Raptors Conservation

RaptorsConservation ISSN 1814–0076 ПЕРНАТЫЕХИЩНИКИИИХОХРАНА 2011№21

Ðàáî÷èé áþëëåòåíü î ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêàõ Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû è Ñåâåðíîé Àçèè The Newsletter of the raptors of the East Europe and North Asia Ñâèäåòåëüñòâî î ðåãèñòðàöèè ÑÌÈ ÏÈ ¹ÔÑ77-38809 îò 08.02.2010 ã. Áþëëåòåíü «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà» The Raptors Conservation Newsletter has been ó÷ðåæä¸í ìåæðåãèîíàëüíîé áëàãîòâîðèòåëüíîé founded by the non-governmental organisations îáùåñòâåííîé îðãàíèçàöèåé «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêî- Siberian Environmental Center (Novosibirsk) and ëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» (Íîâîñèáèðñê) è íàó÷íî-èñ- Center of Field Studies (Nizhniy Novgorod). ñëåäîâàòåëüñêîé îáùåñòâåííîé îðãàíèçàöèåé The Raptors Conservation Newsletter is published «Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé» (Í. Íîâãîðîä). under the partnership agreement with the Áþëëåòåíü èçäà¸òñÿ â ïàðòí¸ðñòâå ñ Èíñòèòó- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, òîì ñèñòåìàòèêè è ýêîëîãèè æèâîòíûõ ÑÎ ÐÀÍ Siberian Branch of RAS (Novosibirsk). (Íîâîñèáèðñê). Ðåäàêòîðû íîìåðà: Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî (Ñèá- Editors: Elvira Nikolenko (Siberian Environmental ýêîöåíòð, Íîâîñèáèðñê) è Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí Center, Novosibirsk) and Igor Karyakin (Center of (Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé, Í. Íîâãîðîä) Field Studies, N. Novgorod) Ôîòîãðàôèÿ íà ëèöåâîé ñòîðîíå îáëîæêè: Photo on the front cover: Female of the Upland Ñàìêà ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà (Buteo hemila- Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius) of dark morph in the sius) ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû â ãíåçäå íà ïëàòôîðìå. Óá- nest on the artificial nesting platform. Ubsunur ñóíóðñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà, Ðåñïóáëèêà Òûâà, Ðîññèÿ, depression, Republic of Tyva, Russia, 3 June 2010. 3 èþíÿ 2010 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Photo by I. Karyakin. Â èëëþñòðàöèè çàäíåé ñòîðîíû îáëîæêè èñ- Photos on the back cover by I. Karyakin. ïîëüçîâàíû ôîòîãðàôèè È. Êàðÿêèíà. Äèçàéí: Ä. Ñåíîòðóñîâ, À. Êëåù¸â Design by D. Senotrusov, A. Kleschev Â¸ðñòêà: Ä. Êàòóíîâ Page-proofs by D. Katunov Êîððåêòóðà: À. Êàþìîâ Proof-reader by A. Kajumov Ïåðåâîä: A. Øåñòàêîâà, Ä. Òåðïèëîâñêàÿ, Translation by A. Shestakova, D. Terpilovskaya, Þ. Êèñüîðà Ju. Kis'ora

Ðåäàêöèîííàÿ êîëëåãèÿ: Àäðåñ ðåäàêöèè: Ñ.Â. Áàêêà, ê.á.í., ÑÎÏÐ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] 630090 Ðîññèÿ, Ò.Î. Áàðàáàøèí, ê.á.í., ÐÃÏÓ, Ðîñòîâ-íà-Äîíó, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 Ñ.À. Áóêðååâ, ê.á.í., ÈÏÝÝ ÐÀÍ, Ìîñêâà, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] Â.Ì. Ãàëóøèí, àêàä. ÐÀÅÍ, ïðîô., ä.á.í., ÌÏÃÓ, Ìîñêâà, Ðîññèÿ; Editorial adress: [email protected] P.O. Box 547, Novosibirsk, È.Ô. Æèìóë¸â, àêàä. ÐÀÍ, ïðîô., ä.á.í., ÈÕÁÔÌ ÑÎ ÐÀÍ, Russia, 630090 Íîâîñèáèðñê, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] Í.Þ. Êèñåë¸âà, äîö., ê.ïåä.í., ÍÃÏÓ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] Tel./Fax: +7 (383) 328 30 26 Ð.Ä. Ëàïøèí, äîö., ê.á.í., ÍÃÏÓ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] À.Ñ. Ëåâèí, äîö., ê.á.í., Èíñòèòóò çîîëîãèè ÌÎèÍ, Àëìàòû, Êàçàõñòàí; E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, ïðîô., ä.á.í., Íàöèîíàëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò, [email protected] Òàøêåíò, Óçáåêèñòàí; [email protected] À.Ñ. Ïàæåíêîâ, ê.á.í., ÖÑ «ÂÓÝÑ», Ñàìàðà, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] http://www.sibecocenter.ru/raptors.htm Ì.Â. Ïåñòîâ, ê.á.í., ÝÖ «Äðîíò», Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] Ïîäïèñíîé èíäåêñ ïî îáúåäèíåííîìó Å.Ð. Ïîòàïîâ, Ph.D., Áðèí Àôèíñêèé Êîëëåäæ, Ïåíñèëüâàíèÿ, ÑØÀ; [email protected] êàòàëîãó «Ïðåññà Ðîññèè» — 13175 Þ.Ñ. Ðàâêèí, ïðîô., ä.á.í., ÈÑèÝÆ ÑÎ ÐÀÍ, Íîâîñèáèðñê, Ðîññèÿ; Ýëåêòðîííàÿ âåðñèÿ/RC online [email protected] È.Ý. Ñìåëÿíñêèé, Ñèáýêîöåíòð, Íîâîñèáèðñê, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] http://www.sibecocenter.ru/RC.htm À.À. ×èáèë¸â, ÷ëåí-êîðð. ÐÀÍ, ïðîô., ä.ã.í., Èíñòèòóò ñòåïè ÓðÎ ÐÀÍ, Îðåíáóðã, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] À.À. Øåñòàêîâà, ê.á.í., ÍÍÃÓ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected] Ïðàâèëà äëÿ àâòîðîâ äîñòóïíû íà ñàéòå: T. Katzner, Ph.D., Conservation and Field Research National Aviary, USA; http://www.sibecocenter.ru/guidelines_rus.htm [email protected] Guidelines for Contributors available on website: M.J. McGrady, Ph.D., Natural Research, UK; [email protected] http://www.sibecocenter.ru/guidelines_en.htm Events Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 3

Events СОБЫТИЯ

(1) Contact: Â øòàòå Ñàí-Ïàóëó Áðàçèëèè â Êàìïîñ Elizabeth Höfling äî Äæîðäàî 22–28 àâãóñòà 2010 ã. ïðî- Chair of the 25th International ø¸ë Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé îðíèòîëîãè÷å- Ornithological Congress ñêèé êîíãðåññ. Brazil Îñíîâíûå òåìû ýòîãî ìàñøòàáíîãî ìå- [email protected] ðîïðèÿòèÿ: Cristina Yumi Miyaki 1. Ïîâåäåíèå è ïîâåäåí÷åñêàÿ ýêîëîãèÿ. Secretary-General of the 2. Ýêîëîãèÿ è îõðàíà ñîîáùåñòâ è ëàíä- 25th International øàôòîâ. Ornithological Congress 3. Ýâîëþöèîííàÿ áèîëîãèÿ. Brazil [email protected] 4. Ìàêðîýêîëîãèÿ. 5. Ìèãðàöèè è îðèåíòàöèÿ ïòèö. 25th International Ornithological Con- 6. Ìîðôîëîãèÿ, ýêîìîðôîëîãèÿ, áèî- gress was held in 22–28 August 2010 in ëîãèÿ ýâîëþöèîííîãî ðàçâèòèÿ. the Campos do Jordão (SP, Brazil). 7. Ïèòàíèå è ýíåðãåòèêà. The main themes of the congress were as 8. Ôèçèîëîãèÿ, êëåòî÷íàÿ è ìîëåêóëÿð- follows: íàÿ áèîëîãèÿ. 1. Behaviour and behavioural ecology. 9. Ïîïóëÿöèîííàÿ è èíäèâèäóàëüíàÿ 2. Community and landscape ecology ýêîëîãèÿ. and conservation. 10. Ïîïóëÿöèîííàÿ ãåíåòèêà è ôèëîãåî- 3. Evolutionary biology. ãðàôèÿ. 4. Macroecology. 11. Îõðàíà âèäîâ è ïîïóëÿöèé. 5. Migration and orientation. 12. Ñèñòåìàòèêà, áèîãåîãðàôèÿ è ïàëå- 6. Morphology, ecomorphology, evo-de- îíòîëîãèÿ. vo and development. Íà êîíãðåññå áûëî ïðåäñòàâëåíî 950 7. Nutrition, energetic and foraging. äîêëàäîâ è ñòåíäîâûõ ñîîáùåíèé, èç êî- 8. Physiology, and cell and molecular bi- òîðûõ 43 ðàáîòû ïîñâÿùåíû ïåðíàòûì ology. õèùíèêàì (32 ñîîáùåíèÿ ïî ñîêîëîî- 9. Population and individual ecology. áðàçíûì, 9 – ïî ñîâàì è 2 ñîîáùåíèÿ ïî 10. Population genetics and phylogeog- êîìïëåêñó âèäîâ); 37 ðîññèéñêèõ ó÷¸íûõ raphy. íà êîíãðåññå ïðåäñòàâèëè 20 äîêëàäîâ è 11. Species and population conservation. ïîñòåðîâ, ïðè ýòîì íè îäíîãî – ïî ïåðíà- 12. Systematic, biogeography and pale- òûì õèùíèêàì. ontology. Íàäî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî èç ñòðàí áûâøå- There were 950 reports and posters, 43 ãî ÑÑÑÐ íà êîíôåðåíöèè ïðîçâó÷àëî of which were about raptors (32 reports ëèøü äâà äîêëàäà ýñòîíñêèõ îðíèòîëîãîâ on Falconifirmes, 9 – on owls and 2 on all Þ. Âÿëè è Ã. Ñåéíà î âëèÿíèè ïîãîäû íà raptors); 37 Russian scientists participated ãíåçäîâûå ïîïóëÿöèè îðëîâ è î ãåíåòè- in the congress and presented 20 reports ÷åñêîé äèôôåðåíöèàöèè ïîäîðëèêîâ and posters. Unfortunately there were no (Aquila clanga, A. pomarina). reports about raptors. Proceedings of the Ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì êîíãðåññà îïóáëè- congress will be published: International êîâàí ñáîðíèê ðåçþìå: International Ornithological Congress (25.: 2010: Cam- Ornithological Congress (25.: 2010: pos do Jordão): Abstracts of the 25th In- Campos do Jordão): Abstracts of the 25th ternational Ornithological Congress / Or- International Ornithological Congress / ganizado por C.Y. Miyaki, E. Höfling, R.J. Organizado por C.Y. Miyaki, E. Höfling, R.J. Donatelli. Campos do Jordão: E. Höfling, Donatelli. Campos do Jordão: E. Höfling, 2010. 994 p. (ISBN: 978-8591161805). 2010. 994 p. (ISBN: 978-8591161805). Proceedings are available on web-site of Ñáîðíèê äîñòóïåí íà ñàéòå êîíãðåññà1. the congress1. Êîíòàêò (1). Contact (1).

1 http://www.acquaviva.com.br/ioc2010/docs/abstracts_isbn_110119.pdf 4 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Ñîáûòèÿ

(2) Êîíòàêò: Ãóáåðíàòîð Êàì÷àòñêîãî êðàÿ Àëåê- The governor of the Kamchatka Kray Alex- Àëåêñåé Âîéòîâ ñåé Êóçüìèöêèé ïðåäëîæèë óæå- ey Kuzmitsky has suggested to toughen Çàìåñòèòåëü Ïðåäñåäàòåëÿ ñòî÷èòü îòâåòñòâåííîñòü çà íåçà- the responsibility for illegal transporta- Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà êîííóþ ïåðåâîçêó è ñîäåðæàíèå â tion and keeping in captivity of the Gyr- Êàì÷àòñêîãî êðàÿ íåâîëå êðå÷åòîâ (Falco rusticolus), falcons (Falco rusticolus), and also other 683040, Ðîññèÿ, à òàêæå äðóãèõ æèâîòíûõ, çàíåñ¸ííûõ animals listed in the Red Data Book of Rus- Ïåòðîïàâëîâñê- Êàì÷àòñêèé, â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîññèè. Ãëàâà ðåãèî- sian Federation. The head of the region has ïë. Ëåíèíà, 1 íà îáðàòèëñÿ ê êàì÷àòñêèì äåïóòàòàì ñ addressed to the Kamchatka deputies with òåë.: +7 4152 41 2130 ïðåäëîæåíèåì âíåñòè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùóþ the offer to bring this legislative initiative in VoytovAY@ çàêîíîäàòåëüíóþ èíèöèàòèâó â Ãîñóäàð- the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of kamchatka.gov.ru ñòâåííóþ Äóìó Ôåäåðàëüíîãî Ñîáðàíèÿ Russian Federation2. Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè2. The governor notes, that the punishment (2) Contact: «Ñåãîäíÿ íåçàêîííàÿ îõîòà íà êðå÷å- stipulated by the current legislation, has Alexey Voytov òîâ îõâàòèëà ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå ðàéîíû been obviously inadequate to the guilt of Deputy Chairman of the Government of Kam- êðàÿ, – ñêàçàë Àëåêñåé Êóçüìèöêèé. – offenders – the couriers who are often being chatskiy Kray Ýòîò âèä áðàêîíüåðñòâà óæå èìååò õà- the trappers of rare birds, and to the size of Lenina sq., 1, ðàêòåð îðãàíèçîâàííîãî ïðîìûñëà è damage. Logical step on a way of the sanc- Petropavlovsk- ñòàâèò ïîïóëÿöèþ êàì÷àòñêîãî êðå÷å- tion of this situation can become introduc- Kamchatskiy Russia, 683040 òà íà ãðàíü ïîëíîãî èñòðåáëåíèÿ. Ïðè tion of the criminal liability for transporta- tel.: +7 4152 41 2130 ýòîì çàñòàòü áðàêîíüåðà «ñ ïîëè÷íûì» tion and the keeping in captivity of wildlife VoytovAY@ – íà ìåñòå îòëîâà, ñ äîáûòîé ïòèöåé, species listed in the Red Data Book. kamchatka.gov.ru ïðàêòè÷åñêè íåâîçìîæíî. Â ðóêè ïðà- âîîõðàíèòåëüíûõ îðãàíîâ ïîïàäàþòñÿ êóðüåðû, ñâÿçàííûå ñ ïåðåâîçêîé è ñî- äåðæàíèåì ïòèö. Â êà÷åñòâå íàêàçàíèÿ äåéñòâóþùèì çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâîì äëÿ íèõ ïðåäóñìàòðèâàåòñÿ ëèøü íåáîëüøîé øòðàô, êîòîðûé íå ìîæåò îñòàíîâèòü áðàêîíüåðîâ, ïîëó÷àþùèõ áàñíîñëîâ- íóþ ïðèáûëü». Ãóáåðíàòîð îòìåòèë, ÷òî íåñîîòâåò- ñòâèå íàêàçàíèÿ, ïðåäóñìîòðåííîãî äåéñòâóþùèì çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâîì, âèíå ïðàâîíàðóøèòåëåé – êóðüåðîâ, çà÷à- ñòóþ ÿâëÿþùèõñÿ è ëîâöàìè ðåäêèõ ïòèö, à òàêæå ðàçìåðó âðåäà, íàíîñè- ìîãî èìè, ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ áåññïîðíûì. «Ëîãè÷íûì øàãîì íà ïóòè ðàçðåøåíèÿ ñèòóàöèè ìîæåò ñòàòü ââåäåíèå óãîëîâ- íîé îòâåòñòâåííîñòè çà ïåðåâîçêó è ñî- äåðæàíèå â íåâîëå «êðàñíîêíèæíûõ» Êðå÷åò (Falco rusticolus). Ôîòî È. Óêîëîâà. îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà», – ñêàçàë Àëåêñåé Êóçüìèöêèé. Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus). Photo by I. Ukolov. Â êà÷åñòâå çàêîíîäàòåëüíîé èíè- öèàòèâû Ïðåäñåäàòåëü Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà As the legislative initiative the Chairman Êàì÷àòñêîãî êðàÿ ïðåäëîæèë ââåñòè â of the Government of the Kamchatka Kray Óãîëîâíûé Êîäåêñ ÐÔ ñòàòüþ 259.1 «Íå- has suggested to introduce the article 259.1 çàêîííûé îáîðîò (ïðèîáðåòåíèå, ïåðå- “Illegal trade (acquisition, transfer, selling, äà÷à, ñáûò, ñîäåðæàíèå, ïåðåâîçêà) keeping in captivity, transportation) the ob- îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, ïðèíàäëå- jects of wildlife belonging to the species, æàùèõ ê âèäàì, çàíåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþ listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian êíèãó Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè». Ñàíêöèè Federation” into the Criminal Code of the ïî ýòîé ñòàòüå äîëæíû ïðåäóñìàòðèâàòü Russian Federation. Sanctions under this ar- íàêàçàíèÿ îò êðóïíûõ øòðàôîâ (äî 200 ticle should provide punishments ranging òûñÿ÷ ðóáëåé) äî ëèøåíèÿ ñâîáîäû íà from large fines (up to 200 thousand rou- ñðîê äî 6 ëåò. bles) to imprisonment for up to 6 years. Êîíòàêò (2). Contact (2).

2 http://www.kamchatka.gov.ru/?cont=info&menu=1&menu2=0&news_id=13350 Events Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 5

Conference ”Gyrfalcons and Ptarmigan in a Changing World” was held in 1–3 Feb- ruary 2011 in the Boise, Idaho, USA. This international conference will explore evidence for a range of environmental changes in arctic ecosystems affecting the Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus), its competi- tors, and its prey, ptarmigan (Lagopus sp.), waterfowl, seabirds and others, to predict (3) Êîíòàêò: Êîíôåðåíöèÿ «Êðå÷åòû è êóðîïàòêà â effects and outcomes of global climate Åâãåíèé Ïîòàïîâ èçìåíÿþùåìñÿ ìèðå» ïðîøëà â Áîé- change, identify areas of uncertainty, and EugenePotapov@ gmail.com çå (øòàò Àéäàõî) â ÑØÀ 1–3 ôåâðàëÿ develop global strategies for measuring and 2011 ã. mitigating them. Åâãåíèé Øåðãàëèí Ýòà ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ ïðè- Organizers of conference: the Peregrine [email protected] çâàíà ïîëó÷èòü è îöåíèòü èíôîðìàöèþ Fund, Boise State University (the Raptor Re- [email protected] îá ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ èçìåíåíèÿõ â àðêòè÷å- search Center and the Biological Sciences ñêèõ ýêîñèñòåìàõ, çàòðàãèâàþùèõ êðå÷åòà Department), and the US Geological Survey (3) Contact: (Falco rusticolus), åãî êîíêóðåíòîâ è åãî (Snake River Field Station). Rick Watson äîáû÷ó – êóðîïàòêó (Lagopus sp.), âîäî- More than 100 specialists from different rwatson@ peregrinefund.org ïëàâàþùóþ ïòèöó, ìîðñêèõ ïòèö è äð. countries have participated in the confer- âèäû, ïðåäñêàçàòü ýôôåêòû îò ãëîáàëüíî- ence. Russian ornithologists have presented Eugene Potapov ãî èçìåíåíèÿ êëèìàòà è ðàçâèòü ãëîáàëü- the reports as follows: EugenePotapov@ íóþ ñòðàòåãèþ äëÿ èçìåðåíèÿ è ñìÿã÷åíèÿ - Evgeny Lobkov. The status and sup- gmail.com âëèÿíèÿ èçìåíåíèé êëèìàòà íà ïîïóëÿöèè posed dynamics of the Gyrfalcon popula- Jevgeni Shergalin êðå÷åòà è êóðîïàòîê. tion on Kamchatka (north-eastern Asia, Rus- flat 3, Soroptimist Êîíôåðåíöèÿ áûëà îðãàíèçîâàíà Ôîíäîì sian Far East). House, Greenhill Close, ñàïñàíà, èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèì öåíòðîì ïåð- - Svetlana Mechnikova, Michael Ro- Carmarthen, SA31 1DR, Wales UK íàòûõ õèùíèêîâ è îòäåëîì áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ manov, and Nikolay Kudryavtsev. Change [email protected] íàóê Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà Áîéçû in numbers and nesting ecology of the [email protected] è Àìåðèêàíñêîé ãåîëîãè÷åñêîé ñëóæáîé Gyrfalcon in Yamal peninsula (Russia) from (ïîëåâîé ñòàöèîíàð «Çìåèíàÿ ðåêà»). 1981 to 2010. Â êîíôåðåíöèè ïðèíÿëè ó÷àñòèå áîëåå - Vladimir Morozov. The ecological basis 100 èññëåäîâàòåëåé èç ðàçíûõ ñòðàí ìèðà. of distribution and breeding of the Gyrfal- Ðîññèéñêèå îðíèòîëîãè ïðåäñòàâèëè ñëå- con in the Russian tundra and preconditions Ó÷àñòíèêè äóþùèå äîêëàäû: of spreading to new grounds. êîíôåðåíöèè - Åâãåíèé Ëîáêîâ. Ñòàòóñ è ïðåäïîëàãàå- - Yuri Mineev and Oleg Mineev. The Gyr- «Êðå÷åòû è êóðîïàòêà â èçìåíÿþùåìñÿ ìèðå». ìàÿ äèíàìèêà íàñåëåíèÿ êðå÷åòà íà Êàì- falcon in the tundra of Nenets Autonomous Ôîòî ïðåäîñòàâëåíî ÷àòêå (ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íàÿ Àçèÿ, ðîññèéñêèé District of Arkhangelskaya, Russia. Ôîíäîì ñàïñàíà. Äàëüíèé Âîñòîê). - Ivan Pokrovsky. Comparison of Gyrfal- Participants of the con- - Ñâåòëàíà Ìå÷íèêîâà, Ìèõàèë Ðîìàíîâ, con distribution between the Palearctic and ference „Gyrfalcons and Íèêîëàé Êóäðÿâöåâ. Èçìåíåíèå ÷èñëåííî- the Nearctic. Ptarmigan in a Chang- ñòè è ãíåçäîâîé ýêîëîãèè êðå÷åòà íà ïîëó- - Irina Pokrovskaya, Grigory Tertitskii, and ing World”. Photo from Peregrine îñòðîâå ßìàë (Ðîññèÿ) ñ 1981 ã. äî 2010 ã. Ivan Pokrovsky. Number and distribution of Fund. - Þðèé Ìèíååâ, Îëåã Ìèíååâ. Êðå÷åò Gyrfalcons on the west Siberian plain. 6 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Ñîáûòèÿ

â òóíäðå Íåíåöêîãî àâòîíîìíîãî îêðóãà - Eugene Potapov. Gyrfalcon diet: spatial Àðõàíãåëüñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. and temporal variation. - Âëàäèìèð Ìîðîçîâ. Ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ - Eugene Potapov. The Gyrfalcon in Russia: îñíîâà ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ è ðàçìíîæåíèÿ current status and conservation problems. êðå÷åòà â ðîññèéñêîé òóíäðå è ïðåäïîñûë- - Jevgeni Shergalin. Brief review of Rus- êè ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ íà íîâûå òåððèòîðèè. sian-language literature on the Gyrfalcon. - Èâàí Ïîêðîâñêèé. Ñðàâíåíèå ðàñïðå- - Jevgeni Shergalin. The Gyrfalcon trap- äåëåíèÿ êðå÷åòà ìåæäó Ïàëåàðêòè÷åñêèì pers in the Russian arctic during the 13th– è Íåàðêòèêîé. 18th Centuries. - Èðèíà Ïîêðîâñêàÿ, Ãðèãîðèé Òåð- The proceedings of the conference have òèöêèé, Èâàí Ïîêðîâñêèé. ×èñëåííîñòü been published, which is available on web- è ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå êðå÷åòà íà Çàïàäíî- site of the conference3. Ñèáèðñêîé ðàâíèíå. Contact (3). - Åâãåíèé Ïîòàïîâ. Ïèòàíèå êðå÷åòà: ïðî- ñòðàíñòâåííûå è âðåìåííûå èçìåíåíèÿ. - Åâãåíèé Ïîòàïîâ. Êðå÷åò â Ðîññèè: òå- êóùèé ñòàòóñ è ïðîáëåìû îõðàíû. - Åâãåíèé Øåðãàëèí. Îáçîð ðóññêîÿçû÷- íîé ëèòåðàòóðû ïî êðå÷åòó. - Åâãåíèé Øåðãàëèí. Ëîâöû êðå÷åòîâ â ðîñ- ñèéñêîé Àðêòèêå â òå÷åíèå 13–18 ñòîëåòèé. Ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì êîíôåðåíöèè îïóáëè- êîâàí ñáîðíèê ðåçþìå, êîòîðûé äîñòóïåí íà ñàéòå êîíôåðåíöèè3. Êîíòàêò (3).

(4) Contact: Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ «Ýëåê- András Kovács òðîñåòè ñðåäíåãî íàïðÿæåíèÿ è ãèáåëü project coordinator tel.: +36 30 260 55 33 ïòèö îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì â Åâ- Êðå÷åò (Falco rusticolus). Ôîòî È. Óêîëîâà. [email protected] ðîïå» áóäåò ïðîõîäèòü 13 àïðåëÿ 2011 ã. Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus). Photo by I. Ukolov. â Áóäàïåøòå (Âåíãðèÿ). Márton Horváth Îðãàíèçàòîðû êîíôåðåíöèè: Âåíãåðñêîå MME, Species Conser- vation Manager îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîå è ïðèðîäîîõðàííîå îá- International conference “Medium volt- tel.: +36 30 525 40 71 ùåñòâî (MME/BirdLife Hungary), Ìèíèñòåð- age electric grid and bird electrocution in horvath.marton@ ñòâî ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà Âåíãðèè. Ïàðòí¸- Europe” will be held on 13 April 2011 in mme.hu ðû: Ìåæäóíàðîäíîå îáùåñòâî îõðàíû ïòèö Budapest, Hungary. (BirdLife International), Âåíãåðñêàÿ ýëåêòðè- Organizers of conference: MME/BirdLife ÷åñêàÿ ñåðâèñíàÿ êîìïàíèÿ. Hungary, Ministry of Rural Development, Öåëè êîíôåðåíöèè: Hungary. Partners: BirdLife International - Îáìåíÿòüñÿ èíôîðìàöèåé íà ìåæäóíà- EDO, Hungarian electric utility companies. ðîäíîì óðîâíå î âàæíîñòè, ìàñøòàáå, âîç- Aims of the conference: ìîæíîñòÿõ óìåíüøåíèÿ è ðåøåíèÿõ ãèáåëè - To exchange information on an interna- ïòèö îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì â Åâðîïå. tional platform about the importance, scale, - Ïðîèíôîðìèðîâàòü ó÷àñòíèêîâ êîí- mitigation possibilities and solutions of bird ôåðåíöèè î ëó÷øèõ ïðèìåðàõ þðèäè÷å- electrocution in Europe. ñêèõ è ïðàêòè÷åñêèõ ìåð ïî îõðàíå ïòèö. - To inform conference attendees about - Óñèëèòü þðèäè÷åñêóþ çàùèòó è íà- best practice examples of legal and practi- ëàäèòü ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî â ïðåäåëàõ ñî- cal conservation measures. îáùåñòâà îðãàíèçàöèé ïî îõðàíå ïòèö è - To enhance joint advocacy and network- ýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ ñåðâèñíûõ êîìïàíèé äëÿ ing within BirdLife community and with äîñòèæåíèÿ íàöèîíàëüíûõ è îáùååâðî- electric utility companies in order to reach ïåéñêèõ îáÿçàòåëüñòâ ïî óìåíüøåíèþ ãè- national and EU-wide commitments on bird áåëè ïòèö îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì. electrocution mitigation. Êîíòàêò (4). Contact (4).

3 http://www.peregrinefund.org/gyr_conference/CONFERENCE%20PROGRAM%20FINAL.pdf Events Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 7

The first large international Conference on Wind energy and Wildlife impacts will be held on May, 2–5 2011 in the Trond- heim, Norway4. Conference organizers: the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) is Norway’s leading institution for applied ecological research and Centre for Envi- (5) Contact: Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ ïî âëè- ronmental Design of Renewable Energy Kjetil Bevanger ÿíèþ âåòðîýíåðãåòèêè íà äèêóþ ïðè- (CEDREN) is one of the eight Norwegian Conference Chairman tel.: +47 73 80 14 44 ðîäó ñîñòîèòñÿ 2–5 ìàÿ 2011 ã. â Òðîí- Centres for Environment-friendly Energy 4 +47 934 66 767 õåéìå (Íîðâåãèÿ) . Research (CEER) established to obtain a [email protected] Îðãàíèçàòîðû êîíôåðåíöèè: Íîð- substantial increase in the research and de- âåæñêèé èíñòèòóò èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðèðî- velopment in the fields of renewable en- Roelof Frans May Chairman Scientific äû (NINA) – âåäóùåå ó÷ðåæäåíèå Íîð- ergy in Norway. Committee âåãèè ïî ïðèêëàäíûì ýêîëîãè÷åñêèì Sessions: tel.: +47 73 80 14 65 èññëåäîâàíèÿì è Öåíòð ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ - Site selection, and pre- and post-con- +47 957 85 995 ïðîåêòîâ ïî âîçîáíîâëÿåìîé ýíåðãèè struction studies (Convenor: Prof. Dr. Johann [email protected] (CEDREN) – îäèí èç âîñüìè íîðâåæñêèõ Köppel). Oddmund Rønning öåíòðîâ ïî äðóæåñòâåííûì äëÿ îêðó- - Species-specific vulnerability and popu- Chairman Organising æàþùåé ñðåäû èññëåäîâàíèÿì ýíåðãèè lation effects (Convenor: Dr. Rowena Lang- Committee (CEER), ñîçäàííûé ÷òîáû ñóùåñòâåííî ston). tel.: +47 73 80 14 67 +47 481 95 681 óâåëè÷èòü ÷èñëî íàó÷íûõ èññëåäîâàíèé - Behavioural and spatial responses of oddmund.ronning@ â îáëàñòè âîçîáíîâëÿåìîé ýíåðãèè â wildlife (Convenor: Dr. Edward Arnett). nina.no Íîðâåãèè. - Collision risk modelling (Convenor: Dr. Íà êîíôåðåíöèè áóäåò âåñòèñü ðàáîòà Shawn Smallwood). ïî ñëåäóþùèì ñåññèÿì: - Tools, methods and technology (Con- - âûáîð òåððèòîðèé è èññëåäîâàíèÿ äî è venor: Dr. Mark Desholm). ïîñëå ñòðîèòåëüñòâà âòåðîýëåêòðîñòàíöèé - Mitigation and compensation (Conven- (âåäóùèé ïðîô. Éîõàí Êîïïåë); or: Dr. Andrew Gill). - âèäîñïåöèôè÷åñêàÿ óÿçâèìîñòü è ïî- - Future challenges: offshore and onshore ïóëÿöèîííûå ýôôåêòû (âåäóùèé äð. Ðîâå- (Convenor: Dr. Roel May). íà Ëàíãñòîí); The official language of the conference - ïîâåäåí÷åñêèå è ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûå will be English. Registration fee – €380 (for îòâåòû æèâîòíûõ (âåäóùèé äð. Ýäâàðä Àð- student – €280). íåòò); Total 140 abstracts were received by - ìîäåëèðîâàíèå ðèñêà ñòîëêíîâåíèÿ participators from 30 different countries. (âåäóùèé äð. Øîí Ñìîëâóä); The abstracts for the oral presentations and - èíñòðóìåíòû, ìåòîäû è òåõíîëîãèÿ (âå- posters will be published as conference äóùèé äð. Ìàðê Äåøîëì); proceedings in a NINA-report at the confer- - ñìÿã÷åíèå è êîìïåíñàöèÿ ïîñëåäñòâèé ence. (âåäóùèé äð. Ýíäðþ Ãèëë); Contact (5).

Ïàðê âåòðîãåíåðàòîðîâ. Ôîòî ïðåäîñòàâëåíî êîìïàíèåé Ñòàòêðàôò. Wind-Power Plant. Photo from Statkraft.

4 http://cww2011.nina.no/ 8 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Ñîáûòèÿ

- áóäóùèå âûçîâû: íà ìîðå è íà ñóøå (âåäóùèé äð. Ðîåë Ìýé). Îôèöèàëüíûé ÿçûê êîíôåðåíöèè – àí- ãëèéñêèé. Ðåãèñòðàöèîííûé ñáîð ñîñòàâ- ëÿåò 380 åâðî, äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ – 280 åâðî. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â àäðåñ îðãàíè- çàòîðîâ êîíôåðåíöèè ïîñòóïèëî 140 òåçèñîâ îò ó÷àñòíèêîâ èç 30 ðàçëè÷íûõ ñòðàí ìèðà. Òåçèñû áóäóò îïóáëèêîâàíû â âèäå îò÷¸òà Íîðâåæñêîãî èíñòèòóòà èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðèðîäû ê íà÷àëó êîíôå- ðåíöèè. Êîíòàêò (5).

(6) Êîíòàêò Èññëåäîâàòåëüñêàÿ ëàáîðàòîðèÿ «Ôèí- Àíäðåé Ñåì¸íîâ âàë» ëåòîì 2011 ã. îñóùåñòâèò çîîëîãè- Ðóêîâîäèòåëü ÷åñêóþ ýêñïåäèöèþ ïî ðåêå Ëåíà (Âîñ- ýêñïåäèöèè òåë.: +7 906 578 5533 òî÷íàÿ Ñèáèðü) íà ïàðóñíî-ìîòîðíîé Ñêàëû íà ð. Ëåíà íèæå ßêóòñêà. Ôîòî À. Ñåì¸íîâà. ÿõòå. [email protected] Cliffs of the Lena river down the stream from Yakutsk. Öåëü ýêñïåäèöèè – èçó÷åíèå æèâîòíîãî Photo by A. Semenov. (6) Contact: ìèðà ïîéìû ýòîé ìàëîíàñåë¸ííîé è ìàëî- Andrey Semenov Head of the expedition èçó÷åííîé ðåêè. Ïîäîáíàÿ ýêñïåäèöèÿ tel.: +7 906 578 5533 óæå ïðîõîäèëà â 2008 ã. (ñì. ñîîáùåíèå The research laboratory ”Finval” will carry [email protected] â ¹15 «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà», out a zoological expedition on the Lena ñòð. 114–1185). river (Eastern Siberia) by a yacht in the Ðåêà Ëåíà (äëèíà 4400 êì) – îäíà èç äå- summer of 2011. ñÿòè âåëè÷àéøèõ ðåê Çåìëè. Ïî-ìíåíèþ The target of the expedition is the surveys ìíîãèõ ïóòåøåñòâåííèêîâ, ñàìàÿ êðàñèâàÿ of wildlife of flood-lands of this underpopu- èç êðóïíûõ ðåê Ðîññèè. Ðåêà ïðîòåêàåò ïî lated and insufficiently researched river. The åñòåñòâåííîìó ðóñëó, çäåñü íåò ïëîòèí. similar expedition has already been con- Áåðåãà ðàçíîîáðàçíû è æèâîïèñíû, ìíîãî ducted in 2008 (see ¹15 “Raptors Conser- ñêàë. Âñåìèðíî èçâåñòíû Ëåíñêèå ñòîëáû vation”, p. 114–1185). – çäåñü ñêàëüíûå îñòàíöû ðàçíîîáðàçíûõ The Lena river (length 4400 km) is one of ðàñöâåòîê è ôîðì îáðàçóþò êàìåííûå ãî- ten greatest rivers of the Earth. In the opin- ðîäà. Ðåêà ïðîòåêàåò ñðåäè äèêîé ïðèðî- ion of many travellers, it is the most beauti- Ðåêà Ëåíà íèæå äû Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè è ßêóòèè. ßêóòèÿ – ful of the largest rivers of Russia. The river ßêóòñêà. Ôîòî À. Ñåì¸íîâà. ñàìûé áîëüøîé è ñàìûé ìàëîíàñåë¸ííûé flows within the natural bed, there are no ðåãèîí Ðîññèè. Íàñåëåíèå ðåãèîíà, ïî dams here. River banks are various and pic- Lena river down the stream from Yakutsk. ðàçìåðàì ñîïîñòàâèìîãî ñ Èíäèåé – ìå- turesque, there are many riverine cliffs and Photo by A. Semenov. íåå ìèëëèîíà ÷åëîâåê. precipices. Lena Pillars is a World Heritage site – here the rock outcrops, being different in their colouring and shape form the mira- cle stone towns. The river flows across the wild landscapes of the Irkutsk district and Yakutia. Yakutia is the largest and most un- derpopulated region of Russia. The population of region, which is comparable to India in its area, is less than one million people. In 2011, organizers of the expedition have an opportunity to take with themselves a group of 3 person. Fans of the wild nature and birdwatchers are invited to participate in the expedition. The expedition will start in the Ust-Kut town on June, 1 and will finish on July, 21 in Tixi. The total length of the expedition route will be about 3500 km. The route will be 5 http://docs.sibecocenter.ru/programs/raptors/RC15/111-139_Short_Reports.pdf divided into two stages. The first will start in Events Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 9

Â 2011 ã. ó îðãàíèçàòîðîâ ýêñïåäèöèè Yst-Kut on June, 1 and will finish in Yakutsk èìååòñÿ âîçìîæíîñòü âçÿòü ñ ñîáîé ãðóï- on June, 25 (2000 km). The second will be ïó èç 3-õ ÷åëîâåê. Ïðèíÿòü ó÷àñòèå â ýêñ- from Yakutsk to Tixi (1500 km) in dates June, ïåäèöèè ïðèãëàøàþòñÿ ëþáèòåëè äèêîé 26 – July, 21. ïðèðîäû è ïòèö. The arrangement fee for participation in Ñïëàâ íà÷í¸òñÿ â ãîðîäå Óñòü-Êóò 1 èþíÿ the expedition on each of stages is €1300 è çàêîí÷èòñÿ 21 èþëÿ â çàïîëÿðíîì ïî- from a person and includes 3 meal a day on ñ¸ëêå Òèêñè. Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ìàðø- a yacht, services of the translator, expenses ðóòà ñîñòàâèò îêîëî 3500 êì. Ìàðøðóò on fuel, bedding and everyday accessories ðàçáèò íà äâà ýòàïà. Ïåðâûé, ñ 1 ïî 25 on a board, service and the insurance. The èþíÿ (2000 êì), íà÷í¸òñÿ â Óñòü-Êóòå è arrangement fee does not include travel to çàêîí÷èòñÿ â ßêóòñêå. Âòîðîé, îò ã. ßêóòñê the places of the expedition starting and fin- äî ïîñ. Òèêñè (1500 êì), ïðîéä¸ò ñ 26 ishing, personal equipment and expenses èþíÿ ïî 21 èþëÿ. on tobacco and alcohol. Îðãâçíîñ çà ó÷àñòèå â ýêñïåäèöèè íà The length of the daily rout of the yacht is êàæäîì èç ýòàïîâ ñîñòàâèò 1300 åâðî ñ ÷å- 80 km, with stops for the group hiking, that ëîâåêà è âêëþ÷àåò â ñåáÿ 3-ðàçîâîå ãîðÿ- will be held during about 3 hours. ÷åå ïèòàíèå íà ÿõòå, óñëóãè ïåðåâîä÷èêà, On a yacht in length of 7 m there are the ðàñõîäû íà áåíçèí, ïîñòåëüíûå è áûòîâûå berths (six places) and saloon, isolated from ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè íà áîðòó, îáñëóæèâàíèå a rain and a wind, gas cooker, biotoilet, è ñòðàõîâêó. Îðãâçíîñ íå âêëþ÷àåò ïðî- electric generator 220 V. åçä ê ìåñòó ïîñàäêè è îò ïóíêòà âûñàäêè ñ Contact (6). ÿõòû, ñíàðÿæåíèå è ðàñõîäû íà òàáà÷íûå èçäåëèÿ è àëêîãîëü. Åæåäíåâíîå ïðîäâèæåíèå ÿõòû – 80 êì, In 2012, A&C Black will be publishing a ñ îñòàíîâêàìè íà ãðóïïîâûå ïóòåøåñòâèÿ definitive photographic guide dedicated ïåøêîì äî 3 ÷àñîâ. to the world’s 250 species of owls, and Íà ÿõòå äëèíîé 7 ì èçîëèðîâàííûå the process of sourcing and selecting pho- îò äîæäÿ è âåòðà ñïàëüíûå ìåñòà (øåñòü tographs is now well underway. Owls of ìåñò), çàêðûòàÿ êàþò-êàìïàíèÿ, ãàçîâàÿ the World is being written by Finnish owl ïëèòà, áèîòóàëåò, ãåíåðàòîð 220 Â. expert Heimo Mikkola, and the publish- Êîíòàêò (6). ers would like to invite photographers and birders from around the world to submit images (preferably digital) for use in the (7) Contact: Â 2012 ã. èçäàòåëüñòâî A&C Black áóäåò book, which will be placing particular em- Ellen Parnavelas èçäàâàòü ôîòîàëüáîì-ñïðàâî÷íèê ïî phasis on plumage variation and racial eparnavelas@ ñîâàì ìèðà, ñîäåðæàùèé èíôîðìà- separation. Photographs of young birds, is- acblack.com öèþ î 250 âèäàõ. land endemic races and adults in flight are Ïðîöåññ îòáîðà ôîòîãðàôèé óæå íà- particularly welcome6. ÷àëñÿ. «Ñîâû ìèðà» ïèøóòñÿ ôèíñêèì Contact (7). ýêñïåðòîì ïî ñîâàì Õåèìî Ìèêêîëà, è èçäàòåëè ïðèãëàøàþò ôîòîãðàôîâ è ëþ- áèòåëåé ïòèö ñî âñåãî ñâåòà ïðåäñòàâèòü èçîáðàæåíèÿ (ïðåäïî÷òèòåëüíî öèôðî- âûå) äëÿ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ â êíèãå, êîòîðàÿ áóäåò äåëàòü ñïåöèôè÷åñêèé àêöåíò íà èçìåíåíèå îêðàñêè îïåðåíèÿ è ïîäâèäî- âîå äåëåíèå. Ôîòîãðàôèè ìîëîäûõ ïòèö, îñòðîâíûõ è ýíäåìè÷íûõ ðàñ ñîâ, à òàêæå âçðîñëûõ ïòèö â ïîë¸òå, îñîáåííî ïðèâåò- ñòâóþòñÿ6. Êîíòàêò (7).

Ñïëþøêà (Otus scops). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Scops Owl (Otus scops). Photo by I. Karyakin.

