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Articulo1.Pdf (3.775Mb) REVISTA FORESTAL VENEZOLANA, AÑO XLV, VOLUMEN 55(2) JULIo-dICIEMBRE, 2011, pp. 121-129 Estudio anatómico de la madera de cinco especies del género Vitex L. (Lamiaceae) en Venezuela Wood anatomy of five species of genus Vitex L. (Lamiaceae) from Venezuela WILLIAMS J. LEÓN H. Universidad de Los Andes, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Laboratorio de Anatomía de Maderas, Mérida, Venezuela, Recibido: 06-03-11 / Aceptado: 20-09-11 correo electrónico: [email protected] Resumen Abstract Se presenta el estudio anatómico de la madera de cinco de las once The main objective of this research was to describe the wood anatomy especies del género Vitex L. que crecen en Venezuela: V. compressa, of five species of Vitex L. genus in Venezuela: V. compressa, V. V. cymosa, V. divaricata, V. orinocensis, V. stahelii. La preparación cymosa, V. divaricata, V. orinocensis, V. stahelii. Wood samples were de material se hizo utilizando las técnicas convencionales de prepared using conventional techniques for xylem microtechnique microtecnia xilemática y se describieron siguiendo lo pautado por and were described according to IAWA Committee (1989). Species IAWA Committee (1989). Las especies estudiadas se pueden incluir studied were included in two groups according to the presence or en dos grupos de acuerdo a la presencia o ausencia de parénquima absence of marginal parenchyma. Mineral substances such as silica (V. marginal. Fue común la presencia de sustancias minerales como compressa) or small crystals (V. cymosa, V. divaricata, V. orinocensis, sílice (V. compressa) o cristales generalmente pequeños (V. cymosa, V. stahelii) were observed. All species studied present scalariform V. divaricata, V. orinocensis, V. stahelii). En todas las especies perforation plates with more often bars but in low proportion and se encontraron platinas escalariformes con más de diez barras, fibres exclusively septates. A dichotomous key is presented but it is pero en muy baja proporción, y las fibras se caracterizaron por ser not possible to separate V. orinocensis and V. stahelii. exclusivamente septadas. Se elaboró una clave dicotómica para Key words: anatomy, septates fibres, identification, silica, taxonomy, identificación pero no fue posible separar V. orinocensis y V. stahelii. Verbenaceae. Palabras clave: anatomía, fibras septadas, identificación, sílice, taxonomía, Verbenaceae. 1. Introducción vista de estudios de anatomía de maderas, se tie- ne información para las especies V. agnus-castus El género Vitex L. forma parte de la familia Lamia- (Dogan et al., 2008, García y Guindeo, 1990; Fahn ceae, de acuerdo al sistema APG (2003); mientras et al., 1986), V. altissima (Pearson y Brown, 1932), V. que según el sistema de Cronquist (1981) se inclu- cooperi (Kribs, 1968), V. gaumeri (Sosa, 1973; Kribs, ye en la familia Verbenaceae. Mabberley (1997) 1968), V. giganteum (Richter, 1969), V. krukovii (Dé- señala que está conformado por unas 250 espe- tienne y Jacquet, 1983), V. kuylenii (Kribs, 1968), V. cies de árboles y arbustos distribuidas en la zona lucens (Meylan y Butterfield, 1978; Pattel, 1974), V. tropical y templada. La madera de algunas espe- orinocensis (Détienne et al., 1982), V. pachyphylla cies ha mostrado aptitud para usos como carpin- (Kribs, 1968), V. peduncularis (Pearson y Brown, tería, producción de chapas y contraenchapados, 1932), V. pseudo-negundo (Fahn et al., 1986), V. sta- mangos para herramientas, artículos deportivos, helii (Miller y Détienne, 2001). También se tiene instrumentos musicales, parquet, tableros aglo- información de características de los vasos (Baas merados, artículos tallados, postes para cercas, y Schweingruber, 1987; Baas et al., 1983) y fibras vigas (CATIE, 2003; Kribs, 1968). En Venezuela se (Baas y Schweingruber, 1987) para V. agnus-castus. encuentra representado por once especies, siendo Espinoza (1987) y Welle (1976) reportan la presen- V. orinocensis la que muestra mayor rango de dis- cia de sustancias minerales (cristales o sílice) en al- tribución (Hokche et al., 2008). Desde el punto de gunas especies del género Vitex. En Venezuela sólo 122 • williams J. LEÓN H. se tiene información, a nivel macroscópico, para la mergiendo astillas en una solución de ácido acético especie V. stahelii (Pérez, 1977). Tomando en consi- glacial y peróxido de hidrógeno (1:1) las cuales fue- deración la poca información que existe, desde el ron llevadas a estufa (50 °C) durante 12 horas. Pos- punto de vista de anatomía de maderas, el objetivo teriormente, se realizó la disociación de elementos del presente trabajo es describir la estructura de celulares mediante fricción mecánica, se hizo la la madera de cinco especies de Vitex L. que se en- tinción con safranina y el montaje final con bálsa- cuentran en