential today. The that Chalmers is the most well-known university of teaching methods are being renewed and technology in Sweden and that together with improved, recruitment of new teachers has been Linköping we are the only university to have filled all revitalised by handpicking talented people from our programmes in 1999. This is positive but we industry and there is now a greater focus on should at the same time be aware of the threats: teaching merits,” explains Andreas, who states that the number of high school students with technical/ insight into the importance of a good study scientific education is limited, competition is keen environment has been highlighted by the Chalmers and the demands of the new student grant system board, who have signalled that new input is are strict,” concludes Andreas.

In the project “Student enjoyment at Chalmers”, the students presented their views on the physical environment at Chalmers. The project report highlights a series of proposals, both large and small.

Demand, undergraduate programmes, 1999, 1998, 1997 and the 1995/96 academic year.

First-option applicants, autumn First-year students 1999 1998 1997 1996 1999 1998 1997 95/96 MScEng 3153 2911 3196 2956 1308 1253 1150 1234 Int. MSc 830 1 529 1 498 1 501 1 139 127 123 90 MArch 395 345 385 479 85 77 76 78 BScEng 2 736 838 838 710 573 543 524 519 Marine Officers 322 1 365 1 359 1 308 1 124 77 70 73 Advanced courses 275 1 369 1 670 1 599 1 199 124 329 297 Eng. preparatory year 390 433 640 533 125 117 90 130

1 All applicants. 2 Including marine engineering.

11 Performance and results, undergraduate programmes, 1999, 1998, 1997 and the 1995/96 academic year.

Full-time equivalent students Annual performance equivalents Degrees 1999 1998 1997 95/96 1999 1998 1997 95/96 1999 1998 1997 95/96 MScEng 4510 4591 4634 4453 3910 3912 4033 3895 835 781 825 742 Int. MSc 188 169 195 104 165 168 148 93 83 124 67 48 MArch 255 247 300 279 213 238 247 253 43 48 34 32 BScEng1 1432 1294 1091 889 1194 1044 907 758 259 181 150 170 Marine Officers 217 172 138 115 223 186 167 147 42 28 22 25 Advanced courses 97 177 268 219 78 166 223 186 – ——— Eng. preparatory year 113 96 104 121 95 74 91 105 – ——— Miscellaneous 615 581 590 730 496 470 488 621 32 124 130 154 Total 7427 7327 7320 6910 6374 6258 6304 6058 1294 1286 1228 1171

1 Including marine engineering.

In accordance with its assignment, Chalmers Companies etc. 2 % Chalmers has run courses in nuclear chemistry and reactor Foundation Other state sources engineering and offered in-service training for 8 % 1 % active marine officers. Chalmers, including Chalmers, including Chalmers Lindholmen re- Misc. Chalmers Lindholmen University College ported a loss after net interest and expense for 11 % 1999 of sek 51 million (–17). The operating loss Operating income for 1999 amounted was sek 44 million (–14). In principle, per capita to SEK 599 million. The total income was Ministry of Education undergraduate students funding remain un- and Science SEK 603 million. 78 % changed compared with 1998 (0.6 per cent). How- ever, it has not been possible to adapt costs to the lower income conditions. A review is in progress within several programmes aimed at increasing income by inducing those who are enrolled on a Undergraduate programmes programme to see the programme through to Operating income (SEK m) 1999 1998 1997 95/96 completion. ◆ Ministry of Education and Science 470 466 455 459 Other state assignments 4 454 Grants/assignm. from companies etc. 12 765 Chalmers Univ. of Techn. Foundation 45 35 31 10 Miscellaneous 68 66 67 53 Total 599 578 564 531

12 Doctoral programmes and research

Chalmers did not reach its internal graduation Doctoral programmes Doctoral programmes target of 120 PhDs in 1999. However, a consider- Aim able increase in the number of PhD graduates can Doctoral programmes at Chalmers aim to edu- be expected during 2000 and the years to follow. cate and develop researchers who are in demand This expected increase can be attributed both to and who have the ability to conduct scientific the fact that in 1994 Chalmers reduced the total research independently and on an internationally time for achieving a PhD for those with a doctoral high level, to the benefit of a human and sustain- position from six to five years (achieved through able society. a reduction in the teaching commitment) and that Objective the number of new admissions increased consid- The aim is that a person who graduates from a erably to a new, higher level in 1997. The effect of doctoral programme at Chalmers will be able to: the reduced involvement in undergraduate • formulate scientific issues courses is now having an impact on the total study • conduct research by applying scientific time. The average study time leading to a PhD was research methodology and incorporating the 5.6 years compared with 5.8 years the year before. results in a broader context It should thus also be possible to relate the re- • critically evaluate his or her own personal duced study time to other quality-enhancing research and the research of others measures in the doctoral programmes, such as • interact effectively in inter-disciplinary graduate schools and improved study planning research groups by adopting an open and follow-up. approach to other areas of science During 1999, 16 female doctoral students • mediate knowledge pedagogically graduated, equivalent to 15 per cent of the total Chalmers defines an industrial • apply an approach that incorporates all number of PhDs. This is lower than the year be- doctoral student as aspects of research ethics fore, when the proportion of women was around “A doctoral student who is employ- • lead research activities 20 per cent. However, this fall is probably tempo- ed at a company (or equivalent) and To satisfy the increase in demand for PhDs in rary as the proportion of women among new ad- within the framework of his/her society, Chalmers recruited more doctoral stu- missions has in recent years been around 25 per position follows a doctoral pro- dents during the year and in different ways gramme at Chalmers, equivalent to cent. worked to develop the doctoral programmes. at least half-time, during the There was a particular focus on supervision, inter- operating year. The doctoral Good level of recruitment nationalisation and the continued expansion of student normally receives his/her In 1999, 265 people were enrolled on the doctoral salary from the company. graduate schools to achieve the objectives laid programmes, representing an increase on the pre- down for 1997-99: Also included in the industrial vious year. The new admissions include 60 doctoral student category are – To increase the number of PhDs by women, equivalent to 23 per cent. The number of doctoral students where there is a 50 per cent, i.e. 120 PhDs awarded in 1999. doctoral positions has also increased considerably formalised collaboration agreement – To increase threefold the proportion of during the year and 720 people were employed as and where Chalmers, either totally women awarded PhD degrees in 1999 doctoral students at Chalmers in 1999. or in part, is responsible for compared with the preceding five-year period, It has been noted that the interest shown by payment of salary. The doctoral i.e. 30 women will be awarded a PhD in 1999. student is completely or partly on industry in sponsoring a doctoral student within – To reduce the study time so that the majority leave of absence from his/her the framework of the company’s continuing pro- of doctoral students will gain their PhD position at the company (or before they reach the age of 30. fessional development program has increased in equivalent). The research tasks – To work actively to increase the proportion of recent years. Chalmers has also worked actively include a co-financed research doctoral students who spend a period of more for several years to interest companies in this project run by Chalmers and the than three months at a foreign university. direction. Measures taken at Chalmers include company. improved information on the Internet and the The industrial doctoral student has Graduation founding of special company graduate schools. In a supervisor at Chalmers. Often In 1999, 104 people were awarded a PhD and 133 autumn 1999 there were 114 industrial doctoral there is also an assistant supervisor received their licentiate degree, which is in line at the company” students as defiened by Chalmers. with the graduation levels for the two preceding years.

13 Chalmers recruits a large number of doctoral students with a first degree that is different from the Swedish MScEng degree. In 1999, 35 per cent Supervision of newly-admitted students had such an educa- most important for tional background and 14 per cent had a first doctoral students degree from abroad. What is most important for doctoral students at Chalmers? We put this question to the chairman Quality programme continuing of the Doctoral Students' Association, Mattias During the year, a working group laid down new Olofsson. "From a Chalmers point of view it educational objectives for doctoral programmes. largely comes down to improving supervision for The new objectives include personal develop- doctoral students. During the year, Chalmers has had a new strategic plan and it is gratifying to ment of the doctoral students in terms of the de- Doctoral programmes see that the work being done has brought velopment of the student’s teaching ability, the supervision issues within the doctoral pro- potential to acquire a certain degree of manage- grammes to the fore. The president has also said Licentiates rial experience and a greater emphasis than pre- that each doctoral student should have at least a PhDs viously on ethical working methods. principal supervisor and an assistant supervisor. 150 persons In 1987, Chalmers started a course for doctoral When this has been introduced across Chalmers student supervisors under the leadership of asso- the doctoral students' access to good supervision ciate professor Jitka Lindén. Since then, these will be increased," says Mattias. The new aims and objectives also specify an emphasis on 100 courses have been run once or twice every year. ensuring that doctoral programmes educate The course is based largely on personal experi- competent researchers who have good teaching ence from supervision. At a number of schools at ability and good leadership skills. "The ethical 50 Chalmers the course is now compulsory for any- aspects of the researchers' work are also one applying for the position of associate profes- included in the aims and objectives, which means that there is an emphasis on the importance of 0 sor. understanding our own research from a wider 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Several initiatives have been taken to develop point of view which is in turn of greater benefit to supervision in doctoral programmes at Chalmers. society," Mattias explains. Graduation level within doctoral One example is the “Supervision in focus” project programmes at Chalmers What is co-operation like between the doctoral being run at the School of Chemical Engineering. during the period 1995-1999. students and the university? "Centrally, it works Within this project, which involves both supervi- well, although Chalmers is a decentralised sors and doctoral students, use is made of semi- organisation and on the school level a great deal nars and group work on the subject of supervi- still needs to be done. The idea is that all schools sion. should have a Doctoral Students' Advisory Chalmers has also initiated discussions to Committee with representation from the highlight the importance of both supervisors and departments, through which we can conduct a doctoral students being more aware of the vari- dialogue and influence the deans. At present, several schools do not have such a Doctoral ous ethical aspects of research. Arrangements for Students' Advisory Committee, which means that a continuation of this work are beeing made. it is difficult to get people to work on the school

Men level. Everyone naturally has a great deal to do, Women Many graduate schools at Chalmers both with teaching and research. We are also Chalmers has four types of graduate school, i.e.: spread throughout Chalmers and the Doctoral 250 persons – school-related, created for a number of Students' Association is not that easy to keep closely-related subjects within Chalmers together. Having said that, I feel that the level of schools, commitment is on the increase," says Mattias. 200 – inter-school units, which are inter-disciplinary "During the autumn we began publishing a graduate schools that traverse school newsletter to improve contact with the doctoral boundaries, students. This is a step in the right direction. We 150 are also in the starting blocks in the development – national graduate schools, in which several of CHARM, Chalmers Labour Market Days, for faculties are involved. These are supported the doctoral students also. CHARM is the either by the Swedish Foundation for 100 biggest arrangement of its kind in Europe, where Strategic Research (ssf) or the Foundation companies and students meet to discuss work for Strategic Environmental Research and career opportunities. I believe that (mistra), 50 developing such a medium for doctoral students – company graduate schools, which were started is a good way of inducing industry to employ to make it easier for people working at engineering licentiates and PhDs from companies to gain a licentiate degree or a Chalmers," concludes Mattias. 0 PhD. The course section is made up of courses 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 that are adapted in part to the company’s Admissions to doctoral programmes requirements and the research tasks are at Chalmers 1995-1999. selected together with the company.

14 Doctoral programmes

Female licentiates Female PhDs

50 %

An inventory made in autumn 1999 showed that Foreign placements during study time there are around 35 graduate schools at Chalmers. fewer than expected 30 Among these, there are 15 school-related gradu- Chalmers is working actively to stimulate doctoral students in different ways to spend part of ate schools, 16 national graduate schools and two 20 company graduate schools. The two company their study time abroad. Among other things, spe- graduate schools are marchal, in the materials cial economic support is available for doctoral field, and fenix, in the field of management and students to spend at least two months at a foreign 10 organisation of product and business develop- university. Despite efforts from the university, ment. The company graduate schools are sup- interest in studying abroad among Chalmers doc- 0 ported by the Knowledge Foundation (KK Foun- toral students is less than expected. Chalmers will 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 examine the reasons for this lack of interest in dation). Approximately 70 per cent of Chalmers’ Proportion of women among those doctoral students are at one of the graduate studying abroad and will continue to stimulate the who were awarded licentiates or schools. internationalisation process. PhDs at Chalmers during the period 1995-1999.

Never before were so many professorships and PhDs awarded as at the final award ceremony of the century held on May 7.

Men Women

700 persons

600

500

400

300

200

100

0 1995 19961997 1998 1999

Number of persons employed as doctoral students 1995 to 1999. (1995-96 as of June 30 and 1997- 99 as of December 31.)

15 Research Chalmers as adjunct professors, i.e. persons from industry who on a part-time basis take part in Aims both undergraduate programmes, doctoral pro- Chalmers will carry on high-quality research, grammes and research at Chalmers. Nine adjunct which within selected areas it is the world leader, professors were appointed during 1999 in the and stimulate effective, innovative utilisation of following areas: the research results. – Environmental Hydrogeological Engineering – Systems Analysis in Engineering Geology Scientific production Scientific production in the form of referee-exam- – Catalysis ined scientific articles and conference contribu- – Pharmaceutical Surface and Colloid Chemistry tions published in proceedings totalled 1,650 ar- Research ticles in 1999. In addition, there were 900 other – Radar Remote Sensing scientific reports, popular science articles and – District Heating Systems Technology similar documents. The figures are on the same – Indoor Environmental Technology level as the previous year. – Industrial Automotive Engineering – Physics Increase in teaching staff and doctoral students At the end of the year, Chalmers had a total of 31 The research and teaching volume is increasing adjunct professors, including one woman. The and the number of teaching and research staff majority of adjunct professors are at the School (including Chalmers Lindholmen) totalled al- of Civil Engineering. most 900 at the end of the year (expressed as full- More female teaching/research staff time equivalent) compared with 830 a year ear- The systematic concentration at Chalmers over lier. A great deal of the research at Chalmers is the past few years on increasing the number of also carried out by doctoral students within the female doctoral students and teaching staff has The Albert Wallin Prize awarded framework of the doctoral programmes with su- to Chalmers researcher led to an increase in the number of women on the pervision by senior research staff. The doctoral Each year, the Royal Society of associate professor/professor level. During the students also teach on undergraduate courses. Science and Letters in Göteborg year, Chalmers appointed three new female pro- awards a science prize, the Albert The number of doctoral students with a doctoral fessors (of a total of twenty). The number of fe- Wallin Prize, to a particularly position increased during the year by more than male teaching staff among the teaching categories prominent young researcher. The 60. prize for 1999 was awarded to Dr listed increased during the year from 17 to 21. The Susanne Aalto-Bergman, an New professorships number of female assistant professors increased assistant professor at Onsala Space During the year it was decided that new profes- from 24 to 29. Within a few years, an increase in Observatory. She received the award sors would be recruited/appointed within the fol- the proportion of women can be expected within for her outstanding astronomical lowing areas: all higher teaching categories at Chalmers. research, particularly within the area During the three-year period 1997-1999, of extra-galactic molecular clouds, Environmental Systems Technology, Global En- Chalmers appointed 37 new professors, of whom i.e. how molecules interact and take vironmental Measurements, Sustainable Indus- part in creative and destructive five were women. This is equivalent to 14 per cent trial Metabolism. processes in galaxies in space. and Chalmers has therefore far exceeded the equality objective set by the government for pro- Engineering Polymers, Building Design, Compu- fessors, i.e. at least six per cent of new professors ter Engineering with emphasis on Digital Sys- at Chalmers during the period should be women. tems, Computer Systems Engineering, Remote Sensing, Electrical Machines. Strategic areas Automation, Electronics Production, Galenic During the year, Chalmers formulated a research Pharmacy, Logistics (donation), Integrated Trans- strategy plan. Under this plan, Chalmers will in- Professors Professors holding a chair port Systems (donation). vest in strategically important development areas in combination with existing areas of strength Solid Mechanics, Mathematics, Statistics (two 150 persons within the faculties of Engineering, Medicine and professorships), Computing Science, Traffic Science. The aim is not only to keep pace with de- Safety, Applied Acoustics, Sustainable Aquatic velopments in the research frontier but also to ac- Systems, Fluid Mechanics (from January 1, 2000), 100 tively contribute to moving it forward. The focal Multiphase Flow (from January 1, 2000). areas are: There will also be an artistic professorship in – microtechnology 50 Basic Design. – information technology – bioscience and