6 http://www.acblack.com/Owls/content/310 10 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îáçîðû è êîììåíòàðèè

ReviewsandComments ОБЗОРЫ И КОММЕНТАРИИ

GyrfalconandPtarmiganConference,Boise,Idaho,USA, 1–3February,2011 КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ ПО КРЕЧЕТУ И КУРОПАТКАМ РОДА LAGOPUS, БОЙЗЕ, АЙДАХО, США, 1–3 ФЕВРАЛЯ 2011 PotapovE.R.(BrynAthynCollege,Pennsylvainia,USA) Потапов Е.Р. (Брин Афинский Колледж, Пенсильвания, США)

Êîíòàêò: Èäåÿ êîíôåðåíöèè ïî êðå÷åòó (Falco rus- By coincidence, the conference was held on Åâãåíèé Ïîòàïîâ ticolus) è åãî îñíîâíîìó ïèùåâîìó îáúåê- the eve of St. Triphon Day, a day known in Áðèí Àôèíñêèé Êîëëåäæ òó – êóðîïàòêàì ðîäà Lagopus, óæå äàâíî Orthodox Christianity as the day when Tsar’s Ïåíñèëüâàíèÿ, ÑØÀ âûíàøèâàëàñü Ôîíäîì Ñàïñàíà, îäíàêî Ivan Michailovich’s falconer lost, and then EugenePotapov@ ïðîâåäåíèå òàêîé êîíôåðåíöèè òðåáî- miraculously retrieved a Gyrfalcon (Falco gmail.com âàëî çíà÷èòåëüíûõ àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ è rusticolus) (1 February Old style, 14 Febru- ôèíàíñîâûõ çàòðàò. Êðîìå òîãî, áîëü- ary New style). The financial support for the Contact: øèíñòâî ñïåöèàëèñòîâ, êîòîðûå ðàáîòàþò conference was provided by the Peregrine Eugene Potapov ñ êðå÷åòîì, ÿâëÿþòñÿ ëþäüìè çàíÿòûìè, è Fund, The Trust for Mutual Understanding, Bryn Athyn College ñðîêè èõ ïîëåâûõ ðàáîò ïðèâÿçàíû ê ðàí- the National Parks Service, and the Fish and Pennsylvainia PA 19009, USA íåìó ïåðèîäó ðàçìíîæåíèÿ êðå÷åòà, ÷òî Wildlife Service. It was a grant from the EugenePotapov@ íå ìîãëî íå îòðàçèòüñÿ íà ñðîêàõ êîíôå- Trust for Mutual Understanding which ena- gmail.com ðåíöèè. Îíà áûëà íàçíà÷åíà ïîä Òðèôî- bled the gyrfalcon and ptarmigan specialists íîâ äåíü (1 ôåâðàëÿ ïî ñòàðîìó ñòèëþ, 14 from Russia to be flown to Boise. ôåâðàëÿ ïî íîâîìó), ÷òî, ñêîðåå âñåãî, The conference was opened by the Presi- ÿâëÿåòñÿ õîòü è çíàìåíàòåëüíûì, íî âñ¸ æå dent of Boise State University Dr. Robert Kustra ñîâïàäåíèåì. Îðãàíèçàöèîííûå õëîïîòû and by a public lecture from Dr. S. Amstrup âçÿë íà ñåáÿ Ôîíä Ñàïñàíà, à ôèíàíñîâóþ (Polar Bear International, Montana) “Po- ïîääåðæêó îêàçàëè Àãåíòñòâî ïî Îõðàíå lar bears and climate change: certainties Ïðèðîäû Àáó-Äàáè, Ãåîëîãè÷åñêàÿ Ñëóæ- and uncertainties in a warming world”. áà ÑØÀ, Ôîíä Âçàèìîïîíèìàíèÿ, Ñëóæ- This lecture was a precursor to one of the áà Íàöèîíàëüíûõ Ïàðêîâ ÑØÀ è Ñëóæáà main questions of the conference, which Êðå÷åò Ðûáû è Äè÷è ÑØÀ. Áëàãîäàðÿ ãðàíòó Ôîí- could be spelled out as “what is going (Falco rusticolus). Ôîòî È. Óêîëîâà. äà Âçàèìîïîíèìàíèÿ óäàëîñü ïðèâåçòè è to happen to the Gyrfalcon during global Gyrfalcon îïëàòèòü çàòðàòû íà ïðîæèâàíèå è îðãàíè- warming”. This question was mentioned (Falco rusticolus). çàöèîííûå âçíîñû âñåì ó÷àñòíèêàì èç Ðîñ- by Dr. Mark Fuller (USGS) “Why we are Photo by I. Ukolov. ñèè, ïðåäîñòàâèâøèì íàó÷íûå ñîîáùåíèÿ. here, and not in the field”. Ñîâåùàíèå áûëî îòêðûòî The scientific program consisted of 3 main âûñòóïëåíèåì ïðåçèäåíòà blocks: 1) Gyrfalcon, 2) Ptarmigan and 3) óíèâåðñèòåòà Áîéçå Äð. Ðî- related species (Peregrines Falco peregri- áåðòà Êóñòðà è ëåêöèåé Äð. nus and Sakers Falco cherrug) and other is- Ñòåâåíà Àìñòðóïà (Èíñòèòóò sues relevant to the Arctic (sea birds, shrub Áåëîãî Ìåäâåäÿ, Ìîíòàòà) expansion, etc). The latter contained many «Áåëûå ìåäâåäè è èçìåíåíèå interesting talks, which I have to omit due êëèìàòà: îïðåäåë¸ííîñòè è to a lack of space. The gyrfalcon talks were íåîïðåäåë¸ííîñòè â íàãðå- delivered either by people who have been âàþùåìñÿ ìèðå». Ýòà ëåê- working with the species in the past, and/ öèÿ è ïðåäâîñõèòèëà ãëàâíûé or actively working with the species at the âîïðîñ êîíôåðåíöèè «×òî moment. Amongst the latter only a hand- ñòàíåò ñ êðå÷åòîì â óñëîâè- ful are supported by governments. Places ÿõ ãëîáàëüíîãî ïîòåïëåíèÿ». where work has been carried out on Gyrfal- Èìåííî ýòîò âîïðîñ çàòðîíóë cons are limited: Greenland (work here is Reviews and Comments Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 11

done by specialists from the USA), Iceland, Northern Sweden, Norway, Kilpis-jarvi region of Finland, Polar Urals, Southern Yamal, Denaly National Park, Yukon-Kusk- ovim delta and Coolville river, Alaska, Yu- kon and North-West Territories of Canada. Compared to the huge circumpolar range of the Gyrfalcon, this is not enough number of points. Ptarmigan monitoring with a sat- isfactory resolution has been carried out only in Iceland, Scandinavia, Yamal, and the European North-East of the Russian Federation. The second day of the conference had plenary talks about general views on arctic avifauna and the gyrfalcon in particular. G. Hunt (Peregrine Fund) talked about how ×ëåíû íàó÷íîãî êî- íà îòêðûòèè ñîâåùàíèÿ Äð. Ìàðê Ôóëëåð it is difficult to be a bird in the Arctic. Legen- ìèòåòà êîíôåðåíöèè (Ãåîëîãè÷åñêàÿ Ñëóæáà ÑØÀ) â ñâîåé ëåê- dary falcon researcher Tom Cade (Peregrine (ñëåâà íàïðàâî): öèè «Ïî÷åìó ìû çäåñü, à íå â ïîëå». Fund) talked about the traits of the gyrfal- Å. Ïîòàïîâ, È. Íüþòîí, Ì. Ôóëëåð. Íàó÷íàÿ ïðîãðàììà ñîñòîÿëà èç 3-õ ãëàâ- con, which are relevant to climate change. Ôîòî Å. Ïîòàïîâà. íûõ áëîêîâ: 1) êðå÷åò, 2) êóðîïàòêè ðîäà K. Martin (University of British Columbia, Members of the Lagopus è 3) áëèçêîðîäñòâåííûå âèäû (ñàï- Canada) talked about Ptarmigan popula- scientific committee ñàí Falco peregrinus, áàëîáàí Falco cher- tions in North America, and the author of of the conference (left rug). Â ïîñëåäíåì áëîêå áûëî ìíîãî ðàç- this review talked about the diet of the Gyr- to right): E. Potapov, íîøåðñòíûõ äîêëàäîâ, êîòîðûå, ïðàâäà, íå falcon. He stressed that during period of I. Newton, M. Fuller. Photo by E. Potapov. äàâàëè íèêàêîãî îòâåòà íà ãëàâíûé âîïðîñ incubation and the first stages of a chicks êîíôåðåíöèè, ïîýòîìó ÿ íå êàñàþñü èõ â growth, the Gyrfalcons are stenophagous äàííîì îáçîðå. Äîêëàäû ïðî êðå÷åòà ÷è- and depend on one ortwo species of prey. òàëè ëþäè, êîãäà-ëèáî ðàáîòàâøèå ñ êðå÷å- This is very rare amongst raptors and makes òîì â ïîëå èëè ðàáîòàþùèå ñ ýòèì âèäîì the gyrfalcon very vulnerable. â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ. Ïîñëåäíèõ áûëî î÷åíü Amongst the talks which presented new íå ìíîãî, ÷òî îïå÷àëèëî îðãàíèçàöèîííûé data I have to mention the report by J. John- êîìèòåò êîíôåðåíöèè. Èç ñïåöèàëèñòîâ, son (University of North Texas) and K. Burn- ðàáîòàþùèõ ñ êðå÷åòîì â íàñòîÿùåå âðå- ham (High Arctic Institute) who tried to find ìÿ, òîëüêî ñ÷èòàííûå åäèíèöû èìåþò ãîñó- the genetical foundation of Gyrfalcon colour äàðñòâåííóþ ïîääåðæêó. Ìåñòà, ãäå ïðî- variants. They studied melanocortin 1 re- âîäÿò àêòèâíûå ðàáîòû ïî êðå÷åòó, ìîæíî ceptor (MC1R) gene, which codes melanin Ó÷àñòíèêè êîíôåðåí- ñîñ÷èòàòü ïî ïàëüöàì – ýòî ñåâåðî-çàïàä concentration. öèè ñëóøàþò äîêëàäû. Ãðåíëàíäèè (çäåñü ðàáîòàþò ñïåöèàëèñòû èç K. Burnham (High Arctic Institute) and Ôîòî Å. Ïîòàïîâà. ÑØÀ), ñåâåð Èñëàíäèè, ñåâåð Øâåöèè, ñå- I. Newton collected feathers and feces Participants of the âåð Íîðâåãèè, ðàéîí îçåðà Êèëïèñÿðâè íà from sub-fossil layers of well-established conference are listening to reports. ñåâåðå Ôèíëÿíäèè, Þæíûé ßìàë, Ïðèïî- gyrfalcon nests in Greenland and radio- Photo by E. Potapov. ëÿðíûé Óðàë, Ñåâåðî-Âîñòîê Ðîññèè, äåëü- carbon dated them. The results returned 2740 and 2360 bp, and 670–60 bp for the feathers. This is perhaps the longest evidence of nest occupancy. The results were published before in Ibis (2009). Some talks were on satellite tracking of gyrfalcons. Nygård (Norwegian Institute for Nature Research) and co-authors put PTTs on 14 fledglings in Sweden. Unfortunately none of the young survived the winter, but some reached the Atlantic and Baltic coasts. Burnham (High Arctic Institute) and I. New- ton (Institute of Ecology and Hydrology, UK) tracked adult gyrfalcons in Greenland (2000–2004) and documented their wintering both in Greenland, as well as in Canadian 12 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îáçîðû è êîììåíòàðèè

òà Þêîí-Êóñêîâèì è ð. Êîëüâèë íà Àëÿñêå, ïðîâèíöèÿ Þêîí è Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíûå òåð- ðèòîðèè Êàíàäû. Ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ãðàíäè- îçíûì àðåàëîì êðå÷åòà ýòîò ñïèñîê äîâîëü- íî ñêóäåí. Ìîíèòîðèíã áåëîé êóðîïàòêè è êðå÷åòà íà îäíèõ è òåõ æå òåððèòîðèÿõ â¸ëñÿ ñ äîñòàòî÷íîé ïîäðîáíîñòüþ òîëüêî â Èñëàíäèè è íà ñåâåðå Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè. Íà ìåíüøèõ òåððèòîðèÿõ è ñ ìåíü- øåé äåòàëüíîñòüþ (òîëüêî îïðåäåëåíèå èí- äåêñîâ îáèëèÿ êóðîïàòêè) îí â¸ëñÿ â Ñêàí- äèíàâèè íà Þãå ßìàëà. Â ïåðâûé äåíü êîíôåðåíöèè áûëè çà- ÷èòàíû ïëåíàðíûå îáçîðû ïî àðêòè÷åñêîé îðíèòîôàóíå â öåëîì, è ïî êðå÷åòó, â ÷àñòíîñòè. Ãðåéíãåð Õàíò (Ôîíä Ñàïñàíà, ÑØÀ) ðàññêàçàë ïðî òî, êàê òðóäíî áûòü ïòèöåé â Àðêòèêå. Ëåãåíäàðíûé èññëåäî- âàòåëü ñîêîëîâ Òîì Êåéä (Ôîíä Ñàïñàíà, ÑØÀ) ðàññêàçàë î õàðàêòåðèñòèêàõ êðå÷å- òà, êîòîðûå ìîãóò áûòü âàæíû â îòíîøåíèè èçìåíåíèÿ êëèìàòà. Êàòè Ìàðòèí (Óíèâåð- ñèòåò Áðèòàíñêîé Êîëóìáèè, Êàíàäà) ðàñ- ñêàçàëà î ïîïóëÿöèÿõ êóðîïàòîê â Ñåâåð- íîé Àìåðèêå, à àâòîð ýòèõ ñòðîê ñäåëàë îáçîð ïî ïèòàíèþ êðå÷åòà, ãäå ïîä÷åð- êíóë, ÷òî â ïåðèîä îòêëàäêè ÿèö, èíêóáà- öèè è ïåðâûõ ýòàïîâ âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ ïòåí- öîâ êðå÷åò, ïî ñóòè, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñòåíîôàãîì è çàâèñèò ëèøü îò îäíîãî-äâóõ âèäîâ êîðìà. Òîì Êåéä, ëåãåíäàðíûé èññëåäîâàòåëü ñîêîëîâ. Ýòîò ðåä÷àéøèé ñëó÷àé ñòåíîôàãèè ñðåäè Ôîòî Á. Ïàðêñà / Ôîíä Ñàïñàíà. õèùíûõ ïòèö äåëàåò åãî óÿçâèìûì. Tom Cade, a legendary falcon researcher presenting Ñðåäè äîêëàäîâ, â êîòîðûõ áûëè ïðåä- his talk. Photo by B. Parks / The Peregrine Fund. ñòàâëåíû íîâûå ìàòåðèàëû, îòìå÷ó ñîîáùå- íèÿ Äæåôà Äæîíñîíà (Óíèâåñèòåò Òåõàñà) Archipelago and Iceland. McIntyre (National è Êóðòà Áóðíõàìà (Èíñòèòóò Âûñîêîøèðîò- Parks Service) tagged a total of 15 fledglings íîé Àðêòèêè, Èëëèíîéñ, ÑØÀ), êîòîðûå in Denali. The maximum period of tracking in ïîïðîáîâàëè íàéòè ãåíåòè÷åñêèå ïîñëåäî- her case was 103 days. The young dispersed Âûñòóïëåíèå Ïåðòòè âàòåëüíîñòè, êîäèðóþùèå öâåòîâûå ìîðôû to Alaska, Canada and Russia. Êîñêèìèåñà. êðå÷åòà. Àâòîðû èçó÷àëè àëëåëüíîå ðàñïðå- Despite the fact that many speakers men- Ôîòî Á. Ïàðêñà / äåëåíèå ðåöåïòîðà MC1R, êîòîðûé ðåãóëè- tioned global warming, there was only one Ôîíä Ñàïñàíà. ðóåò êîíöåíòðàöèþ ìåëàíèíà â ïèãìåíòíûõ talk which addressed climate change and Pertii Koskimies is êëåòêàõ. Ïîêà åù¸ íå óäàëîñü íàéòè ïîëíîå presenting his report. estimated its impact on Ptarmigan and Gyr- Photo by B. Parks / ãåíåòè÷åñêîå îáúÿñíåíèå íàëè÷èÿ ìîðô, falcon. T. Booms (Fish and Game, Alaska) The Peregrine Fund. òàê êàê ýòî, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ïîëèìîðôè÷íûé and co-authors used the climatic data for Alaska from 1900 to 2010 and concluded that during the period under question the habitat available for the Willow Ptarmigan shank 20%, for the Rock Ptarmigan 40% and for the Gyrfaclon 60%. Gyrfalcon studies in Russia were represented by talks from V. Morozov (Europe- an North-East), O. Mineev and Yu. Mineev (Nenets National District), S. Mechnikova (S. Yamal). E. Shergalin made a review of Russian literature on Gyrfalcon. The Ptarmi- gan talks were given by A. Isaev (Yakutia), V. Tarasov (Yamal) and R. Potapov (review on the published literature on Lagopus Reviews and Comments Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 13

ïðèçíàê, íî àëëåëè À ãåíà MC1R, êîäèðóþ- genus). All sessions were carried out in a ùèå áåëûé íàðÿä, áûëè íàéäåíû â Ãðåíëàí- friendly atmosphere. It was also possible äèè è íå áûëè íàéäåíû â Èñëàíäèè. to make short excursions to the prairies of Êóðò Áóðíõàì (Èíñòèòóò âûñîêîøè- Idaho. In my memory this is the first con- ðîòíîé Àðêòèêè, Èëëèíîéñ, ÑØÀ) è Èàí ference where Russian delegates were not Íüþòîí (Èíñòèòóò ýêîëîãèè è ãèäðîëîãèè, cause any incidents. Àíãëèÿ) ñîáðàëè îñòàòêè ïåðüåâ è ïîì¸- The information on the conference, pro- òà èç ñóáôîññèëüíûõ ñëî¸â ïîä ãíåçäàìè grams, abstracts and photographs are avail- êðå÷åòà è ñäåëàëè èõ ðàäèîêàðáîííóþ able on the official site of the conference äàòèðîâêó. Ðåçóëüòàò äàòèðîâêè ïîì¸òà (see “Events”). äàë äàòû 2740 è 2360 ëåò íàçàä, à ïåðüåâ – 670–60 ëåò íàçàä. Ýòî, ïîæàëóé, ñàìîå èíòåðåñíîå óêàçàíèå íà äëèòåëüíîå çàíÿ- òèå ãíåçäîâûõ òî÷åê äëÿ ñîêîëîâ. Äàííîå èññëåäîâàíèå áûëî îïóáëèêîâàíî â æóð- íàëå Ibis â 2009 ã. Íåñêîëüêî äîêëàäîâ áûëî ïîñâÿùåíî ñïóòíèêîâîìó ïðîñëåæèâàíèþ êðå÷åòà. Íóãàðä (Íîðâåæñêèé èíñòèòóò èññëåäî- âàíèé ïðèðîäû) è ñîàâòîðû ïîìåòèëè 14 ñë¸òêîâ êðå÷åòîâ â Øâåöèè. Ê ñîæàëåíèþ íè îäèí èç íèõ íå äîæèë äî çèìû, õîòÿ íåêîòîðûå èç íèõ äîëåòåëè äî Àòëàíòèêè è Áàëòèéñêîãî ìîðÿ. Êóðò Áóðíõàì è Èàí Íüþòîí ìåòèëè âçðîñëûõ êðå÷åòîâ â Ãðåí- ëàíäèè (2000–2004) è äîêóìåíòèðîâàëè ðàçë¸ò íà çèìîâêó êàê ïî Ãðåíëàíäèè, òàê Ðîññèéñêàÿ äåëåãàöèÿ è â Èñëàíäèþ è íà îñòðîâà Êàíàäñêîãî Àð- Âûñòóïëåíèå Òðàâèñà Áóìñà. íà êîíôåðåíöèè: õèïåëàãà. Êýðîë ÌàêÈíòàéð (Ñëóæáà íà- Ôîòî Á. Ïàðêñà / Ôîíä Ñàïñàíà. È. Ïîêðîâñêèé, Travis Booms is presenting his report. À. Èñàåâ, Î. Ìèíååâ, öèîíàëüíûé ïàðêîâ, Àëÿêñà) ïîìåòèëà, â Photo by B. Parks / The Peregrine Fund. Â. Òàðàñîâ, Å. Øåðãà- îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè, 15 ñë¸òêîâ êðå÷åòîâ â ëèí, Å. Ïîòàïîâ, Íàöèîíàëüíîì ïàðêå Äåíàëè. Ìàêñèìàëü- Ñ. Ìå÷íèêîâà, íûé ñðîê ïðîñëåæèâàíèÿ ñë¸òêîâ ñîñòàâèë Àëÿñêè) è ñîàâòîðû èñïîëüçîâàëè êëèìàòè- Â. Ìîðîçîâ. Ôîòî Å. Ïîòàïîâà. 103 äíÿ. Ïòåíöû ðàçëåòåëèñü ïî Àëÿñêå, ÷åñêèå äàííûå ïî Àëÿñêå ñ 1900 ïî 2010 ãã. Êàíàäå è Ðîññèè. Russian delegation on è ïðèøëè ê âûâîäó, ÷òî çà óêàçàííûé ïåðèîä the conference: Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî ìíîãî äîêëàä÷èêîâ íà Àëÿñêå ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ áåëûõ êóðîïàòîê I. Pokrovskiy, A. Isaev, óïîìèíàëè ãëîáàëüíîå ïîòåïëåíèå, áûë (Lagopus lagopus) ñîêðàòèëèñü íà 20%, òóí- O. Mineev, V. Tarasov, ëèøü òîëüêî îäèí äîêëàä, êîòîðûé ïðîàíà- äðÿíûõ êóðîïàòîê (Lagopus mutus) íà 40%, E. Shergalin, E. Potapov, ëèçèðîâàë èçìåíåíèÿ êëèìàòà è îöåíèë S. Mechnikova, è êðå÷åòà íà 60%. V. Morozov. âëèÿíèå èçìåíåíèÿ êëèìàòà íà êóðîïàòîê è Èññëåäîâàíèÿ êðå÷åòà â Ðîññèè áûëè ïðåä- Photo by E. Potapov. êðå÷åòà. Òðàâèñ Áóìñ (Ñëóæáà ðûáû è äè÷è ñòàâëåíû äîêëàäàìè Â. Ìîðîçîâà (Ñåâåðî- Âîñòîê Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè), Î. Ìèíååâà (Íåíåöêèé îêðóã), Ñ. Ìå÷íèêîâîé (Þæíûé ßìàë). Å. Øåðãàëèí ñäåëàë èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî øèðîêèé îáçîð ðóññêîÿçû÷íîé ëèòåðàòó- ðû ïî êðå÷åòó. Ïî êóðîïàòêå äîêëàäû áûëè ïðåäñòàâëåíû À. Èñàåâûì (ßêóòèÿ), Â. Òàðà- ñîâûì (ßìàë) è Ð. Ïîòàïîâûì (îáçîð âñåõ îïóáëèêîâàííûõ äàííûõ ïî Ðîññèè). Âñå çàñåäàíèÿ ïðîèñõîäèëè â äðóæå- ñòâåííîé îáñòàíîâêå. Óäàâàëîñü òàêæå âû- åçæàòü íà ýêñêóðñèè ïî ïðåðèÿì Àéäàõî. Ýòî ïåðâàÿ, íà ìîåé ïàìÿòè, êîíôåðåí- öèÿ, êîãäà ðîññèéñêàÿ äåëåãàöèÿ íå ñîçäà- âàëà íèêàêèõ èíöèäåíòîâ. Èíôîðìàöèÿ ïî ìàòåðèàëàì êîíôå- ðåíöèè, ôîòîãðàôèè, ïðîãðàììà è ðå- çþìå äîñòóïíû íà âåá-ñàéòå êîíôåðåí- öèè (ñì. ðàçäåë «Ñîáûòèÿ»). 14 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

RaptorConservation ОХРАНА ПЕРНАТЫХ ХИЩНИКОВ

ResultsoftheProjectforRestorationofNestingPlacesofthe BirdsofPreyintheRepublicofTyva,Russia РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ПРОЕКТА ПО ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЮ МЕСТ ГНЕЗДОВАНИЯ ХИЩНЫХ ПТИЦ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ ТЫВА, РОССИЯ KaryakinI.V.(CenterofFieldStudies,N.Novgorod,Russia) NikolenkoE.G.(SiberianEnvironmentalCenter,Novosibirsk,Russia) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н.Новгород, Россия) Николенко Э.Г. (МБОО «Сибирский экологический центр», Новосибирск, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Ðåçþìå Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí Â ñòàòüå îáîáùåíû ðåçóëüòàòû ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ õèùíûõ ïòèö â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ â ñòåï- Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ íûõ êîòëîâèíàõ Ðåñïóáëèêè Òûâà, ïðîâåä¸ííûõ â 2006 è 2009 ãã. Â õîäå äâóõ öåëåâûõ ïðîåêòîâ â Òóâèíñêîé è èññëåäîâàíèé Óáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíàõ íà äâóõ ïëîùàäêàõ áûëî óñòàíîâëåíî 109 ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðì. Â õîäå ðåãóëÿðíîãî 603000, Ðîññèÿ, ìîíèòîðèíãà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö äî óñòàíîâêè ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðì è ïîñëå èõ óñòàíîâêè, à òàêæå Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, â õîäå ïðîâåðêè ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðì, îïðåäåëåíà äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè õèùíûõ ïòèö, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà ïëî- óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17 ùàäêàõ, îöåí¸í âêëàä ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðì. Öåëåâûìè âèäàìè äëÿ ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ íà ãíåçäîâûå ïëàòôîðìû ÿâëÿ- òåë.: +7 831 433 38 47 ëèñü ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê (Buteo hemilasius) è áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug): êóðãàííèê ñòàë çàíèìàòü ïëàòôîðìû [email protected] íà ñëåäóþùèé æå ãîä ïîñëå èõ óñòàíîâêè, à ïåðâîå ãíåçäî áàëîáàíà â ïîñòðîéêå êóðãàííèêà íà ïëàòôîðìå áûëî îáíàðóæåíî íà 3-é ãîä. Òàêæå ïëàòôîðìû àêòèâíî èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ÷åðíîóõèì êîðøóíîì (Milvus migrans Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî lineatus), îáûêíîâåííîé ïóñòåëüãîé (Falco tinnunculus) è âîðîíîì (Corvus corax). ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, õèùíûå ïòèöû, ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê, áàëîáàí, Buteo hemilasius, Falco ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» cherrug, áèîòåõíè÷åñêèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ, èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ, ãíåçäîâûå ïëàòôîðìû, ãíåçäîâàÿ áèîëîãèÿ, 630090, Ðîññèÿ, äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè. Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 Ïîñòóïèëà â ðåäàêöèþ 12.01.2011 ã. Ïðèíÿòà ê ïóáëèêàöèè 25.02.2011 ã. òåë./ôàêñ: +7 383 328 30 26 Abstract [email protected] There are the results of activity on attraction of birds of prey into artificial nests in the steppe depressions of the Tyva Republic, carried out in 2006 and 2009. During two target projects realized in the Tuva and Ubsunur depres- Contact: sions 109 artificial nests have been erected on two study plots. During the monitoring of breeding territories of Igor Karyakin the birds of prey before and after the artificial nests erecting, as well as during the inspection of artificial nests Leader by Center of the trends for populations of raptors nesting on study plots have been distinguished, the impact of artificial nest Field Studies erecting on the population trends have been estimated. The target species for artificial nests erecting have been Korolenko str., 17a–17 chosen the Upland Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius) and Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug): the Upland Buzzard was recorded Nizhniy Novgorod, nesting in the artificial nests next year after the erecting, and the first nest of the Saker Falcon that was built by the Russia, 603000 Upland Buzzard on the artificial platform was found 3 years later. Also artificial platforms are actively used by the tel.: +7 831 433 38 47 Black-Eared Kite (Milvus migrans), Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) and Raven (Corvus corax). [email protected] Keywords: birds of prey, raptors, Upland Buzzard, Saker Falcon, Buteo hemilasius, Falco cherrug, artificial nest project, artificial nests, nesting platforms, breeding biology, population trend. Elvira Nikolenko Received: 12/01/2011. Accepted: 25/02/2011. NGO Siberian Environmental Center P.O. Box 547, Novosibirsk, Ââåäåíèå Introduction Russia, 630090 Ïîëåâûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ íà òåððèòîðèè Surveys on the territory of the Tyva Repub- tel./fax: +7 383 328 30 26 Ðåñïóáëèêè Òûâà âåëèñü â 1999–2010 ãã. lic were carried out in 1999–2000. Over the [email protected] Â ïåðèîä ñ 1999 ïî 2002 ãã. â Òóâèíñêîé period from 1999 to 2002, the plots were êîòëîâèíå, â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ îç¸ð Õàäûí è set up in the Tuva depression in the vicin- ×åäåð è â Óáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå, â ëåâî- ity of lakes Khadyn and Cheder and in the áåðåæüå ð. Òåñ-Õåì, áûëè çàëîæåíû ïëî- Ubsunur depression on the left bank of the ùàäêè, íà êîòîðûõ â¸ëñÿ ñïëîøíîé ó÷¸ò Tes-Khem river, where the census of breed- ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ êðóïíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Â ýòîò ing large raptors was carried out. Over this ïåðèîä íà ðàññìàòðèâàåìûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ period, the almost complete decay of agri- ïðîèçîøëî ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîëíîå ðàçðóøå- cultural infrastructure, which had remained íèå èíôðàñòðóêòóðû ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà, from the Soviet times, took place in the ñîõðàíèâøåãîñÿ ñ ñîâåòñêîãî ïåðèîäà, ÷òî areas under consideration. That resulted ïðèâåëî ê ðåçêîìó ñîêðàùåíèþ íà ãíåçäî- in an abrupt diminution of the number of Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 15

breeding species under study, primarily, the Upland Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius) and the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug). The key reason for that was the demolition of power lines by herders; while the poles of those power lines were used by the birds as nesting place and perches. Large-scale projects devoted to erecting artificial nests on the plots in the Tuva and Ubsunur depressions were carried out in 2006 and 2009 with the aim of recovering the nesting sites and the number of raptors. Total inspections of all the platforms installed were carried out in 2008 and 2010; this article was prepared on the basis of those results

Methods Two plots (fig. 1) with the system of artificial nests were selected as the model territories; the number of uncounted breeding large raptors on these territories was the minimal. Plot 1. The Tuva depression in the vicinity of Khadyn and Cheder lakes; area of 631.31 km2. Plot 2. The Ubsunur depression, left bank of the Tes-Khem River, area of 700.89 km2. In order to implement the project on erecting the nesting platforms, the territory was analyzed within GIS-software (ArcView 3.2à). Òèïè÷íûé ëàíäøàôò âàíèè èçó÷àåìûõ âèäîâ, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü During the analysis, all nesting sites of large ìîäåëüíîé òåððèòîðèè ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà (Buteo hemila- raptors were input into GIS, and the distanc- â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå (ïëîùàäêà ¹1). sius) è áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug). Îñíîâíîé es between the nests of those species, for Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî è ïðè÷èíîé ñòàëî óíè÷òîæåíèå ìåñòíûìè which the breeding platforms were oriented, È. Êàðÿêèíà. æèòåëÿìè ëèíèé ñâÿçè è ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è, were recalculated so that the model of the Typical landscape îïîðû êîòîðûõ ïòèöû èñïîëüçîâàëè êàê platform distribution on the plot could be of the surveyed area ãíåçäîâûå ñóáñòðàòû è îõîòíè÷üè ïðèñàäû. selected. Next, the scheme for installation in the Tuva depression Åæåãîäíàÿ ïðîâåðêà èçâåñòíûõ ñ 1999 ã. of artificial nests was developed; its imple- (plot ¹1). Photos by E. Nikolenko ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, ãíåçäîâûå ñîîðóæå- mentation would cover the obvious “gaps” and I. Karyakin. íèÿ íà êîòîðûõ áûëè óíè÷òîæåíû ìåñòíû- on the map of raptor distribution. ìè æèòåëÿìè, ïîêàçàëà, ÷òî õèùíûå ïòèöû During the target projects, the total of 109 ñòàðàþòñÿ äåðæàòüñÿ íà ñâîèõ ïðåæíèõ artificial nests were erected on the plots: 82 ó÷àñòêàõ, è, ëèøèâøèñü ãí¸çä, îêîëî ïîëî- artificial nests in 2006 on plot 1; 7 artificial âèíû ïàð ïðèñòóïàþò ê ðàçìíîæåíèþ, äëÿ nests in 2006 and 20, in 2009 on the plot 2. áîëüøèíñòâà èç êîòîðûõ îíî îêàçûâàåòñÿ Types of the artificial nests erected on plot íåóäà÷íûì. Òàê, â 2006 ã. ìû íàáëþäàëè 1 are given in table 1; their distribution is 13 ïîïûòîê ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ìîõíîíîãîãî shown in fig. 2. Types of the artificial nests êóðãàííèêà íà çåìëå, â òîì ÷èñëå è íà ñïè- erected on plot 2 are given in table 2; their ëàõ ñòîëáîâ, íà êîòîðûõ íàõîäèëèñü ãí¸ç- distribution is shown in fig. 3. Artificial nests äà äî 2004–2005 ãã., è ëèøü â 3-õ ñëó÷àÿõ can be divided into two groups according (23,1%) ðàçìíîæåíèå îêàçàëîñü óäà÷íûì. to their placing: trees or artificial construc- Íà 3-õ ãí¸çäàõ (23,1%) ñàìêè áûëè ñúåäå- tions. The nests made of poplar and pine íû ÷åòâåðîíîãèìè õèùíèêàìè â ïåðèîä stems and sawn branches were installed on íàñèæèâàíèÿ êëàäêè, íà îñòàëüíûõ ïîãèá- trees. Concrete poles that were remained ëî òîëüêî ïîòîìñòâî (53,8%), â îñíîâíîì, from the former power lines, wooden stubs îïÿòü æå, ïî âèíå ÷åòâåðîíîãèõ õèùíèêîâ of the fences around the farms and live- (38,5%), ðåæå â ðåçóëüòàòå áåñïîêîéñòâà stock winter camps at places of their ruins; ëþäüìè (15,4%). ×åòûðå ïàðû ìîõíîíîãèõ the geodetic triangles; the tops of wooden 16 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

êóðãàííèêîâ, ãí¸çäà êîòîðûõ ðàñïîëàãà- triple- and double-leg electric poles and ëèñü íà äåðåâÿííûõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ áëèç êî- transformer supports that were abandoned øàð è áûëè ñïèëåíû â 2001 ã., äî 2006 ã. in steppe, were selected to be the artificial ïðîäîëæàëè äåðæàòüñÿ íà ñâîèõ ó÷àñòêàõ, constructions to erect platforms onto. The ïðè ýòîì çà 6 ëåò ó íèõ íè ðàçó íå ðåãè- height of location of these platforms was ñòðèðîâàëîñü óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå, varied from 1 to 3 m, usually being equal õîòÿ ïîïûòêè îòêëàäêè ÿèö â ãí¸çäà íà çåì- to ~2.5 m. In 2009, 2.5 m high ferrocon- ëå íàáëþäàëèñü òðèæäû ó äâóõ ïàð. Òàêèì crete poles with square wireframes made of îáðàçîì, áûë ñäåëàí âûâîä, ÷òî áèîòåõíè- 1×1 m reinforcing rods covered with metal ÷åñêèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ íà ýòîé òåððèòîðèè gauze, were used for the installation of plat- áóäóò êðàéíå âîñòðåáîâàíû ïòèöàìè. forms in flat steppe on plot 2. For nest imita- Â 2002–2005 ãã. íàìè áûëè íà÷àòû ðà- tion, a pile of branches and grass that was áîòû ïî âîññòàíîâëåíèþ íåêîòîðûõ óíè- tied with synthetic ropes and wire to the ÷òîæåííûõ ãí¸çä õèùíûõ ïòèö. Òàê, â cross bars of the platform, was formed on Óáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå, â îñíîâíîì èç top of the pile. At the final stage, the layer ïîäðó÷íûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ, ðàçáðîñàííûõ ïî of rags, dry leaves, needles, and manure ñòåïè è íà ìåñòàõ áûâøèõ, êàê ïðàâèëî, ñî- was added to the pile. Such imitation pro- ææ¸ííûõ, ôåðì è çèìíèêîâ, ñîîðóæàëèñü vided the possibility of nesting on the plat- ïëàòôîðìû, êîòîðûå âîäðóæàëèñü íà ñî- forms for the Falcons prior to the construc- õðàíèâøèåñÿ îò òðàíñôîðìàòîðîâ áåòîí- tion of the nest by Kites or Upland Buzzards íûå ïàñûíêè, îñòîâû ñòîëáîâ. Íåêîòîðîå on the platform. In a number of cases, old êîëè÷åñòâî ïëàòôîðì áûëî óñòàíîâëåíî basins that were found at ruins of farms and íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ òðåíîãàõ, â ñîîòâåò- livestock winter camps were nailed to the ñòâèè ñ êîíñòðóêöèÿìè, àïðîáèðîâàííûìè platform; the basins were filled with rags, dry leaves, and manure. In several cases, the nests that either had fallen down on the ground or had been built on the ground were relocated onto the platforms. The platforms on plot 1 were inspected on June 4–8, 2008 and May 28–30, 2010; those on plot 2, on June 10–12, 2008 and June 3–6, 2010. All raptor nests that were found on the plots and the regular observations of adult birds with territorial behavior were mapped, referred to the coordinate system with the aid of GPS Garmin, and added to the ArcView 3.3 (ESRI) database. When monitoring of the nesting sites, we determined the nest occupancy, took photographs of adult birds (whenever possible, both male and female birds; however, the female birds were more common); and fledglings in most nests were ringed. The clutches and broods, consisting of the first down plumage nestlings, were inspected only in the nests that could be easily available for human approach, when they could be inspected from the car so that the adult birds were minimally disturbed. The census of breeding species, such as the Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis), Up-

Òèïè÷íûé ëàíäøàôò ìîäåëüíîé òåððèòîðèè â Óáñó- íóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå (ïëîùàäêà ¹2). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà è Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. Typical landscape of the surveyed area in the Ubsunur depression (plot ¹2). Photos by I. Karyakin and E. Nikolenko. Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 17

