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CHAPTER 12 Psychological Disorders

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CHAPTER 12 Psychological Disorders CHAPTER 12 Psychological Disorders Before You Read…Term Identification Make flashcards using the following terms or, even better, develop mnemonics (memory strategies) to help you remember the different concepts and terms. Use the definitions in the margins of this chapter for help. Numbers refer to page numbers in the textbook. Affect (532) Hypochondriasis (549) Agoraphobia (545) Insanity (537) Anxiety disorders (544) Labeling (558) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (556) Learned helplessness (543) Autism (555) Major depression (540) Bipolar disorder (544) Medical model (533) Conversion disorder (548) Mood disorders (540) Delusions (532) Neurosis (539) Depersonalization (559) Obsessive-compulsive disorder (547) Depersonalization disorder (550) Panic disorder (545) Diathesis-stress hypothesis (555) Phobias (546) Dissociative amnesia (549) Preparedness hypothesis (547) Dissociative disorders (549) Psychopathology (531) Dissociative fugue (550) Psychosis (539) Dissociative identity disorder (550) Schizophrenia (551) DSM-IV (539) Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) (542) Dyslexia (556) Shyness (557) Ecological model (559) Social-cognitive-behavioral approach (535) Generalized anxiety disorder (545) Somatoform disorders (547) Hallucinations (532) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 297 Lecture Assistant for Chapter 12 Tear this outline out and bring it with you to class in order to facilitate your note taking. Spend more time listening to the lecture and less time writing! Chapter Opening Problem: Can we reliably distinguish mental disorder from merely unusual behavior? • psychopathology = 12.1 WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER? • Hallucinations = • Delusions = • Affect = Core Concept 12.1 = A) Changing Concepts of Psychological Disorder: 1) Historical Roots = 2) The Medical Model = • Medical model = 3) Psychological Models = a) The Social-Cognitive-Behavioral Approach = • The Social-Cognitive-Behavioral Approach = b) The Biopsychology of Mental Disorder = Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 299 B) Indicators of Abnormality o Etiology = C) A Caution to Readers: D) Psychology Matters: The Plea of Insanity • Insanity = 12.2 HOW ARE PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS CLASSIFIED IN THE DSM-IV? • DSM-IV = Core Concept 12.2 = A) Overview of the DSM-IV Classification System: • Neurosis = • Psychosis = B) Mood Disorders: • Mood disorders = 1) Major Depression = • Major depression (major depressive disorder) = a) Incidence = o Dysthymia = b) Causes of Depression = Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 300 • Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) = • Learned helplessness = c) Who Becomes Depressed? = 2) Bipolar Disorder = • Bipolar disorder (manic-depressive disorder) = C) Anxiety Disorders: • Anxiety disorders = 1) Generalized Anxiety Disorder = 2) Panic Disorder = • Agoraphobia = 3) Phobic Disorders = • Phobias = • Preparedness hypothesis = Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 301 4) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) = o Obsessions = o Compulsions = D) Somatoform Disorders: • Somatoform disorders = 1) Conversion Disorder = 2) Hypochondriasis = E) Dissociative Disorders: • Dissociative disorders = 1) Dissociative Amnesia = 2) Dissociative Fugue = 3) Depersonalization Disorder = 4) Dissociative Identity Disorder = Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 302 F) Schizophrenia: • Schizophrenia = 1) Major Types of Schizophrenia = 2) Possible Causes of Schizophrenia = • Diathesis-stress hypothesis = G) Developmental Disorders: 1) Autism = 2) Dyslexia = 3) Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) = H) Adjustment Disorders and Other Conditions: I) Gender Differences in Mental Disorders: Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 303 J) Psychology Matters: Shyness • Shyness = 12.3 WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES OF LABELING PEOPLE? • Labeling = Core Concept 12.3 = A) Diagnostic Labels, Labeling, and Depersonalization • Depersonalization = B) The Cultural Context of Psychological Disorder: • Ecological model = C) Psychology Matters: Using Psychology to Learn Psychology D) Critical Thinking Applied: Insane Places Revisited—Another Look at the Rosenhan Study Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 304 As You Read…Practice Activities What Is Psychological Disorder? 1. Briefly describe the study that David Rosenhan and his colleagues conducted on mental hospitals. What did they discover from this study? 