0 Several adjunct professors – research areas related to a sustainable society. 19951996 1997 1998 1999 Increased interaction with industry has, among Number of professors at Chalmers. other things, led to more people being linked to

16 National Competence Centres at Centre financed by the Foundation for SSF-programmes in which Chalmers, financed by NUTEK and STEM Technology Transfer in Gothenburg Chalmers is involved: Chalmers Centre for High Speed Technology Swedish Center of Excellence and Innovation in The Biomedical Research School in Göteborg (CHACH) Functional Foods (SCEIFF) (GGBS) Railway Mechanics Competence Centre The Centre of Combustion Science and Technology Graduate schools at Chalmers financed by (CHARMEC) (CeCoST) companies and the KK-Foundation Competence Centre for the Environmental Energy Systems FENIX – corporate leaders of the future Assessment of Product and Material Systems Engineering Design Research and Education MARCHAL – materials science (CPM) (ENDREA) Combustion Engine Research Centre (CERC) SSF-financed research programmes in which Forest Products Industry Research College (FPIRC) Competence Centre for High Temperature Chalmers is the host Photonics Corrosion (HTC) Bioinformatics Integrated Electronics Systems Competence Centre for Catalysis (KCK) Electronic Production (E-PROPER) Chemical Process Design and Control (CPDC) The Gas Turbine Centre (GTC) – shared Integral Vehicle Structures (IVS) Competitive Construction between KTH and LTH Multiphase Flow Future Technologies for Food Production (LiFT) Mistra-financed programmes in which High-frequency Electronics Marine Research and Engineering (MASTEC) Chalmers is the host organisation Quantum Components and Nanostructures Personal Computing and Communication (PCC) Sustainable Building Materials Science Research School with the sub- Real Time Systems (ARTRES) Urban Water Management programmes Biocompatible Materials, Polymer Collaborative Programmes in Microelectronics Sound landscape for better health Construction Materials and Electrical Outdoor Insulation Wood Mechanics The National Applied Mathematics Network (NTM) Mistra-financed programmes in which Wood Technology Nucleic Acid Research Chalmers is involved Scientific Calculations Production Engineering Education and Research Batteries and fuel cells (PROPER) Visual Information Technology (VISIT)

These areas are central and are already specified Information Technology and its applications as focal areas at Chalmers and Göteborg Univer- will have an impact on many other subject areas. sity. This applies particularly to biosciences, the Within, for example, product development and sustainable society and aspects of information production engineering, virtual technology based technology. on the working methods of information technology will revolutionise whole areas of Swedish in- Microtechnology dustrial production. Major investments have commenced in micro- Within Mathematics and Stochastics, areas technology, manifested, among other things, in the such as Bioinformatics and Mathematical Mod- construction of a new microtechnology centre at elling and Simulation have been developed. There Chalmers, MC2. The basis of this investment is is completely new potential for studying complex primarily the existing and very strong research processes, both within technical and socio-scien- The Göran Gustafsson Prize groups at the Schools of Physical Engineering and tific areas. The Göran Gustafsson Prize was Electrical Engineering, linked to advanced mate- awarded for the tenth year in succession at a ceremony held at the rials, biosciences and applications within informa- Academy of Sciences in June 1999. tion technology. Percentage of women:1996 1999 This prestigious award is presented 100 % each year to four or five of the fore- Information Technology 90 most researchers in the country, who Information technology is a collective term used are chosen following nominations by 80 for several scientific disciplines. At the School of the country’s universities and colleges. 70 Electrical and Computer Engineering there are The prizewinners receive SEK 100,000 departments that carry on extensive research fun- 60 as a personal prize as well as a research grant of up to SEK 1 million. damental to Information Technology. The newly- 50 This year’s four prizewinners included formed Signals and Systems department incorpo- 40 Chalmers Professor Per Delsing, who rates several of these activities within telecommu- 30 29 was awarded SEK 1 million for his nications, signal and image processing and control 60 31 31 research into so-called single electron 182 39 16 20 145 engineering and automation. The department’s 16 electronics, i.e. the transport of 10 7 23 co-operation with other departments at the uni- 16 12 electrons one by one through very 6 versity and with industry is crucial to this rapidly 0 small structures. developing area of know-how. In the same way, it PhDs is extremely important in this field to develop in- Licentiates Professors MScEng and and lecturers teraction with mathematics and computing sci- MArch degrees Newly-admitteddoctoral students Assistant professors ence. Associate professors Proportion of women in education and research at Chalmers in 1999 compared with 1996. The figures in the columns show the number of women each year.

17 Biosciences and energy management, life cycle analyses of Within biosciences, biology and medicine have used materials, measurement technology and Materials consortia moved closer to the engineering science disci- environmentally friendly process engineering. at Chalmers plines. Development has mainly been towards the Theoretical and Computer-aided molecular level, which means that the amalgama- Financial results Material Physics tion of physical methods, chemistry, microelec- The loss after financial items for 1999, including Biomaterials tronics and other microtechnologies and biology Chalmers Lindholmen University College, was Supraconductivity offers a much greater injection of knowledge to sek 1 million, a decrease of sek 15 million on the the understanding and interpretation of processes preceding year. The operating profit was sek 9 that take place in cells and organisms. Proposals million (21).The decrease can be attributed have been gathered for projects and focal areas, largely to restructuring within research, major in- Research both for the Faculty of Engineering and the Fac- vestments in new research areas and difficulty in ulties of Medicine and Science. Industry has also financing certain other research areas. contributed to this inventory and mapped out its Operating income increased by 13 per cent long-term development requirements. In sum- compared with the preceding year. The increase mary, these proposals cover the areas of Tissue is primarily related to income from the Chalmers Engineering, Biomolecular Structure and Func- University of Technology Foundation and from tion, Nanobiology, Biotechnology, Bioinformatics public foundations. and From Gene to Product. State income has also increased, primarily The central role of bioinformatics with regard from the Swedish National Energy Administra- to the handling of large volumes of data and com- tion. Contributions from the EU increased plex systems has meant that development within slightly during the year and totalled sek 35 mil- this area has already commenced through co-op- lion (32). The proportion from state-financed eration in the research and doctoral programmes research and doctoral programme was approxi- between Mathematical Statistics, Molecular Biol- mately 58 per cent of operating income, a fall of ogy and Genetics. Co-operation with the Swedish six percentage units compared with the previous Foundation for Strategic Research has also begun year. ◆ within this programme. The National Centre for Functional Foods (food with scientifically-documented beneficial The largest research financiers effects on health and well-being) was founded during the year, in co-operation with Göteborg (SEK m) 1999 1998 1997 95/96 University, to develop new knowledge based on The Ministry of Ed. & Science 347 345 334 353 research at the Faculties of Engineering, Science Chalmers Found. 192 95 53 17 and Medicine. NUTEK 87 95 121 111 69 The sustainable society SSF 56 40 61 The sustainable society is an area that encom- NFR 56 52 47 TFR 50 47 51 48 passes several disciplines. The largest investment EU 35 32 31 12 is in an area with the collective name Environ- STEM 31 mental Systems Engineering. This is aimed at BFR 21 24 23 21 building up six new research groups with profes- Volvo 17 sors at different parts of Chalmers. These research Wallenberg Found. 12 34 5 areas cover issues related to sustainable development and traffic and transport systems, resource

Chalmers, including Public Doctoral programmes and research Chalmers Lindholmen foundations EU 3 % 7 % Operating income (SEK m) 1999 1998 1997 95/96 University College Ministry of Education and Science 347 345 334 353 Misc. 345 7 % Ministry of Other state funding 319 330 309 Education and Science Grants/assignm. from companies etc. 151 150 116 99 Companies 28 % etc. 12 % Public foundation grants 92 71 45 0 EU grants 35 32 31 12 Operating income in Chalmers Other Foundation Chalmers Foundation 192 95 53 17 1999 totalled SEK 1245 state bodies 15 % 28 % million. The total income Miscellaneous 83 88 75 50 was SEK 1249 million. Total operating income 1 245 1 100 984 840

18 Research + entrepreneurship = company of the future

Chalmers started early on with support and We have also received help with venture capital interaction to develop and make use of results where, for example, Chalmers Invest has come in as from research. The University itself cannot a shareholder in the company,” says Anna. “In commercialise different discoveries but over the different ways this also makes our day-to-day work years it has built up a complete system to enable easier. In purely practical terms, it means that we are innovations that emerge from the University’s linked to a functioning infrastructure and that we are research to be supported in different ways in order close to the research groups with which we co- to develop. operate.” Research One example of this is the company Q-Sense AB, In its task of transforming the patented sensor founded in 1996 by a group of researchers at the technology into a finished product, Q-Sense also has Department of Applied Physics and which bases its partners outside Chalmers as well as companies, activities on research run for many years at universities and colleges in Göteborg, Linköping, Chalmers by Professor Bengt Kasemo. A Umeå and Lund. “But perhaps what is most completely new way had been found to combine important is Chalmers’ role as a ‘door-opener’. Our two parameters in quartz crystal to measure very close link to the university automatically gives us small masses, such as layers of atoms in fluids. By greater credibility. We don’t need to constantly measuring the dissipation factor and frequency it explain and prove how a small, young company with was possible to analyse the whole chain of 12 employees can devote its energy to high-tech, reactions that take place when a new substance leading-edge research,” says Anna. comes into contact with the surface of a quartz How interesting is the technology you are working crystal. The technique is known as QCM-D (Quartz with? “We have no direct competitor at the present Crystal Microbalance and Dissipation). time and the technology has been patented, thus Anna Weiner was employed in 1997 as managing giving us a head start that we will capitalise on. After director of the company. She had just left the having worked with the development of the product Chalmers School of Entrepreneurship where her since the company started we are now at the Polish award project was the Q-Sense business plan. What does finished product stage – an analysis instrument is to Chalmers professor she feel that the link with Chalmers has meant for already in place in six countries, including the USA, Every year since 1987, the Polish the company? “It has meant a great deal on many the UK and France. This type of research instrument Academy of Sciences has presented different levels. Initially, the whole company and is not cheap. With a price running into six figures and an award in memory of Professor business idea were based on research conducted market potential of several thousand instruments we Dionizy Smolenski, the man who is at Chalmers. In purely geographical terms, we also feel we could be looking at a market worth billions,” considered to have laid the have links to Chalmers as the company is at the concludes Anna Weiner. foundation for research in Poland in new Stena Center, which is a centre for different the field of combustion and seed companies that first saw the light of day at explosion processes. The 1999 Chalmers. Dionizy Smolenski medal was awarded to Professor Emeritus Jerzy Chomiak for his research.

Research at the Inorganic Environmental Chemistry department is directed at basic aspects of corrosion, such as surface reactions that take place when materials are exposed to moist air containing different pollutants.

19 Advanced continuing professional development for managers CHAMPS (Chalmers Advanced Continuing Management Programs) was started in 1989 and arranges management and leadership programmes for technology-related companies such as professional Ericsson, Telia, ABB, Volvo, Nokia, Perstorp, Akzo Nobel and Electrolux. Martin Edlund took over as president of CHAMPS in July 1999. Martin has development a background in Engineering Physics at Chalmers and after spending some During 1999, Chalmers ran a number of courses assignment equivalent to a turnover of sek 6.5 time at the Central Research Depart- and longer course programmes, designed spe- million, part of which included close collaboration ment at Siemens, he returned to cially for people working in industry. The total with one of the departments at the Volvo Car Chalmers and gained his PhD at the School of Industrial Engineering and turnover during the year from these programmes Corporation. Management. What are his views on amounted to sek 35 million (sek 39 million). Just Choice (Chalmers Open Industry Courses in the future of CHAMPS? “It is import- over 75 per cent of these courses and programmes Engineering) has developed a concept for dis- ant that we develop within the frame- took the form of commercially-based courses for tance learning with computer and Internet sup- work of Chalmers. Chalmers has a industry, while the remainder took the form of port for engineers working in industry. During the strong name and I believe that we can courses for which no fees were charged and which year, it offered several courses within the frame- make much more use of it than we were state financed. work of ‘Signals and Systems’. have done in the past. The proximity champs (Chalmers Advanced Management Within sida’s International Training Pro- to Chalmers also means that we are closer to the technology than other Programs) offers advanced continuing profes- gramme, the School of Civil Engineering at management development and sional development programmes for managers in Chalmers offered training programmes in water continuing professional development technology-based industrial sectors. During the supply and solid waste management for graduate companies. This puts us in a unique year, it produced an increasingly open range of engineers working in developing countries. position and we intend to capitalise on programmes as a complement to the company- Skandinavisk Företagsutbildning AB, in co- this,” he says. “We will continue to adapted programme portfolio already in exist- operation with Chalmers, ran seven-week courses develop the knowledge content of our ence. The champs knowledge base is made up of during the year in a number of specialist areas programmes to reflect the new challenges currently facing industry. the faculty at Chalmers and an extensive network within engineering sciences. Novel ways of putting across our of professors attached to leading universities The non-fee programmes included seven con- knowledge require more efficient throughout Europe, Japan and the usa. The pro- tinuing professional development specialisations, learning, based on simulations, role- gramme is run both in Sweden and in the most attracting 200 people who studied 20-40 point play and skills training in co-operation important growth areas in the world. Martin courses over a period of one year. Chalmers Lind- with client companies. We also make Edlund from the Department of Innovation En- holmen also arranged thirteen short courses in use of new technical potential to gineering took over as president of champs in industrial application areas during the year. mediate knowledge, such as the Internet. The link to Chalmers is of June 1999. A project group has investigated the prereq- considerable value as we can develop During the past year, Chalmers Lindholmen uisites for generating, on a commercial basis, a new concepts in co-operation with made its contribution by adopting a holistic ap- significant increase in the volume of Chalmers’ other bodies, such as Choice, which proach to satisfying companies’ know-how devel- continuing professional development pro- works with computer-based distance opment needs. This investment took the form of grammes for industrial requirements. The condi- learning for industrial needs.” an industrial college, the aim of which is to de- tions on both the Swedish and international edu- “I would also like a more varied blend velop training programmes and courses in close cation markets have been analysed and the poten- of nationalities, cultures and types of collaboration with industry. This investment has tial to establish Chalmers as a leading player is company among our customers. aroused considerable interest. An agreement was considered to be very good. ◆ There is a great deal to be gained also reached during the year on an education from increased internationalisation and diversity,” says Martin. What will CHAMPS be like in three years time? “We will have more than doubled our turnover and profit. The opportunities Continuing professional development programmes, total SEK 35 million to finance research at Chalmers will Fee-financed programmes (SEK m) Non-fee programmes have increased substantially. The role CHAMPS, Technology Management 12 Continuing professional of the state as a financing body will Chalmers Lindholmen, Industrial College etc. 3.5 development programmes 5 decrease and it will then be the School of Civil Engineering: Courses within industrial universities that can handle their own water technology for developing countries 4 application areas 1 finances and maintain research and Chalmers Industrial Technology: commissioned courses 1.5 Individual courses from undergraduate programmes that will the regular programmes 2 Choice, Internet-based programmes 0.5 lead the way. In this respect, I believe Total 8 School of Maritime Studies: range of courses 1.5 that CHAMPS, with its independent Miscellaneous 4 position, can be a useful and initiating Total 27 ‘satellite’ within the Chalmers sphere,” concludes Martin.