â Ìîíãîëèè (Potapov et al., 2003; Ïîòàïîâ, land Buzzard, Black-Eared Kite (Milvus 2005). Â ðîâíûõ ñòåïÿõ Òóâèíñêîé êîòëî- migrans lineatus), Saker Falcon, Eagle Owl âèíû åäèíñòâåííûì ïîäõîäÿùèì ñóáñòðà- (Bubo bubo), and Raven (Corvus corax) was òîì äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä ìîõíîíîãèìè carried out on the basis of the nesting sites. êóðãàííèêàìè áûëè ëèøü ëåñîïîëîñû èç The continuous numbering of nests in the òîïîëÿ è âÿçà ìåëêîëèñòíîãî, îñòàâøèåñÿ database has been established for each spe- âîêðóã çàáðîøåííûõ ïîëåé. Îäíàêî âñå cies. All alternative nests occupied by the ýòè ãîäû áåç ïîëèâà è óõîäà èä¸ò ïðîöåññ birds during different years, which were lo- èõ èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ: çàñûõàþùèå äåðåâüÿ cated within the plot-average distance be- ñãîðàþò âî âðåìÿ ïàëîâ, âûðóáàþòñÿ íà tween the neighbors, were regarded as the äðîâà. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ïîñëå èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ same nesting site. If a bird pair moved be- ËÝÏ ìîõíîíîãèå êóðãàííèêè ñòàëè èõ yond this distance, the confinement of the àêòèâíî îñâàèâàòü, ñíà÷àëà ïîñåëÿÿñü íà new nest to the old nesting site was deter- îäèíî÷íûõ äåðåâüÿõ, à çàòåì ïðîíèêàÿ è mined on the basis of the typical features âãëóáü ëåñîïîëîñ. Çàìåòèâ ýòó òåíäåíöèþ, of adult birds (behavior, coloration, marks). â 2004–2005 ãã. ìû âîññòàíîâèëè â ëåñî- The site was considered to be old one if the ïîëîñàõ 8 ãí¸çä, óêðåïèâ èõ äåðåâÿííûì birds were the same as those observed ear- îñòîâîì, è óñòàíîâèëè 6 ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàò- lier in the old nest that was the closest one ôîðì. Ïðîâåðêà â 2006 ã. ïîêàçàëà, ÷òî to the new nest, or only the female bird had îäíî âîññòàíîâëåííîå ãíåçäî óïàëî âìå- changed. In case there had been an explicit ñòå ñ ñóõèì äåðåâîì, à âî âñåõ îñòàëüíûõ replacement of the male bird, the site was âîññòàíîâëåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ è íà ãíåçäîâûõ regarded as a new one. We considered the ïëàòôîðìàõ ðàçìíîæàëèñü õèùíûå ïòèöû: nesting sites, where living broods were ob- ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê – 11 ïàð è ÷åðíî- served in the nests at the point of their last óõèé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans lineatus) – 2 inspection, to be successful ones. In the il- ïàðû. Ïðè ýòîì, åñëè íàøè ñîîðóæåíèÿ, lustrative material to this article, such nests óñòðîåííûå â îòêðûòîé ñòåïè íà áåòîííûõ are called the “inhabited nests”. The nests ïàñûíêàõ, êóñòàðíûõ òðåíîãàõ è òðèãîïóí- occupied by the birds, where either breed- êòàõ – â òîì ÷èñëå è ñ æèëûìè ãí¸çäàìè ing was unsuccessful or the brood had died õèùíûõ ïòèö – ìåòîäè÷íî ðàçáèðàëèñü were called the “empty nests”. The nesting ìåñòíûìè æèòåëÿìè íà ìåòàëëîëîì, òî sites where adult birds were observed with- ïëàòôîðìû íà äåðåâüÿõ â ëåñîïîëîñàõ out breeding were regarded as occupied, îñòàâàëèñü íåçàìå÷åííûìè ëþäüìè, ÷òî but unsuccessful. The site was transferred ïîçâîëèëî ïðåäïîëîæèòü ïåðñïåêòèâíîñòü to the category of the “abandoned nests” èõ ñîîðóæåíèÿ äëÿ äîëãîñðî÷íîãî ïðèâëå- only if no adult birds were observed there ÷åíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ãíåçäîâàíèå (Êàðÿ- for 3 years. If the birds appeared on the site, êèí, 2005à, 2005á). which remained empty during 3 years, it Íàø ðàñ÷¸ò áûë ïðîñò: ïðè íåáëàãîïðè- was regarded as the recovered one; the site ÿòíûõ äëÿ ðîñòà óñëîâèÿõ äåðåâüÿ â ëå- was restored in the database with the former ñîïîëîñàõ îñòàâàëèñü ñëèøêîì ìåëêèìè numeration. The territories (including those äëÿ ñîîðóæåíèÿ ïòèöàìè óñòîé÷èâîé ïî- with empty nest constructions) that had been ñòðîéêè – êàê ïðàâèëî, ïîñòðîåííûå âåñ- explicitly reserved by single females, which íîé ãí¸çäà ðàçðóøàëèñü âåòðîì â òå÷åíèå had lost their females or had not found them ñëåäóþùåãî ãîäà, è ïòèöû áûëè âûíóæäå- yet, were also regarded as nesting sites that íû ñòðîèòü ãíåçäî çàíîâî, ÷òî ñíèæàëî were occupied but unsuccessful. The number óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, à áàëîáàíó âîîáùå of the Daurian Pika (Ochotona daurica), which íå ïîçâîëÿëî âûáðàòü ñåáå ãíåçäîâóþ ïî- is the main prey species for the birds of prey ñòðîéêó. Äðóãîé âîïðîñ ýôôåêòèâíîñòè over the area under consideration, was de- áèîòåõíèè ñîñòîÿë â òîì, ñêîëüêî ïðîñòîÿò termined on the basis of counts of inhabited ïëàòôîðìû, äà è ñàìè ëåñîïîëîñû, ïðå- holes along 0.5 km transects with the count æäå ÷åì èñ÷åçíóò ïîëíîñòüþ â î÷åðåäíîì transects being 5 m wide in tall-grass steppe ñòåïíîì ïîæàðå? Ê 2005 ã. ìû íàáëþäàëè and 10 m in semi-desert habitats. äåãðàäàöèþ ëåñîïîëîñ óæå 6 ëåò è, ïðè The cameral treatment of the nonspatial îáùåì çàñûõàíèè äåðåâüåâ, ïëîùàäü, çà- data was carried out using MS Excel 2003 íÿòàÿ ëåñîïîëîñàìè, ñîêðàòèëàñü íåçíà- and Statistica 5.5 software. The factual data ÷èòåëüíî. Çíà÷èò, ìû ìîãëè íàäåÿòüñÿ, ÷òî were represented as “the mean ± standard åù¸ êàê ìèíèìóì 5 ëåò ÷àñòü íàøèõ ïëàò- deviation” (Ì±SD). The normality tests of ôîðì áóäåò äàâàòü âîçìîæíîñòü ïòèöàì the parameter distribution were performed óñïåøíî âûâåñòè ïîòîìñòâî. using the Shapiro–Wilk’s W test. In order 18 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Â èþíå–èþëå 2006 ã. â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà to determine the interrelation between the íà ñðåäñòâà ÃÃÔ (Green Grants Fund) ìû variables, the Pearson’s correlation coeffi- ïîäîøëè ê ðåøåíèþ ïðîáëåìû áîëåå ìàñ- cients R were calculated. For the validation øòàáíî è óñòàíîâèëè 92 ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàò- of statistical hypotheses, the critical signifi- ôîðìû: 7 – íà ìîäåëüíîé ïëîùàäêå â Óá- cance level was taken as 0.05. When dis- ñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå è 85 – â Òóâèíñêîé cussing the population trend, the value of êîòëîâèíå, 82 èç êîòîðûõ – â ðàéîíå ñ reliability of the trend line approximation ñîõðàíèâøèìèñÿ ëåñîïîëîñàìè (Êàðÿêèí, R2 was used. Íèêîëåíêî, 2006). Çàòåì â 2009 ã. â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà Results ÏÐÎÎÍ/ÃÝÔ 20 èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäî- The Tuva depression (plot 1) âèé íà áåòîííûõ îïîðàõ áûëè óñòàíîâëå- Out of 82 nesting platforms that were íû â ëåâîáåðåæüå Òåñ-Õåìà, ïðåèìóùå- erected on plot 1 in 2006, there were 72 left ñòâåííî ñåâåðíåå õðåáòà Àãàð-Äàã-Òàéãà, by 2010; i.e., the withdrawal of platforms af- â îõðàííîé çîíå áèîñôåðíîãî çàïîâåäíè- ter 4 years was 12.2%. Out of 10 platforms êà «Óáñóíóðñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà». that were destroyed, the reason for that in Ïîëíûå ïðîâåðêè âñåõ óñòàíîâëåííûõ 40% of cases was rotting of the supporting ïëàòôîðì ïðîâîäèëèñü â 2008 ã. è â 2010 ã., poles and supporting knags; in 40% cases, ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì êîòîðûõ ïîäãîòîâëåíà äàí- grassland fire (in all cases the purposeful ar- íàÿ ñòàòüÿ. sons took place), and in 20% of cases, vandalism (the destruction of geodetic triangles Ìåòîäèêà where the platforms were erected). Platform Äëÿ öåëåé äàííîé ñòàòüè èç âñåõ òåððèòî- withdrawal appeared to be considerably ðèé, ãäå ïðîâîäèëèñü ìîíèòîðèíãîâûå èñ- lower than the expected one. ñëåäîâàíèÿ è áèîòåõíè÷åñêèå ìåðîïðèÿ- By 2010, all the platforms have been òèÿ â 1999–2010 ãã., â êà÷åñòâå ìîäåëüíûõ used by raptors; out of those (n=82), nest- òåððèòîðèé âûáðàíû äâå ïëîùàäêè (ðèñ. ing raptors were observed on 86.6% (71 1) ñ ñèñòåìîé èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé, platform), and 13.4% of platforms were íà êîòîðûõ ïðîïóñê ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ êðóï- used as perches. Out of the platforms that íûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö â õîäå èññëåäîâàíèé áûë remained by 2010 (n=72), nesting of rap- ìèíèìàëåí. Òàê, â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå â tors was observed on 93.1% of platforms ïëîùàäêó íå âêëþ÷åí ó÷àñòîê, ïðèìûêàþ- (67 platforms); wile 6.9% of them remain ùèé ê Áàëãàçûíñêîìó áîðó, òàê êàê çäåñü empty and are used by the birds of prey as Ðèñ. 1. Ðåãèîí óñòàíîâëåíî âñåãî 2 ïëàòôîðìû è áîëåå perches (probably there were the attempts ðåàëèçàöèè ïðîåêòà è 50% ãíåçäîïðèãîäíîé òåððèòîðèè áîðà to nest made by the Upland Buzzard on two êàðòà ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ïëîùàäîê. íå îáñëåäîâàíî. Â ïëîùàäêó Óáñóíóðñêîé empty platforms out of five; however, the êîòëîâèíû íå âêëþ÷åíà çîíà, ïðèëåãàþùàÿ birds were preyed by Eagle Owls immedi- Fig. 1. The area of the project managing ê ð. Òåñ-Õåì, à òàêæå ñèëüíî ïåðåñå÷¸í- ately on the platforms) (fig. 4). and the map of plot íàÿ ÷àñòü ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîé îêîíå÷íîñòè The Steppe Eagle, Upland Buzzard, Kite, distribution. õð. Àãàð-Äàã-Òàéãà. Montagu’s Harrier (Circus pygargus), Saker Falcon, Common and Lesser Kestrels (Falco tinnunculus, F. naumanni), Eagle Owl, Long- Eared and Short-Eeared Owls (Asio otus, A. flammeus), Scops Owl (Otus scops), as well as Raven, Carrion Crow (Corvus corone), and Magpie (Pica pica) were discovered to nest on plot 1 in 1999–2010. The Upland Buzzard, Kite, Saker Falcon, Kestrel, and Raven gave a positive response to the construction of artificial nests. Non-breeding Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) (May 29, 2010), Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) (May 29, 2010), Eurasian Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) (June 7, 2008), and Hobby (Falco subbuteo) (June 7, 2008) were also observed at the territory of the plot. Thus, we can state that the construction of artificial nests proved to be successful. The birds of prey preferred to nest on the platforms, Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 19

Ïëîùàäêà ¹1. Òóâèíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà â especially in flat steppe, where ground nest- îêðåñòíîñòÿõ îç¸ð Õàäûí è ×åäåð; ïëîùàäü ing was the only alternative. 631,31 êì2. Õîëìèñòûå ñòåïíûå ïðîñòðàí- ñòâà, â íàèáîëåå ïîëîãèõ ó÷àñòêàõ ðàíåå Steppe Eagle ïîëíîñòüþ ðàñïàõàííûå è çàñàæåííûå ëå- There were 5 breeding territories that ñîïîëîñàìè èç òîïîëÿ è âÿçà. Òåððèòîðèþ were known within the plot in the vicinity ðàññåêàåò íà äâå ÷àñòè Ôåäåðàëüíàÿ àâòî- of Khadyn and Cheder lakes in 1999–2001 ìîáèëüíàÿ òðàññà Ì54 «Åíèñåé» (Êðàñíî- (fig. 5). The average nearest neighbour dis- ÿðñê – Àáàêàí – Êûçûë – ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ tance was 5.31±2.77 km (n=4; range 3.42– ãðàíèöà). Ïàñòáèùíàÿ íàãðóçêà ìèíèìàëü- 9.33 km), the breeding density was – 0.79 íàÿ (3 ñòàäà ëîøàäåé è ÊÐÑ, ñêîíöåíòðè- pairs/100 km2. Only 2 territories were be- ðîâàííûå áëèç îç¸ð Õàäûí, ×åäåð è ñ. Öå- ing occupied in 2002, the distance between ëèííîå). Â æàðêîå âðåìÿ ãîäà îç. Õàäûí them was 15.58 km, and the density re- ïðàêòè÷åñêè êàæäûå âûõîäíûå ïîñåùàåò duced to 0.32 pairs/100 km2. Since 2008 íåñêîëüêî ñîòåí îòäûõàþùèõ èç ã. Êûçûë, the Steppe Eagle has stopped to breed on êîòîðûå, óñòðåìëÿÿñü ê îçåðó íà ìàøèíàõ the plot, adults have not been encountered ïî ãðóíòîâûì äîðîãàì, îêàçûâàþòñÿ ñó- as well. A young eagle was observed on a ùåñòâåííûì ôàêòîðîì áåñïîêîéñòâà äëÿ known breeding territory near Khadyn lake, ïòèö â çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè ïëîùàäêè. but the old nest was empty having been Ïëîùàäêà ¹2. Óáñóíóðñêàÿ êîòëî- abandoned. âèíà, ëåâîáåðåæüå ð. Òåñ-Õåì; ïëîùàäü Thus, we can prove that the Steppe Eagle 700,89 êì2. Äîñòàòî÷íî ïîëîãàÿ ñòåïü ñî has stopped to breed in the central part of ñêàëüíûìè îñòàíöàìè ïî âñåé þæíîé è the Tyva depression. An it seems that the âîñòî÷íîé ïåðèôåðèè ïëîùàäêè. Ïàñò- Steppe Eagle has not occupied the artificial áèùíàÿ íàãðóçêà óìåðåííàÿ, â îñíîâíîì nests due to the extremely negative trend â çèìíèé ïåðèîä, çà ñ÷¸ò íàëè÷èÿ íà òåð- of the population. ðèòîðèè çèìíèêîâ. Â ëåòíèé ïåðèîä íà òåððèòîðèè ïðîæèâàåò îò 3 äî 7 ñåìåé Eagle Owl òóâèíöåâ ñ íåáîëüøèìè ñòàäàìè ëîøàäåé, There were 3 breeding territories that ÊÐÑ è ÌÐÑ. Çàïàäíàÿ ãðàíèöà ïëîùàäêè were known within the plot (fig. 6, ¹1, 3, ïðîõîäèò ïî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé ãðàíèöå 4) and a territory (fig 6, ¹2) was located Ðîññèè è Ìîíãîëèè è ÷àñòè÷íî ëåæèò çà in cliffs close to the north-eastern border of ïîãðàíè÷íîé ñèñòåìîé. the plot (500 m from the plot border and Äëÿ ðåàëèçàöèè ïðîåêòà ïî óñòàíîâêå 1.24 km from the nearest nest of the Upland ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðì áûë ïðîâåä¸í àíàëèç Buzzard, that was located on the plot, and òåððèòîðèè â ñðåäå ÃÈÑ (ArcView 3.2à). Â 3 km from the nearest artificial nest on the õîäå àíàëèçà â ÃÈÑ âíåñåíû âñå ãíåçäîâûå plot). A new breeding territory of the Eag- ó÷àñòêè êðóïíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö è ïåðå- le Owl was formed between Khadyn and ñ÷èòàíû äèñòàíöèè ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè òåõ Cheder lakes in 2009 (fig. 6, ¹5), which âèäîâ, íà êîòîðûõ îðèåíòèðîâàíû ãíåçäî- was discovered by signs of Owl’s predatory âûå ïëàòôîðìû, ÷òîáû âûáðàòü ìîäåëü èõ on nesting platforms in 2010. This territory ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ íà ïëîùàäêå. Äàëåå ðàç- seemed to exit earlier but was missed by ðàáîòàíà ñõåìà óñòàíîâêè èñêóññòâåííûõ us during surveys. The average distance be- ãíåçäîâèé, â ðåçóëüòàòå ðåàëèçàöèè êî- tween neighbours was 7.35±0.69 km (n=4; òîðîé «çàêðûëèñü» áû î÷åâèäíûå «áåëûå range 6.40–7.87 km), the breeding density ïÿòíà» íà êàðòå ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ õèùíûõ was 0.79 pairs/100 km2. ïòèö. Ïðè ïëàíèðîâàíèè óñòàíîâêè èñêóñ- The Eagle Owl is very interesting as a preda- ñòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé ïðèîðèòåò îòäàâàëñÿ, tor species for the smaller predators, in partic- â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì ular, for the Upland Buzzard and Black-Eared õèùíûõ ïòèö, íà êîòîðûõ ãíåçäîâûå ïî- Kite, as a result impacting on the distribution ñòðîéêè áûëè óíè÷òîæåíû ìåñòíûìè æè- of these species. It is obvious, because due to òåëÿìè èëè ðàçðóøåíû âåòðîì. Â 2009 ã., the Eagle Owl’s predatory the Upland Buzzard ïðè óñòàíîâêå èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé íà breeding has been unsuccessful on 7 breeding ïëîùàäêå ¹2, ñòàðàëèñü äèñòàíöèðîâàòü territories and buzzards have stopped nesting èõ êàê ìîæíî äàëüøå îò äîðîã, çèìíèêîâ è on 3 territories for 4 years. Also at least one èíûõ ìåñò, ïîñåùàþùèõñÿ ëþäüìè. breeding territory of Black-Eared Kites has Â õîäå öåëåâûõ ïðîåêòîâ íà ïëîùàäêàõ vanished. Two nesting platforms were used áûëî óñòàíîâëåíî 109 èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåç- by owls as perches. äîâèé: íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1 – 82 èñêóññòâåííûõ According to the monitoring results of the 20 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Òàáë. 1. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðì (n=82) íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1 â Òóâèí- plot 1 we may conclude that under such na- ñêîé êîòëîâèíå. ture conditions the probability of successful Table 1. Types of artificial nests (n=82) on the plot 1 in the Tuva depression. breeding of Buzzards and Kites is negligible in the radius of 2 km from the Eagle Owl’s nest. Âûñîòà The dangerous zone, within which the preda- Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ tory of owls is highly probable, may be con- Ìåñòîïîëîæåíèå ñîîðóæåíèÿ (ì) ïëàòôîðìû (ì) ïëàòôîðìû Êîë-âî Height of a nest Height of artificial sidered as up to 3 km from the nest of owls. Nest site Number site (m) nest location (m) Òîïîëü Upland Buzzard Poplar 58 6.50±1.99 (1.4–10.5) 3.48±1.29 (1.0–7.0) There are 37 breeding territories that Âÿç ìåëêîëèñòíûé were known within the study plot (fig. 7). Siberian elm 11 4.14±1.09 (2.0–5.5) 2.34±0.75 (1.2–3.5) The average nearest neighbour distance

Ñîñíà was 2.59±1.09 km (Ex=-1.1; n=28; range Pine 1 6.5 6.0 0.86–4.53 km), the breeding density was Òðèãîïóíêò 5.86 pairs/100 km2. Geodetic triangle 4 3.88±0.25 (3.5–4.0) 2.13±0.48 (1.5–2.5) By 2006, 34 breeding territories had been Äåðåâÿííûé ñòîëá known on the plot (besides, signs of bird Wooden pole 6 2.55±1.01 (1.0–4.0) 2.38±0.78 (1.0–3.0) occurrence, probably males, were noted Ñïèëåííàÿ in 2 territories, where nests of Buzzards on âåðõóøêà ñòîëáà Top of a wooden electric poles was destroyed some years triangle electric ago). Adults (probably males) near the de- pole 2 2.0-2.5 2.0-2.5 stroyed nests were encountered on 11 sites, 10 nests were empty, but occupied: lost ãíåçäîâüÿ â 2006 ã., íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2 – 7 clutches were in two nests, and lost brood èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé â 2006 ã. è 20 – – in one, only 13 nests (36.1%) contained â 2009 ãã. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà èñêóññòâåííûõ broods, 46.1% of which were placed on the ãíåçäîâèé, óñòàíîâëåííûõ íà ïëîùàäêå nesting platforms, that had been erected in ¹1, ïðèâåäåíà â òàáë. 1., à èõ ðàñïðåäå- 2005 (Karyakin, Nikolenko, 2007). Due to ëåíèå ïîêàçàíî íà ðèñ. 2. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà the system of artificial nests developing the èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé, óñòàíîâëåííûõ negative trend of the population of the Up- íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2, ïðèâåäåíà â òàáë. 2., à èõ land Buzzard in the vicinity of Khadyn and ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ïîêàçàíî íà ðèñ. 3. Cheder lakes has been broken. Since that Ðèñ. 2. Êàðòà ðàñïðå- Èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ ðàçäåëåíû íà moment the population number has been äåëåíèÿ èñêóññòâåííûõ äâà òèïà ïî ìåñòó óñòðîéñòâà: íà äåðåâüÿõ increased: the territories, where nests had ãíåçäîâèé íà ïëîùàäêå è íà èñêóññòâåííûõ ñîîðóæåíèÿõ. been destroyed, but adults had remained ¹1 â Òóâèíñêîé êîò- Íà äåðåâüÿõ ñîîðóæàëèñü ãíåçäîâûå ëîâèíå. on the territories, have been restored, then ïëàòôîðìû èç ñòâîëîâ è ñïèëåííûõ âåòîê new territories have appeared as a result of Fig. 2. The map òîïîëÿ è ñîñíû. Åñëè ñòðóêòóðà êðîí äåðå- of artificial nest the young birds pairing. Table 3 and fig. 8 distribution on the plot âüåâ èëè ðàñïîëîæåíèå ñòâîëîâ íåñêîëü- have shown the positive trend of the Up- 1 (Tuva depression). êèõ äåðåâüåâ íå ïîçâîëÿëè ñäåëàòü ïðÿìî land Buzzard population. In 2010, 51 pair of Upland Buzzards have been found breeding on the plot 1, with the density being 8.08 pairs/100 km2. The average nearest neighbour distance was

2.05±0.96 km (Ex=0.14; n=36; range 0.97– 4.64 km). Comparing with data obtained in 2006, the distribution of the Upland Buzzard nests within the plot has become more uniform, while under condition of denser distribution of nesting platforms the distance between nearest neighbours has become less (fig. 9).

Black-Eared Kite A total of 9 breeding territories of the Black-Eared Kites were known in the plot 1 in 2006 (fig. 13). The average distance between nearest neighbours was 2.68±1.82 km (n=6; range 0.45–5.71 km; Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 21

Òàáë. 2. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðì (n=27) íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2 â Óáñó- Ex=0.96); the breeding density was 1.43 íóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå. pairs/100 km2. Table 2. Types of artificial nests (n=27) on the plot 2 in the Ubsunur depression. Four new breeding territories were registered in 2008, while 2 pairs occupied Âûñîòà empty nests of Upland Buzzards, that had Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ relocated into artificial nests, and 2 pairs – Ìåñòîïîëîæåíèå ñîîðóæåíèÿ (ì) ïëàòôîðìû (ì) ïëàòôîðìû Êîë-âî Height of a nest Height of artificial artificial nests. Nest site Number site (m) nest location (m) In 2010, already 20 breeding territo- Äåðåâÿííûé ñòîëá ries of Kites have been recorded (fig. 13), Wooden pole 2 1.5 1.5 and 8 pairs (40%) have occupied artificial Áåòîííûé ñòîëá nests. The average distance between near- Concrete pole 23 2.5 2.5 est neighbours was 1.69±1.17 km (n=12; range 0.68–4.11 km; E =0.21), the breed- Ñïèëåííàÿ x 2 âåðõóøêà ñòîëáà ing density was 3.17 pairs/100 km . Top of a wooden The distribution of Kites within the plot triangle electric depends on two factors – presence of living pole 1 1 1 artificial forest lines and distribution of the Îñòîâ êîìáàéíà Upland Buzzard there (fig. 14). Fragment of a com- Besides the increasing of the number of bine harvester 1 1.2 1.2 breeding pairs, the breeding success has also risen, because the less number of nests were íà ìåñòå íàñòèë íà ïåðåêëàäèíû, ïðèáèòûå have been destroyed during the breeding â âèäå êâàäðàòà èëè òðåóãîëüíèêà ìåæäó season. Only 44.4% of nest were successful ñòâîëàìè, íà äåðåâüÿõ êðåïèëèñü îáû÷íûå in 2006, and 5 of unsuccessful nests were ïëàòôîðìû. Îíè ñêàëà÷èâàëèñü ãâîçäÿìè destroyed by wind; but in 2008, 92.31% of íà òî÷êàõ ñòîÿíîê â âèäå êâàäðàòîâ 1×1 occupied nests were successful, and in 2010 ì, ñîåäèíåííûõ ïî óãëàì êðåñò íà êðåñò – 85% (fig. 15). The activity carried out has ïåðåêëàäèíàìè, ñáèòûìè â öåíòðå, ïîñëå not impact on the breeding output. The av- Ðèñ. 3. Êàðòà ðàñïðå- ÷åãî ðàçâîçèëèñü äî ìåñòà óñòàíîâêè íà erage brood size in 2006 was 1.5±0.58 nest- äåëåíèÿ èñêóññòâåííûõ àâòîìîáèëå. Ïëàòôîðìû ðàçìåùàëèñü â lings (n=4; range 1–2), in 2008 – 1.67±0.58 ãíåçäîâèé íà ïëîùàäêå ðàçâèëêàõ ñòâîëîâ äåðåâüåâ, íà ïîäïîðàõ, nestlings (n=3; range 1–2). In 2010, we not ¹2 â Óáñóíóðñêîé íà ïåðåêëàäèíàõ ìåæäó ñòâîëàìè. Â ðåä- êîòëîâèíå. surveyed nest contents, because all Kites êèõ ñëó÷àÿõ îíè ðàçìåùàëèñü íà îïîðàõ, were incubating eggs. Fig. 3. The map of âêîïàííûõ â çåìëþ ðÿäîì ñ íåáîëüøèìè artificial nest distribution Thus, due to the projects on artificial nests on the plot 2 (Ubsunur äåðåâüÿìè òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû îäèí erecting in the plot ¹1 the number of depression). êðàé ïëàòôîðìû îïèðàëñÿ íà äåðåâî. Âû- Black-Eared Kite has increased in 2.2 times and the number of successful nests – in 4.3 times. And since 2006, the stable exponential growth in numbers of breeding territories (R2=0.998) and successful nests (R2=0.918), as a result Kites have rather quickly occupied those artificial nests, which had not been taken up by Buzzards.

Saker Falcon The Saker Falcon was noted breeding in the nests of the Upland Buzzard only on triangular wooden electric pole on the territory of the plot (Tyva depression) in 1999– 2003. A total of 5 breeding territories were known there in 1999 (fig. 16), 4 of them were placed on electric poles of power lines going along the highway M54 and one – on the power line Kyzyl-Tselinnoe. The average distance between nearest neighbours was 9.53±4.18 êì (n=4; range 4.96–15.0 km; 2 Ex=1.04), density was 0.79 pairs/100 km . But the breeding group on the plot as well as in the entire Tuva depression became de- 22 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ïîøàãîâîå èçãîòîâ- ëåíèå èñêóññòâåííîãî ãíåçäîâüÿ íà îïîðàõ èç ñóõèõ ñòâîëîâ è ïåðå- íîñ íà íåãî ðóõíóâøå- ãî ãíåçäà: ôîðìèðî- âàíèå êàðêàñà (ââåðõó ñëåâà), ñîîðóæåíèå íà- ñòèëà (ââåðõó ñïðàâà), ïåðåíîñ è çàêðåïëåíèå ãíåçäà íà íàñòèëå (âíè- çó ñëåâà), èñêóññòâåí- íîå ãíåçäîâüå ãîòîâî (âíèçó ñïðàâà). Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. Step-by-step building of the artificial nest platform on supports of dry stems and taking a destroyed nest to it: making the frame (upper left), making the laying (upper right), and taking the nest to the laying and fixing it (bottom left), the artificial nest has been built (bottom right). Photos by E. Nikolenko.

Ïòåíåö ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà (Buteo hemilasius), âûðîñøèé íà ãíåçäîâîé ïëàòôîðìå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nestling of the Upland Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius), that developed in the artificial nest. Photo by I. Karyakin. Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 23

Ââåðõó ñëåâà – ãíåçäî- âàÿ ïëàòôîðìà, óñòà- íîâëåííàÿ â ðàçâèëêå ñòâîëà (âèä ñâåðõó), âíèçó ñëåâà – ïëàò- ôîðìà â âèäå íàñòèëà íåïðàâèëüíîé ôîðìû ìåæäó òð¸õ ñòâîëîâ (âèä ñíèçó), ñïðàâà – ðàçâîç ãîòîâûõ ïëàò- ôîðì íà àâòîìîáèëå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Upper left – nestplatform, installed in the fork of tree (top view), bottom left – platform as a laying of irregular shape between 3 stems (bottom view), right – transporting the platforms by vehicle. Photos by I. Karyakin.

ñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ïëàòôîðì âàðüèðî- graded rather quickly. Only pair had remained âàëà îò 1 äî 7 ì, îáû÷íî ñîñòàâëÿÿ 2–3 there by 2002, and vanished in 2003. Single ì (òàáë. 1). Ñòîëü íèçêîå ðàñïîëîæåíèå males were being registered for several years ïëàòôîðì áûëî îáóñëîâëåíî, âî-ïåðâûõ, on the breeding territories. Last bird vanished íåáîëüøîé âûñîòîé äåðåâüåâ, ïðèãîäíûõ in 2005, and we stated that breeding Sakers äëÿ êðåïëåíèÿ ïëàòôîðì, âî-âòîðûõ, íå- vanished in the plot between Khadyn and îáõîäèìîñòüþ áûñòðîé ïðîâåðêè ïëàò- Cheder lakes. However one of breeding ter- ôîðì â äàëüíåéøåì, ÷òî óäîáíî äåëàòü ñ ritories was recovered in 2006. Both birds in êðûøè àâòîìîáèëÿ. the pair were young, but the breeding was Èñêóññòâåííûìè ñîîðóæåíèÿìè, íà êî- successful during two years. However the fe- òîðûõ óñòàíàâëèâàëèñü ïëàòôîðìû, áûëè male vanished in 2008 and the breeding was âûáðàíû áåòîííûå ïàñûíêè, îñòàâøèåñÿ not registered until 2010. In 2010, the new íà ìåñòàõ ïðîõîæäåíèÿ óòèëèçèðîâàííûõ female, that being a nestling was ringed by ËÝÏ, äåðåâÿííûå ñòîëáèêè îãðàä ôåðì è us in one of nests in the Tuva depression, was çèìíèêîâ íà ìåñòàõ èõ ðóèí, òðèãîïóíêòû, recorded in the pair. Thus, in 2006 at the mo- áðîøåííûå â ñòåïè âåðøèíû äåðåâÿííûõ ment of the project starting a pair of Sakers, òðåíîãèõ è äâóíîãèõ îïîð ËÝÏ è îïîð nesting on the electric pole, was registered on òðàíñôîðìàòîðîâ. Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ the plot 1 (fig. 16). òàêèõ ïëàòôîðì âàðüèðîâàëà îò 1 äî 3 ì, Sakers were not noted breeding in arti- îáû÷íî ñîñòàâëÿÿ îêîëî 2,5 ì. ficial nests as well as on the plot at all in Â 2009 ã., äëÿ óñòàíîâêè ïëàòôîðì â ðîâ- 2008. However the first pair of Sakers oc- íîé ñòåïè íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2, áûëè ñïåöèàëü- cupied the nest of Upland Buzzards, that íî èçãîòîâëåíû æåëåçîáåòîííûå ñòîëáèêè had been built on a platform on the top of âûñîòîé 2,5 ì èç ñâàðåííîé àðìàòóðû, çà- pine, and produced offspring successfully. ëèòîé áåòîíîì. Â íèæíåé ÷àñòè ýòèõ ñòîëáè- Besides, another 3 pairs (females in two êîâ, êîíöû àðìàòóðû ðàçâåäåíû â ñòîðîíû, pairs were young) were recorded on the äëÿ êðåïëåíèÿ ñòîëáîâ â çåìëå. Íà âåðõíåé plot. Two pairs have occupied the nesting ÷àñòè ñòîëáèêîâ ê íåñóùåé àðìàòóðå ïðè- platforms installed on poplars. In 2010, âàðèâàëèñü ìåòàëëè÷åñêèå ïëàòôîðìû. young males were encountered occupying Êàðêàñ ïëàòôîðìû èçãîòàâëèâàëñÿ èç àðìà- the breeding territories with active nests of òóðû â âèäå êâàäðàòà 1×1 ì, ñêðåïëåííîãî the Upland Buzzard (one of them was on êðåñò íà êðåñò ïî óãëàì, äëÿ êðåïëåíèÿ ê the nesting platform, another – on the elec- ñòîëáèêó. Êàðêàñ îáòÿãèâàëñÿ ñåòêîé ðàáè- tric pole), that gives us hope for the suc- öà, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî ïîëó÷àëàñü ïëàòôîð- cessful pairing in those territories. Thus, in 24 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

2010, 7 breeding territories of Sakers have been formed (5 pairs and 2 single males) on the plot, and the successful breeding was noted in two pairs, that had occupied artificial nests. The average distance between nearest neighbours was 5.6±0.95 km (n=4;

range 4.83–6.96 km; Ex=2.28), the breeding density was 1.11 pairs/100 km2. Sizes of the surveyed broods (n=5) varied from 2 to 4 nestlings, averaging 3.4±0.89 nestlings per successful nest, but probably initially all the broods contained 4 nestlings. Owing to the system of artificial nests developing on the plot the number of Sakers has increased in 7 times, and the number of successful nests – twice. There are no lost nestlings that have fallen out of nests. But the increase in the breeding success is lower than the increase in the number (fig. 17), and the reason of it seems to be the predominance of young birds in pairs (males and females as well). In this parameter the population trend of Sakers differs from the population trends of other raptor species, on which the project on the artificial nests erecting have a positive impact (fig. 10, 15). This fact has confirmed once again the unfavorable conditions for the species population at all.

Kestrel Before the project on artificial nests starting only 4 pairs of Kestrels (0.63 pairs/100 km2) (fig. 18) were recorded nesting on the plot, almost of them occupied nests of Magpies. As the system of artificial nests was being developed Kesterls became to occupy the nesting platforms. In 2008, 8 pairs were recorded nesting (1.27 pairs/100 km2) (fig. 18), 4 of them (50%) occupied artificial nests. In 2010, its number has increased up to 9 pairs (1.43 pairs/100 km2) (fig. 18), 3 of them (33.3%) were nesting in artificial nests. Thus, since the moment of the artificial nests installing Kestrels have bred in 11 territories, and occupied artificial nests in 54.5% of cases. Ãí¸çäà ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà: ââåðõó – ðàñïîëàãàâøååñÿ íà îïîðå ËÝÏ, The average distance between nearest óíè÷òîæåííîé ìåñòíûìè æèòåëÿìè è âîññòàíîâëåííîå â õîäå ïðîåêòà, âíèçó – neighbours in 2006 was 10.21±5.5 km (n=3; ïåðåíåñ¸ííîå ñ çåìëè íà ïëàòôîðìó íà òðèãîïóíêòå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. range 5.39–16.2 km), in 2008 – 4.02±2.49 Nests of the Upland Buzzard: upper – placed on the electric pole, that have been km (n=5; range 0.28–7.19 km), in 2010 – destroyed by herders and restored during the project managing, bottom – the nest taken from the ground to the platform on the geodetic triangle. 4.2±2.66 km (n=6; range 0.28–7.31 km). Photos by I. Karyakin. Thus, the number of Kestrels has been increased in 2.2 times since 2006 to 2010 (R2=0.967) (fig. 19), and the main reason of ìà, ïðèãîäíàÿ äëÿ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ íà íåé it was the artificial nest installing, because ãíåçäà. Ñòîëáèêè âêàïûâàëèñü â çåìëþ íà 4 of 5 new nests in 2008 were on the arti- ãëóáèíó 0,5 ì. Îòâîäêè â âèäå óñîâ ïåðåä ficial platforms. As a result of this increas- Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 25

çàêàïûâàíèåì ñòîëáà çàêëàäûâàëèñü êàìíÿ- ing the occurrence of Kestrels on the plot ìè äëÿ ïðèäàíèÿ óñòîé÷èâîñòè îïîðå. has also increased. It seems to be due to Äëÿ èìèòàöèè ãíåçäà íà ïëàòôîðìå the increase in the number of young birds. ôîðìèðîâàëàñü êó÷à èç âåòîê è òðàâû, The number of non-breeding birds encoun- ïðèâÿçàííàÿ ñèíòåòè÷åñêèìè âåð¸âêàìè tered increased in 3.5 times since 2006 to è ïðîâîëîêîé ê ïåðåêëàäèíàì ïëàòôîð- 2010 (R2=0.964), while since 1999 to 2005 ìû. Íà çàêëþ÷èòåëüíîì ýòàïå íà êó÷ó íà- this parameter fluctuated between 1 and Ðàçëè÷íûå âàðèàíòû ñûïàëè ñëîé âåòîøè, ñóõèõ ëèñòüåâ, õâîè 3 records per season, averaging 2±0.89 ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãíåç- è íàâîçà. Òàêàÿ èìèòàöèÿ îáåñïå÷èâàëà records per season (fig. 20). äîâûõ ïëàòôîðì íà äåðåâüÿõ. âîçìîæíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íà ïëàòôîðìàõ The productivity of Kestrels has not been Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. ñîêîëàì åù¸ äî òîãî, êàê íà ïëàòôîðìå changed significantly. In 1999–2005, the Variants of nest platform áóäåò ïîñòðîåíî ãíåçäî êîðøóíîì èëè average clutch size was 4.67±0.87 eggs locations on trees. ìîõíîíîãèì êóðãàííèêîì. (n=9; range 4–6 eggs), and in 2006–2010, Photos by I. Karyakin. Â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ ê ïëàòôîðìå ïðèáèâà- – 4.64±0.81 (n=11), in artificial nests – 4.8±1.1 eggs (n=5).

Raven The first pair of ravens breeding an electric pole of the power line Kyzyl–Tselinnoe was encountered in 2003. The pair has nested on the triangular electric poles regularly until 2010 (fig. 21). By 2010, 4 pairs of Ravens have bred on the plot with the density of 0.63 pairs/100 km2, 2 pair of them (50%) have occupied artificial nests. The average distance between nearest neighbours is 9.06±3.02 km (n=3; range 6.23–12.24 km). The average brood size for the period of surveys was 2.17±0.75 nestlings (n=6; range 1–3 nestlings) For 12 years of surveys since 1999, the number of Ravens has increased in 4 times (R2=0.915), while after the system of artificial nests developing (that is during past 4 years) 75% of breeding pairs have appeared on the plot (fig. 22). The Raven had been not noted as a breeding species in the central part of the Tyva Republic, inhabiting only cliffs of the Yenisey river, ridges near the Tselinnoe settlement, Balgazyn pine forest and forest-covered slopes of the Tannu- Ola mountains as well. Encounters of the species in the open landscapes of the Tuva depression seems to be connected with increase in its population number, and the system of artificial nests developed has only promoted this process.

Ubsunur depression (plot 2) Only 20 nesting platforms out of 27, which were erected on the plot 2 in 2006 and 2009, have remained by 2010. Thus, the percentage of platforms destroyed during 4 yeas is 25.9%. The reasons for the platform destroying were vandalism (57.1%) and concrete poles of poor quality (42.9%). In the last case platforms were destroyed during the next winter after the erecting of them. The only species that occupied platforms 26 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

during 2006–2010 is the Upland Buzzard. By 2010, 55.6% of artificial nests have been used by Upland Buzzards, including 48.1% (13 platforms) – for nesting and 7.4% – as perches. In 2010, 45% (9 platforms) of the platforms remained (n=20) were being occupied by Upland Buzzards for nesting, another 55% were empty (fig. 23). All three platforms, which were erected in 2009 and have remained by 2010, are occupied by Buzzards; and 35.3% of 17 platforms, that were erected in 2009 and have remained by 2010 are used by Buzzards for nesting. In 1999–2010, the species were recorded breeding on the plot 2 as follows: Up- land Buzzard, Saker Falcon, Kestrel, Lesser Kestrel, Eagle Owl, Short-Eared Owl and Raven. The Steppe Eagle, Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), Cinereous Vulture (Aegypius monachus) (all species – until 2002) and Black-Eared Kite were recorded to breed close to the borders of the plot on the Agar-Dag-Taiga ridge and nearest outcrops, the White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) (until 2002), Black-Eared Kite and Booted Eagle in flood-forests of the Tes- Khem river. The project on the artificial nest erecting has the positive impact on the Upland Buzzard. Until 2006, the Saker Falcon had also occupied artificial nests, which were erected on the places of natural nests destroyed, on that territory (Kar- yakin, 2005a; 2005b), however its number was being decreased due to the destroying of nests by herders, including artificial nests, trapping and bird deaths in adjacent Mongolia during migrations. As a result, the Saker had vanished in the flat steppe Ðàçëè÷íûå âàðèàíòû ëèñü ñòàðûå òàçû, îáíàðóæåííûå íà ðàç- to the north of the Agar-Dag-Taiga ridge ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãíåç- âàëèíàõ ôåðì è çèìíèêîâ, êîòîðûå çàïîë- before the project starting. äîâûõ ïëàòôîðì íà íÿëèñü âåòîøüþ, ñóõîé ëèñòâîé è íàâîçîì. èñêóññòâåííûõ ñîîðó- æåíèÿõ. Â íåñêîëüêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ íà ïëàòôîðìû áûëè Steppe Eagle Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. ïåðåíåñåíû ãí¸çäà, ðóõíóâøèå íà çåìëþ A total of 6 pairs of eagles had been reg- Variants of nest platform ëèáî óñòðîåííûå ïòèöàìè íà çåìëå. istered to breed on rock outcrops in the 5 locations on artificial Íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1 ïëàòôîðìàìè áûëè çà- km zone along the plot borders up till 2002. constructions. ñòàâëåíû äîñòàòî÷íî ïëîòíî ôàêòè÷åñêè The species was encountered on the left Photos by I. Karyakin. âñå òåððèòîðèè, ïðèãîäíûå äëÿ ãíåçäîâà- bank of the Tes-Khem river (Karyakin, 2003) íèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö, íî íå çàíÿòûå èìè ïî since 2002 to 2009. The first pair of eagles ïðè÷èíå îòñóòñòâèÿ ìåñò, ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ was observed there on June, 7 2010, un- óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ïëàò- fortunately it was apart the plot. However ôîðìàìè ñîñòàâèëî â ñðåäíåì (n=114) it gives hope to us that the species will re- 1,6±0,63 êì (0,71–3,7 êì). Íà ïëîùàäêå cover its number in the Southern Tyva. ¹2 ïëàòôîðìû óñòàíàâëèâàëèñü òî÷å÷íî, íà ìåñòàõ óíè÷òîæåííûõ ãí¸çä, ïîýòîìó Eagle Owl èõ ðàñïðåäåëåíèå áûëî ìåíåå ïëîòíûì. Â Only pair of owls breeds on the plot (fig. ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ ïëàòôîðìû ñòàâèëèñü ïàðàìè, 24) and another 10 pairs nest in rock out- íà ðàññòîÿíèè äî 1 êì, ñ öåëüþ ïðèâëå÷å- crops in the 5 km zone along the plot bor- íèÿ ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà è áàëîáàíà ders, main part of them inhabit gorges of the íà òåõ ó÷àñòêàõ, ãäå ðàíåå ýòè âèäû ãíåçäè- Agar-Dag-Taiga ridge. The distance between Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 27

ëèñü òàêæå áëèçêî äðóã ê äðóãó. Ðàññòîÿíèå nearest neighbours is 3.81±3.3 km (n=8;

ìåæäó ïëàòôîðìàìè ñîñòàâèëî â ñðåäíåì range 1.24–11.1 km; Ex=3.62; median=2.75), (n=39) 4,57±1,95 êì (0,77–8,99 êì). the inter-nest distance for 62.5% pairs is be- Ïðîâåðêè ïëàòôîðì íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1 tween 1 and 3 km. The average brood size ïðîâîäèëèñü 4–8 èþíÿ 2008 ã. è 28–30 is 2.0±0.58 nestlings (n=7; range 1–3 nest- ìàÿ 2010 ã., íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2 – 10–12 lings). Most of broods were surveyed on the èþíÿ 2008 ã. è 3–6 èþíÿ 2010 ã. Yamalyg outcrop and contained 2 nestlings Âñå îáíàðóæåííûå íà ïëîùàäêàõ ãí¸çäà (Dubynin, Karyakin, 2008). õèùíûõ ïòèö, à òàêæå ðåãóëÿðíûå ðåãè- The impact of Eagle Owls on the birds of ñòðàöèè âçðîñëûõ ïòèö ñ òåððèòîðèàëüíûì prey, that were nesting in the flat steppe ïîâåäåíèåì, êàðòèðîâàëèñü, ïðèâÿçûâà- apart rock outcrops, was minimal for the en- ëèñü ê ñèñòåìå êîîðäèíàò ñ ïîìîùüþ ñïóò- tire period of surveys. Only in 2001, the pair íèêîâûõ íàâèãàòîðîâ Garmin è âíîñèëèñü of Owls that nests on the plot, preyed nest- â áàçó äàííûõ ArcView 3.3 (ESRI). Â õîäå lings of Sakers from the nest on the electric ìîíèòîðèíãà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ îïðåäåëÿ- pole, which had remained yet and located ëàñü çàíÿòîñòü ãí¸çä, ôîòîãðàôèðîâàëèñü 500 m away from the Owl nest. âçðîñëûå ïòèöû (ïî âîçìîæíîñòè, è ñàìöû, è ñàìêè, íî, êàê ïðàâèëî, âñ¸ æå ñàìêè), Upland Buzzard â áîëüøèíñòâå ãí¸çä ñ êðóïíûìè ïòåíöàìè In 1999–2002, there were 31 known ïðîâîäèëîñü èõ êîëüöåâàíèå. Êëàäêè è âû- breeding territories of the Upland Buzzards âîäêè ñ ïóõîâûìè ïòåíöàìè îñìàòðèâàëèñü on the plot 2 (fig. 25, table 4). The average òîëüêî â ëåãêî äîñòóïíûõ ãí¸çäàõ, îñìîòð distance between nearest neighours was êîòîðûõ ìîæíî áûëî ïðîâåñòè èç àâòîìî- 3.05±1.64 km (n=21; range 1.08–6.81 km;