Venezuela. mo de Canadá. Para la descripción se utilizó la lista de IAWA Committee (1989) y se tomaron en con- sideración todas las características allí incluidas, 2. Materiales y métodos aunque en las descripciones no se mencionan las que se manifiestan en condición de ausente. Para El material de estudio está representado por mues- la obtención de las características cuantitativas se tras de madera de cinco especies del género Vitex trabajó siguiendo las recomendaciones de IAWA L. (Cuadro 1) colectadas en diferentes regiones geo- Committe (1989) en cuanto a procedimiento y nú- gráficas de Venezuela y pertenecientes a la xiloteca mero de mediciones a realizar. En la determinación MERw del Laboratorio de Anatomía de Maderas de colores se utilizó la Tabla de Munsell (1990). Fi- de la Universidad de Los Andes. Cada muestra de nalmente, se hizo un análisis comparativo entre las madera posee su respectiva muestra botánica ac- especies estudiadas para determinar los caracteres cesada al Herbario “Carlos Liscano” (MER) de la más confiables para su separación. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales de la Universidad de Los Andes. El número de espe- cies estudiadas representa el 45,45 % de las pre- 3. Resultados y discusión sentes en Venezuela según lo indicado por Hokche et al. (2008). De cada muestra se extrajeron peque- Vitex compressa Turcz. (Figura 1) ños cubos de, aproximadamente, 1 cm3, los cuales Vitex brittoniana Moldenke fueron sometidos a un proceso de ablandamiento Madera de color amarillo pálido (2.5Y 8/4), sin en agua hirviendo durante 2-3 horas para luego transición entre albura y duramen. Olor y sabor no ser seccionados en un micrótomo de deslizamien- distintivos. Lustre mediano. Grano inclinado. Tex- to y obtener secciones transversales, tangenciales tura fina. Dura y pesada. y radiales de 25 mm de espesor, las cuales fueron Anillos de crecimiento definidos por estrechas sometidas a un proceso de tinción con safranina, bandas de parénquima marginal. Porosidad difu- deshidratación en baños sucesivos de alcohol al 50, sa. Poros sin patrón definido de disposición, soli- 70, 75 y 95 % y aclaramiento con xilol. Finalmente, tarios y múltiples radiales de 2-3 (-4), 33-82 poros/ fueron montadas haciendo uso de resina sintética. mm2, diámetro de (40-) 59-73 (-100) mm. Longitud Para la medición de longitudes de fibras y elemen- de elementos vasculares de (215-) 294-322 (-505) tos de los vasos, se preparó tejido macerado su- mm. Platinas de perforación simples, ocasional- mente escalariformes de ocho barras. Punteadu- ras intervasculares alternas, circulares a ovala- Cuadro 1. Especies estudiadas, número de muestra de madera das, pequeñas a medianas, diámetro de 5-7,5 mm. (Xiloteca MERw) y muestra botánica (Herbario MER) Punteaduras radiovasculares con areola reducida o aparentemente simples, de forma redondeada. Especie Muestra madera y botánica Fibras septadas, paredes medianas a gruesas, lon- X1104, 467 Ruíz Terán V. compressa Moldenke gitud de (770-) 939-1065 (-1330) mm. Parénquima X2683; 358 Ruíz Terán paratraqueal escaso, vasicéntrico delgado, alifor- V. cymosa Bertero ex Spreng. X5721; E114P me de ala corta, confluente, marginal, fusiforme X1101; 461 Ruíz Terán V. divaricata Sw. X5147; 1467 Rollet y en series de 2-4 células. Radios heterocelulares con una ruta de células marginales, 7-10 radios por X137; 1205 Bernardi V. orinocensis Kunth X3651; PE 17 mm, 1-3 células de ancho, predominantemente bi- X3721; PE 87 seriados, altura de (230-) 321-354 (-500) mm. Sílice V. stahelii Moldenke X1763; 97 Conejos en células parenquimáticas radiales, abundante. REVISTA FORESTAL VENEZOLANA, AÑO XLV, VOLUMEN 55(2) JULIo-dICIEMBRE, 2011 ESTUDIO anatómiCO DE LA maDERA DE CINCO ESPECIES DEL GÉNERO Vitex L. (Lamiaceae)..., pp. 121-129 • 123 Figura 1. Vitex compressa. (a) Anillos de crecimiento definidos por parénquima marginal (Barra = 300 mm). (b) Radios predominantemente biseriados (Barra = 300 mm). (c,d) Sílice en células parenquimáticas radiales (Barra = 50 mm). Vitex cymosa Bertero ex Spreng. (Figura 2) (950-) 1200 (-1445) mm. Parénquima paratraqueal Jatropha tomentosa Spreng.; V. cujabensis Mart. ex escaso, vasicéntrico delgado, estrechas bandas Benth.; V. discolor Glaz. marginales, en series de 3-7 células. Radios homo- Madera de color marrón claro (7.5YR 6/4), sin tran- celulares de células procumbentes y heterocelula- sición entre albura y duramen. Olor y sabor no dis- res con una ruta de células marginales, 4-6 radios tintivos. Lustre mediano. Grano recto a inclinado. por mm, 3-4 células de ancho, altura de (340-) 691 Textura fina. Moderadamente dura y pesada. (-1060) mm. Cristales isodiamétricos pequeños en Anillos de crecimiento definidos por estrechas las células radiales. bandas de parénquima marginal. Porosidad difusa.
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