20 Systematic improvement

A working committee set up during the year is International master programmes Quality exploring ways in which a common platform for Within the international master programmes, the future improvement throughout the whole uni- ongoing quality seminars will continue and will versity can be created. A proposal for a quality provide good guidance in making future improve- programme based on responsibility and initiative ments. These programmes were evaluated at a close to the operating core has been presented. It workshop run in 1998, which during 1999 formed became increasingly obvious during the year that the basis for a quality project run by students and greater know-how is needed about how different former students on the programme. The main instruments can be used to continually improve results of the project are that the formulation of operations. objectives and follow-up need to be reinforced. A number of proposals for improvements have been Undergraduate programmes presented and will be dealt with at the seminars. As regards course programmes, it is mainly the regular feedback procedures that have been re- Chalmers Lindholmen fined. Normally, study results are used, supple- At Chalmers Lindholmen, the tqm-inspired ap- mented by interviews and questionnaires. Surveys proach led to the adoption of a new approach. In among students have been carried out more spar- the spring of 1999, an examination was made that ingly but do take place following the identifica- provided the basis for a series of improvements. tion of shortcomings, particularly on the pro- One of the things discussed at Chalmers Lind- gramme level. holmen was “a Balanced score card” and its use selma (an acronym derived from the equiva- in following up training programmes. There is also lent in Swedish of Independence, Examination, interest in this tool in other quarters, including the Ability of Teaching Staff, Objectives, Work Load) Industrial Economics programme. is a method where follow-up and improvement are based on information gained from student Doctoral programmes questionnaires and interviews with teaching staff. Quality improvement within doctoral pro- Views are summarised in two documents circu- grammes has been developed at the graduate lated among teaching staff and students, after schools, within the framework of which conditions which a consensus document is produced that will have been improved for a structured education form the basis for the changes. The proposed platform, an expanded and improved range of measures thus acquire greater credibility and are courses and joint seminars. easy to implement. This method, which has been Quality has also been a focal point in supervi- applied for three years in the Applied Environ- sion and study planning and there will be regular mental Measurement Techniques programme, follow-up for all doctoral students. was evaluated during 1999, resulting in further The administrative routines related to the development of the systematics of the method. doctoral programmes have been reviewed in dif- Another example is the use of a ‘log book’, as ferent ways, including a process analysis per- was the case on a materials course. The idea is that formed at the School of Electrical and Computer students keep a continuous record of problems Engineering. A plan for how this experience can and proposals for solutions as they arise. Using be utilised at other schools has been prepared. ◆ this record as a basis, it is simpler to follow the impact of the teaching. This course development instrument has been Quality needs to be quantified if it is to be controlled. The picture above highlighted in a project under the leadership of shows a cogwheel being measured the vice president for educational issues. The out- with a vertical measurement come was a policy decision in 1999 and what now resolution of 4 nm. remains is to design new guidelines for how and when a course evaluation will be used and how it will be linked to an assessment of the programme as a whole.

21 Interaction with society

Objective development programmes are design, informa- Chalmers and society Chalmers will develop knowledge and technology tion technology and its applications, bioengineer- in such a way that it benefits a human, sustainable ing and environmental science. society. This task also includes influencing the A major venture commenced during the year attitudes of the general public in the same direc- in the form of a joint IT university college. A tion. three-year programme will be offered with an in- Chalmers will continually stimulate and create tegrated teaching programme involving both GU new fora for increased interaction with society and Chalmers and which will include several parts and contribute to research results being used ef- of the existing programmes. It will be possible to ficiently and innovatively. extend the three-year basic course through the addition of up to two years of so-called profile Chalmers in the scientific community courses. The scientific platform for the IT univer- Chalmers’ role in the scientific community is to sity college will be an IT academy and depart- actively contribute to the generation of knowl- ments that will be responsible for basic teaching edge in those disciplines in which the University in information technology as well as a broad is involved in research and education. range of scientific applications. The IT university There is extensive international exchange college is expected to be located at Lindholmen, within both undergraduate and doctoral pro- on the north bank of the river. grammes as well as in research. This is stimulated by the fact that researcher recruitment is extend- Interaction between universities ing beyond national borders, by doctoral students Interaction between engineering faculties at dif- being encouraged to spend part of their PhD pro- ferent universities is yet another example of ex- gramme at a foreign university and by facilitating pansion within the scientific community, where student exchange through special exchange pro- several individual research groups within a net- grammes and MSc courses. work come together to form interaction pro- The work being done in the scientific commu- grammes under the leadership of specially-ap- nity and the resulting scientific success have been pointed steering committees. These steering com- recognised during the year in the form of several mittees include representatives from industry and prizes and awards presented to a number of re- deal with the prioritisation and profiling of researchers at Chalmers. Professors Tord Claeson search projects. The aim of this process is to make and Bengt Nordén’s work on the Nobel Commit- better use of the available scientific skills by form- tee and former vice president Lena Torell’s role ing research groups at universities and colleges. as research director at Joint Research Centers, the National research foundations are of major im- EU Commission’s joint resource in Brussels, are portance in stimulating this development. further examples of the key role played by During the past year, research projects were Chalmers and its employees in the scientific com- started at the university colleges in Borås and munity. Halmstad and at the university in Karlstad within the framework of a two-year regional interaction Chalmers’ interaction with programme at Chalmers. In Borås and Karlstad, Göteborg University the projects were into their second year in 1999, Göteborg University is Chalmers’ most impor- with a continued emphasis on textile technology tant partner. Several departments, including phys- and forest industry technology. During the sum- ics, chemical engineering, mathematics and com- mer, a two-year programme was started in puting science, have been run on a joint basis for Skövde, where the whole annual investment of a long time. This has led to well-founded scientific sek 5 million was devoted to material mechanics environments, which have also attracted interna- in conjunction with the Department of Solid Me- tionally-renowned researchers. During the past chanics at Chalmers. The total financing frame- year, a number of collaborative projects have work for the Chalmers two-year investment is sek cemented the ties between the faculties at 60 million. Chalmers and GU even further. Examples of such

22 Chalmers and the general public Chalmers looks to the east The Chalmers brand name is strong. External This year’s major investment in conjunction with interest in Chalmers is increasing and can be the Göteborg region and its industry was a pro- measured, among other things, in the form of an motion week in March 1999 in Göteborg’s twin increased number of articles in newspapers and town Shanghai in China. The project was national magazines, the number of minutes on radio and and was run under the banner “Sweden goes to television and the number of visitors to debates China”. This attracted a considerable number of and events. representatives from Swedish industry alongside Several of Chalmers’ research areas were representatives from the cultural and sporting highlighted during the spring in a series of short, worlds. In association with Göteborg University easily-accessible reports on Radio City. Two de- and certain parts of industry, Chalmers was re- bates in the series “Draught at Chalmers”, one on sponsible for a series of well-attended and much- Chalmers and society mobile telephones and the other on genetic engi- appreciated scientific seminars dealing with IT, neering, attracted considerable attention in the the environment, urban planning and architec- media. ture. Many important academic contacts were With a large measure of Chalmers involve- made during the week. ment, both as principal and as a player, the Göteborg International Science Festival consoli- Interaction with companies dated its position as the number one science fes- outside Sweden tival in the country. Chalmers’ biggest research interaction with com- The new knowledge company K-world has the panies and company departments based outside same target group as the Science Festival, i.e. the Sweden took the form of interaction with 240 general public and children and young people in European companies as part of a three-year pro- particular. Through its own television channel, a ject within the EU research programme. The web portal and the production of educational number of commercial research and survey as- material, the company is seeking to contribute to signments financed by companies abroad is Benefactor and friend raising and vitalising the level of knowledge in the gradually increasing. For the Chalmers group, these assignments accounted for sek 7 million in The former president of Chalmers, country. During the year, Chalmers became a Anders Sjöberg, has been made a income in 1999. Through EU projects within the ‘knowledge partner’ in K-world and interaction “socii et amici” (benefactor and innovation programme, Chalmers has worked to with the company will lead to continuing profes- friend) by the Board of Göteborg sional development programmes in engineering spread research results from Chalmers to small University. The award has been and science. and medium-sized companies in Europe. presented since 1954 to The task of attracting the attention of young individuals who have served the Interaction with large, and University in different ways. people to the idea of moving into engineering and high technology companies science is important both for Chalmers and the During Anders Sjöberg’s years as Chalmers’ interaction with industry is financed president, collaboration between community. During the year, special resources both by industry and through public funding. Göteborg University and Chalmers were invested in this specific area in conjunction During 1999, the Chalmers group had income of has deepened in a very construct- with Chalmers student recruitment. A follow-up sek 127 million from industry for research and ive way, including co-operation showed that the message from Chalmers reached investigation assignments, continuing profes- between different scientific areas. almost 90 per cent of the potential student target Several subject areas at Göteborg sional development programmes and in contribu- group. University have also been given tions to applied research. In addition, there were increased scope within the research grants from the EU for industry-ori- Chalmers on the Internet programmes at Chalmers. ented research projects, run in collaboration with Chalmers has attracted attention for some time Anders Sjöberg has also en- industry, totalling sek 35 million. for its information on the Internet. The events couraged this joint approach to, The sek 87 million received from nutek in that took place during the past year included among other things, manifest 1999 included contributions to six national com- Göteborg as a student and participation by Chalmers in a workshop dealing petence centres as well as contributions to knowledge city, a good example with information on the Internet. The workshop projects within the automotive and aeronautical being the initiation of the Inter- was part of a conference arranged in Iceland by programmes. For the past five years, Chalmers has national Science Festival. This a Nordic network of public relations officers holistic view and co-operation has run six national centres of excellence, financed on working in the academic world. There was also a also been a feature of his a one-third each basis by nutek or stem, Chalm- focus during the year on raising the level of qual- involvement in the university ers and 50 industrial companies. Intra-disciplinary ity and increasing the volume of information colleges in western Sweden. research at these centres co-exists with needs- reaching the external world on the Internet. Rel- The silver medal was presented in driven research for industry. evant parts of Chalmers’ news on the Chalmers conjunction with the University’s doctorate conferment ceremony. intranet are now available externally. New structures and services have been created to support the electronic distribution of information.

23 Municipal Commissioner Göran Johansson was full of admiration for the Chalmers Scientific Lectures during the successful “China Week” in Shanghai in March 1999. Photo Åsa Dahlgren.

Chalmers and society

Science park Patent and high-tech Subsidiaries and foundations created by seed capital companies Chalmers, alone or in co-operation with regional Each year, employees and students at Chalmers players, run three science parks, each with a to- take out some twenty patents. Chalmers is a part- tally different character: ner in Forskarpatent i Västsverige AB, which • Chalmers Science Park is designed primarily contributes on a commercial basis with work and for research departments at large companies. capital to develop, apply for and sell licences for Around 400 people work here, of whom 80 patents. In return Forskarpatent receives part of are PhDs. the income from the sales of licences. Forskar- • Chalmers Innovation runs the Stena Center, patent applied for seven patents in this way dur- which is designed for newly-started, high-tech ing 1999. seed capital companies. At the end of 1999, Chalmers also supports the start-up and early some twenty seed capital companies were to development of high-tech seed capital companies. be found here. During 1999, some ninety companies of this kind • During 1999, the Chalmers University of (including seed capital companies under forma- Technology Foundation and Göteborg tion) received advice from the Chalmers Innova- Municipality founded Chalmers Lindholmen Teknikpark AB in order to plan and market a tion foundation. During 1999, Chalmers Innova- new science park at Lindholmen. tion played a central role in the start-up of 15 companies. Technical support for small and At the end of 1999, the seed capital company medium-sized companies AB Chalmersinvest was a partner in 11 seed capi- During the year, Chalmers continued with its tal companies in the early stages of development. Four honorary doctorates were technical advice to small and medium-sized tech- Chalmersinvest has a capital of sek 30 million, of awarded on May 7. From the left: Professor Boris Alexandrovitj nology-based companies. Support consists prima- which around half has been invested in seed capi- Sevastjanov, artist Monica Sand, rily in helping companies to solve unusual – and tal companies. Professor John Heywood and for the companies often inexplicable – acute champs co-operates with Swedish multina- architect Gert Wingårdh. problems that normal engineering consultancy tional industrial concerns and has, among other companies find it difficult to solve. Another form things, sold continuing professional development of support for these companies is to act as a programmes in how to reinforce the development sounding board for the smaller, technology-based of innovations within large companies and in how companies’ long-term technical development. and when one ought to separate innovations that have emerged from companies as so-called spin- off companies so that they can then continue independently.

24 Chalmers organisations for co-operation with industry and innovation activities

Cooperation with industry – The Corporate Relations Centre markets Chalmers as a partner for industrial renewal, research interaction and continuing professional development programmes. – The Chalmers Industrial Technology Foundation markets, sells and runs commercially-applied research and development and tailored continuing professional development programmes. – CHAMPS (Chalmers Advanced Management Programs) arranges continuing professional development programmes in Technology Management for managers in industry. – The Chalmers Science Park Foundation creates the conditions for close co-operation between research departments at major companies and Chalmers researchers at the Chalmers Science Chalmers and society Park. – Chalmers Lindholmen Science Park AB creates conditions for close co-operation between companies and company departments that work with advanced technical development, by initiating and marketing a science park on the Lindholmen campus. – The Medicine and Technology Foundation generates increased potential for the commercial and social benefits of medico-technical research results from Chalmers and Göteborg University. – The IMIT Foundation runs and promotes research within technical and industrial renewal and administration and is involved in training for, among others, Chalmers.

Innovative activities – The Chalmers Innovation Foundation provides assistance with management and marketing to researchers who are seeking to start spin-off companies or apply for patents. At the Stena Center, newly-formed companies are offered premises and support. – Chalmersinvest AB offers initial financing and support for company development. – Forskarpatent i Västsverige AB markets ideas and results from research at Chalmers, Göteborg University and other universities in Sweden. These organisations, together with the Chalmers Entrepreneurship School, NUTEK’s seed capital function and Innovationskapital AB, make up a broader concept – the Chalmers Innovation System.