áèëÿ, ÷òîáû îêàçûâàòü ìèíèìàëüíîå áåñ- Ex=0.57), with breeding density being 4.42 ïîêîéñòâî íà âçðîñëûõ ïòèö. pairs/100 kì2. That period, comparing with Ó÷¸ò òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ âèäîâ, òàêèõ, êàê data of the middle of 1990s the number had ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis), ìîõíî- already decreased, but remained although rather high. During 2003–2006, herder continued to saw electric poles, having remained yet, burn down livestock winter camps and field camps, utilize scrap metal – last remains of vehicles and grain harvester combines, abandoned in steppe. An as a result, nests of the Upland Buzzard, some times with clutches and nestlings, were destroyed. Thus, the sharp decline in the number of breeding pairs was noted in 2003 (fig. 27) and also birds in pairs became younger, that, in our opinion, was connected with bird deaths due to bromadiolone poisoning during autumn migration through Mongolia in 2002 (Karyakin, 2010). Besides, this process coincided with the decline in numbers of the Daurian Pika, and as a result all pairs breeding on the plot were unsuccessful. The number of Upland Buzzards could be recovered rather quickly after the decline in 2003, however herders continued to destroy nests, limiting the successful

Èñòîðèÿ ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííè- êà: 2006 ã. – ñòðîèòåëüñòâî ãíåçäîâîé ïëàòôîðìû, 2008 ã. – ïåðâûé ãîä ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, 2010 ã. – 3-é ãîä ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî è È. Êàðÿêèíà. Story of a nesting site of the Upland Buzzard: 2006 – the artificial nest platform building, 2008 – the first year of nesting, 2010 – 3-d year of nesting. Photos by E. Nikolenko and I. Karyakin. 28 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

breeding of the species significantly. Herd- ers destroyed 4 nests in 2005, including 3, that were restored by us in 2004, another 4 nests – in 2006, including 3, that were restored by us in 2005. In all cases nests were being destroyed with clutches and nestlings less than a week of age (table 4). In 2009, for the first time for 12 years the attempt to reorganize the system of nesting sites of the Upland Buzzard which had been developed by then on the plot 2, and to locate artificial nests far from the places visited by people was undertaken. The result was immediate. In 2010, 22 breeding territories have been occupied by Buzzards on the plot 2, and 15 of them have been successful (68.18%). The first time for the last some years the share of successful nests has been more than 50% (fig. 26, table 4). The average distance between the nearest neighbours was 2.94±1.26 km (n=15;

range 1.08–5.42 km; Ex=-0.25). The density of distribution of breeding Upland Buzzards was 3.14 pairs/100 kì2, successful pairs – 2.14 pair/100 kì2. As of 2010, Upland Buzzards bred in artificial nests on 54.55% of the occupied sites, and the breeding success on platforms (without taking into account the newly built Ðàçðóøåííûå ãíåçäîâûå ïëàòôîðìû ñ àêòèâíûìè ãí¸çäàìè ìîõ- íîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà: ââåðõó – ïëàòôîðìà ïîäãîðåëà â ðåçóëüòàòå nests in the spring 2010) was 100%. While âåñåííåãî ïàëà ñóõîé òðàâû è óïàëà (ïåðâàÿ êëàäêà ïîãèáëà, íî all the ground-nesting pairs were unsuc- ïòèöû âîññòàíîâèëè ãíåçäî ïîä ïëàòôîðìîé è îòëîæèëè ïîâòîðíóþ cessful. No artificial nests erected at a dis- êëàäêó èç 1-ãî ÿéöà), âíèçó – ïëàòôîðìà ðàçðóøåíà (êëàäêà ïîãèá- tance from roads in 2009 have not been ëà). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. destroyed in 2010. Destroyed nest platforms with living nests of the Upland Buzzard: upper – the platform was slightly burnt as a result of spring fire The average brood size on the plot ¹2 for of grassland and fallen down (first clutch was lost, but birds have all period of surveys was 3.12±1.04 nest- restored their nest under the platform have laid one egg), bottom – lings (n=58; range 1–5 nestlings; Ex=-0.37). the platform was destroyed (clutch was lost). Photos by I. Karyakin. The broods, consisting of 3 nestlings were in 37.93% of nests, 4 nestlings – in 27.59% íîãèé êóðãàííèê, êîðøóí, áàëîáàí, ôèëèí of nests. The analysis of breeding success (Bubo bubo), âîðîí (Corvus corax), â¸ëñÿ (fig. 28) and changes in brood sized (fig. 29) ïî ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì. Â áàçå äàííûõ äëÿ have shown significant positive correlation êàæäîãî âèäà óñòàíîâëåíà ñêâîçíàÿ íóìå- between the share of successful nests of ðàöèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ. Äëÿ êàæäîãî Upland Buzzard and the population number ó÷àñòêà óñòàíîâëåíà ñêâîçíàÿ íóìåðàöèÿ of the Daurian Pika (R=0.83, p<0.05), and ãí¸çä. Ê îäíîìó è òîìó æå ãíåçäîâîìó also weak positive correlation between the ó÷àñòêó ïðèðàâíèâàëèñü âñå àëüòåðíàòèâ- brood size and the number of Daurian Pikas íûå ãí¸çäà, çàíèìàåìûå ïòèöàìè â ðàçíûå (R=0.63, p<0.05). ãîäû, êîòîðûå ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â ïðåäåëàõ The number of Upland Buzzards was re- ñðåäíåé ïî ïëîùàäêå äèñòàíöèè ìåæäó duced on the plot 2 in 2003, however is ñîñåäÿìè. Åñëè ïðîèñõîäèëî ïåðåìåùå- gradually recovered (R2=0.791), the number íèå ïàðû çà ïðåäåëû äàííîé äèñòàíöèè, òî of successful nests has steadily grown since ïðèóðî÷åííîñòü íîâîãî ãíåçäà ê ñòàðîìó 2004 (fig. 27, 28). The share of successful ãíåçäîâîìó ó÷àñòêó îïðåäåëÿëàñü ïî õà- nests in the number of the occupied sites ðàêòåðíûì îñîáåííîñòÿì âçðîñëûõ ïòèö fluctuates depending on the numbers of prey (ïîâåäåíèå, îêðàñêà, ìåòêè). Åñëè ïòèöû species, however its steady linear growth áûëè òå æå, ÷òî è íàáëþäàâøèåñÿ ðàíåå (R2=0.832) was observed in years between íà ñòàðîì ãíåçäå, áëèæàéøåì ê íîâîìó declines in numbers of the Daurian Pika. The ãíåçäó, ëèáî ñìåíèëàñü òîëüêî ñàìêà, òî important factor which has caused the popu- Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 29

ó÷àñòîê ñ÷èòàëñÿ ñòàðûì. Åñëè ïðîèñõîäè- lation recovering on the plot, is the nest res- ëà ÿâíàÿ ñìåíà ñàìöà, òî ó÷àñòîê ñ÷èòàëñÿ toration and as a result the system of artificial íîâûì. Ê óñïåøíûì íàìè îòíåñåíû ãíåç- nests developing, because the artificial nests äîâûå ó÷àñòêè, íà êîòîðûõ â ãí¸çäàõ íà- have allowed half of the breeding group áëþäàëîñü æèâîå ïîòîìñòâî íà ìîìåíò breed successfully during past years. ïîñëåäíåé ïðîâåðêè ãíåçäà. Òàêèå ãí¸çäà â èëëþñòðàòèâíîì ìàòåðèàëå ñòàòüè íà- Saker Falcon çûâàþòñÿ «æèëûìè». «Ïóñòûìè» íàçâàíû The Saker Falcon was recorded nesting ãí¸çäà, çàíèìàåìûå ïòèöàìè, íî â êîòî- only on wooden electric poles in the nests ðûõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íå áûëî ëèáî ïîòîì- built by the Upland Buzzard on the plot 2 in ñòâî ïîãèáëî. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè, íà êîòî- 1999–2001. The species was the second in ðûõ ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü âçðîñëûå ïòèöû, íî its number after the Upland Buzzard among ðàçìíîæåíèå íå íàáëþäàëîñü, ñ÷èòàëèñü breeding birds of prey on the plot. That time, çàíÿòûìè, íî áåçóñïåøíûìè. Ó÷àñòîê ïå- 15 breeding territories were known (fig. 31, ðåâîäèëñÿ â êàòåãîðèþ ïîêèíóòûõ òîëüêî â 32), 46.7–66.7% of them were successful. òîì ñëó÷àå, åñëè íà í¸ì â òå÷åíèå 3-õ ëåò The average distance between the nearest íå îòìå÷àëîñü ïðèñóòñòâèå âçðîñëûõ ïòèö. neighbours was 4.31±1.52 km (n=12; range

Åñëè ïòèöû ïîÿâëÿëèñü íà ó÷àñòêå, êîòî- 3.11–6.96 km; Ex=-0.78) (fig. 33), with den- ðûé â òå÷åíèå òð¸õ ëåò ïóñòîâàë, ó÷àñòîê sity being 2.14 pairs/100 km2. The main rea- îïðåäåëÿëè êàê âîññòàíîâèâøèéñÿ, âîñ- son of unsuccessful breeding was the nest ñòàíàâëèâàÿ åãî â áàçå ñ ïðåæíåé íóìå- destruction during the period of laying. In ðàöèåé. Òåððèòîðèè (âêëþ÷àÿ òåððèòîðèè particular in 2000 and 2001, herders de- ñ ïóñòóþùèìè ãíåçäîâûìè ïîñòðîéêàìè), stroyed 6 nests and only brood (in 2001) had ÿâíî àáîíèðóåìûå îäèíîêèìè ñàìöàìè, survived after the nest destroying and had ïîòåðÿâøèìè èëè åù¸ íå íàøåäøèìè ñà- been fed by parents till their fledging on the ìîê, òàêæå ïðèðàâíèâàëèñü ê çàíÿòûì, íî ground (see Karyakin, 2005à). In 2001, pairs áåçóñïåøíûì ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì. were registered on 3 sites, nests of which ×èñëåííîñòü äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè (Ochotona had been destroyed in 2000, however next daurica), ÿâëÿþùåéñÿ îñíîâíûì îáúåêòîì year these sites were empty. ïèòàíèÿ õèùíèêîâ íà ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé In 2003, owing to deaths of many birds in òåððèòîðèè, îïðåäåëÿëàñü ïî ó÷¸òó æèëûõ Mongolia as a result of bromadiolone poison- íîð íà ïîëóêèëîìåòðîâûõ òðàíñåêòàõ, ñ ing, on a background of extensive decline in ïîëîñîé ó÷¸òà 5 ì â âûñîêîòðàâíîé ñòåïè è numbers of the Daurian Pika and active de- 10 ì â ïîëóïóñòûííûõ áèîòîïàõ (Îòëîâ…, struction of nests by local herders, the number 2001). Òðàíñåêòû çàêëàäûâàëèñü áëèç ãí¸çä of Sakers was sharply reduced. The reserve of õèùíûõ ïòèö è íà ïåðåãîíàõ ìåæäó ãí¸ç- the breeding group had been shattered and äàìè (âûáèðàëèñü ó÷àñòêè, ëåæàùèå ïî- in the further the Saker number was being ñåðåäèíå ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè). only decreased on the plot, as well as in the Ó÷¸òíûå äàííûå èñïîëüçîâàëèñü äëÿ îïðå- entire Ubsunur depression. Also the illegal äåëåíèÿ äèíàìèêè ÷èñëåííîñòè äàóðñêîé catching and bird deaths through electrocu- ïèùóõè â öåëÿõ êîððåëÿöèè ýòèõ ïîêàçà- tion in adjacent Mongolia have impacted on òåëåé ñ ðåïðîäóêòèâíûìè ïîêàçàòåëÿìè this process. Thus, the 2003 may be consid- õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ïëîùàäêå. ered as a start point of the sharp decline in Êàìåðàëüíàÿ îáðàáîòêà íåïðîñòðàí- the species number on the plot. That year, ñòâåííûõ äàííûõ îñóùåñòâëÿëàñü â MS Sakers occupied only 8 nesting sites (53.3% Excel 2003 è Statistica 5.5. Ôàêòè÷åñêèå out of the number in 1999–2001) (fig. 31, äàííûå ïðåäñòàâëåíû â âèäå «ñðåäíåé ± 32). The breeding density of Sakers on a plot ñòàíäàðòíîå îòêëîíåíèå» (Ì±SD). Ïðî- was 1.14 pairs/100 km2. All nests were un- âåðêó íà íîðìàëüíîñòü ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ successful. ïîêàçàòåëåé ïðîâîäèëè ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì Only 3 breeding territories remained on êðèòåðèÿ Øàïèðî-Âèëêñà. Äëÿ îïðåäå- a plot in 2007–2008 (fig. 31, 32), however ëåíèÿ âçàèìîñâÿçè ìåæäó ïåðåìåííûìè successful breeding was registered only in âû÷èñëÿëè êîýôôèöèåíòû êîððåëÿöèè R one – in the west of the plot. Females were Ïèðñîíà. Êðèòè÷åñêèé óðîâåíü çíà÷èìî- missing in two other territories and only ñòè ïðè ïðîâåðêå ñòàòèñòè÷åñêèõ ãèïîòåç males were registered there. â èññëåäîâàíèè ïðèíèìàëñÿ ðàâíûì 0,05. In 2009–2010, Sakers have finally vanished Ïðè îáñóæäåíèè äèíàìèêè ÷èñëåííîñòè on territories in the west and east parts of the èñïîëüçîâàíà âåëè÷èíà äîñòîâåðíîñòè àï- plot, however a pair has recovered nesting ïðîêñèìàöèè ëèíèè òðåíäà R2. on rock outcrops in 2010, where Sakers tried 30 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ðåçóëüòàòû to nest on the ground in 2002 (fig. 31, 32) Òóâèíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà (ïëîùàäêà ¹1) was restored. It should be noted that it is the Èç 82-õ ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðì, óñòàíîâëåí- last pair of Sakers on the plot. íûõ íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1 â 2006 ã., ê 2010 ã. ñî- Thus, the decline in the Saker number by õðàíèëîñü 72, ò. å. â òå÷åíèå 4-õ ëåò îòõîä 93.3% has been noted on the plot 2 for 12 ïëàòôîðì ñîñòàâèë 12,2%. Èç 10 ïîãèáøèõ years (since 1999 to 2010) (fig. 34). The ïëàòôîðì â 40% ñëó÷àåâ ïðè÷èíîé ðàçðó- number was steadily declining exponentially øåíèÿ ñòàëî ïîäãíèâàíèå íåñóùèõ îïîð è during the 12 years (R2=0.927) without any îïîðíûõ ñó÷üåâ, â 40% ñëó÷àåâ – ïàëû òðàâû correlation with changes in numbers of prey (âî âñåõ ñëó÷àÿõ – öåëåíàïðàâëåííûå ïîä- species. Although the nests were being de- æîãè) è â 20% ñëó÷àåâ – âàíäàëèçì (óíè÷òî- structed by herders, the share of successful æåíû òðèãîïóíêòû, íà êîòîðûõ íàõîäèëèñü nests in the number of occupied ones fluc- ïëàòôîðìû). Îòõîä ïëàòôîðì îêàçàëñÿ ñó- tuated rather synchronously with changes ùåñòâåííî íèæå îæèäàåìîãî. in numbers of the main prey species of the Âñå ïëàòôîðìû ê 2010 ã. áûëè èñïîëü- Sakers in that territory – the Daurian Pika çîâàíû õèùíûìè ïòèöàìè, èç íèõ (n=82) (fig. 35). Probably owing to destruction of íà 86,6% (71 ïëàòôîðìà) îòìå÷åíî ãíåç- a part of inhabited nests by herders during äîâàíèå õèùíûõ ïòèö è 13,4% ïëàòôîðì the periods of high population number of èñïîëüçîâàëèñü â êà÷åñòâå ïðèñàä. Èç ñî- prey species, positive correlation between õðàíèâøèõñÿ ê 2010 ã. ïëàòôîðì (n=72) a number of the Daurian Pika and a share ãíåçäîâàíèå õèùíûõ ïòèö îòìå÷åíî íà of successful nests has been insignificant 93,1% (67 ïëàòôîðì), à 6,9% ïóñòóåò, èñ- (R=0.51, p<0.05). ïîëüçóÿñü õèùíûìè ïòèöàìè â êà÷åñòâå The breeding output has fluctuated rather ïðèñàä (íà äâóõ èç ïÿòè ïóñòóþùèõ ïëàò- poor for 12 years and was minimal only in ôîðì, âåðîÿòíî, áûëè ïîïûòêè ãíåçäî- the years, when the number of Daurian Pi- âàíèÿ ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, íî ïòèöû kas had decreased. The average brood size áûëè ñúåäåíû ôèëèíàìè ïðÿìî íà ïëàò- was 3.69±1.01 nestlings (n=16; range 1–5;

ôîðìàõ) (ðèñ. 4). Ex=2.57). Broods consisting of 4 nestlings Íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1 â 1999–2010 ãã. óñòà- absolutely predominated (62.5%). It should íîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå ñòåïíîãî îðëà, ìîõ- be noted, that the breeding output on the íîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, êîðøóíà, ëóãîâîãî plot was maximal for the Altai-Sayan re- ëóíÿ (Circus pygargus), áàëîáàíà, îáûêíî- gion, as for 12 years (2.64±1.06; n=278; âåííîé è ñòåïíîé ïóñòåëüãè (Falco tinnuncu- 1–5, on: Karyakin et al., 2010), as for sepa- lus, F. naumanni), ôèëèíà, óøàñòîé è áîëîò- rate years: from 2.25±0.74 in 1999 (n=51; íîé ñîâû (Asio otus, A. flammeus), ñïëþøêè 1–3) to 3.0±1.31 in 2002 (n=37; 1–5) (Kar- yakin, Nikolenko, 2008).

Kestrel Kestrels have inhabited the plot since 2002, and now 2 pair nest on rocks there, with inter-nests distances of 4.6 è 6.8 km and the breeding density being 0.29 pair/100 km2. Three observed clutches contained 4, 5 and 6 eggs. Three surveyed broods consisted of 4, 4 and 5 nestlings.

Raven For 12 years of surveys, only nest of the Raven have been recorded being occupied on a wooden electric pole in the steppe of the northern macroslope of the Agar-

Ðèñ. 4. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1 â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, èõ ñîñòîÿíèå è õàðàêòåð èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïòèöàìè. Fig. 4. Distribution of the artificial nests in the plot 1 (Tuva depression) and their conditions and status of bird using. Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 31

Êàíþê (Buteo buteo) è ïåðåïåëÿòíèê (Accipiter nisus). Òóâèíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà, îêðåñòíîñòè îç. ×åäåð, 29.05.2010 ã., 07.06 2008 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) and Eurasian Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus). Tuva depression, vicinity of Cheder Lake, 29/05/2010, 07/06/2008. Photos by I. Karyakin.

Dag-Taiga ridge during several years. In 2003 Ravens probably did not nest in it, and the pole had been sawed by herders. In 2004 this pair of Ravens tried to nest on the ground, but the female was eaten by a predator, and the site had been abandoned. Several times birds tried to nest on wooden electric poles in 2005 and 2006 in the northern part of the plot, but the pairs disappeared after successful nesting. In 2010, Ravens have built their nest in the transformer, at the top of which Sakers nested earlier, and have been successful. Thus, for the entire period of surveys on the plot only pair of Ravens was recorded nesting, and it was only in the years, when the number of Daurian Pikas was high. Under declines in numbers of the Daurian Pika Ravens continued to nest on rock outcrops surrounding the plot, but completely disappeared on the plot (fig. 38). The broods surveyed on the plot contained 2 (2001), 3 (2002), 4 (2005), 3 (2006) and 6 nestlings (2010), on average (Otus scops), à òàêæå âîðîíà, ÷¸ðíîé âîðî- 3.6±1.52 nestling per successful nest. The íû (Corvus corone) è ñîðîêè (Pica pica). Íà exponential growth of breeding output ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïî óñòðîéñòâó èñêóññòâåííûõ for the pairs, which were nesting on the ãíåçäîâèé ïîëîæèòåëüíî îòðåàãèðîâàëè plot only during the years of the increase ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê, êîðøóí, áàëîáàí, in numbers of Daurian Pikas, was observed îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà è âîðîí. Íà òåð- (R2=0.73) (fig. 38). At the same time the ðèòîðèè ïëîùàäêè íàáëþäàëèñü òàêæå íå- productivity of the Ravens, nesting on ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pen- rocks around of the plot, fluctuated rather natus) (29.05.2010 ã.), êàíþê (Buteo buteo) synchronously with the changes in num- (29.05.2010 ã.), ïåðåïåëÿòíèê (Accipiter bers of the Daurian Pika (fig. 38). Growth of nisus) (07.06.2008 ã.) è ÷åãëîê (Falco sub- productivity of Ravens on the plot seemed buteo) (07.06.2008 ã.). Äëÿ âñåõ ÷åòûð¸õ to be connected with a decreasing compe- âèäîâ ïîëîæèòåëüíûé îòâåò íà óñòðîéñòâî tition for food of the species with birds of èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé òàêæå âîçìîæåí prey, which numbers have been decreased íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè, òàê êàê èõ ãíåçäî- past years. It should be noted, that no âàíèå íà äåðåâüÿõ óñòàíîâëåíî â Áàëãàçûí- broods, consisting of more than 4 nest- ñêîì áîðó, â òîì ÷èñëå îðëà-êàðëèêà – íà lings, have been recorded in the Ubsunur ãíåçäîâîé ïëàòôîðìå. Îäíàêî, òåððèòîðèÿ depression for 12 years of surveys. The av- ïëîùàäêè íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ îïòèìàëüíîé äëÿ óêà- erage brood size was 2.26±0.99 nestlings çàííûõ âèäîâ è äî ñèõ ïîð â òàêèõ óñëîâè- per successful nest (n=19; range 1–4). ÿõ îíè íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëî- âèíå íå áûëè îáíàðóæåíû. Òåì íå ìåíåå, Discussion îáðàùàåò íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå òîò ôàêò, ÷òî Fig. 39 has shown the final scheme of çà 12-ëåòíèé ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé êàíþê, distribution of breeding territories of the êàðëèê, ÷åãëîê è ïåðåïåëÿòíèê íà ïëîùàäêå birds of prey, which were impacted by the çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû òîëüêî ïîñëå ìàñøòàá- system of artificial nest developing, and íîé óñòàíîâêè èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé â the scheme of artificial nest distribution. ëåñîïîëîñàõ, ïðè÷¸ì, òðè ïåðâûõ õèùíèêà Table 5 has shown the changes in num- 32 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

íàáëþäàëèñü áëèç ïóñòóþùèõ ïëàòôîðì, íå bers and breeding success since 2006 to çàíÿòûõ äðóãèìè âèäàìè. 2010. There is the high level of artificial Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæíî êîíñòàòèðîâàòü, nest occupancy by birds of prey, that indi- ÷òî ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïî óñòðîéñòâó èñêóñ- cates the obviously success in the project ñòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé îêàçàëèñü óñïåøíûìè. managing. Such success became possible Õèùíûå ïòèöû ïðåäïî÷ëè ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà for the reason of obvious insufficiency of ïëàòôîðìàõ, îñîáåííî â ðîâíîé ñòåïè, nesting sites and abundance of food for a ãäå àëüòåðíàòèâîé áûëî ëèøü ãíåçäîâàíèå lot of raptor species. íà çåìëå. Any stable population have some number Òåïåðü ðàññìîòðèì ïîäðîáíî, êàê ìå- of free individuals which actively move on ðîïðèÿòèÿ ñêàçàëèñü íà äèíàìèêå ÷èñëåí- territory searching for habitats, which would íîñòè ðàçëè÷íûõ âèäîâ. be suitable for nesting and at the same time, abundant in food. Thus, the important com- Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë ponent of the project on artificial nest erect- Åäèíñòâåííûé èç íàñòîÿùèõ îðëîâ âèä, ing is the retention of free individuals in the ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ â ñòåïÿõ Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâè- territory. The artificial nest unoccupied in- Ðèñ. 5. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå íû, êîòîðûé ìîã áû ïîëîæèòåëüíî îòðåà- volves raptors to use it. And if the number ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ãèðîâàòü íà ïðèâëå÷åíèå â èñêóññòâåííûå of preys is sufficient and free individuals are ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis). ãíåçäîâüÿ. Ãíåçäîâàíèå ñòåïíîãî îðëà íà presented in the population, the pairing and äåðåâüÿõ èçâåñòíî â íåñêîëüêèõ òî÷êàõ Òó- breeding will be immediately. And this fact Fig. 5. Distribution of the Steppe Eagle âèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû, îäíàêî â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ has been considered at planning the system (Aquila nipalensis) îç¸ð Õàäûí è ×åäåð îí ãíåçäèëñÿ èñêëþ- of artificial nests. Also it should be noted, breeding territories. ÷èòåëüíî íà íåáîëüøèõ ñêàëüíûõ âûõîäàõ that as soon as the breeding success of raptors in the territory of the project realization has increased, first of all due to restoration and maintenance of existing nesting sites of raptors, the process of new pair formation on free sites which were abundant in food and with the nest platforms erected, has begun at once. The first species, as well as it was supposed, which had reacted on the system artificial nest developing was the Upland Buzzard. The second species was the Black-Eared Kite. Also Kestrels and Ravens have also reacted on the artificial nests installed on trees. One of the main target species of the project was the Saker. Con- sidering the fact, that its number is declined throughout the Altai-Sayan region due to influence of some external factors, it was rather difficult to predict its answer to the system of artificial nest developing, especially in the Tyva depression, where the tree-nesting Sakers almost were not registered. Nevertheless, the project was successful for the Saker too. On the plot 1 in the Tuva depression, its number after the complete decline has increased by 600%, having exceeded former numbers, and the breeding success has increased by 100%; 57.1% of pairs use platforms (table 5), while almost all birds in pairs are young, some of which were ringed by us, having been fledglings in the territories adjoining to the plot previous years. In the Ubsunur depression, unfortunately, our efforts could not contain and further- more stop declining the number of Sak- Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 33

ers and this falcon has actually vanished as a breeding species on the plot 2. The reasons of so sharp decline are the bird deaths in Mongolia, because at a distance from the Mongolian border the situation with the Saker becomes not so catastroph- ic. Another reason is regular destruction of nests, as a result of which falcons did not breed and leaved their nesting sites for Mongolia where the chance to be lost or be caught increased for them. It is obvious, if nests of Saker were not destroyed so regularly by herders the decline in numbers would be not such fatal due to a lot of young birds. However in any case, if the negative factors, that impact on Sak- ers, are not eliminated, these young birds can not maintain the population stability. In conclusion, we believe, that the high level of breeding success is extremely important for the species, which the number declining is caused by a lot of reasons. It is necessary for the sustainability of populations even until the negative factors, which lead to extinction, exist. And it is impossible without a high rate of producing of young in the population, that are involved in the pairs, in which one of partners have been lost. Attraction of birds of prey into artificial nests in suboptimal breeding habitats is a real mechanism to increase the number and breeding success of population. These actions can be very important at the realization of conservation strategy for some species, including the Saker Falcon.

Recommendations Summarizing the project results, we can recommend to carry out actions on the artificial nest installing everywhere for species which number in the nature is reduced for some reasons. Criteria for selecting the territory for the project realization may be as Ãí¸çäà ñòåïíîãî îðëà ñîïîê. Íàì ýòîò âèä èíòåðåñåí åù¸ è òåì, follows: (Aquila nipalensis) íà ÷òî îí îïðåäåëÿåò ðàñïðåäåëåíèå áîëåå 1. The selected territory is located within ïëîùàäêå ¹1 â 2006 ã.: ìåëêîãî è ñëàáîãî ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííè- the breeding range of the species, and free ââåðõó ñëåâà è âíèçó – áëèç îç. ×åäåð, ââåðõó êà, êîòîðûé îòñóòñòâóåò íà çàíÿòûõ ãíåçäî- individuals, which can to form pairs and oc- ñïðàâà è â öåíòðå – âûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ. cupy artificial nests, are presented. áëèç îç. Õàäûí. Äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ñòåïíîãî îðëà 2. Deficiency in nesting sites is recorded Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà è íà ïëîùàäêå, êàê, ñîáñòâåííî, è âî âñåé in the selected territory. Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. Òóâå, êðàéíå íåãàòèâíàÿ. Â ðåñïóáëèêå 3. The selected territory is abundant in Nests of the Steppe êðàõ ïîïóëÿöèè âèäà ïðîèçîø¸ë â 2002 ã. Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) food. on the plot 1 in 2006: Îò ñòåïíîãî îðëà îñâîáîäèëèñü, â ïåðâóþ 4. The selected territory should be locat- upper left and bottom – î÷åðåäü, ñòåïíûå òåððèòîðèè þãî-âîñòîêà ed far from roads and recreation areas, or ar- near Cheder lake, upper Òóâû (ëåâîáåðåæüå Òåñ-Õåìà, Ñåíãèëåí, tificial nests should be carefully disguised. right and center – near Âîñòî÷íûé Òàííó-Îëà), îäíàêî ïðîöåññ Khadyn lake. 5. Nests of the raptors, that are larger Photos by I. Karyakin äåãðàäàöèè ïîïóëÿöèé âèäà çàòðîíóë è Òó- than target species, should be located at the and E. Nikolenko. âèíñêóþ êîòëîâèíó. Ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ, ÷òî distance from artificial nests installed. 34 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ñòîëü ñåðü¸çíûé óäàð ïîïóëÿöèÿ ñòåïíî- Ìîæíî êîíñòàòèðîâàòü ôàêò âûïàäåíèÿ ãî îðëà ïîëó÷èëà â ðåçóëüòàòå îòðàâëåíèÿ ñòåïíîãî îðëà èç ñïèñêà ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ âè- ïòèö áðîìàäèîëîíîì â Ìîíãîëèè, â õîäå äîâ öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè Òóâèíñêîé âïàäèíû. ìèãðàöèé îñåíüþ 2001 ã. è âåñíîé 2002 ã. Âîçìîæíî, ÷òî èìåííî ïî ïðè÷èíå äåãðà- (Êàðÿêèí, 2010). äàöèè ïîïóëÿöèé âèäà è îòñóòñòâèÿ ñâîáîä- Â 1999–2001 ãã. íà ïëîùàäêå áûëî èç- íûõ îñîáåé, ñòåïíîé îð¸ë íå ñìîã íà÷àòü âåñòíî 5 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, ñîñðåäîòî÷åí- îñâàèâàòü ãíåçäîâûå ïëàòôîðìû. íûõ â íàèáîëåå ïåðåñå÷¸ííîé ìåñòíîñòè ó îç¸ð Õàäûí è ×åäåð (ðèñ. 5). Äèñòàíöèÿ Ôèëèí ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè ñîñòàâëÿ- Â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà â öåëîì, êàê è â Òó- ëà â ñðåäíåì (n=4) 5,31±2,77 êì (3,42– âèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, â ÷àñòíîñòè, ôèëèí 9,33 êì), ïëîòíîñòü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè – 0,79 äîñòàòî÷íî îáû÷íûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä ïàð/100 êì2. Â 2002 ã. çàíÿòûìè îñòàëèñü ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèé. Ïëîòíîñòü íà ãíåç- ëèøü 2 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà, óäàë¸ííûõ äðóã äîâàíèè â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå ñîñòàâëÿåò îò äðóãà íà 15,58 êì, ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâà- 1,19 ïàð/100 êì2, à ÷èñëåííîñòü îöåíè- íèÿ ñîêðàòèëàñü äî 0,32 ïàð/100 êì2. Íà- âàåòñÿ â 129–469 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 299 ïàð ÷èíàÿ ñ 2008 ã. ãíåçäîâàíèå ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Êàðÿêèí, 2007). Ðèñ. 6. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå íà ïëîùàäêå ïðåêðàòèëîñü, êàê, ñîáñòâåí- Òåððèòîðèÿ ïëîùàäêè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñóáîïòè- ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ íî, è âñòðå÷è âçðîñëûõ ïòèö. Â 2010 ã. áëèç ìàëüíîé äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ôèëèíà, òàê êàê ôèëèíà (Bubo bubo). Õàäûíà íàáëþäàëñÿ ìîëîäîé ñòåïíîé îð¸ë ñêàëüíûå îáíàæåíèÿ çäåñü îòñóòñòâóþò, Fig. 6. Distribution íà èçâåñòíîì ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå, îäíàêî òåì íå ìåíåå ôèëèí ÿâëÿåòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî of the Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) breeding ñòàðîå ãíåçäî îðëîâ ïóñòîâàëî è áûëî áåç õàðàêòåðíûì âèäîì ñòåïè â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ territories. ïðèçíàêîâ ïîäíîâëåíèÿ. îç¸ð Õàäûí è ×åäåð. Çäåñü åãî ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ïðèóðî÷åíû ê ãëóáîêèì ïåñ÷àíûì îâðàãàì, ñôîðìèðîâàâøèìñÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå ýðîçèè ïî÷âû íà áûâøèõ ïîëÿõ. Â 1999–2008 ãã. íà ïëîùàäêå áûëî èç- âåñòíî 3 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ôèëèíîâ (ðèñ. 6, ¹1, 3, 4) è îäèí ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê (ðèñ 6, ¹2) ðàñïîëàãàëñÿ â ñêàëàõ â íåïîñðåä- ñòâåííîé áëèçîñòè îò ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîé ãðàíèöû ïëîùàäêè (â 500 ì îò ãðàíèöû ïëîùàäêè, â 1,24 êì îò áëèæàéøåãî ãíåç- äà ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà íà ïëîùàäêå è â 3-õ êì îò áëèæàéøåé ïëàòôîðìû íà ïëîùàäêå). Â 2009 ã. ìåæäó îç¸ðàìè Õà- äûí è ×åäåð ïîÿâèëñÿ íîâûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ôèëèíîâ (ðèñ. 6, ¹5), êîòîðûé áûë âûÿâëåí â 2010 ã. ïî ñëåäàì õèùíè- ÷åñòâà ôèëèíà íà ïëàòôîðìàõ. Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî äàííûé ó÷àñòîê ñóùåñòâî- âàë è ðàíåå â ñèñòåìå îâðàãîâ ó þæíîé ãðàíèöû ïëîùàäêè è áûë íàìè ïîïðîñòó ïðîïóùåí. Âîçìîæíî, â 2009 ã. ôèëèíû ïåðåìåñòèëèñü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè áëèæå ê ñèñòåìå èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé, â ðå- çóëüòàòå ÷åãî óñèëèëñÿ èõ õèùíè÷åñêèé ïðåññ íà äíåâíûõ õèùíèêîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà ïëàòôîðìàõ, êîòîðûé è áûë çàìå÷åí íàìè. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ýòî, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî ÷èñëåííîñòü ôèëèíîâ íà ïëîùàäêå âñå ýòè ãîäû îñòàâàëàñü ñòàáèëüíîé è ñîñòàâ- ëÿëà 5 ïàð, âêëþ÷àÿ ó÷àñòîê íà ñåâåðî- âîñòî÷íîé ãðàíèöå. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó âñåìè ñîñåäÿìè ñî- ñòàâëÿåò â ñðåäíåì (n=4) 7,35±0,69 êì (6,40–7,87 êì), ïëîòíîñòü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè – 0,79 ïàð/100 êì2. Ãíåçäîâàíèå ôèëèíà íà äåðåâüÿõ â Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 35

íîâëåíû â 0,9, 1,4, 2,1 è 2,7 êì îò ãíåçäà ôèëèíà, íà ó÷àñòêå ¹4 – äâå ïëàòôîð- ìû, â 1,2 è 1,1 êì, íà ó÷àñòêå ¹2 – îäíà ïëàòôîðìà, â 3 êì. Â ïðåäåëû ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà ôèëèíà ¹5, ìåñòî ëîêàëèçàöèè ãíåçäà íà êîòîðîì íåèçâåñòíî, â çîíó ðà- äèóñîì 2,3 êì îò ïðåäïîëàãàåìîãî öåí- òðà ó÷àñòêà, â 2010 ã. ïîïàëè ïî îäíîìó ãíåçäó êîðøóíà è ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàí- íèêà, à òàêæå 5 ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðì. Ðå- çóëüòàò õèùíè÷åñêîãî ïðåññà ôèëèíà íå çàñòàâèë ñåáÿ äîëãî æäàòü. Íà ó÷àñòêå ôèëèíà ¹1 íà ãíåçäîâîé ïëàòôîðìå, ðàñïîëîæåííîé â 1,4 êì îò ãíåçäà ôèëèíà, ïàðà ìîõíîíîãèõ êóð- ãàííèêîâ çàíÿëà ãíåçäîâóþ ïëàòôîðìó óæå â 2007 ã., â 2008 ã. îíè óñïåøíî âû- âåëè 2-õ ïòåíöîâ. Îäíàêî îáå âçðîñëûå ïòèöû áûëè óáèòû è ñúåäåíû ôèëèíîì: ïåðâàÿ, âåðîÿòíî, ñàìêà, áëèç ãíåçäà íà ïëàòôîðìå â 2009 ã., âòîðàÿ (âåðîÿòíî, ñàìåö) – â íà÷àëå 2010 ã. â ëåñîïîëîñå, â 500-õ ì. Â 2010 ã. èõ ãíåçäî íà ïëàòôîð- ìå íèêåì íå çàíèìàëîñü. Íà ïëàòôîðìå, ðàñïîëîæåííîé â 0,9 êì îò ãíåçäà ôè- ëèíà, ïàðà ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ íà- ÷àëà ñòðîèòåëüñòâî ãíåçäà â êîíöå ìàÿ – íà÷àëå èþíÿ 2008 ã., â 2009 ã., ñóäÿ ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ ãíåçäà ïðè ïðîâåðêå 2010 ã., ïòèöû óñïåøíî ðàçìíîæàëèñü, à â 2010 ã. òóò íàáëþäàëñÿ îäèíî÷íûé ñàìåö è îñòàí- êè ñàìêè, ñúåäåííîé ôèëèíîì. Íà ãíåç- äîâîé ïëàòôîðìå, ðàñïîëîæåííîé â 2,7 êì îò ãíåçäà ôèëèíà, ïàðà ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ âïåðâûå ïîñòðîèëà ãíåçäî â 2008 ã. è âûâåëà 2-õ ïòåíöîâ, â ýòîì æå ãíåçäå ïòèöû ðàçìíîæàëèñü è â 2009 ã., à â 2010 ã. ïåðåìåñòèëèñü íà 1,32 êì, çà- íÿâ äðóãóþ ãíåçäîâóþ ïëàòôîðìó, óñòðî- åííóþ â 2,1 êì îò ãíåçäà ôèëèíîâ (â ìî- ìåíò ïîñåùåíèÿ ãíåçäà â 2010 ã. ñàìêà ãðåëà ïóõîâèêîâ). Ïåðåìåùåíèå ïàðû ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ áûëî âûçâàíî Âèä íà ãíåçäîâûå Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå íåèçâåñòíî, âûòåñíåíèåì èõ áàëîáàíàìè, çàíÿâøèìè ó÷àñòêè ôèëèíà (Bubo ïîýòîìó è íå ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü, ÷òî ýòîò â 2010 ã. èõ ñòàðîå ãíåçäî. Òàêèì îáðà- bubo) (ââåðõó è âíèçó) è ñë¸òîê ôèëèíà ó âèä îòðåàãèðóåò íà ïîÿâëåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ çîì, ãí¸çäà ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà è ãíåçäà â îâðàãå (â öåí- ïëàòôîðì, çàíÿâ èõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. áàëîáàíà, ðàñïîëîæåííûå äàëåå 2-õ êì òðå). Òóâèíñêàÿ êîòëî- Òåì íå ìåíåå, ôèëèí êðàéíå èíòåðåñåí îò ãíåçäà ôèëèíà, íà äàííîì ó÷àñòêå ïîêà âèíà, îêðåñòíîñòè îç. òåì, ÷òî ðåãóëÿðíî îêàçûâàåò õèùíè÷å- îñòàþòñÿ æèëûìè. ×åäåð, 03.07.2006 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. ñêèé ïðåññ íà áîëåå ìåëêèõ õèùíèêîâ, â Íà ó÷àñòêå ôèëèíà ¹2 åãî õèùíè÷å- ÷àñòíîñòè, íà ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà è ñêèé ïðåññ íà ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà Nesting habitats of the Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) êîðøóíà, â ðåçóëüòàòå âíîñÿ êîððåêòèâû áûë âûÿâëåí åù¸ â 1999 ã. – ôèëèí ñúåë (upper and bottom) â èõ ðàñïðåäåëåíèå íà ìåñòíîñòè. Ïîýòî- ïòåíöîâ. Â 2003 ã. ïòèöû óñïåøíî âûâå- and the fledgling Eagle ìó ïðè ðàçðàáîòêå ñõåìû èñêóññòâåííûõ ëè 2-õ ïòåíöîâ íà ãíåçäå, óñòðîåííîì íà Owl in a ravine (center). ãíåçäîâèé áûëî ïðèíÿòî ðåøåíèå ìàêñè- îïîðå ËÝÏ, êîòîðàÿ â 2004 ã. áûëà óíè- Tuva depression, vicinity of Cheder Lake, ìàëüíî äèñòàíöèðîâàòüñÿ îò èçâåñòíûõ ÷òîæåíà. Âïëîòü äî 2009 ã. ìîõíîíîãèå 03/07/2006. ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ôèëèíà. Òåì íå ìå- êóðãàííèêè çäåñü íå îòìå÷àëèñü. Âèäèìî Photos by I. Karyakin. íåå, íà ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå ôèëèíà ¹1 â 2010 ã. íà ïëàòôîðìå, ðàñïîëîæåííîé ÷åòûðå ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðìû áûëè óñòà- â 3 êì îò ãíåçäà ôèëèíà, íà÷àëà ôîðìè- 36 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ãíåçäîâàÿ ïëàòôîð- ìà ñ íåäîñòðîåííûì ãíåçäîì ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà è îñòàí- êàìè ñàìêè, ñúåäåí- íîé ôèëèíîì, ïîä ïëàòôîðìîé (ñëåâà), îñòàíêè ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, ñúåäåííî- ãî ôèëèíîì (ñïðàâà ââåðõó), îñòàíêè êîð- øóíà (Milvus migrans lineatus), ñúåäåííîãî ôèëèíîì (ñïðàâà âíè- çó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nest platform with unfinished nests of the Upland Buzzard and remains of the female preyed by the Eagle Owl under the platform (left), remains of the Upland Buzzard eaten by the Eagle Owl (upper right), remains of the Black-Eared Kite (Milvus migrans lineatus), eaten by the Eagle Owl (bottom right). ðîâàòüñÿ ïàðà êóðãàííèêîâ, îäíàêî åù¸ ïðÿìî íà ãíåçäå (ñàìöà íàáëþäàòü íå óäà- Photos by I. Karyakin. äî ñòðîèòåëüñòâà èìè ãíåçäà ôèëèí óáèë ëîñü). Íà ñêëîíå îäíîãî èç îâðàãîâ áëèç è ñúåë ñàìêó ïðÿìî íà ïëàòôîðìå. Ïðè ïðåäïîëàãàåìîãî öåíòðà ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñò- îñìîòðå ïëàòôîðìû íà íåé áûëî îáíà- êà ôèëèíà áûëè îáíàðóæåíû îñòàíêè êîð- ðóæåíî íåñêîëüêî âåòîê, ïðèíåñ¸ííûõ øóíà, ñúåäåííîãî âåñíîé 2010 ã. – âåðîÿò- ïòèöàìè. íî ïòèöà áûëà äîáûòà â òîé æå ëåñîïîëîñå, Íà ó÷àñòêå ôèëèíà ¹4 õèùíè÷åñêèé ãäå ðàíåå ãíåçäèëàñü ïàðà êîðøóíîâ, óíè- ïðåññ áûë çàìå÷åí ëèøü â 2010 ã., êîã- ÷òîæåííàÿ ôèëèíàìè â 2009 ã. äà ôèëèí óñòðîèë ïîñòîÿííóþ ïðèñàäó Òàêèì îáðàçîì, çà ïîñëåäíèå 4 ãîäà íà ãíåçäå ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, óáèâ ôèëèíàìè ïðåñå÷åíû ïîïûòêè óñïåøíî- îáîèõ âçðîñëûõ ïòèö. Ýòî ãíåçäî áûëî ãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ îäíî èç ñòàðåéøèõ åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çä íà 7 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ è íà 3-õ ó÷àñòêàõ ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà íà ïëîùàäêå, êóðãàííèêè èñ÷åçëè. Òàêæå, êàê ìèíèìóì, èçâåñòíîå ñ 1999 ã. Â 2006 ã. ãíåçäîâîå 1 ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê êîðøóíîâ ïðåêðàòèë äåðåâî óïàëî, è íà ñëîìå ñòâîëà áûëà ñâî¸ ñóùåñòâîâàíèå ïî ïðè÷èíå õèùíè÷å- óñòàíîâëåíà ïëàòôîðìà, êîòîðóþ ïòèöû ñòâà ôèëèíà. Íà 2-õ ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðìàõ çàíÿëè óæå â 2007 ã. Â 2008 ã. ýòà ïàðà ôèëèíàìè óñòðîåíû ïîñòîÿííûå ïðèñàäû. óñòðîèëà ãíåçäî íà ñîñåäíåé ïëàòôîðìå, Ðåçóëüòàòû ìîíèòîðèíãà íà ïëîùàäêå ãäå óñïåøíî ðàçìíîæàëàñü â 2009 ã. Â ¹1 ïîçâîëÿþò ñäåëàòü çàêëþ÷åíèå, ÷òî 2010 ã., êîòîðûé è ñòàë äëÿ íèõ ðîêîâûì, â äàííûõ ïðèðîäíûõ óñëîâèÿõ â ðàäèóñå ïàðà ïåðåìåñòèëàñü â ñâî¸ ñòàðîå ãíåçäî, 2 êì îò ãíåçäà ôèëèíà âåðîÿòíîñòü ðåãó- óñòóïèâ ñîñåäíþþ ïîñòðîéêó êîðøóíó. ëÿðíîãî óñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ìîõ- Íà ó÷àñòêå ôèëèíà ¹5 óæå â 2009 ã. íîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà è êîðøóíà íåçíà- áûëè óíè÷òîæåíû ïàðà êîðøóíîâ è ïàðà ÷èòåëüíà. Îïàñíîé ìîæåò ñ÷èòàòüñÿ çîíà ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ, î ÷¸ì ñâèäåòåëü- äî 3-õ êì îò ãíåçäà ôèëèíà, â ïðåäåëàõ ñòâîâàëè ñòàðûå îñòàíêè ïòèö ïîä ãí¸çäà- êîòîðîé õèùíè÷åñòâî ôèëèíà âïîëíå âå- ìè è ïîãàäêè ôèëèíà. Ãí¸çäà êîðøóíà è ðîÿòíî, íî óæå íå ñòîëü ðåãóëÿðíî, êàê â ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü 2-êèëîìåòðîâîé çîíå. â 500–600 ì îò ïðåäïîëàãàåìîãî öåíòðà ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà ôèëèíà. Â 2008 ã. íî- Ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê âûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ìîõíîíîãèõ êóð- Ýòî îäèí èç öåëåâûõ âèäîâ ìåðîïðè- ãàííèêîâ ñôîðìèðîâàëñÿ íà ïëàòôîðìå â ÿòèé ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ õèùíûõ ïòèö íà 1,7 êì îò ïðåäïîëàãàåìîãî öåíòðà ó÷àñòêà èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ, äîñòàòî÷íî ôèëèíà. Â ýòîò ãîä êóðãàííèêè ïîñòðîèëè îáû÷íûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ õèùíèê ñòåïåé ãíåçäî, óñïåøíî ðàçìíîæàëèñü â 2009 ã., Òóâû. Ãíåçäèòñÿ â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ íî óæå â íà÷àëå 2010 ã. ôèëèí ñúåë ñàìêó êàê íà ñêàëàõ, òàê è íà äåðåâüÿõ. Ãíåçäî- Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 37