2. Underline the word(s) in parentheses that will make each statement correct. (Both options may be correct!) A. Another term for psychopathology is mental (illness/disorder). B. According to the World Health Organization, about (45/450) million people around the world suffer from mental disorders. C. Around the world, (depression/anxiety) caused more disability among people aged 15 to 44 than any other cause except HIV/AIDS. D. According to the (psychological/medical) model, mental problems are diseases. E. The (psychological/medical) model views psychological disorder as an interaction between biological, mental, and (social/behavioral) factors. F. Psychological disorders are an exaggeration of (normal/abnormal) responses. G. It’s best to think of psychological disorder as (a separate category of mental health/part of a continuum). 3. Describe the three most common symptoms associated with psychological disorder. Symptoms Descriptions A. _______________________ B. _______________________ C. _______________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 305 Changing Concepts of Psychology Disorder 4. Underline the word(s) in parentheses that will make each statement correct. (Both options may be correct!) A. After (1973/1953) homosexuality was no longer classified as a disorder by the American (Medical/Psychiatric) Association. B. In the (ancient world/Middle Ages) psychopathology was believed to be caused by (demons and spirits/an imbalance of humors). C. The (psychological/medical) model resurfaced during the late (17th/18th) century. D. A modern analysis of the Salem witch trials has concluded that the girls believed to be witches were probably suffering from poisoning caused by a (tree root/fungus). 5. Why do many modern psychologists believe that the medical model is problematic? Give at least three reasons. A. _________________________________________________________________ B. _________________________________________________________________ C. _________________________________________________________________ 6. Fill in the blanks with the correct information. The ______________________________ approach, which combines three of psychology’s major perspectives, is a psychological alternative to the ____________________ model. Albert Bandura’s idea of ______________________________ is typical of this approach in that it proposes that behavior, ____________________, and social/environmental factors all influence each other. However, despite most psychologists’ concerns about the medical model, they don’t deny the influences of ____________________ on thinking and behavior. The Human ____________________ Project has provided specialists in ____________________________ the opportunity to search for genes associated with specific disorders. Most experts believe that psychological disorders are likely to be caused by ____________________ genes interacting with influences in the ____________________. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 306 7. Compare the medical model and the psychological model of psychological disorder. Indicators of Abnormality 8. What are the five indicators of abnormality? A. ______________________ B. ______________________ C. ______________________ D. ______________________ E. ______________________ 9. Match each indicator of abnormality with its best example(s) by placing the letter corresponding to the indicator in the space next to its example. (Terms may be used only once.) INDICATORS OF ABNORMALITY A. Distress C. Unpredictability E. Unconventionality B. Maladaptiveness D. Irrationality EXAMPLES _____ Jackson sleeps in most mornings and ambles into work 2 hours late. Consequently, he gets fired. This has happened at least 10 times, but he is not concerned because he is sure that things will take care of themselves. _____ Jerrell and his business partners decide to run through the snow naked just for fun. _____ Mei-Ling spends her days working at the job she has held for ten years. One day she goes into the office and throws her computer out of the window. _____ Michael spends hours talking on the phone to his brother who died four years ago. _____ Kelly has been feeling sad for several weeks. Lately she has begun to think about ending her life by jumping off of a bridge. 10. Indicate whether each statement is True (T) or False (F) by circling the appropriate letter after the statement. A. When trying to label a behavior as abnormal, clinicians are less confident in their labels when two or more indicators are present. T F B. Over 300 specific variations of psychopathology are described in the DSM-IV. T F C. The DSM-IV is used only by psychologists and psychiatrists. T F D. The DSM-IV is used to describe and diagnose psychopathology. T F E. Behaving in unusual ways is a sign of abnormality. T F Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon. 307 A Caution to Readers 11. What caution is given to readers of this chapter by your textbook
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