Investigatory and were arranged in co-operation with the Engi- consultancy activities The Chalmers group supports companies and neers’ Association at several locations through- public authorities with customer-financed inves- out Sweden and also in Paris, Oslo and London. tigative and consultancy services worth around Fundraising has continued to be successful and sek 30 million per year. The Chalmers Industrial during the year agreements were signed worth a Technology Foundation (CIT) works on a com- total of sek 58 million, which will allow different mercial basis with concept development, investi- research projects to be started as well as the ex- gations and analyses, training programmes and pansion of research agreements already con- applied research. During 1999, cit set up a further firmed. subsidiary, CIT Georisk AB. CIT Energy Man- During 1999, the Alumni secretariat con- agement, SP in Borås and the Department of cluded the new student union building campaign. Building Services Engineering, formed a consor- Over the years, the campaign raised a total of sek tium to reinforce and renew operations within 57 million. energy efficiency. A decision was taken in 1999 to start a Career Service in 2000 to support present and former Alumni, Fundraising and students in designing their future career through Career Service good employment. Career Service will also pro- Co-operation with the Chalmers Engineers’ As- vide companies with a discussion partner in the sociation has been further developed and ex- recruitment of graduate engineers, architects, li- panded. During the year, former student meetings centiates and PhDs. ◆

25 International exchange

New potential for Student exchange has stagnated compared Internationalisation undergraduate students exchange with the increase last year, and the potential of the The exchange level in the regular exchange pro- Erasmus programme has consequently not being gramme for 1999 remained on a par with 1998. used to the full. In the application for a renewed Students on one of Chalmers’ Nor was there any shift between the exchange university agreement made during the year, cer- International Master of Science programmes despite the fact that a certain degree tain amendments have been made to adapt sup- programmes, Karim Hamed (Italy) of restructuring had taken place. The most impor- ply to demand. The restructuring of the Fourth and Pascal Miconnet (France), tant exchange programmes are Sokrates and received the Award for the Best Year Abroad has continued. New exchanges have Fourth Year Abroad. Other exchange programm- European MSc Essay for 1998-99 been established, including the University of es include Leonardo (approximately 20 students) from EFQM (European Foundation Minnesota, and new agreements with non-Euro- for Quality Management). On and Minor Field Studies (approximately 15 stu- pean universities will increase availability even announcing the winner, the jury dents). There are also spontaneous exchanges further next year. The application for projects stated: “One of the most interesting that only counted in part towards a degree. Of the within the EU-USA programme has been ap- TQM studies … that have even been students on the MScEng and MArch programm- proved, which has further increased the range in encountered in the competition … es, 14 per cent spent at least three months at a for- the coming year. New contacts have been made A break-through … recommended eign university. The variation between pro- reading for all managers working in with MIT regarding co-operation in mechanical grammes and schools is considerable. Within multi-national companies … better engineering. some programmes as many as 30 per cent of the than a number of PhD theses”. A further series of measures have been taken students are involved in student exchanges while Pascal Miconnet, Sari Scheinberg to adapt the range of student exchanges to the figures of less than five per cent were noted in (supervisor), Sverker Alänge students’ wishes. The opportunity to take part in (principal supervisor), Karim Hamed, other programmes. Student exchange among stu- a student exchange programme leading to a dou- Harald Stubert (Ericsson Radio dents on the short engineering programmes is still ble degree has increased. Even if this involves Systems AB) and Rikard Lundgren very low. In all, some 300 exchange opportunities extending the study time by up to a year there is (doctoral student). are available. an obvious interest in this option. The number of students from other countries coming to Chalmers continues to increase, although at a lower rate than the previous year. A large proportion of the foreign students take part in one of the International Master of Science programmes, but a significant number study their own combination of courses and there has been a tangible increase in the number of incoming Erasmus students. An increasing number of these students study courses in Swedish. The preparatory course in Swedish also works well for those with no previous knowledge of the language. In- terest in studying at Chalmers is considerable and Chalmers students at foreign education establishments a comprehensive information package in English 1998 Spring 1998 Autumn 1999 Spring 1999 Autumn was published on the Internet in 1999. Fourth Year Abroad 32 49 47 49 ERASMUS 43 65 69 53 Further development of the Nordic programmes 4995Master of Science programmes Total 79 123 125 107 The Chalmers’ International Master of Science programmes continue to be developed. The tenth Foreign students at Chalmers programme, Automotive Engineering, started in International MSc programmes 186 258 191 268 autumn 1999. The number of applicants has in- ERASMUS 61 67 76 59 creased significantly (830 applications for 150 Nordic programmes 13 5 9 14 places in 1999 compared with 529 applications for Total 260 330 276 341 135 places in 1998). An unusually large number

26 of these applicants, however, declined the places Chalmers’ involvement in European pro- 800 persons offered and the number of students registered grammes for researcher mobility in 1999 amount- was approximately the same as the preceding ed to around 30 projects, primarily within the pro- 700 year. gramme ‘Improving the Human Potential and the Applications A probable explanation for the difference Socio-Economic Resource Base’ (IHP). A couple 600 between the number of enrolments and the of the IHP networks in which Chalmers is in- number of registrations is the increased interna- volved have been designed to increase mobility. 500 tional competition for students in a growing number of countries. To improve the situation for Research within EU programmes 400 next year, the application date has been brought During 1999, Chalmers took part in 128 projects forward so that decisions can be given earlier. The within the framework of different European pro- 300 number of Swedish students on the programmes grammes. The vast majority of the projects, 117, 200 is increasing as well as parallel studies with the were aimed at research and scientific collabora- MScEng programme, which has improved inte- tion. The number of projects of this nature was 17 100 gration between foreign and Swedish students. fewer than the preceding year. The fall can be explained by the fact that 1999 was an interim A decision was taken in 1999 for two further 0 year at the breakpoint between the EU’s fourth programmes: Bioinformatics and Complex Adap- Autumn 94 95 96 9798 99 tive Systems, starting in autumn 2000. At the same and fifth framework programmes for research Applications and number of time, older programmes are being reviewed and and technical development. Income for the Eu- enrolments on the International rope projects was sek 35 million compared with a decision has been taken to allow Materials Sci- Master of Science programmes. ence and Engineering to be dormant for a year sek 33 million for 1998. pending restructuring. EU research projects normally have 5-7 part- There is an ongoing quality programme to ners from 4-5 countries. A total of 240 west Eu- continually improve the International Master of ropean and 35 Swedish companies took part in Science programmes, involving both present and the consortia, usually for three-year projects. Of past Masters students. The results and conclusions the 89 projects specialising in industrially-ori- clearly show that Chalmers is capable of main- ented research, companies took part in 65. taining a high level of quality in its Master of Science programmes. Exchange with China and South Africa Chalmers’ International Master During the year, Chalmers attempted to estab- Chalmers was actively involved in “Sweden Goes of Science programmes: lish the International Master of Science degree to China”, run from March 11-16, 1999. The contribution made by Chalmers and Göteborg Uni- Applied Environmental more clearly in the Swedish examination system. Measurement Techniques The National Agency for Higher Education inves- versity attracted considerable attention and was Automotive Engineering tigation into a new MSc degree has, despite the much appreciated. For Chalmers it also meant a broader interface with centres of learning and Digital Communication intentions and hopes, not brought the matter Systems and Technology research institutes in China as well as intensifica- closer to a decision. A clearer link to the MScEng Environmentally Sustainable degree programme has been prepared as a viable tion of co-operation with Swedish industry. Dur- Process Technology ing the visit, Chalmers and Göteborg University’s alternative, although no decision was reached Management of Production joint School of Environmental Sciences signed a during 1999. Management of collaboration agreement with Fudan University. Transportation Doctoral programmes Scientific seminars were an important component Materials Science and Enrolments for the doctoral programmes in- in the Sweden week and a number of researchers Engineering cluded a stable number of students from other from Chalmers made valuable contributions. Nanoscale Physics and Engineering countries (14 per cent in 1999 and 17 per cent in Later in the year, Chalmers took part in a simi- 1998). A number of these previously attended one lar event in Port Elisabeth, South Africa. Semi- Sound and Vibration of the International Master of Science pro- nars and exhibitions were the focal point. ◆ Structural Engineering grammes. Doctoral students take part extensively in international contexts within the compass of de- European programmes at Chalmers 1999 partmental projects. The doctoral students at Income from the EU Commission Number of projects Income SEK m Chalmers can also spend periods of time at a for- Industry-oriented research eign university within the framework of ‘Re- 20 programmes, e.g. ESPRIT, BRITE/EURAM, JOULE 89 30.4 search student travel’. A total of 149 grants were Researcher mobility TMR, INCO, COST, INTAS 28 3.7 awarded during the year for visits of less than two months (conferences etc.), which is down slightly Technical transfer, continuing professional development 7 0.4 on the previous years (153 during 1998 and 163 INNOVATION, LEONARDO, TEMPUS during 1997). The specially-established support Student exchange programmes, educational development for periods spent abroad of at least two months, SOKRATES, LEONARDO, TEMPUS 4 0.5 set up in 1997, was in 1999 used by 24 students, of Total 128 35 whom 13 spent time outside Europe.

27 Organisation

Management jointly with Göteborg University. There is also Management and organisation The board of the Chalmers University of Technol- close co-operation with Göteborg University in ogy Foundation is the supreme decision-making chemical engineering. body and appoints the University board, decides Each school also has a school board, which is on discharge from liability and manages the capi- responsible on a strategic level for the planning tal of the Foundation. The University board is of the MScEng and MArch courses, research and responsible for overall planning, co-ordination doctoral programmes. The dean is responsible for and follow-up of the University’s activities. Un- the operative management of the school and to- der the University board is the President, who is gether with the deputy dean is responsible for the responsible for activities common to the whole of management of the school. the University. The President and the deans make Shorter engineering courses, three-year BSc- up the University Central Management Group Eng programmes and nautical programmes are (UCMG), which is responsible for the formula- organised at the Chalmers Lindholmen Univer- tion of common strategies. sity College, formally as a subsidiary The President’s Management Group (PMG) Chalmers Library has a collection of books prepares matters that are to be dealt with by and periodicals covering all the areas of the Uni- UCMG and the group includes the Vice-Presi- versity. The library has its own board and is man- dents and heads of administration, research and aged by a Library Director. doctoral programmes, educational planning, in- The Onsala Space Observatory is a national ternational issues, public relations, IT and human research facility, administered by Chalmers. resources. Matters relating to buildings and properties The Faculty Committee is an independent are handled by Chalmers University of Technol- body for the engineering faculty and deals with ogy Properties AB. the selection and handling of key operating issues. Centres Departments and schools The Corporate Relations Centre markets Chalm- Chalmers University of Technology AB Education and research takes place on a scientific ers as a partner for industrial renewal, research basis at the University’s 80 departments. The de- interaction and continuing professional develop- partments are normally led by a head of department for those working in industry.

Chalmers ment. The Centre for Educational Development is Lindholmen The departments are organised into eight responsible for providing central support in edu- University College schools, corresponding to the main areas of engi- cational development and teacher training. The neering. In addition, there is the School of Envi- Microtechnology Centre (MC2) is being built up ronmental Science, which does not have its own and represents a gathering of strengths within the Chalmers AB departments. The Schools of Mathematical and field of microtechnology. There are also six cen- Univ.of Tech. Chalmers- Computing Sciences, Physics and Engineering tres of excellence at Chalmers, financed by Properties AB invest Physics and Environmental Sciences are run NUTEK and STEM. ◆

University Board

Faculty Committee President

Heads of Department Vice-Presidents President’s Office Central Administration

Director Library Director Deans Heads President Centres Chalmers Onsala Space Nine schools Library CNLS, CPU, MC2, Lindholmen Observatory A ED F I K M MD Mi V Centres of excellence University College

28 Mathematical and Computing Sciences Professor Philip Brenner, Dean Automatic design of algorithms Complex analysis Examples from One of the newest areas of computing science is Research at the School into complex analysis is the automatic design of algorithms, ADATE, focused mainly on multi-dimensional theory. This which means that a computer looks for better and deals with analytical functions that are depend- Departments and subject areas of the School (Chalmers/GU): better programs by systematically testing different on several complex variables. This is a broad ent combinations of program transformations. area, with links to several other areas, including Computing Science ADATE is a general method that can be used, for the theory behind partial differential equations, Mathematics example, for so-called NP-difficult problems for harmonic analysis and algebraic geometry and Mathematics/Applied Mathematics which no effective algorithms are known. In 1999, different areas of theoretical physics. Mathematical Statistics a computer at Chalmers synthesised an algorithm Several areas within this theory can be formu- The Stochastic Centre for the most fundamental of these problems, SAT. lated as questions about the existence of solutions This algorithm is still not competitive compared with certain features of the Cauchy-Riemann MScEng Degrees awarded 1 with the world’s best SAT algorithms, although equation. The study of this equation has for a long there is reasonable potential for developing com- time been a focal point at the School, initially Research degrees awarded (of which GU): petitive algorithms through the use of massively through the development of constructive meth- 2 Licentiates 15 (4) parallel computers. This is currently being exam- ods, although in recent years so-called L -meth- PhDs 8 (4) ined in collaboration with Prover Technology AB. ods have been successfully utilised and important results have been achieved in interpolation and Referee-examined scientific articles 116 Bioinformatics sampling. This is closely related to the digital Revenue (SEK m) 156 (46) The understanding of molecular events in biology transfer of information. Number of employees 288 (52) and the interpretation of data volumes from For the past few years there has also been an 1 The courses at the School are part of large-scale experiments require more and better interest in applications of complex analysis within other schools’ programmes. tools from modern computing science, mathemat- the theory for operators in infinitely-dimensional ics, statistics and physics. There is a need to design Banach spaces. During the past year, they have and handle complex databases and search/learn- also succeeded in expanding the analytical func- ing algorithms. There is also a need to optimise, tional calculation for such operators into classes model and draw conclusions from experiments of non-analytical functions. that generate enormous volumes of data with a Key theoretical questions deal with geometri- large and complex statistical variation. In recent cal aspects. In recent years, research within these years, bioinformatics has therefore become an areas has been reinforced considerably. The study essential tool in biological and medical sciences. of the so-called Leviflat surfaces has been particu- It has also rapidly become a highly important larly successful. The research group has collabo- research area. rated actively with several international groups, Bioinformatics is the core of a major research particularly in France, Italy, Russia and the USA. and educational project being run by the School ◆ of Mathematical and Computing Sciences and several biology and chemistry departments at Göteborg University. This is part of the concentration on bioscience at Chalmers in 1999, one of the focal points being interdisciplinary PhD projects, an international MSc programme (planned to commence in autumn 2000) and regular research and seminar activities. The spring term of 2000 will be devoted particularly to bioinformatics, with a visiting anniversary professor and an extensive programme of visiting experts as Being able to determine the a theme for activities at the Stochastic Centre. 3-dimensional structure of proteins is of crucial importance in understanding their function and their evolutionary history.