Ðèñ. 7. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå âàíèå ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà íà çåì- ëå, êðàéíå íèçêàÿ. Çà 12-ëåòíèé ïåðèîä ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ëå – äîâîëüíî ÷àñòîå ÿâëåíèå â Ìîíãî- èññëåäîâàíèé èç 26 ïîïûòîê ðàçìíîæå- ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííè- êà (Buteo hemilasius). ëèè (22,7% ïðè n=304) (Gombobaatar et íèÿ íà çåìëå ëèøü 4 áûëè óñïåøíûìè al., 2010), íî äîñòàòî÷íî ðåäêîå â Òóâå (15,4%), 3 èç êîòîðûõ – â Òóâèíñêîé êîò- Fig. 7. Distribution of the Upland Buzzard (2,72% ïðè n=735). Â Òóâå òàêîé ñòåðåî- ëîâèíå íà òåððèòîðèè ïëîùàäêè ¹1, è (Buteo hemilasius) òèï ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îïðåäåë¸ííî ñôîðìè- îäíà – â Óáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå íà òåð- breeding territories. ðîâàëñÿ âòîðè÷íî, ò.ê. íèêåì èç ïðåæíèõ ðèòîðèè ïëîùàäêè ¹2. èññëåäîâàòåëåé ïòèö Òóâû íå óêàçûâàåòñÿ Â 1999–2003 ãã. íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1 áûëî (Áàðàíîâ, 1991). Â 70–80-õ ãã. â Óáñóíóð- èçâåñòíî 37 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîõíîíî- ñêîé è Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíàõ îïîðû ËÝÏ ãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ (ðèñ. 7). Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ñòàëè îñâàèâàòü ïòèöû, âåðîÿòíî, âûðîñ- áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè ñîñòàâëÿëà (n=28) øèå â ãí¸çäàõ íà äåðåâüÿõ. Â 90-õ ãã., 0,86–4,53 êì, â ñðåäíåì 2,59±1,09 êì

êîãäà ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñÿ èíôðàñòðóêòóðà (Ex=-1,1), à ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ – 5,86 ËÝÏ áûëà óíè÷òîæåíà, êóðãàííèêè ëè- ïàð/100 êì2. øèëèñü óñëîâèé ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, ê êîòîðûì Â 2004–2005 ãã. ñèòóàöèÿ ñ ãíåçäî- ïðèâûêëè, è íà÷àëè, õîòÿ è ìåäëåííî, ïðèãîäíîñòüþ ýòîé ïëîùàäêè òîëüêî àäàïòèðîâàòüñÿ ê ãíåçäîâàíèþ íà çåìëå. óõóäøèëàñü â ñâÿçè ñ âûïàäåíèåì ìíî- Ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû, íàêîïèëîñü îïðåäå- ãèõ êðóïíûõ äåðåâüåâ â ëåñîïîëîñàõ ïî ë¸ííîå êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ, âûæèâøèõ ïðè÷èíå èõ ïîäãîðàíèÿ âî âðåìÿ ïàëîâ â ðåçóëüòàòå îáðóøåíèÿ ãí¸çä è óñïåøíî è óñûõàíèÿ. Ïîïûòêè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîõ- âûêîðìëåííûõ ðîäèòåëÿìè, êîòîðûå âïî- íîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ ñî ñëåäñòâèè ñòàëè ñàìè óñòðàèâàòü ãí¸çäà øòûðåâûìè èçîëÿòîðàìè çàêàí÷èâàëèñü íà çåìëå, ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, íåêîòîðûå ïëà÷åâíî. Â èòîãå ê 2006 ã. íà ïëîùàä- ïàðû, ëèøèâøèåñÿ ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ íà êå áûëî èçâåñòíî 34 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ, ñòàëè ïûòàòüñÿ ãíåçäèòüñÿ (ïîìèìî íèõ, åù¸ íà 2-õ ó÷àñòêàõ, íà íà çåìëå íà ìåñòå óíè÷òîæåííûõ îïîð êîòîðûõ ãí¸çäà êóðãàííèêà íà ËÝÏ áûëè ËÝÏ. Óñïåøíîñòü ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ìîõíî- óíè÷òîæåíû íåñêîëüêî ëåò íàçàä, îòìå- íîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà çåì- ÷åíû ñëåäû ïðèñóòñòâèÿ ïòèö, âåðîÿòíî, 38 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ãí¸çäà ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, óñòðîåí- íûå íà çåìëå, ðàñïîëà- ãàþòñÿ, êàê ïðàâèëî, â ïîäíîæèè îïîð ËÝÏ. Óñïåøíîñòü ðàçìíî- æåíèÿ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð êðàéíå íèçêàÿ ïî ïðè÷èíå õèùíè÷åñòâà ÷åòâåðîíîãèõ ìëåêîïè- òàþùèõ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nests of the Upland Buzzard, placed on the ground, are usually located at the base of electric poles. Breeding success of those pairs is extremely low for the reason of mammals predating. Photos by I. Karyakin. Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 39

Òàáë. 3. Äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà (Buteo hemilasius) íà ëè÷åíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà ñòàëî âíîñèòü ïëîùàäêå ¹1. ñâîè êîððåêòèâû õèùíè÷åñòâî ôèëèíà. Table 3. Changes in numbers of the Upland Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius) on the plot 1. Â 2009 ã. ïîÿâèëîñü òîëüêî äâà íîâûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà è îäèí áûë óíè÷òîæåí Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè, ôèëèíîì, â 2010 ã. îäèí ó÷àñòîê ïðèáà- èñ÷åçíóâøèå âèëñÿ, à äâà áûëî óíè÷òîæåíî. Äèíàìè- Çàíÿòûå Âñå Íîâûå ïî ïðè÷èíå êà óâåëè÷åíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîõíîíîãîãî ãíåçäîâûå ãíåçäîâûå õèùíè÷åñòâà ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ó÷àñòêè ôèëèíà ó÷àñòêè êóðãàííèêà íà ïëîùàäêå îòðàæåíà â òàáë. All New Nesting sites, Occupied 3 è íà ðèñ. 8. Ãîä breeding breeding vanished due to the breeding Ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà 2010 ã. íà ïëîùàäêå Year territories territories Eagle Owl predatory territories ¹1 óñòàíîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå 51 ïàðû 1999–2003 37 37 ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ 2 2005 36 36 8,08 ïàð/100 êì . Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó áëè- 2006 34 34 æàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè ñîñòàâèëà (n=36) 2007 42 8 42 0,97–4,64 êì, â ñðåäíåì 2,05±0,96 êì (E =0,14). Ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ 2006 ã. ðàñ- 2008 51 9 51 x ïðåäåëåíèå ãí¸çä êóðãàííèêà ïî ïëîùàä- 2009 53 2152 êå ñòàëî áîëåå ðàâíîìåðíûì, ïðè ýòîì, â 51 2010 54 12ðåçóëüòàòå ðîñòà ÷èñëåííîñòè â óñëîâèÿõ ïëîòíîé çàñòðîéêè òåððèòîðèè ïëàòôîð- ñàìöîâ, íî ñàìèõ ïòèö îáíàðóæèòü íå ìàìè, ïàðû ñòàëè ãíåçäèòüñÿ áëèæå äðóã ê óäàëîñü). Íà 11 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ áûëè äðóãó (ðèñ. 9). âñòðå÷åíû âçðîñëûå ïòèöû áëèç ðàçðó- Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î òîì, øåííûõ ãí¸çä; 10 ãí¸çä áûëè ïóñòûìè, ÷òî ñèñòåìà èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé íà íî çàíÿòûìè: â 2-õ èç íèõ íàõîäèëèñü ïî- ïëîùàäêå ¹1 ê 2010 ã. çàïîëíåíà ìîõíî- ãèáøèå êëàäêè, â îäíîì ïîãèá âûâîäîê; è íîãèì êóðãàííèêîì äî îïòèìàëüíîãî ìàê- òîëüêî â 13 ãí¸çäàõ (36,1%) áûëè îáíà- ñèìóìà: èç 51 ïàðû 72,5% ïàð ãíåçäÿòñÿ ðóæåíû âûâîäêè, 46,1% èç êîòîðûõ – íà íà ïëàòôîðìàõ, çàíèìàÿ 51,4% ïëàòôîðì ïëàòôîðìàõ 2005 ã. (Êàðÿêèí, Íèêîëåíêî, îò ÷èñëà ñîõðàíèâøèõñÿ (áåç ó÷¸òà àëüòåð- 2007). Áëàãîäàðÿ ñîçäàíèþ ñèñòåìû ãíåç- íàòèâíûõ ãí¸çä). Áëàãîäàðÿ å¸ ñîçäàíèþ íà äîâûõ ïëàòôîðì, ñåçîí 2006 ã. ìîæíî ïëîùàäêå ¹1 ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà íà ãíåçäî- ñ÷èòàòü ïåðåëîìíûì â íåãàòèâíîé äè- âàíèè óâåëè÷èëàñü â 1,5 ðàçà (R2=0,867), íàìèêå ÷èñëåííîñòè ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïè- à êîëè÷åñòâî óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä – â 2,8 ðàç ðîâêè ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà â ðàéîíå (R2=0,997). Åñëè â 2006 ã. äîëÿ óñïåøíûõ îç¸ð Õàäûí è ×åäåð. Íà÷èíàÿ ñ ýòîãî ãí¸çä îò ÷èñëà çàíÿòûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñîñòàâèëà ìîìåíòà ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîõíîíîãîãî êóð- âñåãî 38,24%, òî â 2008 – óæå 50,98%, â ãàííèêà ñòàëà ðàñòè: ñíà÷àëà âîññòàíî- 2010 – 70,59% (ðèñ. 10). âèëèñü ó÷àñòêè, íà êîòîðûõ ãí¸çäà áûëè Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî ñðàçó ïîñëå ïîÿâ- óíè÷òîæåíû, íî ïòèöû íå óñïåëè åù¸ ëåíèÿ ïåðâûõ èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé èõ ïîêèíóòü èëè ïîãèáíóòü, çàòåì ñòàëè â 2005 ã. íà ïëîùàäêå ïîâûñèëîñü ÷èñ- ïîÿâëÿòüñÿ íîâûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè, â ëî ïîçäíèõ êëàäîê, êîòîðûå ðàíåå ðå- îñíîâíîì çà ñ÷¸ò ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ïàð èç ãèñòðèðîâàëèñü êàê èñêëþ÷åíèå. Ìû ýòî ìîëîäûõ ïòèö. ñâÿçûâàåì íàïðÿìóþ ñ ôîðìèðîâàíèåì Óæå â 2007 ã. ìîõíîíîãèìè êóðãàííèêà- íîâûõ ïàð, êîòîðûå â ìàå òîëüêî íà÷èíà- ìè áûëî çàíÿòî 8 ó÷àñòêîâ, èç êîòîðûõ 3 ëè ñòðîèòü ãí¸çäà, êîãäà ñòàðûå ïàðû ìîõ- âîññòàíîâèëèñü íà òåððèòîðèÿõ, ïîêèíóòûõ íîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ óæå çàêàí÷èâàëè ïòèöàìè äî 2005 ã. Â 2008 ã. êóðãàííèê çà- íàñèæèâàíèå. Çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé, íÿë åù¸ 9 íîâûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, 3 èç êîòîðûõ âîññòàíîâèëèñü íà òåððèòîðèÿõ, ïîêèíóòûõ ïòèöàìè äî 2005 ã. Â 2009 ã. ïðîöåññ îñâîåíèÿ ïëàòôîðì ìîõíîíîãè- ìè êóðãàííèêàìè çàòîðìîçèëñÿ, à â óâå-

Ãíåçäî ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà â ñåðåäèíå äåðåâÿí- íîé àíêåðíîé îïîðû ËÝÏ â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nest of the Upland Buzzard, placed in the central part of wooden electric pole in the Tuva depression. Photo by I. Karyakin. 40 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Åñòåñòâåííûå ãí¸çäà ìîõíîíîãîãî êóð- ãàííèêà â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1. Ñâåðõó âíèç: â æèâîé ëåñîïîëîñå íà òîïîëå áëèç îç. ×åäåð, íà îäèíî÷íîì ñóõîì òîïîëå áëèç îç. ×åäåð, â îñíîâàíèè âÿçà â 25 ì îò òðàññû Ì54, ìåæäó îç¸ðàìè Õàäûí è ×åäåð, íà äåéñòâóþùåé ËÝÏ Êûçûë–Öåëèííîå, íà óïàâøåé îïîðå ËÝÏ. 29–30 ìàÿ 2010 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Natural nests of the Upland Buzzard on the plot 1 in the Tuva depression. Top–down: in the artificial forest- line on a poplar near Cheder lake, on the single dry poplar near Cheder lake, in the base of elm 25 m from the road Ì54 between Khadyn and Cheder lakes, on an electric pole of the powel line Kyzyl–Tselinnoe, on the electric pole, having fallen down. 29–30 May 2010. Photos by I. Karyakin. Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 41

Ãí¸çäà ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, óñòðîåí- íûå íà ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàò- ôîðìàõ â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1. Âñå ïëàòôîðìû óñòðîåíû íà äåðåâüÿõ â îñòàòêàõ ëåñîïîëîñ. 29–30 ìàÿ 2010 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nests of the Upland Buzzard placed on artificial platforms on the plot 1 in the Tuva depression. All platforms were installed on trees in the remained artificial forest lines. 29–30 May 2010. Photos by I. Karyakin. 42 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ãí¸çäà ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, óñòðîåí- íûå íà ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàò- ôîðìàõ â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1. Âñå ïëàòôîðìû óñòðîåíû íà äåðåâÿí- íûõ îïîðàõ íà ìåñòàõ áûâøèõ ôåðì. 5–7 èþíÿ, 2008 ã., 29–30 ìàÿ 2010 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nests of the Upland Buzzard placed on artificial platforms on the plot 1 in the Tuva depression. All platforms were erected on wooden poles at the places of former farms. 5–7 June, 2008, 29–30 May2010. Photos by I. Karyakin. Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 43

Ðèñ. 8. Äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàí- íèêà íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1. Fig. 8. Changes in numbers of the Upland Buzzard on the plot 1. Labels: 1 – occupied breeding territories, 2 – breeding territories vanished for the reason of the Eagle Owl predatory.

ñ 1999 ïî 2005 ã., áûëî âûÿâëåíî âñåãî 2 ãíåçäà ñ èþíüñêèìè êëàäêàìè (5% îò ÷èñëà ïðîâåðåííûõ ãí¸çä) – ïî îäíîìó â 2004 è 2005 ãã. (ïî 10% îò ÷èñëà ïðîâåðåííûõ ãí¸çä). Â èþíå 2006 ã. íà ïëîùàäêå âûÿâ- ëåíî 3 ãíåçäà ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ ñ êëàäêàìè (20% îò ÷èñëà ïðîâåðåííûõ ãí¸çä), â 2008 ã. – óæå 7 (23,3% îò ÷èñëà ïðîâåðåííûõ ãí¸çä), â 2010 ã. – 8 (40% îò ÷èñëà ïðîâåðåííûõ ãí¸çä). Âåðîÿò- íî, â 2010 ã. êîëè÷åñòâî ïîçäíèõ êëàäîê áûëî åù¸ áîëüøå, íî áîëüøèíñòâî ïòèö, ïëîòíî ñèäÿùèõ íà âûñîêî óñòàíîâëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðìàõ, ìû íå áåñïîêîè- ëè. Íàäî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî 2010 ã. íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîêàçàòåëüíûì, ò.ê. ïî ïðè÷èíå ïëîõèõ ïîãîäíûõ óñëîâèé è ìíîãèå ñòàðûå ïàðû ñåëè íà êëàäêè ïîçæå ñâîèõ îáû÷íûõ ñðîêîâ, îäíàêî äàæå áåç ó÷¸òà 2010 ã. ôàêò óâåëè÷åíèÿ êîëè÷åñòâà ïîçäíèõ êëà- äîê íàëèöî (R2=0,967) (ðèñ. 11). Çàìåòíà è ÿâíàÿ òåíäåíöèÿ óâåëè÷åíèÿ ÿèö â ïîçä- íèõ êëàäêàõ (ïî 2006–2010 ãã.: R2=0,836): â 2004 è 2005 ãã. åäèíñòâåííûå îáíàðó- æåííûå ïîçäíèå êëàäêè ñîäåðæàëè 2 è 1 ÿéöî, â 2006 ã. ïîçäíèå êëàäêè áûëè ìè- íèìàëüíûìè ïî ðàçìåðó – ñîäåðæàëè 1–2, â ñðåäíåì (n=3) 1,33±0,58 ÿèö, â 2008 ã. – 2–3, â ñðåäíåì (n=7) 2,43±0,53 ÿèö, â 2010 ã. – 1–3, â ñðåäíåì (n=8) 2,38±0,74 ÿèö (ðèñ. 12). Âûâîäêè ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà â 1999–2005 ãã. ñîäåðæàëè 1–4 ïòåíöà, â ñðåäíåì (n=32) 2,84±0,92 ïòåíöà, â 2006 ã. – 1–3, â ñðåäíåì (n=13) 2,08±0,498 ïòåíöà, â 2008 ã. – 1–5, â ñðåäíåì (n=20) 2,43±0,53 ïòåíöà, â 2010 ã. – 2–5, â ñðåäíåì (n=10) 3,30±1,16 ïòåíöà (ðèñ. 12). Îáðàùàåò íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå òîò ôàêò, ÷òî äî 2005 ã. íå íàáëþäàëèñü âûâîäêè èç 5 ïòåíöîâ, â òî âðåìÿ êàê â 2008 è 2010 ãã. òàêèõ âûâîäêîâ âñòðå÷åíî 3. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, êàê ìèíèìóì äëÿ ïåðèîäà 2006–2010 ãã., ìîæíî ãîâî- ðèòü î ñòàáèëüíîì ýêñïîíåíöèàëüíîì ðî- ñòå ÷èñëà ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêàõ (R2=0,9957). Ïðè ýòîì ïðàêòè÷åñêè îòñóòñòâóåò êîð- ðåëÿöèÿ ðîñòà ÷èñëà ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêàõ ñ îáèëèåì êîðìîâîãî ðåñóðñà: âûñîêàÿ Ðèñ. 9. Äèñòàíöèè ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ íà ÷èñëåííîñòü ïèùóõè íàáëþäàëàñü â 2000, ïëîùàäêå ¹1. Ââåðõó – â 2006 ã., âíèçó – â 2010 ã. 2002 è 2004 ãã. è â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ ïîêàçà- Fig. 9. Distances between nearest neigbours of the Upland Buzzard in the plot 1. òåëè ÷èñëåííîñòè ïðåâûøàëè ïîêàçàòåëè Upper – in 2006, bottom – in 2010. 2008 ã. 44 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Êëàäêè è âûâîäêè ìîõ- íîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà â ãí¸çäàõ íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1 â Òóâèíñêîé êîò- ëîâèíå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Clutches and broods of the Upland Buzzard in the nests on the plot 1 in the Tuva depression. Photos by I. Karyakin. Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 45

Ðèñ. 10. Äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè è êîëè÷åñòâà æèëûõ ãí¸çä ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1. ×èñëàìè â ñòîëáöàõ îáîçíà÷åíà äîëÿ óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä îò ÷èñëà çàíÿòûõ ó÷àñòêîâ. Fig. 10. Changes in numbers of breeding territories and active nests of the Upland Buzzard on the plot 1. Figures show the shares of successful nests in the total number of occupied ones.

Îñíîâíîé ïðè÷èíîé íèçêîãî óñïåõà ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà â 2006 ã. áûë îòõîä êëàäîê è âûâîäêîâ â ãí¸çäàõ, óñòðîåííûõ íà çåìëå, ïî ïðè- ÷èíå õèùíè÷åñòâà ÷åòâåðîíîãèõ õèù- íèêîâ è ðàçðóøåíèÿ ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ íà òîíêèõ âåòâÿõ óñûõàþùèõ òîïîëåé. Ìàëîå êîëè÷åñòâî ÿèö â ïîçäíèõ êëàä- êàõ è ïòåíöîâ â âûæèâøèõ âûâîäêàõ, âåðîÿòíî, òàêæå áûëî ñâÿçàíî ñ íèçêîé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè, ñî- ñòàâëÿþùåé îñíîâó ðàöèîíà ìîõíîíî- ãîãî êóðãàííèêà â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå (ðèñ. 12). Îäíàêî, îò÷àñòè ýòî ÿâëÿåòñÿ àðòåôàêòîì íàáëþäåíèé, ò.ê. â 2006 ã. ãí¸çäà ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ ïðîâå- ðÿëèñü â òå÷åíèå âñåãî èþíÿ, âïëîòü äî âûëåòà ïòåíöîâ, â òî âðåìÿ êàê â 2008 è 2010 ãã. ìîíèòîðèíã â¸ëñÿ â êîíöå ìàÿ – íà÷àëå èþíÿ, êîãäà â ãí¸çäàõ áûëè ïóõîâèêè, îòõîä êîòîðûõ â äàëüíåéøåì áûë âåñüìà âåðîÿòåí. Çà ïåðèîä íàáëþ- äåíèé, ñ ìîìåíòà íà÷àëà ñòðîèòåëüñòâà èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1, ÷èñëåííîñòü äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè áûëà Ðèñ. 11. Äèíàìèêà ïîÿâëåíèÿ ïîçäíèê êëàäîê ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà íà ïëî- ìàêñèìàëüíîé â 2008 ã. Ïèê ÷èñëåííî- ùàäêå ¹1 â 1999–2010 ãã. ×èñëàìè â ñòîëáöàõ îáîçíà÷åíî êîëè÷åñòâî ãí¸çä ñ ñòè ïðîãíîçèðîâàëñÿ íà 2010 ã., îäíàêî ïîçäíèìè êëàäêàìè. èç-çà ïîãîäíûõ óñëîâèé ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ Fig. 11. Changes in numbers of late clutches of the Upland Buzzard on the plot 1 ÷èñëåííîñòü ïèùóõè íàáëþäàëàñü ëèøü in 1999–2010. Figures show the numbers of nests with late clutches. â íåêîòîðûõ êîëîíèÿõ, à â öåëîì ïî ïëîùàäêå ÷èñëåííîñòü îêàçàëàñü ìåíü- øå, ÷åì â 2008 ã. Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî îïðåäåë¸ííóþ ðîëü â ñïàäå ÷èñëåííî- ñòè äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè â ïîòåíöèàëüíûé «ïèêîâûé» ãîä ñûãðàëè ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ íà èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ. ×èñëåííîñòü õèùíèêîâ íà ïëîùàäêå âîçðîñëà, è çà ñ÷¸ò áîëåå ðàâíîìåðíîãî ðàñïðåäåëå- íèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðì îíè ïîëó÷èëè âîçìîæíîñòü ìåíÿòü ãí¸çäà, â ðàçíûå ãîäû ïåðåìåùàÿ èõ â ïðåäåëàõ ñâîèõ ó÷àñòêîâ êàê ìîæíî áëèæå ê êîëîíèÿì ïèùóõ ñ ìàêñèìàëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ çâåðüêîâ, òåì ñàìûì áîëåå ðàâíîìåð- íî îñâàèâàÿ êîðìîâîé ðåñóðñ. Ïîäîá- íàÿ òåíäåíöèÿ âûÿâëåíà â Ìîíãîëèè, ãäå Ðèñ. 12. Äèíàìèêà ðàçìåðîâ âûâîäêîâ è ïîçäíèõ êëàäîê ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííè- êà îòíîñèòåëüíî ÷èñëåííîñòè äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè (Ochotona daurica) íà ïëîùàäêå îñíîâíûì êîðìîâûì ðåñóðñîì òîãî æå ¹1 â 2006–2010 ãã. ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïî- Fig. 12. Changes in brood and late clutch sizes of the Upland Buzzard concerning to ë¸âêà Áðàíäòà (Microtus brandti) (Ïîòà- the numbers of the Daurian Pika (Ochotona daurica) on the plot 1 in 2006–2010. ïîâ, 2005). 46 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Âûâîäêè ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà â ãí¸çäàõ íà ïëàòôîðìàõ íà ïëî- ùàäêå ¹1 â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Broods of the Upland Buzzard in the artificial nests on the plot 1 in the Tuva depression. Photos by I. Karyakin. Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 47

Êîðøóí è åãî ãí¸çäà íà ïëàòôîðìàõ íà ïëî- ùàäêå ¹1 â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Black-Eared Kite and its nests on artificial platforms on the plot 1 in the Tuva depression. Photos by I. Karyakin. 48 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

×åðíîóõèé êîðøóí àäàïòèðîâàëñÿ ê ìåíÿþùèìñÿ óñëîâèÿì. Â Îáû÷íûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä íàãîðíûõ ÷àñòíîñòè, â ïðîéäåííûõ ïîæàðàìè è óñî- è ïîéìåííûõ ëåñîâ Òóâû. Â ñòåïíûõ êîò- õøèõ ëåñîïîëîñàõ îí ñòàë ñòðîèòü ãí¸çäà ëîâèíàõ â íåáîëüøîì êîëè÷åñòâå ãíåç- íà îäèíî÷íûõ ñóõèõ òîïîëÿõ, à òàêæå íà äèòñÿ íà ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèÿõ è îïîðàõ íèçêîðîñëûõ âÿçàõ. ËÝÏ. Íà ïëîùàäêå â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå Êîðøóí – âòîðîé ïîñëå ìîõíîíîãîãî ãíåçäîâàíèå êîðøóíà áûëî óñòàíîâëåíî â êóðãàííèêà âèä, êîòîðûé ïîëîæèòåëüíî ëåñîïîëîñàõ. Â îòëè÷èå îò ìîõíîíîãîãî îòðåàãèðîâàë íà ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïî óëó÷øå- êóðãàííèêà, ýòîò âèä èçíà÷àëüíî ãíåçäèëñÿ íèþ ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà è âòîðîé ïî ÷èñëåí- ïðàêòè÷åñêè èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî â ñîõðàíèâ- íîñòè ñðåäè õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ïëîùàäêå. øèõñÿ ôðàãìåíòàõ ëåñîïîëîñ íà äîñòàòî÷- Â 2006 ã. íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1 áûëî èçâåñòíî íî âûñîêèõ òîïîëÿõ. Íå ñîâñåì ÿñíî, èìå- 9 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ êîðøóíîâ (ðèñ. 13). ëî ëè ìåñòî ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ýòîãî Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè âèäà íà ïëîùàäêå ïîñëå òîãî, êàê ïîëÿ áûëè ñîñòàâëÿëà (n=6) 0,45–5,71 êì, â ñðåäíåì

çàáðîøåíû è âïëîòü äî 1999 ã. Â ïåðèîä 2,68±1,82 êì (Ex=0,96), ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäî- Ðèñ. 13. Ðàñïðåäåëå- 2 íèå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñ 1999 ïî 2006 ã. ñèòóàöèÿ ñ êîðøóíîì âàíèÿ – 1,43 ïàð/100 êì . Èç 9 ãíåçäîâûõ ÷åðíîóõîãî êîðøó- îñòàâàëàñü äîñòàòî÷íî ñòàáèëüíîé, íåñìî- ó÷àñòêîâ êîðøóíà íà 2-õ ó÷àñòêàõ âñòðå- íà (Milvus migrans òðÿ íà òî, ÷òî ïëîùàäü ëåñîïîëîñ ñòðåìè- ÷åíû ïàðû ó ðàçðóøåííûõ ãí¸çä; 3 ãíåç- lineatus). òåëüíî ñîêðàùàëàñü. Â ýòîò ïåðèîä íà ïëî- äà ïóñòîâàëè, íî àáîíèðîâàëèñü ïòèöàìè, Fig. 13. Distribution ùàäêå åæåãîäíî ðåãèñòðèðîâàëè îò 7 äî 9 ïðè÷¸ì â îäíîì èç íèõ äîñòîâåðíî ïî- of the Black-Eared çàíÿòûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ. Êîðøóí îñòà- ãèáëà êëàäêà; 4 ãíåçäà (44,4%; èç íèõ íà Kite (Milvus migrans lineatus) breeding âàëñÿ õàðàêòåðíûì, íî íå ìíîãî÷èñëåí- ïëàòôîðìàõ 2005 ã. – 25,0%) ñîäåðæàëè territories. íûì ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ õèùíèêîì è ïîñòåïåííî âûâîäêè èç 1–2, â ñðåäíåì 1,5±0,58 ïòåí- öà íà óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî, íàáëþäàåìûé (íà ïåðèîä äî êîíöà èþíÿ, âêëþ÷èòåëüíî) óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñîñòàâèë 0,67 ïòåíöà íà çàíÿòûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê. Â 2008 ã. íà ïëîùàäêå ïîÿâèëèñü 4 íî- âûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà êîðøóíîâ, ïðè÷¸ì 2 ïàðû çàíÿëè ïóñòóþùèå ãí¸çäà ìîõíî- íîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, ïåðåìåñòèâøåãîñÿ íà ãíåçäîâûå ïëàòôîðìû, è 2 ïàðû – ãíåçäî- âûå ïëàòôîðìû. Â 2010 ã. íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1 âûÿâëåíî óæå 20 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ êîðøóíîâ (ðèñ. 13), ïðè÷¸ì 8 ïàð (40%) çàíèìàþò ãíåçäîâûå ïëàòôîðìû. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó áëèæàéøè- ìè ñîñåäÿìè ñîñòàâëÿåò (n=12) 0,68–4,11

êì, â ñðåäíåì 1,69±1,17 êì (Ex=0,21), ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ – 3,17 ïàð/100 êì2. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå êîðøóíà ïî ïëîùàäêå îïðåäåëÿþò äâà ôàêòîðà – íàëè÷èå æèâûõ ëåñîïîëîñ è ðàñïðåäåëåíèå â íèõ ìîõíîíî- ãîãî êóðãàííèêà. Ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê, êàê áîëåå ñèëüíûé è ðàíî ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ õèùíèê, çàíèìàåò ãí¸çäà åù¸ äî ïðèë¸òà êîðøóíà, ïîýòîìó êîðøóíû âûíóæäåíû âñòðàèâàòüñÿ â ñõåìó ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãí¸çä êóðãàííèêà. Äèñòàíöèè ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ãí¸çäàìè êîðøóíà è êóðãàííèêà â 2006 ã. ñîñòàâëÿëè (n=9) 0,18–3,69 êì, â ñðåäíåì 1,26±1,33 êì

(Ex=0,18, ìåäèàíà=0,64), ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà 2010 ã. (n=20) – 0,12–1,56 êì, â ñðåäíåì

0,90±0,39 êì (Ex=-0,6, ìåäèàíà=0,92). Èç àíàëèçà äèñòàíöèé ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè (ðèñ. 14) äîñòàòî÷íî ÷¸òêî âû- ðèñîâûâàåòñÿ ñëåäóþùàÿ êàðòèíà. Äî íà- ÷àëà ðåàëèçàöèè ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî óñòðîé- ñòâó èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé êîðøóí íà Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 49

Ðèñ. 14. Äèñòàíöèè ïëîùàäêå ãíåçäèëñÿ â 3-õ î÷àãàõ ñ ñî- äðóãà íàðóøèëàñü çà ñ÷¸ò ÿâíîãî óâåëè- ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè õðàíèâøèìèñÿ ôðàãìåíòàìè ëåñîïîëîñ, ÷åíèÿ áëèçêèõ äèñòàíöèé – åñëè â 2006 ã. áëèæàéøèõ ñîñåäíèõ ãäå åãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèå äðóã îòíîñèòåëüíî ëèøü 33,3% ïàð ãíåçäèëèñü â äèàïàçîíå ïàð êîðøóíîâ â 2006 è 2010 ãã. – ââåðõó, äðóãà ñòðåìèëîñü ê íîðìàëüíîìó, îäíàêî îò 400 ì äî 1,5 êì äðóã îòíîñèòåëüíî áëèæàéøèå äèñòàíöèè îí áûë âûíóæäåí ãíåçäèòüñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî äðóãà, òî â 2010 ã. – óæå 58,33%. Ò. å. ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè êîð- áëèçêî ê ìîõíîíîãîìó êóðãàííèêó èç-çà ÷èñëî ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ áëèæå 1,5 êì øóíîâ è ìîõíîíîãèõ ÿâíîãî ëèìèòà ìåñò äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä. äðóã ê äðóãó, ïîñëå ñîçäàíèÿ ñèñòåìû êóðãàííèêîâ â 2006 è 2010 ãã. – âíèçó. Ïëî- Â ýòîò ïåðèîä 66,7% êîðøóíîâ ãíåçäè- èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé óâåëè÷èëîñü â ùàäêà ¹1. ëîñü íà ðàññòîÿíèè äî 800 ì îò ãí¸çä 1,75 ðàç. Fig. 14. Distances ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà è 11,1% – îò Ïîìèìî ðîñòà ÷èñëåííîñòè êîðøóíà between nearest 800 ì äî 1,5 êì, îñòàëüíûå ñóùåñòâåííî íà ãíåçäîâàíèè, íà ïëîùàäêå âûðîñ è åãî neighbours of the Black- äàëüøå 1,5 êì. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå êîðøóíîâ óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ èç-çà íèâåëèðîâàíèÿ Eared Kite in 2006 and îòíîñèòåëüíî êóðãàííèêîâ áûëî äàëåêî òàêîãî ôàêòîðà, êàê ðàçðóøåíèå ãí¸çä â 2010 – upper, nearest distances between îò íîðìàëüíîãî, ñ ÿâíûì ëåâîñòîðîííèì ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä. Åñëè â 2006 ã. óñïåø- nests of Kites and ñäâèãîì. Ïîñëå ñîçäàíèÿ ñèñòåìû èñêóñ- íûìè áûëè ëèøü 44,4% ãí¸çä, ïðè÷¸ì èç Buzzards in 2006 and ñòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé êîðøóí ñòàë ïîñòå- 5 íåóñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä 40% áûëè ðàçðóøå- 2010 – bottom. Plot 1. ïåííî äèñòàíöèðîâàòüñÿ îò ìîõíîíîãîãî íû âåòðîì, òî â 2008 ã. äîëÿ óñïåøíûõ, íà êóðãàííèêà è õàðàêòåð åãî ðàñïðåäåëå- ìîìåíò ïðîâåðêè, ãí¸çä îò ÷èñëà çàíÿòûõ íèÿ ïî ïëîùàäêå îòíîñèòåëüíî äðóã äðóãà ó÷àñòêîâ ñîñòàâèëà 92,31%, â 2010 ã. – 85% è ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà èçìåíèëñÿ íà (ðèñ. 15). Â ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè âûâîäêîâ êîð- äèàìåòðàëüíî ïðîòèâîïîëîæíûé. Â 2010 ã. øóíà ðàçíèöû â ïåðèîäû äî è ïîñëå íà÷àëà ëèøü 40% êîðøóíîâ ãíåçäèëîñü â ðàäèó- ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî óñòðîéñòâó èñêóññòâåííûõ ñå 100–800 ì îò ãí¸çä ìîõíîíîãîãî êóð- ãíåçäîâèé íå çàìå÷åíî: â 2006 ã. âûâîäêè ãàííèêà, à 60% ïàð äèñòàíöèðîâàëîñü îò ñîñòîÿëè èç 1–2, â ñðåäíåì (n=4) 1,5±0,58 êóðãàííèêîâ íà ðàññòîÿíèå îò 800 ì äî ïòåíöîâ, â 2008 ã. – èç 1–2, â ñðåäíåì (n=3) 1,5 êì. Ïðè ýòîì, ðàâíîìåðíîñòü ðàñ- 1,67±0,58 ïòåíöîâ (â 2010 ã. âñå êîðøóíû ïðåäåëåíèÿ êîðøóíà äðóã îòíîñèòåëüíî ñèäåëè íà êëàäêàõ è èõ íå áåñïîêîèëè). 50 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

íà ìèãðàöèÿõ â 2002–2003 ãã. Â õîäå ðå- ãóëÿðíîãî ìîíèòîðèíãà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíà â Òóâå, êîòîðûé âåä¸òñÿ ñ 1999 ã., îòìå÷àåòñÿ íåóêëîííîå ïàäåíèå ÷èñëåííî- ñòè âèäà, êîòîðîå ñîñòàâèëî â ðåñïóáëèêå áîëåå 20% (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2010). Íà ïëîùàäêå â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå â 1999–2003 ãã. áàëîáàí ãíåçäèëñÿ èñêëþ÷è- òåëüíî íà óãëîâûõ äåðåâÿííûõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ â ïîñòðîéêàõ ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà. Â 1999 ã. çäåñü áûëî èçâåñòíî 5 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (ðèñ. 16), 4 èç êîòîðûõ ðàñïîëàãà- ëèñü íà ËÝÏ âäîëü àâòîòðàññû Ì54 è 1 – íà ËÝÏ Êûçûë – Öåëèííîå. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè ñîñòàâëÿëà 4,96– 15,0 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=4) 9,53±4,18 êì 2 (Ex=1,04), ïëîòíîñòü – 0,79 ïàð/100 êì . Ðèñ. 15. Äèíàìèêà ÷èñ- Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î òîì, Ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà áàëîáàíà íà ëåííîñòè è êîëè÷åñòâà ÷òî áëàãîäàðÿ ñîçäàíèþ ñèñòåìû èñêóñ- ïëîùàäêå, êàê, âïðî÷åì, è âî âñåé Òóâèí- óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä êîðøó- íà íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1. ñòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé ÷èñëåííîñòü êîðøóíà ñêîé êîòëîâèíå, äîñòàòî÷íî áûñòðî äå- íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1 óâåëè- ãðàäèðîâàëà. Ê 2002 ã. çäåñü ñîõðàíèëàñü Fig. 15. Changes in numbers of breeding ÷èëàñü â 2,2 ðàçà, à êîëè÷åñòâî óñïåøíûõ åäèíñòâåííàÿ ïàðà, óäàë¸ííàÿ îò òðàññû, territories and active ãí¸çä – â 4,3 ðàçà. Ïðè ýòîì ñ 2006 ã. íà- êîòîðàÿ èñ÷åçëà â 2003 ã. Îäèíîêèå ñàì- nests of the Black-Eared áëþäàåòñÿ óñòîé÷èâûé ýêñïîíåíöèàëüíûé öû åù¸ íåñêîëüêî ëåò äåðæàëèñü íà ãíåç- Kite on the plot 1. ðîñò ÷èñëà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (R2=0,998) äîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Ïîñëåäíèé èç íèõ ïðîïàë è óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä (R2=0,918), â ðåçóëüòàòå â 2005 ã. êàê ðàç íà ñàìîì óäàë¸ííîì îò êîòîðûõ êîðøóí äîñòàòî÷íî áûñòðî çàïîë- òðàññû ó÷àñòêå, êîòîðûé îñòàâàëñÿ æèëûì íèë òó ÷àñòü ñèñòåìû èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåç- äî 2002 ã. Â 2005 ã. ìû êîíñòàòèðîâàëè äîâèé, êîòîðàÿ îêàçàëàñü íåçàíÿòîé ìîõ- èñ÷åçíîâåíèå áàëîáàíà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íîíîãèì êóðãàííèêîì. íà ïëîùàäêå ìåæäó Õàäûíîì è ×åäåðîì, îäíàêî ïîñëåäíèé èç æèëûõ ó÷àñòêîâ âîñ- Áàëîáàí ñòàíîâèëñÿ â 2006 ã. Îáà ïàðòí¸ðà íà Îñíîâíîé öåëåâîé âèä ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî í¸ì îêàçàëèñü ìîëîäûìè, íî â ïåðâûé æå ïðèâëå÷åíèþ õèùíûõ ïòèö íà èñêóññòâåí- ãîä âûâåëè ïòåíöîâ. Ñîêîëû óäà÷íî ðàç- íûå ãíåçäîâüÿ. Õàðàêòåðíûé, íî íåìíîãî- ìíîæàëèñü è â ñëåäóþùåì ãîäó, îäíàêî â ÷èñëåííûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ õèùíèê Òóâû. Â 2008 ã. íà ó÷àñòêå ñíîâà ïðîïàëà ñàìêà è ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ ãíåçäèòñÿ ïðàêòè÷å- âïëîòü äî 2010 ã. ðàçìíîæåíèÿ çäåñü íå ñêè èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî íà ñêàëàõ. Ãíåçäîâàíèå áûëî. Â 2010 ã. ñàìåö ïðèâ¸ë íà ó÷àñòîê íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ äî 2008 ã. áûëî èçâåñòíî ñàìêó, êîòîðàÿ áûëà îêîëüöîâàíà íàìè ëîêàëüíî â ëåâîáåðåæüå Òåñ-Õåìà â Óáñó- åù¸ ïòåíöîì â îäíîì èç ãí¸çä â Òóâèíñêîé íóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå è â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâè- êîòëîâèíå. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â 2006 ã. íà íà- íå â ðàéîíå îç¸ð Õàäûí è ×åäåð (Êàðÿêèí, ÷àëî ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî óñòðîéñòâó ãí¸çä íà Íèêîëåíêî, 2008). Â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå ïëîùàäêå ¹1 ìû èìåëè 1 ïàðó áàëîáàíîâ, áàëîáàí îñâîèë äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îïîðû ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà ËÝÏ (ðèñ. 16). ËÝÏ âñëåä çà ìîõíîíîãèì êóðãàííèêîì, Îäíîé èç îñíîâíûõ öåëåé, ïðåñëåäîâàâ- êîòîðûé ÿâëÿåòñÿ îñíîâíûì ïîñòàâùèêîì øèõñÿ ïðè ñîçäàíèè ñèñòåìû èñêóññòâåí- ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê äëÿ ýòîãî ñîêîëà. Îä- íûõ ãíåçäîâèé íà äàííîé ïëîùàäêå, áûëî íàêî â 90-õ ãã., âìåñòå ñ óíè÷òîæåíèåì ïðèâëå÷åíèå áàëîáàíà íà ãíåçäîâàíèå íà èíôðàñòðóêòóðû ËÝÏ íà áîëüøåé ÷àñòè äåðåâüÿ. Âî-ïåðâûõ, ýòî áû îòâëåêëî ïòèö Òóâû, áàëîáàí ëèøèëñÿ óñëîâèé äëÿ ãíåç- îò òðàññû, ãäå îíè ñòàíîâÿòñÿ ëåãêîé äî- äîâàíèÿ â ñòåïÿõ, ãäå îòñóòñòâóþò ñêàëû. áû÷åé áðàêîíüåðîâ, âî-âòîðûõ, ñôîðìè- Íà ôîíå ïîñòîÿííîãî ïðåññà íåëåãàëüíî- ðîâàëàñü áû äðåâåñíîãíåçäÿùàÿñÿ ãíåç- ãî îòëîâà áàëîáàíîâ äëÿ íóæä ñîêîëèíîé äîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà, â êîòîðîé ñòåðåîòèï îõîòû óõóäøåíèå óñëîâèé ãíåçäîâàíèÿ â ãíåçäîâàíèÿ çàêðåïëÿëñÿ áû ïòåíöàìè è íàèáîëåå áîãàòûõ êîðìîì ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ «ðàçíîñèëñÿ» ïî êîòëîâèíå. Â óñëîâèÿõ ïî- ñêàçàëîñü íà ïîïóëÿöèè íåãàòèâíî, óñêîðèâ ñòîÿííîãî ïðåññà íà ïîïóëÿöèþ ñîêîëîâ è å¸ äåãðàäàöèþ. Âåðîÿòíî, òàêæå íåêîòîðàÿ ðåãóëÿðíîãî îòõîäà ñàìîê, ïðè îòñóòñòâèè ÷àñòü ïîïóëÿöèè ïîãèáëà â ðåçóëüòàòå îò- ñòåðåîòèïà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íà äåðåâüÿõ, ó ñî- ðàâëåíèÿ ïòèö áðîìàäèîëîíîì â Ìîíãîëèè êîëîâ, íàñåëÿþùèõ ñêàëû â ãîðíî-ñòåïíûõ Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 51

ìàññèâàõ, îêðóæàþùèõ ïëîùàäêó, ïîñòàâ- ëåííàÿ çàäà÷à âûãëÿäåëà íåðåàëüíîé, îò÷å- ãî è áîëåå èíòåðåñíîé. Îïðåäåë¸ííûå íà- äåæäû âñåëÿë òîò ôàêò, ÷òî íà äåðåâüÿõ â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé â Òóâå âñ¸ æå áûëî íàéäåíî 4 ãíåçäà (Êàðÿêèí, Íèêîëåíêî, 2008), 3 èç êîòîðûõ ðàñïîëà- ãàëèñü íà ëèñòâåííèöàõ íà ñêëîíàõ ãîð Òàííó-Îëà è åãî îòðîãîâ è 1 – â Áàëãàçûí- ñêîì áîðó, äîñòàòî÷íî áëèçêî ê ïëîùàä- êå ¹1 â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå. Ê òîìó æå áûë èçâåñòåí ôàêò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà íà ëèñòâåííèöå áëèç îç. ×àãûòàé â 1977 ã. (ïòèöà áûëà íåâåðíî îïðåäåëåíà Í.Ô. Ãî- ëîöåâè÷ êàê ñàïñàí), è íà ïëîùàäêå âûñî- òîé 50 ñì, îáðàçîâàííîé ñïëåòåíèåì êîð- íåé è ñòåáëåé èâû â íåáîëüøîì áåð¸çîâîì êîëêå èç 12–15 äåðåâüåâ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ îç. Õàäûí (Áàðàíîâ, 1991). Îïðåäåë¸ííûå íàäåæäû âîçëàãàëèñü íà áîëüøóþ äîëãî- âå÷íîñòü ïëàòôîðì, ÷òî äàâàëî áîëüøå øàíñîâ çàêðåïèòüñÿ íà íèõ ïàðàì áàëîáà- íîâ, ñôîðìèðîâàâøèìñÿ èç ìîëîäûõ ïòèö. Íåäîñòàòîê åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çä ìîõíîíî- ãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ è êîðøóíîâ íà äåðåâüÿõ â ëåñîïîëîñàõ çàêëþ÷àëñÿ â èõ ìàëûõ ðàç- ìåðàõ è íåäîëãîâå÷íîñòè. Ìíîãèå èç íèõ ðàçðóøàëèñü óæå â ïðîöåññå íàñèæèâàíèÿ ÿèö è âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ ïòåíöîâ, ïîýòîìó áà- ëîáàí, íà÷èíàâøèé àáîíèðîâàòü äàæå ñâå- æóþ ïîñòðîéêó êóðãàííèêà èëè êîðøóíà, íà ñëåäóþùèé ãîä áûë áû âûíóæäåí èñêàòü íîâóþ îñíîâó äëÿ ãíåçäà, ÷òî ñíèæàëî øàí- ñû íå òîëüêî óñïåøíî âûâåñòè ïòåíöîâ, íî è ïðîñòî çàãíåçäèòüñÿ. Â 2008 ã. ðàçìíîæåíèå áàëîáàíà íà ïëàòôîðìàõ íå íàáëþäàëîñü, êàê è â öåëîì íà ïëîùàäêå. Îäíàêî óæå â 2009 ã. ïåð- âàÿ ïàðà áàëîáàíîâ çàíÿëà ãíåçäîâóþ ïî- ñòðîéêó ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ, óñòðî- åííóþ íà ïëàòôîðìå íà âåðøèíå ñîñíû, è óñïåøíî âûâåëà ïòåíöîâ. Â 2010 ã. ýòà ïàðà òàêæå óñïåøíî ðàçìíîæàëàñü. Ïî- ìèìî íå¸ íà ïëîùàäêå ïîÿâèëèñü åù¸ òðè ïàðû, â äâóõ èç êîòîðûõ ñàìêè áûëè ìî- ëîäûìè. Äâå ïàðû çàíÿëè ãíåçäîâûå ïëàò- ôîðìû, óñòðîåííûå íà òîïîëÿõ. Èç íèõ îäíà ïàðà, çàíÿâøàÿ ãíåçäîâóþ ïîñòðîéêó ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà íà ïëàòôîðìå, óñïåøíî âûâåëà ïòåíöîâ, äðóãàÿ íå ïðè- ñòóïèëà ê ðàçìíîæåíèþ (ñàìåö òîêîâàë íà ó÷àñòêå, ñàìêà ñèäåëà íà ïëàòôîðìå). Íà äâóõ ó÷àñòêàõ â 2010 ã. áûëè âñòðå÷åíû ìîëîäûå ñàìöû, àáîíèðîâàâøèå òåððè- Ðèñ. 16. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug). òîðèè ñ àêòèâíûìè ãí¸çäàìè ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ íà îïîðå ËÝÏ è íà ïëàò- Fig. 16. Distribution of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) breeding territories. ôîðìå, ÷òî âñåëÿåò íàäåæäó íà óñïåøíîå ôîðìèðîâàíèå ïàð â äàëüíåéøåì è íà ýòèõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â 2010 ã. íà 52 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug) è ãíåçäîâûå ïëàò- ôîðìû, çàíÿòûå èì â 2010 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) and artificial nests that have been occupied by Sakers in 2010. Photos by I. Karyakin. Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 53

ïòèö, îòâåòèâøèõ ïîëîæèòåëüíî íà ìåðî- ïðèÿòèÿ ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ (ñì. ðèñ. 10, 15), ëèøíèé ðàç ïîäòâåðæäàÿ íåáëàãîïîëó÷èå ñèòóàöèè ñ âèäîì â öåëîì. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ïàð íà ïëàòôîðìàõ íà- ÷àëîñü íà 3-é ãîä ïîñëå èõ óñòàíîâêè, à íà 4-é ãîä íà÷àëñÿ ÿâíûé ðîñò ãíåçäîâîé ãðóï- ïèðîâêè. Íåñîìíåííî, ÷òî ñòîëü áûñòðîìó ôîðìèðîâàíèþ ìîëîäûõ ïàð íà ïëîùàäêå ñïîñîáñòâîâàëè íå òîëüêî ïëàòôîðìû, íî è îòíîñèòåëüíî âûñîêàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ïèùó- õè, êîòîðàÿ áûëà, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ïèêîâîé â 2009 ã. (ñì. ëèíèþ òðåíäà íà ðèñ. 12). Îäíàêî, åñëè áû ïëàòôîðì íå áûëî, ñêî- ðåå âñåãî áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ñîêîëîâ ïîïðîñòó íå çàäåðæàëàñü áû íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî ñòðåìèòåëüíûé ðîñò Ðèñ. 17. Äèíàìèêà ïëîùàäêå ñôîðìèðîâàëîñü 7 ãíåçäîâûõ ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà íà ïëîùàäêå ïðî- ÷èñëåííîñòè è êîëè÷å- ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíîâ (5 ïàð è 2 îäèíîêèõ èñõîäèë íà ôîíå îáùåãî ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñ- ñòâà óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä áàëîáàíà íà ïëîùàäêå ñàìöà), ïðè÷¸ì íà äâóõ ó÷àñòêàõ ñîêîëû ëåííîñòè âèäà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Òóâå. Ïî ¹1. óñïåøíî ðàçìíîæàëèñü íà ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàò- ðåçóëüòàòàì ìîíèòîðèíãà 2008 è 2010 ãã. Fig. 17. Changes in ôîðìàõ. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè çà ýòîò ïåðèîä ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà â numbers of breeding ñîñåäÿìè ñîñòàâèëà (n=4) 4,83–6,96 êì, â ðåñïóáëèêå ñîêðàòèëàñü íà 3%, â ïåðâóþ territories and active ñðåäíåì 5,6±0,95 êì (Ex=2,28), ïëîòíîñòü î÷åðåäü çà ñ÷¸ò èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ nests of the Saker ãíåçäîâàíèÿ – 1,11 ïàð/100 êì2. ïàð âäîëü ìîíãîëüñêîé ãðàíèöû è íà Åíè- Falcon on the plot 1. Â îñìîòðåííûõ âûâîäêàõ áàëîáàíà íà ñåå (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2010). Åñòåñòâåííî, ïëîùàäêå çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé îòìå- ñèòóàöèÿ ñ óâåëè÷åíèåì ÷èñëåííîñòè áà- ÷åíî îò 2 äî 4 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì (n=5) ëîáàíà íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1 â ðàìêàõ ìîíèòî- 3,4±0,89 ïòåíöà íà óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî, íî ðèíãà íå ðàññìàòðèâàëàñü, ò.ê. å¸ ïîïðî- âèäèìî âñå âûâîäêè èçíà÷àëüíî ñîñòîÿëè ñòó íåëüçÿ ýêñòðàïîëèðîâàòü íà áîëüøóþ èç 4-õ ïòåíöîâ. Â 2001 ã. â ãíåçäå, óñòðî- ïëîùàäü ïî ïðè÷èíå óíèêàëüíîñòè ñîçäàí- åííîì íà îïîðå ËÝÏ, â âûâîäêå èç 4-õ íûõ çäåñü óñëîâèé. ïòåíöîâ 2 ïòåíöà ïîãèáëè, âûïàâ èç ãíåçäà â âîçðàñòå 24–25 äíåé, â 2006 ã. â ãíåçäå, Îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà òàêæå óñòðîåííîì íà îïîðå ËÝÏ, â âû- Îáû÷íûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä Òóâû. Ïó- âîäêå èç 4-õ ïòåíöîâ îäèí ïòåíåö ïîãèá, ñòåëüãà â Òóâå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíà ïîâñå- âûïàâ èç ãíåçäà â âîçðàñòå 26–27 äíåé. ìåñòíî – îò ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí äî àëü- Ïðè ãíåçäîâàíèè íà ïëàòôîðìàõ âûïà- ïèéñêîãî ïîÿñà. Îäíàêî ìàêñèìàëüíîé äåíèÿ ïòåíöîâ íå îòìå÷åíî. Õîòÿ äàí- ÷èñëåííîñòè äîñòèãàåò â ñòåïíûõ êîòëî- íûõ êðàéíå ìàëî, ìîæíî âñ¸-òàêè ïðåä- âèíàõ: â ãîðíûõ ñòåïÿõ, èçîáèëóþùèõ ïîëàãàòü, ÷òî ïðîñòîðíûå ïëàòôîðìû, ñêàëàìè, â ïîéìàõ ðåê è â ãîðíîé ëè- óñòðîåííûå íà äåðåâüÿõ, ãîðàçäî áîëåå ñòâåííè÷íîé ëåñîñòåïè. óäîáíû äëÿ âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ áàëîáàíàìè Íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1 äî íà÷àëà ìåðîïðèÿ- êðóïíûõ âûâîäêîâ, ÷åì íåáîëüøèå ãí¸ç- òèé ïî óñòðîéñòâó èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäî- äà íà ËÝÏ. âèé ïóñòåëüãà ãíåçäèëàñü â êîëè÷åñòâå 4-õ Áëàãîäàðÿ ñîçäàíèþ ñèñòåìû èñêóññòâåí- ïàð (0,63 ïàð/100 êì2) (ðèñ. 18) ïðàêòè÷å- íûõ ãíåçäîâèé íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1 ÷èñëåí- ñêè èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî â ïîñòðîéêàõ ñîðîê: 3 íîñòü ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ áàëîáàíîâ óâåëè÷èëàñü ïàðû â ñòàðûõ ïîñòðîéêàõ ñîðîê è 1 ïàðà â 7 ðàç, à êîëè÷åñòâî óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä – â â ñòàðîé ïîñòðîéêå ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàí- 2 ðàçà. Îòõîä ïòåíöîâ èç-çà âûïàäåíèÿ èç íèêà. Ôëóêòóàöèé ÷èñëåííîñòè ïóñòåëüãè ãí¸çä ïîëíîñòüþ ïðåêðàòèëñÿ. Ðîñò óñïåø- íà ïëîùàäêå íå íàáëþäàëîñü, íåñìîòðÿ íà íîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñóùåñòâåííî îòñòà¸ò òî, ÷òî ÷èñëåííîñòü ìûøåâèäíûõ ãðûçóíîâ îò ðîñòà ÷èñëåííîñòè (ðèñ. 17), ïðè÷èíîé è ïèùóõ ìåíÿëàñü ñóùåñòâåííî â ïåðè- ÷åãî, âåðîÿòíî, ÿâëÿåòñÿ äîìèíèðîâàíèå îä ñ 1999 ïî 2006 ãã. Â ýòîò æå ïåðèîä ìîëîäûõ ïòèö â ïàðàõ, êàê ñàìöîâ, òàê è èññëåäîâàíèé íà ñîñåäíèõ òåððèòîðèÿõ ñàìîê. Ýòèì äèíàìèêà ïîïóëÿöèîííûõ (áëèæàéøèå 3–7 êì îò ãðàíèö ïëîùàäêè), ïîêàçàòåëåé áàëîáàíà ñóùåñòâåííî îòëè- ãäå ïóñòåëüãè ãíåçäÿòñÿ â ñêàëàõ, â 1999 ÷àåòñÿ îò äèíàìèêè äðóãèõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ è 2003 ãã. íàáëþäàëñÿ 2-êðàòíûé ïîäú¸ì 54 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

÷èñëåííîñòè, à â 2001 ã. îòìå÷åíî ïàäå- íèå ÷èñëåííîñòè â 1,5 ðàçà ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ 2000 è 2002 ãã. ×èñëåííîñòü ñîðîêè íà ïëîùàäêå â 2003–2010 ãã. âàðüèðîâàëà îò 3 äî 5 ïàð è ïóñòåëüãà, âìåñòå ñ óøàñòîé ñîâîé, ãíåç- äèëàñü íà âñåõ ó÷àñòêàõ ñîðîê, çàíèìàÿ ñòàðûå ïîñòðîéêè ýòèõ ïòèö. Ïðè÷¸ì, â 2-õ ñëó÷àÿõ (28,57% îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà èçâåñòíûõ íà ïëîùàäêå ó÷àñòêîâ ñîðîê) ïóñòåëüãà è óøàñòàÿ ñîâà ðàçìíîæàëèñü âìåñòå, íà îäíèõ è òåõ æå ó÷àñòêàõ ñî- ðîê, â 20–45 ì äðóã îò äðóãà è â 10–30 ì îò àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä ñîðîê. Íà 2-õ ó÷àñò- êàõ ÷¸ðíûõ âîðîí ãíåçäîâàíèå ïóñòåëü- ãè íå îòìå÷åíî, õîòÿ íà îáîèõ èìåëèñü ñòàðûå ïîñòðîéêè ýòèõ ïòèö. Ãíåçäîâàíèå ïóñòåëüãè â îòêðûòûõ ïîñòðîéêàõ äíåâ- íûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö (êîðøóíà, ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà) – ÿâëåíèå, õàðàêòåðíîå äëÿ óñëîâèé Òóâû, íî íå ìàññîâîå. Â áîëüøèí- ñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ïóñòåëüãà ñòàðàåòñÿ èçáåãàòü îòêðûòûõ ãí¸çä. Ïîäîáíàÿ çàêîíîìåð- íîñòü íàáëþäàåòñÿ íå òîëüêî â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, íî è â Óáñóíóðñêîé, â ðàéîíàõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïóñòåëüãè íà äåðåâüÿõ (Êàðÿ- êèí, Íèêîëåíêî, 2010). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ïóñòåëü- ãè ïî ïëîùàäêå îïðåäåëÿëîñü ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîëíîñòüþ ñâîáîäíûìè ñòàðûìè ïîñòðîéêà- ìè ñîðîêè è êîíêóðåíöèåé çà íèõ ñ óøàñòîé ñîâîé. Ïðè÷¸ì, êîíêóðèðóÿ ñ óøàñòîé ñîâîé çà ïîñòðîéêè ñîðîêè, ïóñòåëüãà ïðîèãðûâàëà ñîâå òîëüêî ïî òîé ïðè÷èíå, ÷òî ïðèñòóïàëà ê ãíåçäîâàíèþ íåñêîëüêî ïîçæå. Ñ ôîðìèðîâàíèåì ñèñòåìû èñêóññòâåí- íûõ ãíåçäîâèé ïóñòåëüãà ñòàëà ðàññåëÿòü- ñÿ ïî ãíåçäîâûì ïëàòôîðìàì. Â 2008 ã. å¸ ÷èñëåííîñòü íà ïëîùàäêå âîçðîñëà äî 8 ïàð (1,27 ïàð/100 êì2) (ðèñ. 18), 4 èç êîòîðûõ (50%) ïîñåëèëèñü íà ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðìàõ. Â 2010 ã. ÷èñëåííîñòü ïó- ñòåëüãè íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íà ïëîùàäêå âû- ðîñëà äî 9 ïàð (1,43 ïàð/100 êì2) (ðèñ. 18), 3 èç êîòîðûõ (33,3%) ãíåçäèëèñü íà ïëàòôîðìàõ. Â öåëîì, ñ ìîìåíòà óñòà- íîâêè èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé íà ïëî- ùàäêå, ïóñòåëüãà ðàçìíîæàëàñü íà 11 ó÷àñòêàõ, íà 54,5% èç íèõ çàíèìàÿ ãíåç- äîâûå ïëàòôîðìû. Î ïðèâÿçàííîñòè ïóñòåëüãè ê ñâîèì ãíåç- äîâûì ó÷àñòêàì ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò òîò ôàêò, ÷òî çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé, ñ 1999 ã. ïî 2010 ã., ò. å., â òå÷åíèå 12 ëåò, íà 3-õ ó÷àñò- Ðèñ. 18. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïóñòåëüãè (Falco tinnunculus). êàõ ïóñòåëüãà ãíåçäèëàñü åæåãîäíî (27,3% Fig. 18. Distribution of the Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) breeding territories. ó÷àñòêîâ îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà èçâåñòíûõ, ñ ó÷¸- òîì ïîêèíóòûõ ñîêîëàìè è 33,3% ó÷àñòêîâ îò ÷èñëà çàíÿòûõ â 2010 ã.). Ïðè÷¸ì, íà îäíîì èç íèõ ïóñòåëüãè çàíèìàëè äâå ïî- Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 55

Ïóñòåëüãà îáûêíîâåí- íàÿ (Falco tinnunculus) è ãíåçäîâûå ïëàòôîð- ìû, çàíÿòûå åé â 2008 è 2010 ãã. Ïîëíàÿ êëàä- êà èç 6 ÿèö îòëîæåíà ïóñòåëüãîé íà ïëàòôîð- ìå â íåçàâåðøåííîì ãíåçäå ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà (ñòðîèòåëü- ñòâî ãíåçäà ìîõíî- íîãèì êóðãàííèêîì íà÷àòî è áðîøåíî â ãîä íàáëþäåíèé), íåïîë- íàÿ êëàäêà ïóñòåëüãè îòëîæåíà â ïîñòðîéêå ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàí- íèêà, ïîñòðîåííîé â ïðåäøåñòâóþùèé íàáëþäåíèþ ãîä, ïîëíàÿ êëàäêà èç 4-õ ÿèö îòëîæåíà ïðÿìî íà ïëàòôîðìå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) and artificial nests, that were occupied by Kestrels in 2008 and 2010. Complete clutch, consisting of 6 eggs, was laid by the Kestrel on the artificial platform, being unfinished nest of the Upland Buzzard (Upland Buzzards had started to build their nest and left it in the year of observation was made), unfinished clutch of Kestrels was laid in the nest originally built by the Upland Buzzard the year before, complete clutch, consisting of 4 eggs, was laid on the artificial platform. Photos by I. Karyakin. 56 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

äî 2008 ã. ãíåçäèëèñü äðóã îò äðóãà äà- ëåå 5 êì. Â 2008 ã. ðàñïðåäåëåíèå íå- ñêîëüêî èçìåíèëîñü. Âî-ïåðâûõ, äèñòàí- öèè ìåæäó ïàðàìè ñòàëè áîëåå áëèçêèìè (60% ïàð ñòàëè ãíåçäèòüñÿ äðóã îò äðóãà íà ðàññòîÿíèè îêîëî 4-õ êì), âî-âòîðûõ, ñôîðìèðîâàëîñü ãðóïïîâîå ïîñåëåíèå èç 2-õ ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â 280 ì äðóã îò äðóãà (îáå ïàðû ãíåçäÿòñÿ â ïîñòðîéêàõ ñîðîê). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæíî êîíñòàòèðîâàòü ôàêò óâåëè÷åíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ïóñòåëüãè íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íà ïëîùàäêå â ïåðèîä ñ 2006 ã. ïî 2010 ã. â 2,2 ðàçà (R2=0,967) (ðèñ. 19), ïðè÷¸ì, òîë÷êîì ê ðîñòó ÿâè- Ðèñ. 19. Äèíàìèêà ñòðîéêè ñîðîê, óäàë¸ííûå äðóã îò äðóãà ëèñü ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïî ñîçäàíèþ ñèñòåìû ÷èñëåííîñòè ïóñòåëüãè íà 30 ì, íà äðóãîì – ïîñòðîéêè ñîðîêè, èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé. Íà ýòî óêàçû- íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1 â 2006–2010 ãã. êîðøóíà è ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, óäà- âàåò òîò ôàêò, ÷òî èç 5 íîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ â ë¸ííûå äðóã îò äðóãà íà 100 è 290 ì, íà 2008 ã. 4 ñôîðìèðîâàëèñü íà ïëàòôîð- Fig. 19. Changes in numbers of Kestrels on òðåòüåì – òðè ïîñòðîéêè ñîðîê, óäàë¸ííûå ìàõ. Ñëåäñòâèåì ðîñòà ÷èñëåííîñòè ãíåç- the plot 1 íà 300 è 400 ì, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Íà îäíîì äÿùèõñÿ ïàð ÿâèëîñü óâåëè÷åíèå âñòðå- in 2006–2010. ó÷àñòêå ïóñòåëüãè ãíåçäèëèñü ñ 2001 ã., ÷àåìîñòè ïóñòåëüãè íà ïëîùàäêå â öåëîì, ò. å., â òå÷åíèå 10 ëåò, çàíèìàÿ ïîñòðîé- âèäèìî çà ñ÷¸ò ïîÿâëåíèÿ áîëüøåãî êîëè- êè ñîðîê, âîðîíà è ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàí- ÷åñòâà ìîëîäûõ ïòèö. Ðåãèñòðàöèè ïòèö, íèêà, óäàë¸ííûå äðóã îò äðóãà íà 810 è íå ïðèâÿçàííûõ ê ãí¸çäàì, âûðîñëè ñ 2006 670 ì. Íà îñòàëüíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ãíåçäîâàíèå ã. ê 2010 ã. â 3,5 ðàçà (R2=0,964), õîòÿ â ïóñòåëüãè óñòàíîâëåíî ñ 2008 ã., ïðè÷¸ì, ïðåäøåñòâóþùèé ïåðèîä, ñ 1999 ã. ïî ëèøü â òð¸õ ñëó÷àÿõ ñîõðàíÿþòñÿ ó÷àñòêè è 2005 ã., ôëóêòóèðîâàëè â ïðåäåëàõ 1–3 íà äâóõ èç íèõ ïóñòåëüãè çàíèìàþò ñ 2008 ðåãèñòðàöèè çà ñåçîí (â ñðåäíåì 2±0,89 ïî 2010 ã. îäíè è òå æå ãíåçäîâûå ïî- ðåãèñòðàöèè çà ñåçîí) (ðèñ. 20). ñòðîéêè (íà îäíîì ó÷àñòêå – ïîñòðîéêó ñî- Êàêèõ-ëèáî ñåðü¸çíûõ èçìåíåíèé â ïðî- ðîêè, íà äðóãîì – ãíåçäîâóþ ïëàòôîðìó). äóêòèâíîñòè ãíåçäÿùåéñÿ íà ïëîùàäêå ïó- Íà 2-õ ïëàòôîðìàõ íàáëþäàëîñü îäíî- ñòåëüãè íå âûÿâëåíî. Â 1999–2005 ãã. ïîë- êðàòíîå ãíåçäîâàíèå â 2008 ã., ïîñëå ÷åãî íûå êëàäêè ñîñòîÿëè èç 4–6 ÿèö, â ñðåäíåì Ðèñ. 20. Äèíàìèêà ýòè ïëàòôîðìû áûëè çàíÿòû ìîõíîíîãèìè (n=9) 4,67±0,87 ÿèö, â 2006–2010 ãã. – èç ÷èñëåííîñòè íåðàçìíî- êóðãàííèêàìè, íà 2-õ – â 2010 ã., ïðè÷¸ì, 4–6 ÿèö, â ñðåäíåì (n=7) 4,71±0,95 ÿèö. æàþùåéñÿ ïóñòåëüãè íà â ïîñòðîéêàõ ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà. Â åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ êëàäêè ñîñòîÿëè ïëîùàäêå ¹1 Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåä- â ñðåäíåì (n=11) èç 4,64±0,81 ÿèö, íà â 1999–2010 ãã. íèìè ãí¸çäàìè ïóñòåëüãè â 2006 ã. ñîñòàâ- ïëàòôîðìàõ – (n=5) 4,8±1,1 ÿèö. Áîëüøèå Fig. 20. Changes ëÿëà â ñðåäíåì (n=3) 10,21±5,5 êì (5,39– çíà÷åíèÿ ñðåäíèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé ðàçìåðîâ in numbers of non- breeding Kestrels on 16,2 êì), â 2008 ã. – (n=5) 4,02±2,49 êì êëàäîê ïóñòåëüãè â ãí¸çäàõ íà ïëàòôîðìàõ the plot 1 (0,28–7,19 êì), â 2010 ã. – (n=6) 4,2±2,66 êì ïðè ìàëîé âûáîðêå è áîëüøåì ñòàíäàðò- in 1999–2010. (0,28–7,31 êì). Ñîñåäíèå ïàðû ïóñòåëüãè íîì îòêëîíåíèè îïðåäåë¸ííî íå äîñòî- âåðíû.

Âîðîí Îáû÷íûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä Òóâû. Â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ íåìíîãî÷èñëåí, ñòàíîâèòñÿ îáû÷íûì íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â ãîðíîé ëèñòâåííè÷íîé ëåñîñòåïè è òàé- ãå, ãäå ãíåçäèòñÿ êàê íà ñêàëàõ, òàê è íà õâîéíûõ äåðåâüÿõ. Â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëî- âèíå, âèäèìî âïëîòü äî 90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòî- ëåòèÿ, âîðîí ãíåçäèëñÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè èñ- êëþ÷èòåëüíî íà ñêàëàõ è ëèøü â 90-õ ñòàë îñâàèâàòü ËÝÏ. Â 2003 ã. íà ïëîùàäêå ïîÿâèëàñü ïåðâàÿ ãíåçäÿùàÿñÿ ïàðà âîðîíîâ íà ËÝÏ Êûçûë – Öåëèííîå, êîòîðàÿ íà 2-êèëîìåòðîâîì Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 57

ó÷àñòêå ËÝÏ çàíèìàåò óãëîâûå îïîðû ðå- ãóëÿðíî, âïëîòü äî 2010 ã. (ðèñ. 21). Â 2005 ã. âòîðàÿ ïàðà âîðîíîâ ïîÿâè- ëàñü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â íåïîñðåäñòâåííîé áëèçîñòè îò þãî-çàïàäíîé ãðàíèöû ïëî- ùàäêè ó îç. Õàäûí. Ïòèöû óñòðîèëè ãíåçäî íà óãëîâîé äåðåâÿííîé îïîðå ËÝÏ, ÷óäîì ñîõðàíèâøåéñÿ ïîñëå óíè÷òîæåíèÿ ëèíèè. Â 2006 ã. ýòà îïîðà óïàëà âìåñòå ñ ïòåíöà- ìè, íî âîðîíû óñïåøíî äîêîðìèëè âûâî- äîê íà çåìëå. Â ïîñëåäóþùèå ãîäû ó÷àñòîê íå çàíèìàëñÿ âîðîíàìè. Â 2008 ã. íà ïëîùàäêå ïîÿâèëàñü âòî- ðàÿ ïàðà âîðîíîâ, êîòîðàÿ âïåðâûå çà- ãíåçäèëàñü â ëåñîïîëîñå, ìåæäó îç¸ðàìè Õàäûí è ×åäåð, íà âÿçå. Ýòà ïàðà òàêæå óñïåøíî ðàçìíîæàëàñü â ñòàðîì ãíåçäå è â 2010 ã. Â 2009 ã. íà ïëîùàäêå ïîÿâèëàñü òðåòüÿ ïàðà âîðîíîâ, çàíÿâ ñòàðîå ãíåçäî ìîõíî- íîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, óñòðîåííîå â ãíåçäî- âîì êàðêàñå íà òîïîëå. Â 2010 ã. íà ïëîùàäêå ïîÿâèëàñü ÷åò- â¸ðòàÿ ïàðà âîðîíîâ, çàíÿâ ñòàðîå ãíåçäî ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, óñòðîåííîå íà ãíåçäîâîé ïëàòôîðìå íà âÿçå. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â 2010 ã. íà ïëîùàäêå ãíåçäèëèñü 4 ïàðû âîðîíîâ ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ 0,63 ïàð/100 êì2, èç íèõ 2 ïàðû (50%) – íà ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðìàõ. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè áëèæàéøèõ ïàð ñîñòàâëÿåò 6,23– 12,24 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=3) 9,06±3,02 êì. Ðàçìåð âûâîäêîâ çà âñå ãîäû íàáëþäåíèé – 1–3 ïòåíöà, â ñðåäíåì (n=6) 2,17±0,75 ïòåíöà. Çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé, ñ 1999 ã., ò. å., çà 12 ëåò, ÷èñëåííîñòü âîðîíà íà ïëîùàä- êå óâåëè÷èëàñü â 4 ðàçà (R2=0,915), ïðè ýòîì â ïåðèîä ïîñëå ñîçäàíèÿ ñèñòåìû èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé, ò. å., çà ïîñëåä- íèå 4 ãîäà, íà ïëîùàäêå ïîÿâèëîñü 75% ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð (ðèñ. 22). Âîðîí – îäèí èç ñàìûõ ðàííèõ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ âèäîâ íà ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé òåððèòîðèè, ïîýòîìó èìåííî îí îïðåäåëÿåò çàíÿòîñòü ïîñòðîåê ê ìîìåíòó íà÷àëà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà, à çàòåì ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà è, â ïî- ñëåäíþþ î÷åðåäü, êîðøóíà. Òåì íå ìåíåå, äî 2003 ã. îí âîâñå îòñóòñòâîâàë íà ãíåç- äîâàíèè â öåíòðå Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû, íàñåëÿÿ ëèøü ñêàëüíûå îáíàæåíèÿ Åíèñåÿ è ñîïî÷íûõ ìàññèâîâ áëèç Öåëèííîãî, à òàêæå Áàëãàçûíñêèé áîð è îáëåñåííûå Ðèñ. 21. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ âîðîíà (Corvus corax). ñêëîíû ãîð Òàííó-Îëà. Âåðîÿòíî, åãî ïî- Fig. 21. Distribution of the Raven (Corvus corax) breeding territories. Labels: ÿâëåíèå â áåçëåñíûõ ñòåïÿõ Òóâèíñêîé zigzag – nest on the wooden electric pole, star – nest on the tree, coloured circle êîòëîâèíû ñâÿçàíî ñ åñòåñòâåííûì ðîñòîì – nest on the artificial platform. ÷èñëåííîñòè, à ñèñòåìà èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé ëèøü ïîñïîñîáñòâîâàëà áûñòðî- ìó å¸ óâåëè÷åíèþ. 58 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Âîðîí (Corvus corax) è åãî ñë¸òêè, âûðîñøèå â ãíåçäå íà äåðåâÿííîé îïîðå ËÝÏ â 2006 ã. (ââåðõó), ïòåíöû âîðîíà â ãí¸çäàõ íà ïëàòôîðìàõ â 2010 ã. (â öåíòðå), ãíåçäîâîé êàðêàñ, çàíÿòûé ìîõ- íîíîãèì êóðãàííèêîì â 2006 ã. (âíèçó ñëåâà) è âîðîíîì – â 2010 ã. (âíèçó ñïðàâà). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Raven (Corvus corax) and its fledglings, which have grown up in the nest on the wooden electric in 2006 (upper), nestlings of the Raven in artificial nests in 2010 (center), nesting frame, occupied by the Upalnd Buzzard in 2006 (bottom left) and by the Raven – in 2010 (bottom right). Photos by I. Karyakin.

Ðèñ. 22. Äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè âîðîíà íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1 â 2006–2010 ãã. Ãðà- ôèê ïîñòðîåí ñ ó÷¸òîì ïàðû, ãíåçäèâøåéñÿ â 2005–2006 ãã. â 500 ì îò þãî-çàïàäíîé ãðà- íèöû ïëîùàäêè çà å¸ ïðåäåëàìè. Fig. 22. Changes in numbers of the Raven on the plot 1 in 2006–2010. The chart is created including the pair that bred at the distance of 500 m from the south-west border of the plot in 2005–2006. Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 59

Áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà (Asio ÷èñëåííîñòü ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ óøàñòûõ ñîâ íà flammeus) (ââåðõó), ïëîùàäêå îñòàâàëàñü âñå ãîäû íàáëþäåíèé óøàñòàÿ ñîâà (Asio 2 otus) (âíèçó) è ñïëþøêà ñòàáèëüíîé – 5 ïàð (0,79 ïàð/100 êì ), (Otus scops) ãíåçäÿòñÿ ìåíÿëàñü ëèøü ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü âûâîäêîâ, íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1 â êîòîðàÿ áûëà ìàêñèìàëüíîé â 2006 ã. (5 è Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå. 6 ïòåíöîâ â 2-õ ïðîâåðåííûõ âûâîäêàõ). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Ñòàáèëüíàÿ íèçêàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü óøàñòîé The Short-Eared Owl ñîâû íà ïëîùàäêå íàïðÿìóþ ñâÿçàíà ñ (Asio flammeus) (upper), Long-Eared îãðàíè÷åííîñòüþ ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà, â êî- Owl (Asio otus) òîðîì óøàñòàÿ ñîâà ñòàíîâèòñÿ íåäîñòóï- (bottom) and Scops íîé äëÿ õèùíèêîâ. Çàùèòíûå óñëîâèÿ äëÿ Owl (Otus scops) breed ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñîâû îáåñïå÷èâàþò ëèøü ïî- on the plot ¹1 in the Tuva depression. ñòðîéêè ñîðîê, èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî â êîòîðûõ Photos by I. Karyakin. âèä è ãíåçäèòñÿ íà ïëîùàäêå. ×èñëåííîñòü ñîðîêè íà ïëîùàäêå â 2003–2010 ãã. âà- ðüèðîâàëà îò 5 äî 7 ïàð è, â ñðåäíåì, ê 83,33% ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñîðîê áûëè ïðèâÿçàíû ïàðû óøàñòûõ ñîâ (íà îñòàëü- íûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ñîðîê ãíåçäèëèñü ïóñòåëüãè). Ïîñëå óñòàíîâêè ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðì íà ïëîùàäêå âîçðîñëà ðåãèñòðàöèÿ ñïëþøêè. Åñëè äî 2006 ã. îíà îòìå÷àëàñü íå êàæ- äûé ãîä, êàê ñëó÷àéíûé ýëåìåíò ôàóíû, è å¸ ãíåçäîâàíèå áûëî îòìå÷åíî â 2001 è 2005 ãã. â äóïëàõ òîïîëåé ëèøü â âîñòî÷- íîé ÷àñòè ïëîùàäêè, ãäå ñîõðàíèëèñü íàè- áîëåå êðóïíûå äåðåâüÿ, òî â 2006, 2008 è 2010 ãã. îíà îòìå÷àëàñü óæå ðåãóëÿðíî (2, 6 è 4 âñòðå÷è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî), ïðè÷¸ì â ìåñòàõ óñòàíîâêè ïëàòôîðì. Ïëàòôîðìû îêàçàëèñü óäîáíûìè íàâåñàìè, ñîçäàþùè- ìè çàùèòíûå óñëîâèÿ îò õèùíèêîâ è íåïî- ãîäû, è ñïëþøêè ñòàëè óñòðàèâàòü ïîä íèìè ïðèñàäû. Ìàêñèìóì âñòðå÷ ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà 2008 ã., êîãäà ìíîãèå ïëàòôîðìû åù¸ ïó- ñòîâàëè è íå áûëè çàíÿòû êðóïíûìè õèù- íûìè ïòèöàìè. Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî âî âñåõ ñëó÷àÿõ â 2006–2010 ãã. íàáëþäàëèñü îòäåëüíûå ïòèöû, îáíàðóæåííûå âèçóàëüíî èëè ïî ãîëîñó, îäíàêî ãí¸çä â òî÷êàõ âñòðå÷ îáíàðóæåíî íå áûëî.

Óáñóíóðñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà (ïëîùàäêà ¹2) Èç 27 ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðì, óñòàíîâëåí- Ñîâû íûõ íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2 â 2006 è 2009 ãã., Èç ñîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà ïëîùàäêå, ïîòåí- ê 2010 ã. ñîõðàíèëîñü 20, ò. å., â òå÷åíèå öèàëüíî ëèøü óøàñòàÿ ñîâà ìîãëà îòâåòèòü 4-õ ëåò îòõîä ïëàòôîðì ñîñòàâèë 25,9%. íà ïðèâëå÷åíèå â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäî- Èç 7 ïîãèáøèõ ïëàòôîðì â 57,1% ñëó÷àåâ âüÿ. Âåðîÿòíî, ïîäîáíûå ïîïûòêè èìåëè ïðè÷èíîé ðàçðóøåíèÿ ñòàë âàíäàëèçì, â ìåñòî, îäíàêî ïðåñåêàëèñü äíåâíûìè õèù- 42,9% ñëó÷àåâ – íåêà÷åñòâåííûé ìàòåðè- íèêàìè. Ïîä òðåìÿ ïëàòôîðìàìè ñî ñòðîÿ- àë, èç êîòîðîãî äåëàëèñü áåòîííûå ñòîëáè- ùèìèñÿ ãí¸çäàìè ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà êè. Â ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå ïëàòôîðìû óïàëè è ïîä îäíîé ñî ñâåæèì ãíåçäîì êîðøóíà, â â òå÷åíèå ïåðâîé çèìû ïîñëå èõ óñòàíîâêè 2008 è 2010 ãã., áûëè îáíàðóæåíû îñòàí- â ðåçóëüòàòå ðàçðóøåíèÿ áåòîíà. êè ñúåäåííûõ õèùíèêàìè óøàñòûõ ñîâ. Âè- Åäèíñòâåííûì âèäîì, îòâåòèâøèì íà äèìî, îòêðûòîå ãíåçäîâàíèå â óñëîâèÿõ Òó- ïðèâëå÷åíèå â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ â âèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû ïàãóáíî çàêàí÷èâàåòñÿ ïåðèîä ñ 2006 ïî 2010 ãã., ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìîõ- äëÿ óøàñòîé ñîâû. Íåñìîòðÿ íà çíà÷èòåëü- íîíîãèé êóðãàííèê. íûå ôëóêòóàöèè ÷èñëåííîñòè ãðûçóíîâ, Ê 2010 ã. 55,6% ïëàòôîðì èñïîëüçîâà- 60 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ïóñòåëüãè, ôèëèíà, áîëîòíîé ñîâû, à òàê- æå âîðîíà. Â íåïîñðåäñòâåííîé áëèçîñòè îò ãðàíèö ïëîùàäêè, â ñêàëüíûõ ìàññèâàõ õð. Àãàð-Äàã-Òàéãà è íà îñòàíöàõ, òàêæå ãíåçäèëèñü ñòåïíîé îð¸ë, áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos), ãðèô (Aegypius monachus) (âñå äî 2002 ã.) è êîðøóí, à â ïîéìåí- íûõ ëåñàõ ð. Òåñ-Õåì – îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla) (äî 2002 ã.), êîðøóí, îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pennatus). Äî 2006 ã. â èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâüÿõ, ïî- ñòðîåííûõ íà ìåñòå ðàçðóøåííûõ ãí¸çä ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, íà äàííîé òåð- ðèòîðèè ãíåçäèëñÿ è áàëîáàí (Êàðÿêèí, 2005à, 2005á), îäíàêî åãî ÷èñëåííîñòü íåóêëîííî ñîêðàùàëàñü èç-çà ðåãóëÿðíîãî óíè÷òîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä ìåñòíûìè æèòåëÿìè, â òîì ÷èñëå è íà ïëàòôîðìàõ, îòëîâà èëè ãè- áåëè ïòèö â ñîñåäíåé Ìîíãîëèè â ïåðèîä êî÷¸âîê, è â èòîãå âèä ïðàêòè÷åñêè èñ÷åç â ðîâíîé ñòåïè ñåâåðíåå õð. Àãàð-Äàã-Òàéãà äî íà÷àëà øèðîêîìàñøòàáíîãî ïðîåêòà ïî Ðèñ. 23. Ðàñïðåäå- ëîñü êóðãàííèêàìè, â òîì ÷èñëå íà 48,1% áèîòåõíèè. ëåíèå èñêóññòâåííûõ (13 ïëàòôîðì) îòìå÷åíî ãíåçäîâàíèå ýòî- ãíåçäîâèé íà ïëîùàäêå ãî âèäà è 7,4% ïëàòôîðì èñïîëüçîâàëèñü ¹2 â Óáñóíóðñêîé Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë êîòëîâèíå, èõ ñî- â êà÷åñòâå ïðèñàä. Â 2010 ã. èç ñîõðàíèâ- Íà ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèÿõ â 5-êèëîìåò- ñòîÿíèå è õàðàêòåð èñ- øèõñÿ ïëàòôîðì (n=20) ãíåçäîâàíèå ìîõ- ðîâîé çîíå âîêðóã ãðàíèö ïëîùàäêè äî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïòèöàìè. íîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà îòìå÷åíî íà 45% 2002 ã. ãíåçäèëîñü 6 ïàð ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ. Fig. 23. Distribution of ïëàòôîðì (9 ïëàòôîðì), à 55% ïëàòôîðì Ïîñëå 2002 ã. âèä ïîëíîñòüþ ïåðåñòàë ðå- the artificial nests on ïóñòîâàëî è ïîêà íå çàìå÷åíî ïòèöàìè ãèñòðèðîâàòüñÿ â ëåâîáåðåæüå Òåñ-Õåìà the plot 2 (Ubsunur depression) and their (ðèñ. 23). Èç ïëàòôîðì, ïîñòðîåííûõ â (Êàðÿêèí, 2003) äî 2009 ã. âêëþ÷èòåëüíî. conditions and status of 2006 ã. è ñîõðàíèâøèõñÿ ê 2010 ã. (3 ïëàò- Ïîñëå äëèòåëüíîãî îòñóòñòâèÿ â ëåâîáåðå- bird using. ôîðìû), êóðãàííèêàìè äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ èñ- æüå Òåñ-Õåìà, ïåðâàÿ ïàðà ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ ïîëüçóþòñÿ âñå, èç ïîñòðîåííûõ â 2009 ã. è íàáëþäàëàñü çäåñü 7 èþíÿ 2010 ã., îäíà- ñîõðàíèâøèõñÿ ê âåñíå 2010 ã. (17 ïëàò- êî çà ïðåäåëàìè ïëîùàäêè. Ýòî âñåëÿåò Ðèñ. 24. Ðàñïðåäåëå- íèå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ôîðì) êóðãàííèêàìè äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ èñ- îïðåäåë¸ííûå íàäåæäû íà âîññòàíîâëå- ôèëèíà. ïîëüçóþòñÿ 35,3%. íèå ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â þæíîé Òóâå, îäíà- Fig. 24. Distribution of Íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2 â 1999–2010 ãã. óñòà- êî âðÿä ëè îð¸ë áóäåò îñâàèâàòü ãíåçäîâûå the Eagle Owl breeding íîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàí- ïëàòôîðìû – â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ãíåçäîâûå territories. íèêà, áàëîáàíà, îáûêíîâåííîé è ñòåïíîé ó÷àñòêè ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ áóäóò âîññòàíàâ- ëèâàòüñÿ íà ñêàëàõ, ãäå ïòèöû ãíåçäèëèñü ðàíåå.

Ôèëèí Íà ïëîùàäêå ãíåçäèòñÿ åäèíñòâåí- íàÿ ïàðà ôèëèíîâ (ðèñ. 24) è åù¸ 10 ïàð ãíåçäÿòñÿ â ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèÿõ â 5-êèëîìåòðîâîé çîíå âîêðóã ãðàíèö ïëî- ùàäêè, áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü êîòîðûõ ïðèóðî÷åíà ê óùåëüÿì õð. Àãàð-Äàã-Òàéãà. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè ñîñòàâëÿåò 1,24–11,1 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=8) 3,81±3,3

êì (Ex=3,62, ìåäèàíà=2,75), 62,5% ïàð ãíåçäÿòñÿ â 1–3 êì äðóã îò äðóãà. Â îñìî- òðåííûõ âûâîäêàõ áûëî îò 1 äî 3 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì (n=7) 2,0±0,58 ïòåíöà. Áîëü- øèíñòâî âûâîäêîâ ïîñåùàëèñü íà îñòàíöå ßìàëûã – îíè ñîäåðæàëè â îñíîâíîì ïî 2 ïòåíöà (Äóáûíèí, Êàðÿêèí, 2008). Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 61

Îäíî èç ïîñëåäíèõ ãí¸çä ñòåïíîãî îðëà â íåïîñðåäñòâåííîé áëè- çîñòè îò ãðàíèöû ïëî- ùàäêè ¹2, â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ çàíèìàþùååñÿ ìîõíîíîãèì êóðãàí- íèêîì (ââåðõó ñëåâà), ìîëîäîé ñòåïíîé îð¸ë èç ïàðû, ïîÿâèâøåéñÿ â ëåâîáåðåæüå Òåñ-Õåìà âïåðâûå ïîñëå 2002 ã. â 2010 ã. (âíèçó ñëåâà), ôèëèí â ãíåçäîâîé íèøå ñêàëüíîãî îñòàí- öà áëèç ïëîùàäêè ¹2 (ñïðàâà). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. One of last nests of the Steppe Eagle in the left bank of the Tes-Khem river close to the border of the plot ¹2, that is occupied now by the Upland Buzzard (upper left), a young Steppe Âëèÿíèå ôèëèíà íà äíåâíûõ õèùíûõ ÷òîæåí ïàñòóøüèìè ñîáàêàìè. Â 2009 ã., Eagle from the pair ïòèö, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ âíå ñêàë, â ðîâíîé ñòå- ïðè î÷åðåäíîé ïîïûòêå ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íà which have appeared in the left bank the Tes- ïè, áûëî ìèíèìàëüíûì âåñü ïåðèîä èññëå- çåìëå, ñàìêà áûëà ñúåäåíà ÷åòâåðîíîãèì Khem river for the first äîâàíèé. Ïàðà ôèëèíîâ, ãíåçäÿùàÿñÿ íà õèùíèêîì (âîçìîæíî ñîáàêîé), à â 2010 ã. time after 2002 in 2010 ïëîùàäêå, òîëüêî â 2001 ã. äîáûâàëà ïòåí- ôèëèí äîáûë ñàìöà, ïîñëå ÷åãî ó÷àñòîê (bottom left), Eagle Owl öîâ áàëîáàíà èç ãíåçäà íà åù¸ ñîõðàíèâ- ïåðåñòàë ñóùåñòâîâàòü. in a nesting niche of the rock outcrop close to øåéñÿ îïîðå ËÝÏ â 500 ì îò ãíåçäà ôèëè- the border of the plot íîâ. Ïîñëå óíè÷òîæåíèÿ îïîðû ìåñòíûìè Ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê ¹2 (right). æèòåëÿìè áàëîáàí íà äàííîì ó÷àñòêå åù¸ Öåëåâîé âèä ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ïðèâëå- Photos by I. Karyakin. íåñêîëüêî ðàç ãíåçäèëñÿ íà íàøèõ ïëàò- ÷åíèþ õèùíûõ ïòèö íà èñêóññòâåííûå ôîðìàõ, îäíàêî â 2007 ã. íà ó÷àñòêå ïðî- ãíåçäîâüÿ íà ïëîùàäêå â Óáñóíóðñêîé ïàëà ñàìêà, â 2008 ã. – ñàìåö, è ó÷àñòîê êîòëîâèíå. Åù¸ â 90-õ ãã. çäåñü ñîõðàíÿ- ïåðåñòàë ñóùåñòâîâàòü. Ýòîò æå ó÷àñòîê ñ ëàñü äîñòàòî÷íî êðóïíàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóï- Ðèñ. 25. Ðàñïðåäåëå- áàëîáàíîì äåëèë ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê, ïèðîâêà, êîòîðàÿ áûëà ïîäîðâàíà òîòàëü- íèå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ êîòîðûé ãíåçäèëñÿ íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ â 1 è íûì óíè÷òîæåíèåì èíôðàñòðóêòóðû ËÝÏ. ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííè- êà â 1999–2002 ãã. 1,2 êì îò ãíåçäà ôèëèíà äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà Êóðãàííèêè ñîõðàíèëèñü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè îíè íå áûëè ñïèëåíû. Â 2008 ã. êóðãàí- ïîìèìî ñêàë ëèøü òàì, ãäå èìåþòñÿ êàêèå- Fig. 25. Distribution of the Upland Buzzard íèêè ïûòàëèñü ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà çåìëå, óñòðî- ëèáî âîçâûøåííûå ó÷àñòêè äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà breeding territories in èâ ãíåçäî íà ïíå îò ñïèëåííîé îïîðû ñ ãí¸çä – îñòàíêè êîìáàéíîâ, òðàíñôîðìà- 1999–2002. ïîñëåäíèì ãíåçäîì, íî âûâîäîê áûë óíè- òîðû, ïîñòðîéêè ÷åëîâåêà, íå èñïîëüçóå- ìûå ëþäüìè ëåòîì. Â 1999–2002 ãã. íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2 áûë èçâåñòåí 31 ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ìîõíîíî- ãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ (ðèñ. 25, òàáë. 4). Äèñ- òàíöèÿ ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè ñî- ñòàâëÿëà (n=21) 1,08–6,81 êì, â ñðåäíåì

3,05±1,64 êì (Ex=0,57). Ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäî- âàíèÿ ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ ñîñòàâëÿëà 4,42 ïàð/100 êì2. Â ýòîò ïåðèîä ÷èñëåí- íîñòü óæå ñîêðàòèëàñü, ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ñåðåäèíîé 90-õ ãã., íî îñòàâàëàñü âñ¸ æå åù¸ äîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêîé. Â ïåðèîä ñ 2003 ïî 2006 ãã. íà ïëîùàä- êå ìåñòíûå æèòåëè ïðîäîëæàëè ñïèëèâàòü ïîñëåäíèå îïîðû ËÝÏ, ñæèãàòü çèìíèêè è ïîëåâûå ñòàíû, óòèëèçèðîâàòü ìåòàëëîëîì – ïîñëåäíèå îñòîâû êîìáàéíîâ è àâòîìà- øèí, áðîøåííûõ â ñòåïè. Ïðè ýòîì óíè- ÷òîæàëèñü ãí¸çäà ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííè- 62 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ðèñ. 26. Ðàñïðåäåëå- êà, â ïåðèîä ðàçìíîæåíèÿ – ñ êëàäêàìè ëåííîñòè 2002 ã.) (ðèñ. 26, òàáë. 4), ïðè÷¸ì íèå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ è ïòåíöàìè. Â 2003 ã. íà ïëîùàäêå ïðî- òîëüêî íà 14 ïðèñóòñòâîâàëè ïàðû ïòèö (â ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííè- èçîøëî ðåçêîå ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè òîì ÷èñëå 2 ïàðû ó ðàçðóøåííûõ ãí¸çä). Ïî êà â 2003–2010 ãã. ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð è îìîëîæåíèå ïàðòí¸- ñðàâíåíèþ ñ òðåìÿ ïðåäûäóùèìè ãîäàìè Fig. 26. Distribution of the Upland Buzzard ðîâ â ïàðàõ, ÷òî ìû ñâÿçûâàåì ñ ãèáåëüþ èñ÷åçëè ïòèöû íà 16 ó÷àñòêàõ, íî ïîÿâè- breeding territories in ïòèö â ïåðèîä îñåííåé ìèãðàöèè 2002 ã. â ëîñü 2 íîâûõ ó÷àñòêà – íà îáîèõ ïàðû âû- 2003–2010. Ìîíãîëèè â ðåçóëüòàòå îòðàâëåíèÿ áðîìà- ñòðîèëè ñâåæèå ãí¸çäà, íî íå ïðèñòóïèëè äèîëîíîì (Êàðÿêèí, 2010). Ïðè ýòîì, ýòîò ê ðàçìíîæåíèþ. Ïëîòíîñòü ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ïðîöåññ íàëîæèëñÿ íà äåïðåññèþ ÷èñ- ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííè- ëåííîñòè äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè è â ðåçóëüòàòå êîâ ñîñòàâëÿëà 2,57 ïàð/100 êì2, óñïåøíûõ óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå îòñóòñòâîâàëî ó ãí¸çä – 0. âñåõ ïàð íà ïëîùàäêå. Â 2004 ã. íà÷àëîñü ïîñòåïåííîå âîññòà- Â 2003 ã. ëèøü 18 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ íîâëåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîõíîíîãîãî êóð- îêàçàëèñü çàíÿòûìè ïòèöàìè (58,1% îò ÷èñ- ãàííèêà – çàíÿòûì îêàçàëñÿ 21 ãíåçäîâîé Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 63

Òàáë. 4. Äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2. ñîñòàâëÿëà 3,00 ïàðû/100 êì2, óñïåøíûõ Table 4. Changes in numbers of the Upland Buzzard on the plot 2. ãí¸çä – 1,14 ïàðû/100 êì2. ×èñëåííîñòü ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà Ãíåçäîâûå Çàíÿòûå ìîãëà áû äîñòàòî÷íî áûñòðî âîññòàíîâèòü- Âñå Íîâûå ó÷àñòêè, ãíåçäîâûå ñÿ ïîñëå äåïðåññèè 2003 ã., îäíàêî ìåñò- ãíåçäîâûå ãíåçäîâûå ïîêèíóòûå ó÷àñòêè íîå íàñåëåíèå ïðîäîëæàëî óíè÷òîæåíèå ó÷àñòêè ó÷àñòêè ïòèöàìè Occupied ãí¸çä, ñóùåñòâåííî îãðàíè÷èâàÿ âîçìîæ- Ãîä All breeding New breed- Abandoned breeding íîñòè óñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ âèäà. Â Year territories ing territories nesting sites territories 2005 ã. ìåñòíûìè æèòåëÿìè óíè÷òîæåíî 4 1999–2002 31 31 ãíåçäà, âêëþ÷àÿ 3 âîññòàíîâëåííûõ íàìè â 2003 34 316 18 2004 ã., â 2006 ã. – åù¸ 4 ãíåçäà, âêëþ÷àÿ 2004 21 3 21 3 ãíåçäà, âîññòàíîâëåííûõ íàìè â 2005 ã. 2005 26 5917 Ïðè ýòîì, âî âñåõ ñëó÷àÿõ áûëè óíè÷òîæå- 2006 24 7618 íû ãí¸çäà ñ êëàäêàìè èëè ïòåíöàìè â âîç- ðàñòå äî íåäåëè (òàáë. 4). 2007 22 4 22 Â 2005 ã. íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2 áûëî âû- 2008 23 1221 ÿâëåíî 17 çàíÿòûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ 2009 22 1121 ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, íà 8 èç êîòî- 2010 23 2122 ðûõ îòìå÷åíî óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå.

ó÷àñòîê (÷èñëåííîñòü âûðîñëà íà 16,7% ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ïðåäûäóùèì ãîäîì, íî îêàçà- ëàñü íèæå íà 32,3% òîãî ìàêñèìóìà, êîòî- ðûé íàáëþäàëñÿ â 2001–2002 ãã., ðèñ. 27). Èç 3-õ íîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ 2 âîññòàíîâèëèñü íà ìåñòàõ ïðåæíåãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîõíî- íîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, îäèí ñôîðìèðîâàë- ñÿ íà òåððèòîðèè, ãäå ðàíåå êóðãàííèêè íå ãíåçäèëèñü. Íà 8 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ (38,1% îò ÷èñëà çàíÿòûõ) îòìå÷åíî óñïåø- íîå ðàçìíîæåíèå (ðèñ. 28) è íà 3-õ ó÷àñò- êàõ (14,3%) ïîãèáëî ïîòîìñòâî â ðåçóëü- òàòå óíè÷òîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä. Ò. å., èçíà÷àëüíî ðàçìíîæåíèå íàáëþäàëîñü íà 52,4% ó÷àñòêîâ. Ïëîòíîñòü ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãíåç- äîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ

Ïòåíåö ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, ïîãèáøèé îò ãîëî- äà â íåóðîæàéíûé íà êîðìà ãîä. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nestling of the Upland Buzzard died through starvation in the year, when numbers of prey were minimal. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Ïîÿâèëîñü 5 íîâûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ – 2 âîññòàíîâèëèñü íà ìåñòàõ ïðåæíåãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà íà âîññòàíîâëåííûõ íàìè ãíåçäîâüÿõ, òðè ñôîðìèðîâàëèñü íà òåððèòîðèè, ãäå ðà- íåå êóðãàííèêè íå ãíåçäèëèñü, ÷òî ñòàëî âîçìîæíûì òàêæå áëàãîäàðÿ óñòðîéñòâó èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé èç ðàçëè÷íûõ àíòðîïîãåííûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ íà ìåñòàõ ðàçðóøåííûõ ôåðì. Íî ïðè ýòîì ïðåêðà- òèëè ñóùåñòâîâàíèå 9 ñòàðûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, Ðèñ. 27. Äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2. â îñíîâíîì òå, íà êîòîðûõ ãí¸çäà áûëè óíè÷òîæåíû ìåñòíûìè æèòåëÿìè è èõ íå- Fig. 27. Changes in numbers of the Upland Buzzard on the plot 2. Labels: 1 – occupied breeding territories, 2 – breeding territories, vanished for the reason âîçìîæíî ñòàëî âîññòàíîâèòü (èç çåìëè of nest destroying by herders and bird deaths. áûëè âûäðàíû äàæå áåòîííûå ïàñûíêè). 64 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ãí¸çäà ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà â Óáñó- íóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2. Ñâåðõó âíèç: íà çåìëå â ñòåïè, íà êàáèíå àâòîìîáèëÿ (äî òîãî, êàê êàáèíà áûëà ïåðåâ¸ðíóòà àâòîðàìè, êóðãàííè- êè ïûòàëèñü ñòðîèòü ãíåçäî íà å¸ ãëàäêîé âåðøèíå, íî åãî ðåãó- ëÿðíî ñäóâàëî âåòðîì), íà îñòîâàõ êîìáàéíîâ, êîñèëêå è ðàçðóøåí- íîì òðàíñôîðìàòîðå (òðàíñôîðìàòîð âîñ- ñòàíîâëåí àâòîðàìè). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nests of the Upland Buzzard on the plot 2 in the Ubsunur depression. Top – down: on the ground in the steppe, on the cabin of vehicle (before the cabin was turned over by authors, Buzzards tried to build their nest on its top, but it was regularly blown away by the wind),on remains of harvester combines and destroyed transformer (the transformer has been restored by authors). Photos by I. Karyakin. Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 65

Ãí¸çäà ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà â Óáñó- íóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2. Ñâåðõó âíèç: íà çåìëå ïîä îïîðîé ËÝÏ, íà ïëàòôîðìå, óñòðî- åííîé àâòîðàìè íà ñïèëåííîé âåðõóøêå ñòîëáà, íà ïëàòôîðìå, óñòðîåííîé àâòîðàìè íà ñòåíêå çàãîíà äëÿ ñêîòà, íà òðàíñôîð- ìàòîðå, íà áî÷êå äëÿ âîäû, íà êðûøå òóàëå- òà, íà êðûøå çèìíèêà, íà áåòîííîé ñòåíêå ðàçðóøåííîãî çäàíèÿ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nests of the Upland Buzzard on the plot 2 in the Ubsunur depression. Top–down: on the grown at the base of the electric pole, on a platform, erected by us on the top of the sawed pole, on a platform, erected by us on the fence of enclosure, on a transformer, on a water barrel, on the roof of toilet, on the roof of livestock winter camp, on a concrete wall of destroyed building. Photos by I. Karyakin. 66 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ãí¸çäà ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà â Óáñóíóð- ñêîé êîòëîâèíå íà ïëî- ùàäêå ¹2, óñòðîåííûå íà ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàò- ôîðìàõ. Èþíü 2010 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nests of Upland Buzzards on artificial platforms on the plot 2 in the Ubsunur depression. June 2010. Photos by I. Karyakin. Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 67

Êëàäêè è âûâîäêè ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàí- íèêîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â Óáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Clutches and broods of Upland Buzzards, breeding on the plot 2 in the Ubsunur depression. Photos by I. Karyakin. 68 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ðûõ âîññòàíîâèëèñü â ìåñòàõ ïðåæíåãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, à 2 ñòàðûõ èñ÷åçëè. Â ýòîò ãîä ìåñòíûìè æèòåëÿìè áûëè óíè÷òîæåíû âñåãî 3 ãíåç- äà êóðãàííèêîâ èç ÷èñëà òåõ, êîòîðûå ìû âîññòàíîâèëè â ïðåäûäóùèå ãîäû. Íà 2-õ ó÷àñòêàõ ïðîäîëæàëè äåðæàòüñÿ îäèíîêèå ñàìöû, ãí¸çäà êîòîðûõ áûëè óíè÷òîæåíû çíà÷èòåëüíî ðàíåå, íî íàìè íå âîññòà- íîâëåíû. Ïëîòíîñòü ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãíåç- äîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ ñîñòàâëÿëà 3,007/100 êì2, óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä – 0,43/100 êì2. Â 2009 ã. 20 ñïåöèàëüíî ñäåëàííûõ ïëàò- ôîðì áûëè óñòàíîâëåíû íà ó÷àñòêàõ, êî- òîðûå ê ýòîìó ìîìåíòó ïóñòîâàëè ãîä è áîëåå, â òî âðåìÿ êàê æèëûå ó÷àñòêè íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2 îñòàâàëèñü ëèøü âáëèçè äî- Ðèñ. 28. Äèíàìèêà Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â 2005 ã. îêàçàëñÿ ìè- ðîã, ãäå íà ðóèíàõ ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà ÷èñëåííîñòè è êîëè÷å- íèìóì ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð çà âåñü ïåðèîä ïòèöû íàõîäèëè ìåñòà äëÿ ãí¸çä. Íî òóò ñòâà óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàí- èññëåäîâàíèé ïðè íàèáîëåå áëàãîïîëó÷- èì ïîñòîÿííî óãðîæàëà îïàñíîñòü áûòü íèêà íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2. íîé ñèòóàöèè ñ êîðìàìè (ðèñ. 28). Äèñ- óíè÷òîæåííûìè ëþäüìè, êàê â óòèëèòàð- Öèôðàìè îáîçíà÷åíà òàíöèÿ ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè ñî- íûõ öåëÿõ, òàê è áåç âèäèìîé íàäîáíîñòè. äîëÿ óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä îò ñòàâëÿëà (n=12) 1,34–5,58 êì, â ñðåäíåì ×òîáû óìåíüøèòü ïðåññ ýòîãî ôàêòîðà, ÷èñëà çàíÿòûõ ó÷àñòêîâ. 3,21±1,24 êì (Ex=-0,06). Ïëîòíîñòü ðàñ- ïëàòôîðìû áûëè ìàêñèìàëüíî óäàëåíû îò Fig. 28. Changes in ïðåäåëåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîõíîíî- äîðîã è çèìîâèé, è ïðè ýòîì îêàçàëèñü íå numbers of breeding 2 territories and active ãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ ñîñòàâëÿëà 2,43/100 êì , ïðèâÿçàíû ê æèëûì ó÷àñòêàì ïòèö. Òàêèì nests of the Upland óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä – 1,14/100 êì2. îáðàçîì, ïðåäëîæåííàÿ ñõåìà ìîãëà ïîë- Buzzard on the plot 2. Â 2006 ã. íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2 áûëî âûÿâëå- íîñòüþ ïåðåñòðîèòü ñëîæèâøååñÿ ðàñïî- Figures show the shares íî 18 çàíÿòûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîõíîíîãîãî êóð- ëîæåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîõíîíîãîãî of successful nests in the total number of ãàííèêà, ïðè÷¸ì ëèøü 7 èç íèõ îêàçàëèñü êóðãàííèêà, ÷òî äîëæíî áûëî ïðèâåñòè ê occupied ones. óñïåøíûìè (38,89%): íà 7 ó÷àñòêàõ ãí¸çäà óâåëè÷åíèþ óñïåõà ðàçìíîæåíèÿ. Ðåçóëü- êóðãàííèêà áûëè óíè÷òîæåíû ìåñòíûìè òàò íå çàñòàâèë ñåáÿ äîëãî æäàòü. æèòåëÿìè, âîçëå ðóèí 4-õ ãí¸çä äåðæàëèñü Â 2010 ã. íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2 áûëî âûÿâëåíî ïàðû è âîçëå 3-õ – îäèíîêèå ñàìöû (ðèñ. 22 çàíÿòûõ ó÷àñòêà ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàí- 26, òàáë. 4). Ïîÿâèëîñü 7 íîâûõ ãíåçäîâûõ íèêà, ïðè÷¸ì 15 èç íèõ îêàçàëèñü óñïåø- ó÷àñòêîâ, èç êîòîðûõ 1 âîññòàíîâèëñÿ íà íûìè (68,18%). Ïåðâûé ðàç çà ïîñëåäíèå ìåñòå ïðåæíåãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîõíîíîãîãî íåñêîëüêî ëåò äîëÿ óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä ïåðå- êóðãàííèêà, 4 ñôîðìèðîâàëèñü íà òåððè- âàëèëà çà 50% (ðèñ. 26, òàáë. 4). Â 2009– òîðèè, ãäå ðàíåå êóðãàííèêè íå ãíåçäè- 2010 ãã. ïîÿâèëîñü 3 íîâûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ëèñü, áëàãîäàðÿ ìåðîïðèÿòèÿì ïî óñòðîé- ó÷àñòêà, îäèí èç êîòîðûõ âîññòàíîâèëñÿ íà ñòâó èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé â ïðîøëîì ìåñòå ïðåæíåãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîõíîíîãîãî ãîäó. Íî ïðè ýòîì ïðåêðàòèëè ñóùåñòâî- êóðãàííèêà, ïðåêðàòèëè ñóùåñòâîâàíèå 2 âàíèå 6 ñòàðûõ ó÷àñòêîâ. Ïëîòíîñòü ðàñ- ñòàðûõ ó÷àñòêà. Ìåñòíûìè æèòåëÿìè áûëî ïðåäåëåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîõíîíî- óíè÷òîæåíî âñåãî 2 ãíåçäà, îäíî ãíåçäî, ãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ ñîñòàâëÿëà 2,57/100 êì2, óñòðîåííîå íà çåìëå, áûëî çàòîïòàíî ñêî- óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä – 1,0/100 êì2. òîì, íà îäíîì ãíåçäå, òàêæå óñòðîåííîì Â 2008 ã. âî âñ¸ì ëåâîáåðåæüå Òåñ-Õåìà íà çåìëå, ñàìêà íà êëàäêå ñúåäåíà ÷åòâå- íàáëþäàëàñü îáøèðíàÿ äåïðåññèÿ ÷èñëåí- ðîíîãèìè õèùíèêàìè. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó íîñòè äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè, òåì íå ìåíåå, íà áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè ñîñòàâèëà (n=15) ôîíå ïðåêðàùåíèÿ ìàñøòàáíîãî óíè÷òî- 1,08–5,42 êì, â ñðåäíåì 2,94±1,26 êì æåíèÿ ãí¸çä ìåñòíûì íàñåëåíèåì, íà÷àëñÿ (Ex=-0,25). Ïëîòíîñòü ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãíåç- ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà äîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ – çà ñ÷¸ò ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ïàð íà óñòàíîâëåí- 3,14 ïàð/100 êì2, óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä – 2,14 íûõ â 2006 ã. èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâüÿõ. ïàðà/100 êì2. Â ýòîò ãîä áûë âûÿâëåí 21 ãíåçäîâîé ó÷à- Ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà 2010 ã. íà ãíåçäîâûõ ñòîê, íà 3-õ èç êîòîðûõ (14,29%) ãí¸çäà ïëàòôîðìàõ 2009 ã. ãíåçäèëîñü 9 ïàð îêàçàëèñü óñïåøíûìè. Â 2007–2008 ãã. (40,9%), íà ïëàòôîðìàõ, óñòðîåííûõ íà ïîÿâèëèñü 5 íîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, 4 èç êîòî- ñòåíå çàãîíà íà òåððèòîðèè áðîøåííîãî Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 69

ëåòíèêà íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêîì òðèãîïóíêòå, íîãî ãíåçäà íà ïëîùàäêå íå áûëî îáíà- íà îïîðå ïîãðàíè÷íîé ñèñòåìû, íà âîñ- ðóæåíî. ñòàíîâëåííîì òðàíñôîðìàòîðå, íà êîì- Â ïåðèîä 2004–2007 ãã., ìåæäó ïåðâîé áàéíå è íà êàáèíå àâòîìîáèëÿ – ïî îäíîé è âòîðîé íàáëþäàåìûìè äåïðåññèÿìè ïàðå, íà ñêàëüíûõ âûõîäàõ ñîïîê – 2 ïàðû ÷èñëåííîñòè äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè, âûâîä- (9,1%), íà îäíîì ó÷àñòêå ïòèöû ïûòàëèñü êè ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ ñîñòîÿëè èç ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà çåìëå (â ãíåçäå ñúåäåíà ñàì- 2–5 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì (n=22) 3,23±0,81 êà íà êëàäêå) è åù¸ íà 2-õ – ó ñòàðûõ ãí¸çä ïòåíöîâ. Äîìèíèðîâàëè âûâîäêè èç 3-õ íà çåìëå äåðæàòñÿ îäèíîêèå ñàìöû (âîç- ïòåíöîâ (45,5%). Îäíà ïîçäíÿÿ êëàäêà ñî- ìîæíî, íà îáîèõ ýòèõ ãí¸çäàõ ñàìêè áûëè äåðæàëà 1 ÿéöî, 2 – ïî 2 ÿéöà è â îäíîé ñúåäåíû ÷åòâåðîíîãèìè õèùíèêàìè), íà áûëî 4 ÿéöà. 2-õ ó÷àñòêàõ ãí¸çäà ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàí- Â äåïðåññèþ 2008 ã. áûëî îáíàðóæåíî íèêîâ, óñòðîåííûå íà òðàíñôîðìàòîðå è 2 âûâîäêà èç 2 ïòåíöîâ è ïîçäíÿÿ êëàäêà áî÷êå äëÿ âîäû, áûëè ðàçðóøåíû â 2010 ã. èç 2 ÿèö. ìåñòíûìè æèòåëÿìè. Â 2010 ã. âûâîäêè ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàí- Òàêèì îáðàçîì, íà ñïåöèàëüíî óñòðîåí- íèêîâ ñîñòîÿëè èç 1–4 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì íûõ ïëàòôîðìàõ ìîõíîíîãèå êóðãàííèêè (n=6) 3,00±1,26 ïòåíöîâ. Ðîâíî ïîëîâèíà â 2010 ã. ðàçìíîæàëèñü íà 54,55% çàíÿ- âûâîäêîâ ñîñòîÿëà èç 4-õ ïòåíöîâ. òûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, ïðè÷¸ì óñïåøíîñòü ãí¸çä íà Àíàëèç óñïåøíîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ (ðèñ. ïëàòôîðìàõ (áåç ó÷¸òà ñâåæåâûñòðîåííûõ 28) è äèíàìèêè âûâîäêîâ ïî ãîäàì (ðèñ. âåñíîé 2010 ã. ãí¸çä) ñîñòàâèëà 100%, òàê 29) ïîêàçûâàåò çíà÷èìóþ ïîëîæèòåëüíóþ æå, êàê íà ñêàëàõ è îñòàíêàõ ìàøèí. Ïðè êîððåëÿöèþ ìåæäó äîëåé óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä ýòîì, âñå ãí¸çäà íà çåìëå áûëè áåçóñïåø- ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà è ÷èñëåííîñòüþ íûìè. Íè îäíî èç ãí¸çä íà ïëàòôîðìàõ, äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè (R=0,83, p<0,05), à òàê- óñòàíîâëåííûõ â 2009 ã. â óäàëåíèè îò äî- æå ñëàáóþ ïîëîæèòåëüíóþ êîððåëÿöèþ ðîã, íå áûëî ðàçðóøåíî â 2010 ã. ìåæäó ðàçìåðîì âûâîäêîâ è ÷èñëåííîñòüþ Ðàçìåð âûâîäêîâ ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííè- äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè (R=0,63, p<0,05). Ñëàáàÿ êà íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2 çà âåñü ïåðèîä èññëå- êîððåëÿöèÿ â ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå îáóñëîâ- äîâàíèé ñîñòàâèë 1–5 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì ëåíà òåì, ÷òî ïàðû, ðàçìíîæàþùèåñÿ â

(n=58) 3,12±1,04 ïòåíöîâ (Ex=-0,37). Âû- ïåðèîäû äåïðåññèé ÷èñëåííîñòè äàóð- âîäêè èç 3-õ ïòåíöîâ âñòðå÷àëèñü â 37,93% ñêîé ïèùóõè, ñïåöèàëèçèðóþòñÿ íà äî- ãí¸çä, èç 4-õ – â 27,59% ãí¸çä. áû÷å èíûõ îáúåêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ, ÷èñëåííîñòü Ðèñ. 29. Äèíàìèêà ðàç- Â ïåðèîä 1999–2002 ãã., äî ïåðâîé íà- êîòîðûõ ìîæåò áûòü äîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêîé, ìåðîâ âûâîäêîâ ìîõ- áëþäàåìîé äåïðåññèè ÷èñëåííîñòè äàóð- ïîýòîìó ïîääåðæèâàþò âûñîêóþ ïðîäóê- íîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà ñêîé ïèùóõè, âûâîäêè ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàí- òèâíîñòü â ïåðèîä, êîãäà îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà îòíîñèòåëüíî ÷èñëåí- íîñòè äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè íèêîâ ñîñòîÿëè èç 1–5 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ, ñïåöèàëèçèðó- íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2. (n=18) 2,89±1,23 ïòåíöîâ. Äîìèíèðîâàëè þùèõñÿ íà ïèòàíèè äàóðñêîé ïèùóõîé, íå Fig. 29. Changes in âûâîäêè èç 3-õ ïòåíöîâ (38,9%), ïðè÷¸ì â ñîñòîÿíèè ïðîêîðìèòü ïîòîìñòâî. brood and late clutch â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ è êëàäêè ñîñòîÿëè Íåñìîòðÿ íà âûÿâëåííóþ çàâèñèìîñòü â sizes of the Upland â îñíîâíîì èç 3-õ ÿèö. Â äâóõ îáíàðó- óñïåõå ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàí- Buzzard concerning æåííûõ ïîçäíèõ (èëè ïîâòîðíûõ) êëàäêàõ íèêà îò ÷èñëåííîñòè äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè íà to the numbers of the Daurian Pika on the áûëî ïî 3 ÿéöà. ïëîùàäêå, íà îñâîåíèå âèäîì ïëàòôîðì plot 2. Â äåïðåññèþ 2003 ã. íè îäíîãî óñïåø- äåïðåññèè ÷èñëåííîñòè äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè íå ñêàçàëèñü íåãàòèâíî. Äàæå â ïåðèîä äå- ïðåññèé 2003 è 2008 ãã. ôîðìèðîâàëèñü íîâûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè íà òåõ òåððèòî- ðèÿõ, ãäå áûëè ïîñòðîåíû èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ ëèáî âîññòàíîâëåíû ïðåæíèå ðàçðóøåííûå ãí¸çäà. Îáðàùàþò íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå äîâîëüíî ñòàáèëüíûå ñðîêè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ïàð, ãíåç- äÿùèõñÿ íà ñêàëàõ îñòàíöîâ è õð. Àãàð- Äàã-Òàéãà, êîòîðûå ê òîìó æå è áîëåå ðàí- íèå (â ñðåäíåì íà 12 äíåé ðàíüøå), ÷åì ó ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà èñêóññòâåííûõ ñîîðó- æåíèÿõ. Ïîñëåäíåå ñâÿçàíî, âèäèìî, ñ áî- ëåå ñóðîâûìè óñëîâèÿìè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íà îòêðûòûõ ïëàòôîðìàõ, ñëàáî çàùèù¸ííûõ îò îñàäêîâ è âåòðà. ×òî êàñàåòñÿ ïîçäíèõ 70 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

êëàäîê, òî îíè ïîÿâëÿëèñü ðåãóëÿðíî, íî äîñòàòî÷íî ñëó÷àéíî, è â îñíîâíîì ó ïàð, êîòîðûå ñôîðìèðîâàëèñü òîëüêî âåñíîé è ñòðîèëè ãí¸çäà âïåðâûå ëèáî áûëè âûíóæ- äåíû æäàòü, êîãäà çèìíèêè, íà êîòîðûõ èëè áëèç êîòîðûõ îíè ãíåçäèëèñü, áóäóò ïîêèíóòû ëþäüìè. Ñòàáèëüíîé äèíàìèêè óâåëè÷åíèÿ ïîçäíèõ êëàäîê íà ïëîùàäêå â Óáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå íå îòìå÷åíî. Àíàëèç äèñòàíöèé ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñî- ñåäÿìè ïîêàçàë, ÷òî âíå çàâèñèìîñòè îò ÷èñ- ëåííîñòè â 1999–2010 ãã. ìîõíîíîãèå êóð- ãàííèêè ñòàðàëèñü äèñòàíöèðîâàòüñÿ äðóã îò äðóãà íà 2–4 êì – âî âñå ãîäû èññëåäîâàíèé ñðåäíåå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñî- ñåäÿìè áûëî îêîëî 3 êì (ðèñ. 30). Â òî æå âðåìÿ íàáëþäàëîñü çàìåòíîå êîëè÷åñòâî ïàð, ãíåçäèâøèõñÿ íà ðàññòîÿíèè äî 2-õ êì äðóã îò äðóãà â 1999–2002 ãã. Ýòî ñâÿçàíî ñ òåì, ÷òî ïòèöû òÿãîòåëè ê ðàçðóøåííîé èíôðàñòðóêòóðå ËÝÏ, ïðîäîëæàÿ ãíåç- äèòüñÿ ñíà÷àëà íà îñòàâøèõñÿ óãëîâûõ îïî- ðàõ ËÝÏ, çàòåì, ïîñëå èõ óíè÷òîæåíèÿ, íà ÷¸ì ïðèä¸òñÿ, íî íà ïðåæíèõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Ñìåíà òåìè æå ïòèöàìè ó÷àñòêà íàáëþäà- ëàñü êðàéíå ðåäêî è â îñíîâíîì äèñòàíöèÿ ïåðåìåùåíèÿ íå ïðåâûøàëà 2 êì. Ðàñïðå- äåëåíèå ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà äðóã îò- íîñèòåëüíî äðóãà íà ïëîùàäêå ñòàëî áîëåå íîðìàëüíûì ëèøü ïîñëå ñîçäàíèÿ ñèñòåìû èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé, íå ïðèâÿçàííûõ ê ñõåìå ðåàëüíîãî ðàçìåùåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïòèö. Â èòîãå î äèíàìèêå ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîõ- íîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2 çà 12 ëåò ìîæíî ñêàçàòü ñëåäóþùåå: ÷èñëåí- íîñòü ñîêðàòèëàñü â 2003 ã., îäíàêî ïîñòå- ïåííî âîññòàíàâëèâàåòñÿ (R2=0,791), ÷èñëî óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä óñòîé÷èâî ðàñò¸ò íà÷èíàÿ ñ 2004 ã. (ðèñ. 27, 28). Äîëÿ óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä îò ÷èñëà çàíÿòûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ôëóêòóèðóåò â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ÷èñëåííîñòè êîðìîâ, îäíà- êî â ãîäû ìåæäó äåïðåññèÿìè ÷èñëåííîñòè äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè íàáëþäàåòñÿ å¸ óñòîé- ÷èâûé ëèíåéíûé ðîñò (R2=0,832). Âàæíûì ôàêòîðîì, îáóñëîâèâøèì âîññòàíîâëåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà íà ïëîùàäêå, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîääåðæàíèå ãíåçäî- âîãî ôîíäà è â èòîãå – ñîçäàíèå ñèñòåìû èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé, òàê êàê èìåííî èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ ïîçâîëèëè ïîëî- âèíå ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè óñïåøíî ðàç- ìíîæàòüñÿ âñå ýòè ãîäû.