29 Physics and Engineering Physics Professor Göran Niklasson, Dean Electron waves in films and islands Physical electronics and photonics Examples from Precise control of the properties of nano-metre The basic and applied research carried out at size objects is one prerequisite for continued within the Physical Electronics and Photonics Divisions and research groups progress in the development of ever smaller com- group, PEP, is both experimental and theoretical. at the School (Chalmers/GU): ponents for the information industry. In 1999, research on transport and optical Experimental Physics Regardless of the choice of material such ob- properties of excitons has been especially empha- Atomic Physics jects have properties which are affected by the sised. New phenomena within superfluidity of Solid State Physics fact that the valence electrons are confined to a excitons in nanostructures have been discovered. Electron Structure of small volume. The electrons are described by Within Bose-Einstein condensation new phe- Condensed Matter waves and these will have wavelengths, and nomena have been observed for excitons, also in Materials Physics thereby also energies, that are determined by the nanostructures. As regards the optical properties, Microscopy and Microanalysis available space, much as waves on a string have it has been shown that photonic crystals can be Environmental Physics wavelengths that are given by its length. In the formed with the aid of excitons. The research Molecular Physics case of a thin adsorbed metal film the energies of group, PEP, has also shown that it is possible to Subatomic Physics the electron standing waves can be measured by build THz lasers by acceptor doping of quantum Interdisciplinary Astronomy recording the energy distribution of photo- wells under internal stress. These lasers operate Physical Resource Theory emitted electrons. This was demonstrated several by injection of only holes and their main applica- Microelectronics and Nanoscience years ago by experiments made in the solid state tion will probably be in astronomy. Physical Electronics and Photonics physics group. Recently the method was high- Another area of research is the application of SIMS Laboratory lighted in Science as a means of obtaining atomic electron plasma in transistors to generate THz Applied Solid State Physics layer scale control of the electronic structure of signals. Moreover, a new THz detector in semi- Applied Semiconductor Physics – MBE objects with reduced dimension. conductors has been demonstrated. Yet another Applied Quantum Physics This method is excellent for films, but most novel application is the utilisation of the optical Liquid Crystal Physics nano-sized objects of practical interest are small near field from an infrared radiation as a coupling Reactor Physics in more than one direction. A promising initial element for quantum well detectors, rather than Theoretical Physics and Mechanics step towards characterising these is the observa- a grid. This new technique can be used in IR-de- Astrophysics tion by two graduate students of lateral standing tectors in, for example, weather satellites and heat Elementary Particle Physics waves in adsorbed metal islands. The method used cameras. ◆ Solid State Theory is scanning tunnelling microscopy. Analysis of the Mathematical Physics wave pattern reveals two different wave types, Applied Physics one due to lateral confinement of the electrons Chemical Physics and another due to a buckling of the surface as- Condensed Matter Physics sociated with a misfit between the ordering of Condensed Matter Theory island and substrate atoms. Materials and Surface Theory Surface Physics

MScEng degrees awarded: Engineering Physics 89

Research degrees awarded (of which GU): Licentiates 28 (8) PhDs 28 (9)

Referee-examined scientific articles 476 Part of a terraced metal island (Na) adsorbed on graphite and observed Revenue (SEK m) 296 (58) with the aid of a scanning tunnelling microscope. Number of employees 365 (66) The steps between the terraces are one atom layer high.

30 Chemical Engineering Professor Thomas Hjertberg, Dean Applied Surface Chemistry under examination, so-called affinity electro- Examples from At the end of 1998, Krister Holmberg was ap- phoreses. Circular forms of DNA can be sepa- pointed as the new professor of Applied Surface rated from linear forms by the circular ones be- Chemistry, an area that has been in demand for a Departments and ing captured on gel fibres, one end of which is free, divisions of the School: long time by industry. Among other things, Akzo while the linear ones pass by. The method is now Analytical and Marine Chemistry Nobel has contributed sek 5 million to this new being developed for the production of the circu- (Chalmers/GU) field of activity. The department has grown con- lar plasmides used in so-called recombinant Physical Chemistry siderably, from three doctoral students at the DNA-technology, where undesired chromosomal Chemical Engineering Design beginning of 1999 to 20 just one year later, includ- DNA is found in linear form. Chemical Reaction Engineering ing several industrial doctoral students at the In another method, the molecules are attached Nuclear Chemistry Chemical Industry Research School. to the gel, which recognises and attaches to DNA Food Science Surface chemistry is vitally important to many in a certain basic sequence (a specific genetic Molecular Biochemistry industrial sectors and the department is conduct- message). The aim is to pick up DNA-molecules Inorganic Chemistry ing research together with a number of chemical, that have undergone a mutation from a mixture Organic Chemistry pharmaceutical, forestry and engineering compa- of molecules of the same size that have not been Polymer Technology nies. A major research area is so-called micro- mutated. Forest Products and Chemical emulsions, which is a system of water-oil-tensides. Engineering With the correct choice of components, it is pos- Chemical Reaction Engineering Chemical Environmental Science sible to obtain micro-emulsions consisting of Within Chemical Reaction Engineering research Applied Surface Chemistry nanometre-size water droplets in oil or the re- is being conducted into the measurement, control Ceramic Technology verse. These small droplets can be used as micro- and regulation of bioreactors. Ethanol production Heat and Power Technology reactors for chemical reactions, e.g. within organic from domestic raw materials is one of the princi- chemistry, where it is possible to achieve a com- pal areas within this field of research. One of the pletely different specificity than in conventional problems encountered in conjunction with the reaction media. They can also be used for fermentation of hydrolysate from wood substrate enzymatic catalysis or to make nano-particles, e.g. is the low fermentability, which is caused by natu- small silver or platinum particles, which are of ral and man-made inhibitors at the hydrolysis interest, among other things, in catalysis. stage. So-called fed-batch technology has been used successfully in fermenting a very strong in- Affinity-based analysis of DNA hibiting substrate, which has not been possible Electrophoreses is a process where negatively- previously without cost-intensive detoxification. MScEng degrees awarded: charged molecules, such as DNA, are allowed to The department has also succeeded in showing Chemical Engineering 83 wander in an electrical field by moving towards that yeast cells themselves can perform detoxifi- Chemical Engineering with the positive electrode. If movement takes place cation by transforming toxic substances into less Engineering Physics 27 through a porous gel, large DNA molecules move harmful substances during fermentation. Trials Research degrees awarded: more slowly than small molecules due to the fil- are in progress to raise the fermentation rate and Licentiates 17 tration effect. This size separation has important ethanol exchange even further with the aid of PhDs 14 bio-technical applications. modified organisms through a collaborative Referee-examined At the Department of Physical Chemistry, project with the Department of Molecular Bio- scientific articles 252 studies are being conducted into how separation Engineering at Chalmers, the University of Agri- Revenue (SEK m) 198 is affected if the gel is modified in such a way that culture in Budapest and Lund University of Number of employees 273 it interacts specifically with the DNA-variant Technology. ◆

A DNA molecule is forced to change its form when it is drawn through a gel with an electrical field. The image sequence is equivalent to 10 seconds. The white scale line is 10 µm.

31 Electrical and Computer Engineering Professor Holger Broman, Dean Microelectronics Mobile Internet use/ Examples from As a result of some eight years of research, a re- Digital radio communication search group at the Department of Microelec- At the Department of Computer Engineering, Departments and tronics has built the most sensitive receiver sys- researchers have developed a method that offers divisions of the School: tem in the world for frequencies in the terahertz a surprisingly good level of performance for dig- Computer Engineering range (wavelengths of just a few hundred ital transmission by radio, e.g. as an extension of Electromagnetics micrometres). This is felt to be of major signifi- the development of the GSM system. The method Antenna Group cance in future radio astronomy space observato- is known as ‘turbo codulation’ after the turbo Computational Group ries, where the system during a given period of principle in an engine, where the power of the Bioelectromagnetic Group time can receive four times as much information. engine is increased by gathering energy from Non-linear Electrodynamics The detectors are manufactured in super-con- emissions. The same principle is now used elec- Transport Theory ducting material with the aid of advanced litho- tronically in a combined decoding/demodulis- Electrical Power Engineering graphic methods, using electrons instead of pho- ation known as ‘codulation’. CPM (Continuous Electrical Power Systems tons during exposure. These allow smaller dimen- Phase Modulation, developed by Professor Tor Electromechanics sions than would otherwise be possible. Aulin back in 1978-79) is used as modulation and High Voltage Engineering At the same department, the HEMT group is already exists in the GSM system. The coding was Power Electronics developing a new type of transistor. It is made of integrated with the modulation through so-called Microelectronics silicon carbide, which has superior heat conduc- interleaves. Essentially, these only carry out a re- Solid State Electronics tivity and can withstand higher temperatures and adjustment of the time sequence of the data to be Photonics tensions than other semi-conductor material. The transmitted. What is remarkable is that it is this Microwave Electronics transistor can therefore handle several times rearrangement in the time sequence of data that Radio and Space Science more output in the microwave field than any provides the excellent end result. The method Signals and Systems other type of transistor. It is predicted this will be means that a very good level of performance (CD Imaging and Image Analysis used extensively in base stations for mobile te- quality) can be obtained in the digital mobile tel- Information Theory lephony and radar, which is naturally of major ephone and Internet products of the future. Communication Systems economic importance. Circuit Design Is the computer quick enough? Medical Electronics Computers are being used more and more for the Control Engineering control and regulation of functions that are Signal Processing safety-critical, e.g. in vehicles. To ensure that calculations are performed within a pre-set time

MSc degrees awarded: framework, such applications are necessary. Electrical Engineering 159 In a research project at the Department of Computer Engineering 82 Computer Engineering, the aim is to produce an automated method for the detailed estimate of Research degrees awarded: the upper limit of the execution time of programs. Licentiates 29 Thomas Lundqvist has produced a method that PhDs 34 makes this possible. Apart from the fact that the Referee-examined scientific articles1 292 method guarantees an upper limit, this limit is in many cases close to the actual limit. Consequently, Revenue (SEK m) 317 fewer resources are required for calculations, Number of employees 372 which reduces the cost of the system. Lundqvist 1 Nine publications are reported has also produced a prototype for his method with by Onsala Space Observatory. which he has convincingly demonstrated the strength of the method. The method has attracted considerable attention in the research world and A cryogenically-cooled, low-noise amplifier developed by the Department of has resulted in publications in a number of pres- Microwave Electronics for the European Space Agency. The amplifier, which works at tigious periodicals and conferences within the a temperature of 77 Kelvin (–196 °C), is used in an instrument that measures the real time system field. ◆ ozone content of the atmosphere from an aircraft flying at a height of 10,000 metres.

32 Mechanical and Vehicular Engineering Professor Lennart Josefson, Dean Industrial Design Engineering ing the year, the project resulted in unique com- Examples from The Industrial Design Engineering programme at mercial software, RD&T (Robust Design & the School of Mechanical and Vehicular Engi- Tolerancing), which has been brought into use by neering is a completely new and for Sweden Departments and the Volvo Car Corporation. The software offers divisions of the School: unique MScEng programme that combines stud- support to achieve robust product and process Mechatronics ies in basic sciences (mathematics and mechanics) solutions in early design phases that can with- Energy Engineering and mechanical engineering with studies in de- stand variation in individual manufacturing proc- Solid Mechanics sign, ergonomics, man-machine interaction, infor- esses without jeopardising the quality or function Naval Architecture and mation technology (IT), design methodology and of the end product. The Volvo Car Corporation Ocean Engineering integrated product development (IPD). The aim intends to use this aid to reduce the need for Machine and Vehicle Design of the new programme is to train MScEng stu- physical prototypes and pre-series, which should Mechanics dents in such a way that they acquire a holistic result in the production time for new, models Engineering Metals view of the product design and manufacturing being shortened considerably. Polymeric Materials process and that they combine good knowledge Production Engineering in engineering design and industrial design as well New casting and sintering methods Electronics Production as in production engineering with a creative ap- A European research project within the EU’s Thermo and Fluid Dynamics proach to their work and the knowledge of how fourth framework programme, with Chalmers as products are to be designed to suit human condi- the co-ordinator, is being run together with the tions. Swedish Ceramics Institute, two foreign univer- Demand for places on this new programme is sities (Dresden and Madrid) and industrial com- extremely high. Prior to the start in autumn 1999 panies (Höganäs AB and Sintermetal S.A.). there were over 17 first-option applicants per Within the project, a new form of environmen- study place – the second highest level of applica- tally-friendly powder metallurgical casting and tions per place for all MScEng programmes in the sintering technology is being developed for the country. production of steel products.

3D Tolerance Management Fatigue properties of welded, At the Department of Machine and Vehicle De- high-alloy stainless steel sign, a collaborative project is in progress involv- In a TFR-supported project, closely related to the ing Chalmers, IVF and the Volvo Car Corpora- company Avesta-Sheffield AB, the Department tion, the aim being to minimise the effects of geo- of Engineering Metals has studied structural metric variation in assembled products. The changes and resulting fatigue characteristics of project is being run under the name “3D Toler- welded, high-alloy super-austenitic stainless steel. ance Management” and is part of the NUTEK pro- This material has extremely good corrosion prop- gramme “IT in the manufacturing industry”. Dur- erties and it has high potential mechanically. ◆

MScEng Degrees awarded: Mechanical Engineering 168 Automation Engineering 38

Research degrees awarded: Licentiates 33 PhDs 13

Referee-examined scientific articles 197

Revenue (SEK m) 248 Number of employees 306

Simulation of geometric variation in the program RD&T.

33 MScEng degrees awarded: Civil Engineering 107

Research degrees awarded: Licentiates 12 PhDs 18

Civil Referee-examined scientific articles 166

Revenue (SEK m) 170 Engineering Number of employees 245 Professor Gunnar Gustafson, Dean The School is running an active educational de- simulations based on the so-called finite element Examples from velopment programme. With the students’ learn- method and experimentally-produced data. It has ing in focus, two part-time teaching supervisors been shown that planks from different parts of a Departments and are involved in course development and peda- log are deformed in different ways during the divisions of the School: gogical skills development. The idea is to create drying process. Computer simulations have also Building Economics a teaching team for each course, which is then been performed on glued timber products with a Building Physics offered an introduction to learning, teaching ob- different orientation of the parts. These studies Building Materials jectives, methodology, examinations and so on. have generated new knowledge that is opening up Building Technology The supervisor acts as a sounding board and fol- new potential in the timber engineering industry Structural Mechanics lows the teaching team from the planning stage to overcome the problems of inadequate shape Geology through to the follow-up of the course, offering stability. Geotechnical Engineering evaluation, support and stimulation. The work is Building Services Engineering also evaluated on an ongoing basis with the stu- Simulation of building constructions Structural Engineering dents. Through this process, pedagogical aware- in the VR-cube Concrete Structures ness and interest on the part of the teachers has The Department of Structural Mechanics, in col- Steel and Timber Structures been increased and the quality of the teaching has laboration with the Chalmers Medialab, has de- Applied Acoustics been improved. veloped a VR-model of the Uddevalla Bridge in Technical Environmental the Medialab’s VR-cube system. Based on a Planning Shape-stable timber CAD-model of the bridge and a subsequent finite Hydraulics To meet the demands of the market and to be in element simulation of the bridge’s mechanical Sanitary Engineering a better position to compete with alternative con- behaviour, a complete virtual environment has Road and Traffic Planning struction materials, the timber engineering indus- been created. The users can move freely in the try must meet quality requirements in terms of virtual world to study both design details and the durability, rigidity and shape stability. It is often results of the FE-analysis. The image below shows drying deformation of the timber that is the big- surfaces on the same tension level in a bridge gest problem, depending on the free and tension- pylon. Studies in a virtual environment can lead affected shrinkage features of the wood. This to a better understanding of the physical behav- problem has been studied at the Department iour of the bridge and in the future will be an in- of Structural Mechanics with the evitable simulation aid in an optimised adaptive aid of computer design process. ◆

Planks taken near the Surfaces with the same tension level in a bridge pylon. pith of the log have a tendency to bend.

Examples of glued planks that are more shape-stable.

34 Technology Management and Economics Professor Anders Vedin, Dean School of Entrepreneurship a success The first ten company doctoral students were Examples from The Chalmers School of Entrepreneurship (CE) recruited in autumn 1998 and they all had in com- is a one-year concluding specialisation that is mon the fact that they were leaders/managers at Departments available as an option on all MScEng courses. It their companies at the time they took their PhD. of the School: includes courses, projects and degree projects Despite being part-time graduate students they Operations Management and under ‘entrepreneurial’ forms with the aim of pro- followed the normal study rate during their first Work Organisation viding the students with a base for starting their academic year, which means that they took 35 Economics and Management within Medical Technology own company. CE has been run with NUTEK and points and produced their first scientific article. Ergonomics Chalmers as financiers during the period 1997-99. This has been possible through the fact that the Industrial Dynamics The results were extremely positive, with a total graduate programme was run on a workshop Industrial Quality Development of 45 students receiving unique training in entre- basis and that a course in entrepreneurship at the Industrial Marketing preneurship. Almost ten companies have been University of California in San Diego took place Industrial Management founded, of which several have already passed the during the summer. and Economics initial so-called seed capital stage. Through the in- During 2000, a further ten doctoral students Innovation Engineering jection of venture capital they have acquired a from four companies will be admitted onto the and Management good capital base. The working methods and the integrated research and management develop- Human Centered Technology teaching methods on which CE is based have in- ment programme, run under the heading “Execu- Project Management spired other universities to take similar initiatives tive PhD”. The demand for places is considerable Service Management and start their own schools of entrepreneurship. and almost half the applicants are from abroad, Technology and Society which means that the next doctoral student group Transportation and Logistics Training of future corporate leaders will receive their training in English with a more The FENIX company graduate school and re- distinct international orientation. search programme is a national investment area, The FENIX programme and its graduate which over a six-year period will educate 20 doc- school attracted attention both nationally and toral students to meet the need for future leaders internationally during the first full operating year, in industry. The programme carries on research among other things at the Academy of Manage- and training under the banner “Business Creation ment Associations’ annual conference, the Nordic through Knowledge Creation”, which means that conference on Future Creative Research Envi- both company graduate students and researchers ronments and at a couple of SNS national run projects dealing with innovative, entrepre- conferences. ◆ neurial processes, the organisation and management of industrial R&D projects and knowledge enhancement and teaching in temporary working forms.

MScEng degrees awarded: Industrial Engineering and Management 79

Research degrees awarded: Licentiates 8 PhDs 2

Referee-examined scientific articles 58

Revenue (SEK m) 98 Number of employees 129

The School of Entrepreneurship’s third and largest group of students to date. 18 students began in autumn 1999. Photograph: Sofia Sabel

35 New urban life along the northern bank of the river. A proposal for a public area and places in the knowledge city of the future. Student project by Olga Romanov.

Architecture Professor Hans Bjur, Dean

Examples from

Departments and divisions of the School:

Architectural design Workspace Design The knowledge city’s Interactive City – a new design studio Theory and History of Architecture architecture and identity The Interactive City design studio was set up Housing Design The city of Göteborg is going through a period of during the year. This is the first of seven develop- Architecture transformation and the town is gradually seeking ment studios planned to date within the new Facilities management a new identity. New knowledge areas, such as in- Chalmers focal area of Innovative Design, led by Design Laboratory formation technology, are key renewal forces. the School of Architecture. Interactive City is Design Computing Knowledge development takes place where the being run as a collaborative project involving the Building Design interaction between people and activities is high School of Architecture, the Chalmers Medialab, Structural Design and where the environment stimulates meetings Engineering Physics and the Arts Faculty at Conservation of Buildings and Areas and creativity. Both the older knowledge institu- Göteborg University. During 1999, work focused Theoretical and Applied Aesthetics tions (universities, colleges and institutions) and completely on the extensive millennium project Building Design and Construction the new knowledge companies are looking for “Time Document”, which was run by Chalmers in Urban Design and Planning their space, locations and contexts in a city that co-operation with a number of external parties. Urban Design offers such qualities. Architecture and urban de- The aim of a development studio is to develop Urban Transport Planning sign have been brought into focus. future-oriented systems, products and environ- During the past year, issues relating to the new ments by capitalising on the leading edge exper- architecture of the information and knowledge tise available at Chalmers within different engi- city have been chosen as a general and common neering fields and then combining this innovative, theme, which will be dealt with initially by teach- artistic capacity with skills and resources outside ers and students in the fourth year of the MArch Chalmers. A studio of this nature is given a lim- programme. Different programmes are being ited theme (approximately five years), which in- implemented within this theme: cludes a number of sub-projects. The aim is to • The nature of space involve around ten engineers, architects, design- Degrees awarded: • Interconnected Implants (catalysers, strategic ers, artists, sociologists and behavioural scientists. MArch 43 activities) The group is put together based on the selected Licentiates 3 • Reconstruction, transformation, and theme. A development studio is intended prima- PhDs 0 complementing of older industrial buildings rily for research, graduate courses, students work- Referee-examined • Architects’ theories ing on their degree theses and specialists from scientific articles 30 The aim is that the selected theme will in time also industry, although in time the idea is that activi- Revenue (SEK m) 85 permeate other parts of the programme and be- ties should penetrate more deeply into the under- Number of employees 115 come the subject of research and PhD theses. graduate programmes. ◆

The Innovative Design study.

Photo and composition: Susanne Orwar 36 Environmental Sciences Professor Oliver Lindqvist, Dean Long-term resource studies The environment from above Examples from Environmental problems present far-reaching Forests have an important role to play in the car- demands for a change in our use of energy and bon balance and are therefore of importance to materials. These issues are studied at the Depart- the global greenhouse effect as forests store car- Graduate schools ment of Physical Resource Theory. Studies have bon in the form of biomass. The potential to meas- Sustainable Cities shown that through the increased use of renew- ure changes in the forest biomass is therefore vital Atmosphere and Environment able energy, carbon dioxide emissions in Sweden in aiding our understanding of the importance of Sustainable Industrial Metabolism can in time be reduced by 75% – at the same time forests to the global climate. that welfare can be improved. The Remote Sensing Group at the Depart- Other studies have focused more closely on ment of Radio and Space Science are working on new requirements and demands for materials that models to interpret image information from sat- can arise if a major change in the energy system ellites and aircraft and the development of tech- takes place, e.g. the need for metals for solar cells nology to measure forest biomass, which can be or batteries for cars powered by electricity as well exemplified with the two pictures below. The as the demands that must be made on agricultural aerial photograph to the left provides details our land for the cultivation of bio-energy. In the lat- eyes are used to interpreting. In this picture it is ter study, a greatly increased demand for bio-en- easy to distinguish forest areas, although one can- ergy throughout the world is shown to be push- not see the biomass of the forest. FOA in Lin- ing up food prices generally, which will probably köping has developed an aircraft-borne sensor, have negative implications, particularly for the CARABAS, which makes use of low frequencies Affiliated to the School of poor in the Third World cities. (20-90 MHz), that penetrate the crowns of the Environmental Sciences: The department of Physical Resource Theory trees and are affected by trunks and large at Chalmers: has also developed a model to monitor quality branches. In the CARABAS image to the right, it Teachers and researchers 93 Doctoral students 37 losses in the industrial ecocycle of aluminium. The is difficult to distinguish details but it can be aim is for the model to be used to find strategies shown that the signal is proportional to the vol- at Göteborg University: for more efficient recycling. ume of the trees and therefore to the bio-mass. ◆ Teachers and researchers 101 Doctoral students 51

An aerial photograph shows details that our eyes The CARABAS picture provides information about are used to interpreting. (Photo: VTT, Finland) the trees’ volume and therefore the biomass.

37 Chalmers Lindholmen University College Professor Bernt Rönnäng, President On July 1, 1999, the subsidiary company Chalmers students from the Computer Engineering Pro- Lindholmen University College AB was founded gramme graduated. Plans are in place for two new with the aim of providing a platform from which BScEng Programmes – Business Development Departments at Engineering and Maritime Programmes can en- and Entrepreneurship Within the Construction Chalmers Lindholmen joy a unique degree of independence within the Industry, and Mechatronic Engineering - both of Applied Building and Chalmers organisation. This position of freedom which are due to start in the year 2000. Civil Engineering thus enables these programmes to develop their A great deal of work is being done to encour- Chemical Engineering own goals, by their own efforts, in order to achieve age pedagogical discussion and development at Electrical and Computer Engineering a standard of excellence both within Sweden and Chalmers Lindholmen and this has resulted in Mechanical Engineering the global academic community. increased interaction between the departments. Language and Communication Activities at Chalmers Lindholmen are cen- This is exemplified by the course “Project Ori- Mathematics tred on the following areas: ented Industrial Construction”. In this course, School of Maritime Studies • The School of Engineering – charged with the mechanical engineering students prepare a pro- task of developing both BScEng Programmes duction plan and act as the “client” while students and engineering preparatory studies at the Department of Applied Building and Civil (foundation year). Programmes and specialisations Engineering plan and “deliver” an industrial • The School of Maritime Studies – dedicated BSc degrees in building. The aim of the course is therefore to to supplying the skills and professional improve the students’ overall understanding of an Building and Civil Engineering expertise required by the Swedish shipping industrial construction project. Chemical Engineering industry. Another example of cross-departmental co- Electrical Engineering • The School of Continuing and Professional Computer Engineering Studies – working towards supplying industry operation is that between the Department of Mechanical Engineering with the latest developments and skill Language and Communication and the Depart- requirements in their respective fields, ment of Applied Building and Civil Engineering. Maritime Studies through a strong commitment to continuing A degree project, based on an assignment from BSc in Nautical Science professional development programmes. the Swedish International Development Author- BSc in Marine Engineering • R&D competence centres – involved in ity (SIDA), dealt with road safety in Cambodia University Diploma in developing research through co-operation and was written in English by two Chalmers with companies in research and development Marine Engineering Lindholmen students. This project highlights the projects. Nautical Science continuing efforts to internationalize Chalmers Control and Maintenance Engineering Lindholmen’s education. Changing BScEng Programmes Applied Industrial Manufacturing During the autumn of 1999, work commenced The three-year BScEng programmes are being Applied Building Engineering on the creation of a new Mentor Programme for constantly developed to adapt to the needs of Diploma in Control and all students. The mentors’ responsibilities involve Maintenance Engineering industry and society. During the year, the first supervising the progress of students, encouraging and guiding them through the course programme of their choice, with each individual student’s educational background and needs in mind.

Expansion of facilities at Chalmers Lindholmen, here illustrated by the new building ‘Jupiter’. Photo Lennart Larsson. 38 Quality assurance of New R&D competence centre maritime programmes The Chalmers Waterjet Lab (CWL) competence The task of quality-assuring the Maritime Pro- centre was founded during the year to conduct grammes is an ongoing process and the system is commissioned applied research combined with Total number of degrees awarded 408 currently being reviewed to reflect the School’s subject monitoring and training in the field of framework, objectives and strategy more clearly. waterjet processing. Operations are characterised BScEng degrees (80-120 points): The system will later be reviewed by the National by their breadth and include internationally rec- Engineering Maritime Administration. Alongside this, the pro- ognised skills within a number of waterjet programmes 245 grammes within maritime studies will be broad- CWL processing applications. conducts extensive Master Mariner ened, in order to offer an MScEng degree. Re- commissioned research for industry. programme 42 search into logistics and maritime safety has been During 1999, CWL took part in the RACER re- Marine Engineering initiated. search programme, financed by NUTEK and programme 14 Courses for experienced naval officers are seven participating companies. Work done within Other programmes 107 being developed following the revised STCW the framework of RACER is focused on develop- Convention. During the autumn, a new course ing the cutting process to achieve a higher cutting Referee-examined scientific articles 21 was run in Crisis Management (STCW A-V/2,5) speed and improved productivity. The potential to Revenue (SEK m) 145 aimed at providing both knowledge of safety or- establish a standard for generated section sur- Number of employees 157 ganisation on board and training in the manage- faces is also being studied. ment of such an organisation. The course also aims to train the participants in handling crisis Major investments in new equipment situations with a clear understanding of human In October 1999, Chalmers Lindholmen opened behaviour in crises and under stress. a new visualisation studio, equipped with a ‘visionarium’ and computers for presentations in School of Continuing and Virtual Reality. The studio also has facilities for Professional Studies – a resource for alternative teaching. Apart from computers, it industry in the Göteborg region also has a drawing board so that the students Chalmers Lindholmen is expanding its commis- themselves can choose the presentation method sioned course programmes to meet the constantly for their projects. Presentations by Chalmers growing and changing demands placed on profes- Lindholmen students were made at the inaugura- sionals working in industry. This venture is real- tion. ised by the School of Continuing and Professional During the year, the equipment at the College Studies, which develops courses run in close co- of Maritime Studies was supplemented with a operation with industry. The turnover for these modern Transas (TGS-2000) communication ra- commissioned courses in 1999 was sek 5 million. dio simulator. This meant that an update was The Development, Product and Process De- made to match the standard on board modern partment (PUU) at Volvo Car Corporation and vessels. The simulator is adapted to new, interac- Chalmers Lindholmen have entered into a gen- tive technology, which, according to the STCW eral agreement governing in-service training and Convention, is required on maritime courses. ◆ advanced course programmes for PUU. The agreement means, among other things, that Chalmers Lindholmen will take an active part in discussions that determine the skills required within the Development, Product and Process Department. The assignment also includes developing and running these courses. Discussions are currently taking place that could result in similar arrangements at several other companies.

39 Microtechnology Centre Professor Olof Engström, Director

New centre The astonishingly rapid development of the build- around 200 people at the university working in ing blocks of information technology and the microtechnology, mainly at the Schools of Elec- knowledge that presupposes such advances is in trical and Computer Engineering and Physics and the process of changing the world as we know it. Engineering Physics. Internationally, their com- Despite its already impressive growth, Microelec- bined knowledge is virtually unique. Operations The centre will compete on tronics – the cornerstone of information technol- cover all the main lines of international research commercial terms on the ogy – is still only at the beginning of its develop- and several research groups are involved in inter- international market. ment curve. It is forecast that the influence of national, cutting edge research within their spe- information technology within all areas of society cialist fields. The scope of this presents strategic will continue. As a field of engineering and sci- advantages that will be utilised within the new or- ence, the significance of microelectronics in our ganisation that is currently emerging. time can be likened to thermodynamics and elec- In March 1997, the construction of a new trodynamics in the development of railways, elec- building commenced to bring all microtechnology trical energy, telephony and radio in the last cen- activities at Chalmers under one roof. The build- tury. ing is now almost finished and equipment is being installed in preparation for the official opening in the summer of 2000. The investment is worth a total of sek 800 million and is one of the biggest strategic investments ever made at Chalmers. The new building has total floor space of 25,000 m 2 and contains offices, laboratories and two clean rooms – one 1,000 m2 and the other 230 m 2. The large clean room will be one of the best-equipped process laboratories in the world linked to a university. Activities in the process laboratory will reflect what is currently taking place in the research world, including silicon- based components, opto-components and opto- systems, components for high-speed electronics, superconducting and quantum-based structures, molecular structures, liquid crystals and theoretical work in conjunction with all these areas. To organise this new unit, a new research centre was created in spring 1999 – the Micro- technology Centre at Chalmers (MC2). The task of the Centre is to develop the new research resources and create optimal conditions for re- A new type of laser diode, a so-called Microtechnology in the Chalmers’ sense is the search within microtechnology. Towards the end vertical cavity laser (VCSEL), which knowledge that forms the basis for materials, of 2000, 16 people will be employed at MC2. emits light from the surface of the components and systems for the collection, man- The research personnel will continue to belong to chip. This is made of the semi- agement, transport and presentation of informa- their current schools, although research leaders conducting material InGaIP, which tion. Electronics is a central part of operations, will take part in the joint development of micro- emits red light. Conventional laser diodes emit light from the edge of alongside key sub-areas such as optics, mechan- technology through the MC2 management the chip. VCSELs are of considerable ics and nano-engineering. At present, there are group. ◆ interest in data communication using optic fibres, in local networks, in automobiles etc. The project is part of the SSF photonics programme.

40 Onsala Space Observatory Professor Roy Booth, Director Onsala Space Observatory is the Swedish Na- The shell of Examples from tional Facility for Radio Astronomy and operates molecule gas two telescopes at Onsala and a third, in collabo- around the evolved star U ration with the European Southern Observatory, Referee-examined Camelopardalis, scientific articles 46 on their Chilean site of La Silla at an altitude of 19x19 Revenue (SEK m) 35 2,300 m. milliarcseconds. Number of employees 49 The Atacama Large Millimetre Array, ALMA During the past year, the ALMA project has been defined as a European-US collaboration to build an array of 64 x 12m diameter telescopes on the How stars escape from galaxies high, dry plateau, Llano de Chajnantor at an alti- As well as making observations, Onsala astrono- A map of the galaxy M51 has tude of 5,000 m in the Chilean Andes. The array mers simulate galaxy evolution in large comput- been imaged by an Onsala will operate in the wavelength range 3.5 mm to ers. Simulations of stellar orbits in barred spiral astronomer, in collaboration 350 microns, giving a maximum resolution better galaxies have shown how mass is relocated within with a German colleague, from observations with one of today’s than 10 milliarcseconds. Onsala scientists and a galaxy. In some cases, stars can even be thrown most important millimetre arrays engineers, who have been involved in the project out from their parent galaxy. This might explain in California. It shows the central definition from the outset, are now heavily in- where the newly discovered intergalactic stars region of the galaxy in great volved in the phase 1 programme, with a special come from. ◆ detail. The molecules follow interest in site validation, array configuration, closely the optical spiral arms receiver design, software design and the science but trace the regions where new advisory committee. stars are forming. ALMA will Because millimetre telescopes are able to de- enable this map to be made with tect emission from dust and molecules in regions twenty times the detail. that are optically obscured, the ALMA array will be an important complement to the ESO Very Large Telescope in Chile, and the Hubble Space Telescope. It will detect galaxies that are forming in the early Universe as well as stars and their planets that are forming in the Milky Way.

The young detached CO shell around U Camelopardalis Studies of individual stars with interferometers are also of great interest. The picture above is an image of a shell around an evolved star observed with the IRAM Plateau de Bure interferometer in France. The image shows the remarkable CO radio line brightness distribution towards the carbon star U Camelopardalis. The morphology suggests that it may fit into a scenario in which a rapid expansion has taken place in the outer shell of the star caused by a triple alpha reaction - 3 helium atoms collide simultaneously in the very dense core, causing a sudden increase in temperature. The three helium nuclei are transformed into carbon in the reaction. This is known as a helium flash and causes the star to become unstable and lose mass explosively.

41 Information in words, images and sound

Within the EU project DEDICATE (1998-99) Information services Chalmers Library Chalmers Library provides library and informa- Chalmers Library, as the co-ordinator, together tion services within engineering and natural sci- with three partners, offered distance learning in Local loans 46 412 ences, primarily for researchers, students and information literacy for five universities of tech- Distance loans/copies 28 527 employees at Chalmers and the Faculty of Science nology in Eastern and Central Europe. Into Info Participants, was used as a basic tool in the project, which pro- information at Göteborg University. The library also serves retrieval courses 2 915 customers within the public sector and industry as duced very good results and interesting experi- New books purchased 1 989 well as members of the general public. The library ence in distance learning methodology and was ◆ Periodical endeavours to offer as many of the library func- much appreciated internationally. subscriptions 1 900 tions as possible at each workplace on the Chalm- Electronic, full-text periodicals through ers campus through the university computer net- the Chalmers network 2 138 work. This range is supplemented with an efficient Chalmers Medialab Electronic databases library service in the central library building. Chalmers Medialab is a centre that was started in through the The library changed the library computer sys- 1997. Its primary task is, through multi-discipli- Chalmers network 102 tem and now has an extremely modern system, in- nary research and education within digital media, Number of employees 73 cluding a Web interface. At the end of the year, the to actively and dynamically work to ensure that library was able to offer 2,138 periodicals in dig- Chalmers’ educational, learning and research ob- ital form, of which around 1,200 are of core inter- jectives are achieved. est to Chalmers’ operations. In September 1999, the Multimedia Develop- ment Team (MDT) was set up, charged with the Information literacy task of supporting the development of digital Information literacy is knowledge about the li- media involvement in learning and knowledge brary information that is available and relevant processes. to research or studies and the capacity to search, find and handle this information efficiently. Visualisation Chalmers Library identified at an early stage The Immersive Space Laboratory has one of the the need to make instructions and guides in infor- most powerful systems in Europe for interactive mation literacy available on the Net. This was the visualisation. From the beginning in 1998, the lab background to the EU project EDUCATE (1994- quickly developed into a meeting point for a large 97), which resulted in the Into Info product. Into number of research projects being run within the Info was subsequently developed at Chalmers Li- field of virtual reality (VR) at Chalmers, Göte- brary and today it includes nine different mod- borg University and in industry. The projects in- ules. Universities throughout the world can use clude Collaborative Virtual Reality, the Human Into Info on a licence basis and at the end of 1999, Being in Virtual Environments, Learning in New Into Info was in use in 28 countries. Media and Visual Supercomputing.

Virtual acoustics An advanced sound studio has been completed for research and education in interactive sound as well as music compositions for multimedia pro- ductions and VR applications for Medialab’s 3D- cube, the Internet and film/video. The integration of film and sound systems in the Medialab’s 3D- cube is unique and offers a world-class system. ◆

A virtual organ, developed in the multi- disciplinary EU project ORSEV. Using the model, it is possible to visualise and simulate acoustics and airflows and, of course, play the organ. Pictured is an air pressure visualisation.

42 People with knowledge

The total number of employees at Chalmers as of Management development Chalmers perso December 31, 1999 was 2,580 or 2,482 calculated As part of ongoing operational development, ‘tai- as full-time positions. There is also the subsidiary lored’ management development programmes company Chalmers University of Technology have been produced for central administration Properties AB, with 10 full-time employees. This and at a number of the schools. Two management Year AEDF I K MMDVTotal means there has been an increase of 169 full-time programmes on the theme of personal leadership 00 2 positions since last year, of which 133 are teach- were arranged during the year to increase contact 01 10 ing and research staff and the remainder techni- between schools as well as management staff 02 5 cal and administrative personnel. The teaching networks at Chalmers. The President has com- 03 5 and research staff account for 65 per cent of the menced a series of round table discussions with 04 7 05 personnel, which is up slightly on last year. The the heads of department to examine the current 5 06 9 gender breakdown in this group is 82 per cent situation and discuss the future role of the head 07 5 men and 18 per cent women, which remains un- of department. 08 15 changed compared with 1998. The development programme, which focuses mainly on the management of temporary organi- 09 8 Recruitment sations such as centres of excellence and strate- Total 4 13 13 976 11 8 71

The pressure of applications for many positions gic programmes, continued during the year. A Retirements up to was high, particularly for administrative and tech- two-day research organisation conference was the year 2009: professors. nical positions. During 1999, 217 job advertise- run at the beginning of the year and a number of ments appeared in the newspapers and on the follow-up seminars took place during the spring. Internet. 110 people applied for the twelve pro- This resulted in the presentation during the au- fessorships that were advertised, compared with tumn of a plan of action for managers at the cen-

81 applicants for eight positions last year, which tres of excellence/foundation projects and a Women Men generally means no change in the volume of ap- project manager programme. plications. A total of 641 applications were re- 0 200 400 600 ceived for the 125 doctoral student positions. The Equality Professors with a chair corresponding figure for 1998 was 160 positions Chalmers’ ambition is to integrate equality into Professors and 439 applicants. This marks a distinct improve- the operational development of schools and de- Associate professors Lecturers ment in the recruitment situation. The pressure of partments. During the year, the schools set up Assistant professors local interaction groups, made up of representa- applications at certain schools, however, is still University lecturers tives from all areas, through which operational low. Engineering lecturers issues, equality and the working environment are Doctoral students Environmental management system dealt with as a totality. The School of Physics and Others teaching/researching During 1999, Chalmers commenced work on in- Engineering Physics is currently working on a Technical & maintenance personnel troducing an environmental management system work evaluation project to support skills develop- Administrative personnel to implement the environment and sustainability ment and ultimately an equal pay structure. The 0 200 400 600 policy signed in January 1999. Among other mentor programme for female doctoral students Division of personnel things, an examination was made of all the envi- has been run for the fifth time. A résumé of last categories at Chalmers (number). ronmental aspects of the School of Chemical year’s mentor programme highlighted career In addidtion there are 31 part- Engineering. This school will shortly present a planning within the academic world as well as time adjunct professors. series of objectives and will formulate a plan of issues related to the supervision of doctoral action to determine how these objectives are to students. ◆ be fulfilled. To achieve this, and to have an efficient environmental management system in place before the end of 2002, the same process will commence at all the Chalmers schools and units during 2000.

43 New professors

Mathematics Mats Andersson (b. 1957), Professor of Mathematics since April 1, 1999.

Mats History of Technology Andersson Bengt Berglund (b. 1947), Professor of the History of Technology since March 1, 1999.

Total Quality Management Bo Bergman (b. 1943), SKF Professor of Total Quality Management since March 1, 1999. Lennart Josefson Mathematical Building Physics Johan Claesson (b. 1943), Professor of Bengt Mathematical Building Physics since Berglund June 1, 1998.

Biotechnology Lena Gustafsson (b. 1949), Professor of Biotechnology since April 1, 1999.

Chemical Engineering Anders Kinnander Said Irandoust (b. 1960 in Tabriz, Azerbajdzan, Iran), Professor of Chemical Engineering since Bo January 1, 1999. Since March 1, 1999, he has Bergman been Chalmers vice president with specific responsibility for undergraduate programmes.

Solid Mechanics Lennart Josefson (b. 1954), Professor of Solid Mechanics since January 1, 1999. Since 1998, he has been Dean of the School of Mechanical and Vehicular Engineering. Uta Klement Johan Manufacturing Systems Claesson Anders Kinnander (b. 1950), Professor of Manufacturing Systems since March 1, 1999.

Materials Science Uta Klement (b. 1962 in Kassel, Germany), Professor of Materials Science with an emphasis on electron microscopy since October 1, 1999.

Mendel Kleiner Applied Acoustics Lena Gustafsson Mendel Kleiner (b. 1946), Professor of Applied Acoustics since July 1, 1999.

Automation Bengt Lennartson (b. 1956), Professor of Automation since January 1, 1999.

Said Irandoust Bengt Lennartson

44 new knowledge

Electronics Production Johan Liu (b. 1960 in Shan Dong, China), Professor of Electronics Production since April 1, 1999. Flemming Norrgren Traffic Safety Per Lövsund (b. 1948), Professor of Traffic Safety since April 1, 1999.

Mathematical Statistics Jacques de Maré (b. 1944), Professor of Johan Liu Mathematical Statistics since April 1, 1999.

Sustainable Aquatic Systems Greg Morrison (b. 1960 in Hextable, England), Mikael Professor of Sustainable Aquatic Systems since Rigdahl September 1, 1999.

Mathematical Statistics Olle Nerman (b. 1951), Professor of Mathematical Statistics since April 1, 1999. Per Lövsund Project Management Flemming Norrgren (b. 1951), Professor of Project Management since April 1, 1999. Grigori Rozenblioum Engineering Polymers Mikael Rigdahl (b. 1950), Professor of Engineering Polymers since August 1, 1999.

Mathematics, specialising in spectral theory Grigori Rozenblioum (b. 1948 in Leningrad Jacques (St. Petersburg), Russia), Professor of é de Mar Mathematics since February 1, 1999.

Computing Science Mary Sheeran (b. 1959 in Dublin, Ireland), Mary Sheeran Professor of Computing Science since April 1, 1999.

Dependable and Robust Real Time Systems Neeraj Suri (b. 1963 in New Delhi, India), has held the so-called SAAB professorship in Dependable and Robust Real Time Systems at the Department of Computer Engineering Greg Morrison since July 1, 1999. Neeraj Suri

Forest Products and Chemical Engineering Hans Theliander (b. 1956), Professor of Forest Products and Chemical Engineering since April 1, 1999.

Olle Nerman Hans Theliander

45 The physical environment

Chalmers’ growing operations are also creating a ratory will continue through to the opening in the Buildings and premises need for new buildings and changes and adapta- summer of 2000. tions to existing buildings. This applies to both the In May, an extension to the Chemical Engi- Chalmers area in central Göteborg and Chalmers neering building commenced and will include a Lindholmen. Chalmers aims to create a university study centre, cafe, advanced IT-based teaching area with a good international reputation extend- studios and lecture theatres. The total floor space ing from the north bank of the river, through the is 3,000 m 2 and will be opened in autumn 2000. centre of Göteborg and the central Chalmers area During the autumn, the so-called OM form out to Sahlgrenska Hospital. project at the School of Mechanical and Vehicu- The construction plans for the coming three lar Engineering was completed. 1,000 m2 of years include extra floor space of 60,000 m2, at bright, modern areas for studying and socialising acost of sek 1,200 million. The total area at the are now ready to receive the students, who initi- end of the year was 222,000 m 2. Rental costs rose ated and ran the project themselves. from sek 255 million to sek 270 million. With the aim of improving conditions for the Alongside projects already in progress, several Electrical Engineering and the Computer Science projects, varying in size, were started during the and Engineering students, the construction of year. what is known as ‘the lens’ commenced during the Modern premises and attractive study and summer. The 4,000 m2 building includes a cafe, research environments are important to Chalm- library and study facilities. ers in its endeavour to attract the best teachers, Construction of the new Student Union build- researchers and students. The provision of building and main entrance commenced in February. ings at Chalmers has developed into an increas- Work has proceeded according to plan and the ingly complex process. To assure this process, building is expected to be completed in January responsibility for ownership, planning, produc- 2001. tion and administration of the University’s build- Chalmers Lindholmen is continuing to grow. ings was transferred on July 1, 1999 to a subsidi- During the autumn, the construction of the new ary, Chalmers University of Technology Proper- Jupiter block commenced. Buildings with a total ties AB. floor space of 8,000 m 2 will be ready by autumn next year. Chalmers’ involvement in Lindholmen Renovation, reconstruction and was further consolidated by Chalmers University new construction of Technology Properties AB acquiring the build- At the Vasa area, a 15,000 m2 reconstruction ings that were previously rented by Chalmers. project was started in 1999 on Buildings 2 and 3, A further 30,000 m2 of reserve land were pur- alongside the construction of an atrium between chased for future expansion. the two buildings. Other smaller projects are also in progress on the same site. External environment The construction of a new Microtechnology An overview of the Chalmers area’s external Centre is proceeding according to plan. The build- environment has commenced to develop Chalm- ing is virtually complete, although extra work on ers into a modern campus that meets present-day the interior and equipping the clean room labo- environmental and functional requirements. ◆

46 Chalmers Management

Board of Directors, Chalmers University of Technology AB From the left: Mauritz Sahlin, Director – Christian Högfors, Employee Representative, SACO – Bengt Halse, Director, Saab AB – Maria Alm, former chairwoman, Student Union – Conny Sjöström, Employee Representative, SEKO – Ann-Sofie Sandberg, Professor, Chalmers – Bert-Inge Hogsved, Director, Hogia AB – Björn Svedberg, PhD, Chairman – Jan-Eric Sundgren, President, Professor – Andreas Eklöf, Student Union Chairman – Solveig Lindström, Municipal Commissioner, Göteborg – Anders Olausson, Employee Representative, ST – Mårten Carlsson, Deputy Chairman, Professor, SLU – Peter Jagers, Professor, Chalmers – Magnus Holmström, Student Union Education Committee – Mattias Olofsson, Doctoral Students Association.

Missing: Agneta Granberg, Municipal Commissioner, Göteborg.

University Management Group Professor Bo Egardt has The group consists of thirteen members and is been appointed Pro- made up of the President, Pro-President, Vice President and Professor President, the nine deans and the President of Said Irandoust Vice President. Chalmers Lindholmen.

Central Management Group The group has fourteen members and is made up of the President, Pro-President, Vice President, two Presidential Advisors, the seven departmental heads for Administration, Human Resources, Education, R&D Planning, International, IT, Public Relations, the Library Director and the President of Chalmers University of Technology Properties AB. ◆

47 Chalmers University of Technology AB Reg. no. 556479-5598 Financial report

Ownership The Group The Chalmers University of Technology Founda- The Group includes the parent company, Chalm- tion holds all the shares in the company. Accord- ers University of Technology AB (Chalmers), and ing to the Foundation Ordinance, the Foundation the following subsidiaries and second-tier sub- is not permitted to dispose of these shares. The sidiaries Chalmers University of Technology Foundation • Chalmers Lindholmen University College AB. has issued an irrevocable capital cover guarantee • Chalmers University of Technology to the benefit of the company. This was expanded Properties AB with the subsidiaries during the year by sek 100 million, which means – Chalmers University of Technology that the capital guarantee at the end of the year Properties Lindholmen AB, and was sek 300 million. The guarantee was invoked – Emils Kårhus AB. during 1999 in conjunction with a directed share • AB Chalmersinvest with issue worth sek 45 million. The guarantee has now the dormant subsidiary Elsago AB. been utilised up to sek 130 million. The remain- All companies in the Group are wholly-owned. ing framework of the guarantee is thus sek 170 million. This should be borne in mind when as- sessing the company’s financial position and equity at the year-end.

Profit and loss account Group Parent company

Total income (KSEK) 1999 1998 1999 1998 Net income 1 835 837 1 678 369 1 763 724 1 678 019 Other operating income 1 146 10 009 010 000 Total income 1 836 983 1 688 378 1 763 724 1 688 019

Operating expenses Personnel expenses – 1 009 801 – 913 975 – 971 968 – 913 975 Cost of premises – 235 907 – 254 899 – 246 197 – 254 899 Other external expenses – 464 775 – 380 259 – 439 568 – 378 667 Depreciation of fixed assets – 154 492 –123 200 –145 553 – 123 200 Other operating expenses – 1 562 – 1 631 0 – 10 000 Total expenses – 1 866 537 – 1 673 964 – 1 803 286 –1 680 741

Operating profit/loss – 29 554 14 414 – 39 562 7 278

Profit/loss from financial investments Interest income and similar items 7 909 19 432 7 185 19 287 Interest expense and similar items – 31 185 – 28 597 – 23 995 – 29 020 Profit/loss after financial income and expense – 52 830 5 249 – 56 372 – 2 455

NET PROFIT/LOSS FOR THE YEAR – 52 830 5 249 – 56 372 – 2 455

48 Balance sheet Group Parent company ASSETS (ksek) 31.12.1999 31.12.1998 31.12.1999 31.12.1998 Fixed assets Tangible assets Investment property 119 075 0 —— Investment in building adaption 105 018 111 602 105 018 111 602 Equipment and fittings 484 472 406 428 442 595 406 428 Work in progress 219 699 0 —— Total tangible assets 928 264 518 030 547 613 518 030 Financial assets Shares in associated companies 1 931 951 —— Shares in subsidiaries ——36 850 5 850 Other securities held as fixed assets 64 799 38 191 52 793 28 939 Tenant-owner’s rights 1 280 1 280 1 280 1 280 Total financial assets 68 010 40 422 90 923 36 069 Total fixed assets 996 274 558 452 638 536 554 099 Current assets Inventories 1 926 2 186 1 926 2 186 Current receivables Accounts receivable 101 360 74 768 98 833 74 330 Receivables from group companies 74 009 93 369 142 592 93 369 Receivables from associated companies 0 600 —— Prepaid tax 10 553 16 061 10 553 16 061 Other receivables 155 360 198 673 144 443 198 428 Prepaid expenses and accrued income 247 727 211 104 185 766 210 626 Total current receivables 589 009 594 575 582 187 592 814 Short-term investments Interest-bearing investments 156 110 33 869 156 110 33 869 Cash and bank 141 342 101 293 76 146 100 168 Total current assets 888 387 731 923 816 369 729 037 TOTAL ASSETS 1 884 661 1 290 375 1 454 905 1 283 136

EQUITY AND LIABILITIES Equity Restricted equity Share capital (50 000/5 000 shares at par sek 1000) 50 000 5 000 50 000 5 000 Paid, unregistered share capital 100 000 0 100 000 0 Restricted reserves 4 106 4 101 —— Statutory reserve —— 500 500 Total restricted equity 154 106 9 101 150 500 5 500 Accumulated loss/non-restricted equity Non-restricted reserves 6 002 758 —— Profit brought forward —— 2 859 914 Profit/loss for the year – 52 830 5 249 – 56 372 – 2 455 Total accumulated loss/non-restricted equity – 46 828 6 007 – 53 513 – 1 541 Total equity 107 278 15 108 96 987 3 959

Untaxed reserves —— 4 931 4 931 Provisions Provisions for pensions 597 225 560 229 574 132 560 229 Long-term liabilities Loans 165 897 15 000 —— Liabilities to group company 180 000 0 —— Deferred tax 1 381 1 381 —— Total long-term liabilities 347 278 16 381 —— Current liabilities Accounts payable 111 103 71 960 86 872 71 693 Liabilities to group company 9 988 0 32 980 16 000 Other liabilities 111 547 82 390 107 873 82 051 Accrued expenses and prepaid income 600 242 544 307 551 130 544 273 Total current liabilities 832 880 698 657 778 855 714 017 TOTAL EQUITY AND LIABILITIES 1 884 661 1 290 375 1 454 905 1 283 136 Pledged assets 1 907 75 862 0 74 151 Contingent liabilities 12 209 12 046 50 757 8 266

49 Chalmers University of Technology Foundation

50 50 Foundation Chalmers University of Technology Foundation Board Reg. no. 855100-5799

Standing, left to right: Magnus Rönnmark, MScEng; Märta Johansson, Member of Parliament; Sven-Åke Strandlind, Education Co-ordinator; Sören Mannheimer, Chairman, LLB; Gunnar Gustafson, Professor; Gunilla Almgren, Director, REGAB; Marianne Nivert, Vice President, Telia AB; Gunnar L. Johansson, Deputy Chairman, Director; Sture Allén, Professor; Jan-Eric Sundgren, President, Professor. Missing: Leif Blomqvist, Municipal Commissioner

The task of the Chalmers University of Technol- Following an amendment to the Foundation’s ogy Foundation is to function as the owner of the administration rules, which came into effect on University. This ownership role includes appoint- January 1, 1997, the majority of the board mem- ing the University Board and the matter of dis- bers are now appointed by the government. One charge from liability. Duties also include assum- member is appointed by the University students ing ultimate responsibility for guaranteeing that and one by the teaching staff. The president is the University fulfils its undertakings to the state automatically a member. and other key parties and promoting and stimulating the ongoing development of Chalmers. The work of the Foundation is funded through the assets of the Foundation. During the financial year the board comprised Sören Mannheimer (chairman), Gunnar L. Johansson (deputy chairman), Sture Allén, Gunilla Almgren, Leif Blomqvist, Gunnar Gustafson, Märta Johansson, Marianne Nivert, Magnus Rönnmark, Sven-Åke Strandlind and Jan-Eric Sundgren.

51 51 Profit and loss account Income and expenses (sek) 1999 1998 Income Share dividends 33 835 630 37 812 464 Interest income 58 541 039 61 436 543 Other income 42 170 721 9 579 563 Realised capital gains 387 245 252 301 441 290 Total income 521 792 642 410 269 860 Chalmers University of Technology Foundation Expenses Brokerage costs etc. 2 142 840 2 208 326 Other costs 8 712 315 5 326 695 Shareholders’ contribution granted 500 000 10 000 000 Total expenses 11 355 155 17 535 021 Reported book net profit 510 437 487 392 734 839

Change in unrealised surplus values 585 162 979 – 12 354 240 Allocation for preservation of the real value of the Foundation capital – 12 500 000 0 Real increase in equity 1 083 100 466 380 380 599

Allocation to restricted profit adjustment fund – 585 162 979 12 354 240 Allocation to donation fund – 47 885 725 – 13 167 055 Allocation to non-restricted profit adjustment fund – 359 817 932 – 296 245 973 Allocation to dividend fund – 90 233 829 – 83 321 813

Balance sheet ASSETS (sek) 31.12 1999 31.12.1998 Current assets Cash and bank balances 123 445 030 116 463 258 Receivables, subsidiaries 10 060 501 9 990 000 Short-term investments 426 190 207 292 597 951 Prepaid expenses and accrued income 958 180 026 376 858 185 Total current assets 1 517 875 764 795 909 394 Fixed assets Bonds and other interest-bearing investments 416 849 207 466 586 189 Shares and convertibles 1 678 395 046 1 476 797 755 Total fixed assets 2 095 244 253 1 943 383 944 Long-term receivables 194 695 000 194 695 000 TOTAL ASSETS 3 807 815 017 2 933 988 338

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY Current liabilities Accounts payable 071 290 Liability to subsidiary companies 74 009 248 74 810 717 Approved, unpaid grants 44 322 000 47 147 000 Accrued expenses and prepaid income 203 532 149 242 Total current liabilities 118 534 780 122 178 249 EQUITY Restricted equity Index-adjusted foundation capital 956 500 000 944 000 000 Profit adjustment fund 938 016 331 352 853 352 Total restricted equity 1 894 516 331 1 296 853 352 Non-restricted equity Donation fund 78 092 154 47 386 748 Profit adjustment fund 1 884 580 952 1 524 763 020 Dividend fund – 167 909 199 – 57 193 031 Total non-restricted equity 1 794 763 907 1 514 956 737 TOTAL EQUITY 3 689 280 238 2 811 810 089 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY 3 807 815 017 2 933 988 338 Pledged assets None None Contingent liabilities (sek m) 634 (sek m) 528

52 52 Statistical Trends 1989-1999 overview Including Chalmers Lindholmen

89/90 90/91 91/92 92/93 93/94 94/95 95/96 1 1997 1998 1999 Education MSc programmes in Engineering and Architecture 960 960 970 1020 1055 1045 1045 1075 1105 1155 Number of students admitted, Year1 3959 4041 4162 4551 4806 4929 4836 5129 5007 4953 Students (full-time equivalent) 3519 3869 3868 3963 3991 4125 4241 4428 4318 4288 Performance (full-time equivalent) 668 683 722 728 627 2 933 774 859 829 878 MScEng/MArch degrees awarded 12 20 48 67 124 83 International MSc degrees

Applied Engineering and Maritime Studies programmes 3 597 635 725 715 715 825 705 705 720 Number of students admitted, Year1 875 1050 1308 1449 1410 1492 1620 1659 1775 Students (full-time equivalent) 803 — 4 1022 1177 1203 1358 1433 1425 1565 Performance (full-time equivalent) 296 277 359 279 301 347 280 329 408 Degrees

Other undergraduate courses 3 990 234 256 254 473 407 582 571 661 699 Students (full-time equivalent) 178 341 318 459 443 515 521 Performance (full-time equivalent)

PhD programmes 868 848 902 942 988 947 993 1044 1054 1130 Total number of PhD students 149 130 190 171 146 165 192 218 231 265 newly-admitted 131 151 146 171 192 188 212 244 209 237 Degrees awarded, total 40 55 69 72 84 81 79 115 98 104 PhDs 91 96 77 99 108 107 133 129 111 133 Licentiates

Personnel (full-time equivalent) 921 1101 1124 1166 1237 1284 1293 1452 1484 1617 Teaching and research 861 810 815 801 833 772 791 796 839 865 Technical and administrative 1782 1911 1939 1967 2070 2056 2084 2248 2323 2482 Total

Finances Income (SEK m) 5 302 351 355 389 495 561 524 570 551 603 Undergraduate programmes 656 718 778 878 828 876 895 1079 1156 1249 PhD programmes and research 362 374 413 484 480 529 544 745 811 902 of which externally financed 958 1069 1133 1267 1323 1437 1419 1649 1707 1852 Total income 517 520 523 523 533 563 554 636 666 713 Total at 1980 cost level

– 18 31 – 9 1 – 3 – 52 Profit/loss before financial income and expense (SEK m)

57 57 56 55 57 55 57 57 55 54 Personnel costs (%) 13 13 12 12 18 17 18 15 15 14 Premises (%) 6 30 30 32 33 20 22 19 21 23 24 Other costs (%) 56677 8 Depreciation (%)

1 The 1995/96 budget year covered a period of 18 months due to a financial year changeover. The first 12 months are reported here. 2 The reduction in 1993/94 can be attributed entirely to technical problems associated with the issuing of degree certificates. The number of students complying with the formal requirements remained unchanged. 3 Up to 1989/90, programmes at the College of Applied Engineering and Maritime Studies were reported under “Other undergraduate courses”. 4 Information not available. 5 From 1993/94, income is reported (including financial income). Prior to this costs were reported. 6 From 1993/94, maintenance is reported in addition to rents. Chalmers University of Technology was founded in 1829 following a donation by William Chalmers, a director of the East India Company, and was incorporated into the state university system in 1937. The University became an independent foundation on July 1, 1994.

Chalmers University of Technology has around 80 departments and 50 departmental divisions and permanent research groups. In principle, these represent the equivalent number of scientific disciplines, ranging from engineering-based natural sciences and mathematical sciences to pure engineering sciences and the scientific aspects of social structure and industrial enterprise.

Almost 1,000 research projects are currently being run at Chalmers. Each year, the departments run around 800 courses, the majority within the framework of the MScEng and MArch programmes.

Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden Telephone + 46 31-7721000 Internet www.chalmers.se