Áàëîáàí Ðèñ. 30. Äèñòàíöèè ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ íà Õàðàêòåðíûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä Óáñóíóð- ïëîùàäêå ¹2. Ââåðõó – â 2002 ã., â öåíòðå – â 2005 ã., âíèçó – â 2010 ã. ñêîé êîòëîâèíû. Òàêæå, êàê è ìîõíîíîãèé Fig. 30. Distances between nearest neighbours for the Upland Buzzard on the plot êóðãàííèê, ñèëüíî ïîñòðàäàë â ðåçóëüòàòå 2. Upper – in 2002, center – in 2005, bottom – in 2010. óíè÷òîæåíèÿ èíôðàñòðóêòóðû ËÝÏ â êîí- Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 71

Ãí¸çäà áàëîáàíà íà èñêóññòâåííûõ ñîîðó- æåíèÿõ íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2 â Óáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå: ãí¸çäà íà äåðåâÿííûõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ â 2001 ã., ãí¸çäà íà òðàíñôîðìàòî- ðàõ â 2004–2006 ãã. Ñïðàâà ââåðõó – ñàìêà áàëîáàíà èç ïàðû ñî- êîëîâ, àáîíèðîâàâøèõ â 2010 ã. ñòàðóþ ïî- ñòðîéêó ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, óñòðîåí- íóþ íà êàìíå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nests of the Saker on artificial constructions on the plot 2 in the Ubsunur depression: nests on wooden electric poles in 2001, nests on transformers in 2004–2006. Upper right – female Saker of the pair, which occupied an old nest of the Upland Buzzard on the stone in 2010. Photos by I. Karyakin. 72 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ðèñ. 31. Ðàñïðåäåëå- öå 90-õ ãã., ëèøèâøèñü ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà, 2005à). Â 2001 ã. íà 3-õ ó÷àñòêàõ ïðîäîë- íèå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïðè÷¸ì â íàèáîëåå ïðèâëåêàòåëüíûõ ïî æàëè äåðæàòüñÿ ïàðû, ãí¸çäà êîòîðûõ áûëè áàëîáàíà íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2 â 2001–2004 ãã. êîðìîâûì óñëîâèÿì ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ. Â óíè÷òîæåíû â 2000 ã., îäíàêî óæå íà ñëå- Óáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëî- äóþùèé ãîä ýòè ó÷àñòêè îïóñòåëè. Fig. 31. Distribution of the Saker Falcon áàíà áûëà è îñòà¸òñÿ îäíîé èç ñàìûõ âû- Â 2002 ã. íà ïëîùàäêå áûëî âûÿâëåíî breeding territories on ñîêèõ â Òóâå è â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå â 14 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíîâ, íà 5 plot 2 in 2001–2004. öåëîì, íåñìîòðÿ íà ïîñòîÿííîå ñîêðàùå- èç êîòîðûõ (35,7%) ðàçìíîæåíèå áûëî íèå ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè. óñïåøíûì (ðèñ. 31, 32). Ïëîòíîñòü ãíåç- Â 1999–2001 ãã. áàëîáàí ãíåçäèëñÿ íà äîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà íà ïëîùàäêå ñîñòàâè- ïëîùàäêå ¹2 èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî íà äåðåâÿí- ëà 2,00 ïàð/100 êì2. Èç 9 áåçóñïåøíûõ íûõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ â ïîñòðîéêàõ ìîõíîíîãî- ó÷àñòêîâ íà îäíîì äåðæàëñÿ òîëüêî ñàìåö ãî êóðãàííèêà. Âèä áûë âòîðîé ïî ÷èñëåí- áëèç óíè÷òîæåííîãî åù¸ â 2001 ã. ãíåçäà, íîñòè, ïîñëå ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, èç íà îäíîì ó÷àñòêå âñòðå÷åíà ïàðà, òàêæå â ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ïëîùàäêå. Â ðàéîíå óíè÷òîæåííîãî â 2001 ã. ãíåçäà, ýòîò ïåðèîä çäåñü áûëî èçâåñòíî 15 ãíåçäî- íà 5 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ äåðæàëèñü ïàðû âûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (ðèñ. 31, 32), íà 46,7–66,7% èç áëèç ãí¸çä, óíè÷òîæåííûõ âåñíîé (âî âñåõ êîòîðûõ áàëîáàíû ðàçìíîæàëèñü óñïåøíî. ãí¸çäàõ ïîãèáëè êëàäêè), íà äâóõ ó÷àñòêàõ Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè ïàðû áàëîáàíîâ ïåðåìåñòèëèñü íà 1,8 è ñîñòàâëÿëà 3,11–6,96 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=12) 1,9 êì, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, îò óíè÷òîæåííûõ

4,31±1,52 êì (Ex=-0,78) (ðèñ. 33), ïëîò- åù¸ â 2001 ã. ãí¸çä è çàíÿëè ïîñòðîéêè íîñòü – 2,14 ïàð/100 êì2. Îñíîâíàÿ ïðè- ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà íà çåìëå è íà íå- ÷èíà áåçóñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ – óíè÷òî- áîëüøîì ñêàëüíîì âûõîäå (íà çåìëå ïàðà æåíèå ãí¸çä â ïåðèîä êëàäêè. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, ïûòàëàñü ðàçìíîæàòüñÿ, îäíàêî å¸ ïîòîì- â 2000 è 2001 ãã. ìåñòíûìè æèòåëÿìè áûëî ñòâî áûëî ñúåäåíî ÷åòâåðîíîãèìè õèù- óíè÷òîæåíî 6 ãí¸çä è ëèøü îäèí âûâîäîê íèêàìè). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â 2002 ã. ñîêî- (â 2001 ã.) ÷óäîì âûæèë ïîñëå ðàçðóøåíèÿ ëû ïðèñòóïèëè ê ðàçìíîæåíèþ íà 78,6% ãíåçäà è áûë âûêîðìëåí ðîäèòåëÿìè äî ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, îäíàêî ñòàðàíèÿìè ïîäú¸ìà íà êðûëî íà çåìëå (ñì. Êàðÿêèí, ìåñòíûõ æèòåëåé ïîïûòêè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 73

Ðèñ. 32. Ðàñïðåäåëå- 35,7% ïàð áûëè ïðåñå÷åíû. Èç 5 óñïåø- âèäà íà ïëîùàäêå. Â ýòîò ãîä áàëîáàíàìè íèå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ íûõ ïàð 4 ðàçìíîæàëèñü íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ, áûëî çàíÿòî âñåãî 8 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíà íà ïëîùàäêå à îäíà çàíÿëà ïîñòðîéêó ìîõíîíîãîãî êóð- (53,3% îò ÷èñëåííîñòè 1999–2001 ãã.) (ðèñ. ¹2. ãàííèêà, óñòðîåííóþ íà òðàíñôîðìàòîðå. 31, 32). Ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà íà Fig. 32. Distribution 2 of the Saker Falcon Ýòî áûëî ïåðâîå ãíåçäî áàëîáàíà, óñòðî- ïëîùàäêå ñîñòàâèëà 1,14 ïàð/100 êì . Âñå breeding territories on åííîå íà òðàíñôîðìàòîðå êàê íà ïëîùàä- ãí¸çäà áûëè áåçóñïåøíûìè. Íà 3-õ ó÷àñò- plot 2. êå, òàê è âî âñåé Óáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå. êàõ îòìå÷åíû îäèíî÷íûå ñàìöû (â äâóõ Ïîÿâëåíèå òàêîãî ãíåçäà, à òàêæå ïî- ñëó÷àÿõ áëèç ðàçðóøåííûõ ãí¸çä, â îäíîì ïûòêè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà íà çåìëå, ñëó÷àå áëèç ãíåçäà íà çåìëå), íà 3-õ ó÷àñò- ïîçâîëèëè ïðåäïîëîæèòü âîçìîæíîñòü êàõ äåðæàëèñü ïàðû áëèç ðàçðóøåííûõ çàñåëåíèÿ èì èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé. ãí¸çä (â 2-õ ñëó÷àÿõ ïòèöû ïûòàëèñü çàíè- Óæå â 2002 ã. ìû ñäåëàëè 7 èñêóññòâåí- ìàòü ïîñòðîéêè ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà íûõ ãíåçäîâèé (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2010). íà ñòîëáàõ è â îäíîì – íà èñêóññòâåííîì Â 2003 ã. èç-çà ãèáåëè ìíîãèõ ïòèö â ãíåçäå, ñäåëàííîì íàìè èç îñòàòêîâ òðàíñ- Ìîíãîëèè â ðåçóëüòàòå îòðàâëåíèÿ áðîìà- ôîðìàòîðà), íà 2-õ ó÷àñòêàõ äåðæàëèñü äèîëîíîì, íà ôîíå îáøèðíîé äåïðåññèè ïàðû áëèç ãí¸çä íà ñòîëáàõ. Â 2-õ ãí¸çäàõ ÷èñëåííîñòè äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè è ïðîäîë- (íà îñòàòêàõ òðàíñôîðìàòîðà è ñòîëáå), æàþùåãîñÿ óíè÷òîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä ìåñòíûìè îäíî èç êîòîðûõ áûëî ðàçðóøåíî ìåñòíû- æèòåëÿìè, ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà ðåçêî ìè æèòåëÿìè (íà îñòàòêàõ òðàíñôîðìàòî- ñîêðàòèëàñü. Ðåçåðâ ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïè- ðà), ñîêîëû ïûòàëèñü îòëîæèòü ÿéöà. ðîâêè áûë ïîäîðâàí è â äàëüíåéøåì ÷èñ- Â 2004 ã. íà ïëîùàäêå áûëî âûÿâëå- ëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà íà ïëîùàäêå, êàê è â íî 5 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíîâ, íà 1 öåëîì â Óáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå, òîëüêî èç êîòîðûõ (20,0%) ðàçìíîæåíèå áûëî ñíèæàëàñü. Íå ìàëóþ ðîëü â ýòîì ñûãðàëè óñïåøíûì (ðèñ. 31, 32). Ïëîòíîñòü ãíåç- è íåëåãàëüíûé îòëîâ ïòèö, è ãèáåëü èõ íà äîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà íà ïëîùàäêå ñîñòàâèëà ËÝÏ â ñîñåäíåé Ìîíãîëèè. Òàêèì îáðà- 0,71 ïàð/100 êì2. Âñåãî íà ïëîùàäêå áûëî çîì, 2003 ã. ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü òî÷êîé îòñ÷¸òà âñòðå÷åíî 2 ïàðû áàëîáàíîâ, îäíà èç êî- íà÷àëà ìàñøòàáíîãî ïàäåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè òîðûõ ðàçìíîæàëàñü óñïåøíî, à ó äðóãîé 74 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ïîãèáëà êëàäêà, âåðîÿòíî èç-çà äëèòåëüíîé ñòîÿíêè ðÿäîì ñ ãíåçäîì ñáîðùèêîâ ìå- òàëëîëîìà. Îáà çàíÿòûõ ãíåçäà áàëîáàíîâ ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà âåðøèíàõ âîññòàíîâëåí- íûõ íàìè òðàíñôîðìàòîðîâ. Åù¸ íà òð¸õ ó÷àñòêàõ ïðîäîëæàëè äåðæàòüñÿ îäèíî÷íûå ñàìöû – 2 áëèç ðàçðóøåííûõ ãí¸çä è 1 îêî- ëî ïîñòðîéêè ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà íà òðàíñôîðìàòîðå. Ó÷àñòêè, íà êîòîðûõ îñòàâàëèñü îäèíî÷- íûå ñàìöû, ïîñòåïåííî ïîêèäàëèñü ïòèöà- ìè ÷åðåç ãîä – äâà, ÷òî ÿâíî ñâèäåòåëüñòâî- âàëî î êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêîé íåõâàòêå ñàìîê. Â 2005 ã. íà ïëîùàäêå ñîõðàíèëîñü ëèøü 3 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà áàëîáàíîâ, íà 2-õ èç êî- òîðûõ äåðæàëèñü îäèíî÷íûå ñàìöû ó ðàç- ðóøåííûõ ãí¸çä, è òîëüêî íà îäíîì ó÷àñò- êå (33,3%) ñîêîëû óñïåøíî ðàçìíîæàëèñü â ïîñòðîéêå ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà íà òðàíñôîðìàòîðå, âîññòàíîâëåííîì íàìè â ïðåäûäóùèé ãîä. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó áëèæàé- øèìè ñîñåäÿìè ñîñòàâèëà 3,12 è 7,48 êì, ïëîòíîñòü – 0,43 ïàð/100 êì2. Â 2006 ã. íà ïëîùàäêå âûÿâëåíî 3 ãíåç- äîâûõ ó÷àñòêà áàëîáàíîâ (ðèñ. 31, 32). Îäèí èç ïðîøëîãîäíèõ ó÷àñòêîâ, íà êîòî- ðîì äåðæàëñÿ ñàìåö, èñ÷åç, çàòî ïîÿâèëñÿ íîâûé – ïàðà ìîëîäûõ ïòèö çàíÿëà ñîïêó ñ âûõîäàìè êàìíåé ñî ñòàðîé ïîñòðîéêîé ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà (òó ñàìóþ, íà êîòîðîé â 2002 ã. áàëîáàíû ïûòàëèñü ðàç- ìíîæàòüñÿ íà çåìëå). Ñàìåö â ýòîé ïàðå àêòèâíî òîêîâàë, ïîêà ìû âåëè èññëåäîâà- íèÿ íà åãî ó÷àñòêå. Íà äâóõ äðóãèõ ó÷àñòêàõ áàëîáàíîâ (66,7%) îòìå÷åíî èõ óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå â ïîñòðîéêàõ ìîõíîíîãèõ Ðèñ. 33. Äèñòàíöèè ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè áàëîáàíîâ (ââåðõó) è ìåæäó êóðãàííèêîâ íà òðàíñôîðìàòîðàõ. Ïðè- áëèæàéøèìè ãí¸çäàìè áàëîáàíîâ è ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ (âíèçó) íà ïëîùàä- ÷¸ì, íà ó÷àñòêå â âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè ïëîùàä- êå ¹2 â 1999–2001 ãã. êè ïàðà âîññòàíîâèëàñü (ñàìêà îêàçàëàñü Fig. 33. The nearest neighbour distances for Saker Falcons (upper) and distances ìîëîäîé) ïîñëå 2-ëåòíåãî ïåðåðûâà. Äèñ- between nearest nests of Sakers and Upland Buzzards (bottom) on the plot 2 in 1999–2001. òàíöèÿ ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè (èìè ñòàëè áàëîáàíû, ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ íà ñêàëàõ çà ïðåäåëàìè ïëîùàäêè) ñîñòàâèëà 2,98, 2,99 è 10,82 êì, äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ïàðàìè íà ïëîùàäêå ñîñòàâèëà 14,89 è 11,19 êì. Â 2007–2008 ãã. ñèòóàöèÿ îñòàâàëàñü ïðåæíåé – ñîõðàíÿëîñü 3 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà (ðèñ. 31, 32), îäíàêî óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå áûëî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî òîëüêî íà îäíîì – íà çàïàäå ïëîùàäêè. Íà äâóõ äðóãèõ ó÷àñòêàõ èñ÷åçëè ñàìêè è òåððèòîðèþ ïðîäîëæàëè äåðæàòü îäè- íîêèå ñàìöû. Â 2009–2010 ãã. áàëîáàíû îêîí÷àòåëüíî èñ÷åçëè íà ó÷àñòêàõ â çàïàäíîé è âîñòî÷- Ïîñëåäíåå óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî áàëîáàíà íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2, âûÿâëåííîå â 2008 ã. íîé ÷àñòè ïëîùàäêè, íî ïðè ýòîì â 2010 ã. Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. âîññòàíîâèëàñü ïàðà íà ñîïêå ñ âûõîäà- Last successful nest of the Saker Falcon on the plot 2 in 2008. ìè êàìíåé, ãäå â 2002 ã. áàëîáàíû ïûòà- Photo by E. Nikolenko. ëèñü ðàçìíîæàòüñÿ íà çåìëå (ðèñ. 31, 32). Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 75

óíè÷òîæåíèÿ ÷àñòè æèëûõ ãí¸çä áàëîáà- íîâ ìåñòíûìè æèòåëÿìè, â ïåðèîäû âûñî- êîé ÷èñëåííîñòè êîðìîâ ïîëîæèòåëüíàÿ êîððåëÿöèÿ ìåæäó ÷èñëåííîñòüþ äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè è äîëåé óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä îêàçàëàñü íåçíà÷èòåëüíîé (R=0,51, p<0,05). Íà ïëîùàäêå â ïåðèîä âûñîêîé ÷èñ- ëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà åãî ðàçìåùåíèå â ïðîñòðàíñòâå áûëî äàëåêèì îò íîðìàëü- íîãî ïî òîé ïðè÷èíå, ÷òî îí áûë âûíóæ- äåí çàíèìàòü ãí¸çäà ìîõíîíîãîãî êóð- ãàííèêà íà èñêóññòâåííûõ ñîîðóæåíèÿõ, ðàçáðîñàííûõ êðàéíå íåðàâíîìåðíî ïî ñòåïè. Èñêàæåíèå â ðàñïðåäåëåíèå âíî- ñèëè ïàðû, ãíåçäèâøèåñÿ ñðåäè ðîâíîé ñòåïè ñ íåðàçâèòîé èíôðàñòðóêòóðîé ËÝÏ. Òàì æå, ãäå èíôðàñòðóêòóðà ËÝÏ Ðèñ. 34. Äèíàìèêà Ñàìåö ïðèâ¸ë ìîëîäóþ ñàìêó, êîòîðàÿ áûëà äîâîëüíî ïëîòíîé è äîñòàòî÷íî õî- ÷èñëåííîñòè è êîëè÷å- äåðæàëàñü íà êàìíÿõ ó âåðøèíû ñîïêè. ðîøî îñâàèâàëàñü êóðãàííèêîì, áàëîáàí ñòâà óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä áàëîáàíà íà ïëîùàäêå Ïîñòðîéêà ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, êî- èìåë áîëüøóþ âîçìîæíîñòü âûáîðà äëÿ ¹2. òîðóþ äîëãîå âðåìÿ àáîíèðîâàëè áàëîáà- óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä, ïîýòîìó ðàçìåùàëñÿ Fig. 34. Changes in íû íà ýòîé ñîïêå, ê 2010 ã. ðàçâàëèëàñü. äðóã îòíîñèòåëüíî äðóãà áîëåå èëè ìå- numbers of Sakers and Ñîêîëû îáñèäåëè ó÷àñòîê ñðåäè êàìíåé, íåå ðàâíîìåðíî, äèñòàíöèðóÿñü íà 3–3,5 their successful nests on íî ê ðàçìíîæåíèþ òàê è íå ïðèñòóïàëè. êì (ðèñ. 33). Â òàêîì äèàïàçîíå äèñòàí- the plot 2. Íàäî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ýòî ïîñëåäíÿÿ ïàðà öèé ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè ðàñ- áàëîáàíîâ íà ïëîùàäêå (ïëîòíîñòü – 0,14 ïîëàãàëîñü 66,67% ãí¸çä áàëîáàíà. Ïî ïàð/100 êì2). îòíîøåíèþ ê ìîõíîíîãîìó êóðãàííèêó Òàêèì îáðàçîì, íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2 çà 12 ðàçìåùåíèå áàëîáàíà áûëî òàêæå íå- ëåò (ñ 1999 ïî 2010 ãã.) ïðîèçîøëî ñî- ðàâíîìåðíûì. Äîìèíèðîâàëè äâå ãðóï- êðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà íà 93,3% ïû äèñòàíöèé – îò 95 äî 300 ì (35,7%) è (ðèñ. 34). ×èñëåííîñòü óñòîé÷èâî ïàäàëà îò 1 äî 2 êì (50,0%). Ãíåçäîâàíèå áàëî- ïî ýêñïîíåíòå íà ïðîòÿæåíèè âñåõ 12 ëåò áàíà è ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà áëèæå (R2=0,927), íå êîððåëèðóÿ ñ äèíàìèêîé 300 ì äðóã ê äðóãó áûëî âûçâàíî ÿâíûì Ðèñ. 35. Äîëÿ óñïåø- ÷èñëåííîñòè äîáû÷è. Äîëÿ óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä íûõ ãí¸çä áàëîáàíà ëèìèòîì ìåñò äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä è îò ÷èñëà çàíÿòûõ îò ÷èñëà çàíÿòûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ôëóêòóèðîâàëà íåâîçìîæíîñòüþ êóðãàííèêîâ äèñòàí- íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2 â äîñòàòî÷íî ñèíõðîííî ñ ôëóêòóàöèÿìè öèðîâàòüñÿ îò áàëîáàíîâ ïîñëå çàíÿòèÿ 2001–2010 ãã. ÷èñëåííîñòè îñíîâíîãî îáúåêòà ïèòàíèÿ ñîêîëàìè èõ ãí¸çä. Äèñòàíöèè â 3,5 è áî- Fig. 35. The chart áàëîáàíà íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè – äàóð- ëåå êì ÿâëÿëèñü ñëåäñòâèåì âûòåñíåíèÿ showing the share of ñêîé ïèùóõè, íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî â äè- áàëîáàíàìè êóðãàííèêîâ ñ èõ ó÷àñòêîâ, successful nests of Sakers in the number of íàìèêó ñóùåñòâåííî âìåøèâàëñÿ òàêîé íî òàêèõ ñëó÷àåâ áûëî êðàéíå ìàëî. Âñ¸ occupied nests on the ôàêòîð, êàê óíè÷òîæåíèå ãí¸çä ìåñòíûìè æå, â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ, áàëîáàíû plot 2 in 2001–2010. æèòåëÿìè (ðèñ. 35). Âèäèìî ïî ïðè÷èíå è ìîõíîíîãèå êóðãàííèêè ãíåçäèëèñü â ïðåäåëàõ âèäèìîñòè äðóã äðóãà è äåëèëè îäíè è òå æå ãíåçäîâûå òåððèòîðèè. Ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü áàëîáàíà çà 12 ëåò ôëóêòóèðîâàëà äîñòàòî÷íî ñëàáî è áûëà ìèíèìàëüíîé ëèøü â ãîäû ñïàäîâ ÷èñëåí- íîñòè ïèùóõè. ×èñëî ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêå èçìåíÿëîñü îò 1 äî 5, â ñðåäíåì (n=16)

3,69±1,01 (Ex=2,57). Àáñîëþòíî äîìèíè- ðîâàëè âûâîäêè èç 4-õ ïòåíöîâ – 62,5%. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü âû- âîäêîâ áàëîáàíà íà ïëîùàäêå áûëà ìàêñè- ìàëüíîé â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå, êàê â öåëîì çà 12 ëåò (2,64±1,06; n=278; 1–5, ïî: Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2010), òàê è ïî îòäåëü- íûì ãîäàì: îò 2,25±0,74 â 1999 ã. (n=51; 1–3) äî 3,0±1,31 â 2002 ã. (n=37; 1–5) (Êà- ðÿêèí, Íèêîëåíêî, 2008). 76 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà îò æèëîãî çèìíèêà. Âñå ñòîëáû ýòîé ËÝÏ Îáû÷íûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä ñêàëüíûõ îáíà- áûëè ñïèëåíû, êðîìå ñòîëáà ñ ãíåçäîì (âå- æåíèé è ïîéìåííûõ ëåñîâ Óáñóíóðñêîé êîò- ðîÿòíî, õîçÿèí çèìíèêà ëîÿëüíî îòíîñèòñÿ ëîâèíû. Â ðîâíîé ñòåïè, âíå ñêàë, äî 2002 ã. ê õèùíûì ïòèöàì). Ýòà ïàðà ñ òåõ ïîð òàê è ïóñòåëüãà íå ãíåçäèëàñü, òàê êàê ïðàêòè÷åñêè ðàçìíîæàåòñÿ â ãíåçäå íà îïîðå, äî 2010 ã. âñå ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áûëè çàíÿòû ìîõíî- âêëþ÷èòåëüíî. íîãèì êóðãàííèêîì è áàëîáàíîì. Â 2004 ã., ïîìèìî âûøåîïèñàííûõ 2-õ Ïåðâîå ãíåçäî ïóñòåëüãè íà ïëîùàä- ïàð, íà ïëîùàäêå ïîÿâèëèñü åù¸ 2 – â çà- êå ïîÿâèëîñü â 2002 ã. â þæíîé å¸ ÷àñòè ïàäíîé å¸ ÷àñòè (ðèñ. 36). Ýòè ïàðû ïó- (ðèñ. 36). Ïàðà çàíÿëà ãíåçäîâóþ ïîñòðîé- ñòåëüãè çàíÿëè ïîëîñòè òðàíñôîðìàòîðîâ, êó ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, óñòðîåííóþ ïðè÷¸ì, îäíà îòëîæèëà ÿéöà â òðàíñ- íà äåðåâÿííîé îïîðå ËÝÏ. Ïðè ýòîì, íà ôîðìàòîð, íà êîòîðîì â ïåðâîé äåêàäå ó÷àñòêå ïðîäîëæàë äåðæàòüñÿ îäèíîêèé èþíÿ ïàðà ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ ñòàëà ñàìåö êóðãàííèêà, êîòîðûé ïåðèîäè÷åñêè ñòðîèòü íîâîå ãíåçäî âçàìåí ãíåçäà, ðàç- ïîÿâëÿëñÿ íà ïðèñàäå ó ãíåçäà è ïîäâåð- ðóøåííîãî ìåñòíûìè æèòåëÿìè â ìàå. ãàëñÿ ÿðîñòíûì àòàêàì ïóñòåëüãè. Ýòà ïàðà Óñïåøíîñòü êëàäîê îáåèõ ïàð ïóñòåëüã íå ãíåçäèëàñü íà îïîðå äî 2003 ã., âêëþ÷è- óñòàíîâëåíà. Â 2005 ã. òðàíñôîðìàòîðû òåëüíî, à ïîñëå òîãî, êàê îïîðà áûëà ñïè- íà ýòèõ ó÷àñòêàõ áûëè óíè÷òîæåíû ìåñò- ëåíà ìåñòíûìè æèòåëÿìè, ïåðåñåëèëàñü â íûìè æèòåëÿìè, è âñå ïîñëåäóþùèå ãîäû òðàíñôîðìàòîð, â êîòîðîì ãíåçäèëàñü äî ïóñòåëüãè çäåñü íå ãíåçäèëèñü. 2005 ã., âêëþ÷èòåëüíî. Â 2006 ã. òðàíñ- Íàäî ñêàçàòü, ÷òî â 2004 ã. íà ïëîùàä- ôîðìàòîð îêêóïèðîâàëè ìîõíîíîãèå êóð- êå íàáëþäàëàñü âñïûøêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ïî- ãàííèêè, êîòîðûå çäåñü ðàçìíîæàëèñü â ë¸âîê è íà òåððèòîðèè, ïîìèìî ïóñòåëüãè 2007 ã., íî â 2008 ã. ñàìêà â ïàðå èñ÷åçëà â ìàññå ïîÿâèëèñü áîëîòíûå ñîâû, ðàíåå (âåðîÿòíî, ïîãèáëà) è íà ó÷àñòêå îñòàâàë- çäåñü íå îòìå÷àâøèåñÿ. Áîëîòíûå ñîâû â ñÿ îäèí ñàìåö. Â 2009 ã. ñóäüáà ãíåçäà íå ýòîò ãîä ïîñòîÿííî äîáûâàëèñü ïðàêòè÷å- ïðîñëåæåíà (âîçìîæíî, ñàìåö óæå òîãäà ñêè âñåìè ìîõíîíîãèìè êóðãàííèêàìè è ïîêèíóë ó÷àñòîê), à â 2010 ã. òðàíñôîðìà- áàëîáàíàìè, òàê è íå äàâøèìè èì çàêðå- Ãí¸çäà îáûêíîâåííîé òîð ñíîâà áûë çàíÿò ïóñòåëüãîé. ïèòüñÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íà áîëüøåé ÷àñòè ïóñòåëüãè íà ïëîùàäêå Âòîðîå ãíåçäî ïóñòåëüãè íà ïëîùàäêå òåððèòîðèè ïëîùàäêè. ¹2: â ïîñòðîéêå ìîõ- ïîÿâèëîñü â 2003 ã. (ðèñ. 36). Ïàðà çàíÿ- Òðè îñìîòðåííûå êëàäêè ïóñòåëüãè ñî- íîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà ëà ïîñòðîéêó ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà íà ñòîÿëè èç 4, 5 è 6 ÿèö. Â 3-õ îñìîòðåííûõ íà äåðåâÿííîé îïîðå ËÝÏ (ñëåâà) è â ïî- äåðåâÿííîé îïîðå ËÝÏ, ñòîÿùåé â 15 ì âûâîäêàõ íàáëþäàëîñü 4, 4 è 5 ïòåíöîâ. ëîñòè òðàíñôîðìàòîðà (ñïðàâà). Â ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå íà âåðøèíå òðàíñôîðìàòîðà ìîõ- íîíîãèå êóðãàííèêè ñòðîèëè íîâîå ãíåçäî, íåñìîòðÿ íà ðåãóëÿð- íûå àòàêè ïóñòåëüãè (ê ñîæàëåíèþ, óñïåø- íîñòü ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ïó- ñòåëüãè ïðîñëåäèòü íå óäàëîñü). 13.06.2004 ã., 21.06.2006 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nests of Kestrels on the plot 2: in a nest of the Upland Buzzard on the wooden electric pole (left) and in the transformer (right). In the last case Upland Buzzards built a new nest on the top of transformer in spite of regular attacks of Kestrels (unfortunately we have not managed to control the breeding success of Kestrels). 13/06/2004, 21/06/2006. Photos by I. Karyakin. Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 77

Â 2004 ã. ýòà ïàðà âîðîíîâ ïûòàëàñü ãíåç- äèòüñÿ íà çåìëå, íî ñàìêà áûëà ñúåäåíà ÷åò- âåðîíîãèì õèùíèêîì, è ó÷àñòîê ïðåêðà- òèë ñâî¸ ñóùåñòâîâàíèå. Ðàçîâûå ïîïûòêè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íàáëþäàëèñü íà äåðåâÿííûõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ â 2005 è 2006 ãã. â ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè ïëîùàäêè, íî ïîñëå óñïåøíîãî ãíåç- äîâàíèÿ ïàðû èñ÷åçàëè. Â 2010 ã. âîðîíû ïîñòðîèëè ãíåçäî â ïîëîñòè òðàíñôîðìà- òîðà, íà âåðøèíå êîòîðîãî ðàíåå ìíîãî ëåò ãíåçäèëñÿ áàëîáàí, è óñïåøíî âûâåëè ïîòîìñòâî. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, çà âåñü ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé íà ïëîùàäêå åäèíîâðåìåí- íî ãíåçäèëàñü ëèøü îäíà ïàðà âîðîíîâ, ïðè÷¸ì èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî â ãîäû îïòèìàëü- íîé ÷èñëåííîñòè äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè. Â ãîäû äåïðåññèé ÷èñëåííîñòè äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè âîðîí ïðîäîëæàë ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà ñêàëàõ

Ðèñ. 36. Ðàñïðåäåëå- Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïóñòåëüãà çàñåëèëà òåððè- íèå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ òîðèþ ïëîùàäêè â 2002 ã. è çàêðåïèëàñü íà îáûêíîâåííîé ïó- ñòåëüãè. å¸ òåððèòîðèè â êîëè÷åñòâå 2-õ ïàð, ãíåç- äÿùèõñÿ ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ 0,29 ïàð/100 êì2, íà Fig. 36. Distribution of the Kestrel. ðàññòîÿíèè 4,6 è 6,8 êì îò áëèæàéøèõ ñî- ñåäåé, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà ñêàëàõ.

Âîðîí Äîñòàòî÷íî îáû÷íûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä Óáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíû. Ïîñòîÿííûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè âîðîíà âûÿâëåíû íà âñåõ êðóïíûõ ñêàëüíûõ îñòàíöàõ, à òàêæå â óùåëüÿõ õð. Àãàð-Äàã-Òàéãà ïî ïåðèôå- ðèè ïëîùàäêè ¹2. Íà ïëîùàäêå æå âîðîí ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåðåãóëÿðíî ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ âèäîì. Çà 12 ëåò èññëåäîâàíèé åäèíñòâåííîå ãíåç- äî ñóùåñòâîâàëî íåñêîëüêî ëåò ïîäðÿä íà Ðèñ. 37. Ðàñïðåäåëå- íèå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ äåðåâÿííîé îïîðå ËÝÏ â ñòåïè ñåâåðíîãî Ïîïûòêà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âîðîíà íà çåìëå íà ìåñòå âîðîíà. øëåéôà õð. Àãàð-Äàã-Òàéãà. Â 2003 ã. âî- óíè÷òîæåííîãî ãíåçäà íà äåðåâÿííîé îïîðå ËÝÏ ðîíû çäåñü, âåðîÿòíî, íå ãíåçäèëèñü, íî è îêàçàëàñü íåóäà÷íîé – ñàìêà âî âðåìÿ íàñèæèâà- Fig. 37. Distribution of íèÿ ñúåäåíà ÷åòâåðîíîãèì õèùíèêîì. the Raven. îïîðà áûëà ñïèëåíà ìåñòíûìè æèòåëÿìè. 12.06.2004 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Unsuccessful attempt of Ravens to breed on the ground at the place of former nest on the wooden electric pole, which has been destroyed, – the female was eaten by a predator. 12/06/2004. Photo by I. Karyakin.

îñòàíöåâ âîêðóã ïëîùàäêè, íî ïîëíîñòüþ èñ÷åçàë íà ïëîùàäêå (ðèñ. 38). Â íàáëþäàåìûõ âûâîäêàõ íà ïëîùàäêå áûëî 2 (2001 ã.), 3 (2002 ã.), 4 (2005 ã.), 3 (2006 ã.) è 6 ïòåíöîâ (2010 ã.), â ñðåäíåì 3,6±1,52 ïòåíöà íà óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî. Íà- áëþäàåòñÿ ÿâíûé ýêñïîíåíöèàëüíûé ðîñò ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè ïàð, êîòîðûå ãíåçäÿòñÿ íà ïëîùàäêå òîëüêî â ãîäû îïòèìàëüíîé ÷èñ- ëåííîñòè äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè (R2=0,73) (ðèñ. 38). Â òî æå âðåìÿ, ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü âî- ðîíîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà ñêàëàõ âîêðóã ïëî- ùàäêè, ôëóêòóèðóåò äîâîëüíî ñèíõðîííî 78 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

íóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå çà 12 ëåò íå áûëî îò- ìå÷åíî âûâîäêîâ âîðîíà, ñîñòîÿùèõ áî- ëåå ÷åì èç 4-õ ïòåíöîâ, ðàçìåð âûâîäêîâ ôëóêòóèðîâàë îò 1 äî 4-õ ïòåíöîâ, ñîñòàâ- ëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=19) 2,26±0,99 ïòåíöà íà óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî.

Äèñêóññèÿ Èòîãîâàÿ ñõåìà ðàçìåùåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö, îòâåòèâøèõ íà ïðè- âëå÷åíèå â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ, è ñõå- ìà èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé îòðàæåíû íà ðèñ. 39, äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè è ïîêàçà- òåëåé ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñ 2006 ïî 2010 ãã. – â òàáë. 5. Íà ñõåìå äîñòàòî÷íî ÷¸òêî âèäåí âûñîêèé óðîâåíü çàíÿòîñòè èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé õèùíûìè ïòèöàìè, ÷òî ÿâíî óêà- çûâàåò íà óñïåøíîñòü ìåðîïðèÿòèé. Ýòî ñòàëî âîçìîæíî ïîòîìó, ÷òî íà òåððèòîðèè ðåàëèçàöèè ïðîåêòà èìååòñÿ îáøèðíûé êîðìîâîé ðåñóðñ ïðè ÿâíîì ëèìèòå ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ äëÿ öåëîãî ðÿäà âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ê òîìó æå, ïðîåêò áûë îðèåíòèðî- âàí íå òîëüêî íà ðåñòàâðàöèþ è óëó÷øåíèå ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà õèùíûõ ïòèö, óæå ãíåç- äÿùèõñÿ íà âûáðàííûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ, íî è íà ôîðìèðîâàíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê çà ñ÷¸ò ñâîáîäíûõ îñîáåé. Â áëàãîïîëó÷íîé ïîïóëÿöèè ëþáîãî âèäà èìååòñÿ çàïàñ ñâîáîäíûõ îñîáåé. Ýòè îñîáè àêòèâíî ïåðåìåùàþòñÿ ïî òåð- Ãíåçäî âîðîíà â ñ ôëóêòóàöèÿìè ÷èñëåííîñòè äàóðñêîé ðèòîðèè â ïîèñêàõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, â êî- òðàíñôîðìàòîðå. ïèùóõè (ðèñ. 38). Ðîñò æå ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè òîðûõ áû áûëè ïðåäñòàâëåíû îäíîâðåìåí- 04.06.2010 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. âîðîíà íà ïëîùàäêå, âåðîÿòíî, ñâÿçàí ñî íî òàêèå óñëîâèÿ, êàê íàëè÷èå äîñòóïíîãî ñíèæàþùåéñÿ êîíêóðåíöèåé çà ïèùåâîé êîðìîâîãî ðåñóðñà è ìåñò, ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ Nest of the Raven in the transformer. ðåñóðñ ýòîãî âèäà ñ õèùíûìè ïòèöàìè, óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, âàæíàÿ 04/06/2010. ÷èñëåííîñòü êîòîðûõ ñîêðàòèëàñü. Ñëåäóåò ñîñòàâëÿþùàÿ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî óñòðîé- Photos by I. Karyakin. îòìåòèòü, ÷òî â ãí¸çäàõ íà ñêàëàõ â Óáñó- ñòâó èñêóññòâåííûõ ãí¸çä – çàêðåïëåíèå íà òåððèòîðèè ñâîáîäíûõ îñîáåé. Èñêóñ- ñòâåííîå ãíåçäî, ó êîòîðîãî íåò õîçÿèíà, ïðèâëåêàåò õèùíèêîâ, êîòîðûå â ñîñòîÿ- íèè åãî óñïåøíî èñïîëüçîâàòü. Åñëè êîð- ìîâîé ðåñóðñ äîñòàòî÷åí, òî ïðè íàëè÷èè â ïîïóëÿöèè ñâîáîäíûõ îñîáåé ôîðìè- ðîâàíèå ïàðû è ðàçìíîæåíèå ïîñëåäóåò íåçàìåäëèòåëüíî. Èìåííî íà ýòó îñîáåí- íîñòü è áûëà ñäåëàíà ñòàâêà ïðè ïëàíè- ðîâàíèè ïðîåêòà. Ðåçóëüòàò ïîäòâåðäèë îæèäàíèÿ: êàê òîëüêî, áëàãîäàðÿ ïëàòôîð- ìàì, óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ñóùåñòâóþùèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ïîâû- ñèëñÿ, íà÷àëîñü ôîðìèðîâàíèå íîâûõ ïàð íà ó÷àñòêàõ, áîãàòûõ ïèùåé, ñ ïóñòóþùèìè ïëàòôîðìàìè. Ïåðâûì, êàê è ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü, îòðåà- Ðèñ. 38. Äèíàìèêà ðàçìåðîâ âûâîäêîâ âîðîíà íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2 è â å¸ îêðåñò- ãèðîâàë ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê, äëÿ êîòî- íîñòÿõ îòíîñèòåëüíî äèíàìèêè ÷èñëåííîñòè äàóðñêîé ïèùóõè. ðîãî ñèñòåìà èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé îò- Fig. 38. Relationship between the brood sizes of the Raven and the population êðûëà íîâûå âîçìîæíîñòè äëÿ çàñåëåíèÿ tends of the Daurian Pika on the plot 2 and the vicinity of it. òåððèòîðèè è îñâîåíèÿ êîðìîâîãî ðåñóð- Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 79

ñà. Íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1, ñ ìèíèìàëüíûì ôàê- Âòîðûì âèäîì, îòðåàãèðîâàâøèì íà ïî- òîðîì áåñïîêîéñòâà è íèçêèì óðîâíåì ÿâëåíèå èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé íà äåðå- âàíäàëèçìà, çà 4 ãîäà ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ ïëàò- âüÿõ, ñòàë êîðøóí. Åãî ÷èñëåííîñòü íà ïëî- ôîðì ÷èñëåííîñòü êóðãàííèêà âûðîñëà íà ùàäêå ¹1 âûðîñëà íà 122%, à óñïåøíîñòü 50%, óñïåøíîñòü ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íà 177%, ðàçìíîæåíèÿ – íà 325%, ïðè òîì, ÷òî ïðè ýòîì 72,5% ïàð îò îáùåé ÷èñëåííî- ëèøü 45% ïàð îñâîèëè ïëàòôîðìû. Êàêàÿ- ñòè ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè îñâîèëè ïëàò- òî ÷àñòü ïàð êîðøóíîâ çàñåëèëà ãí¸çäà ôîðìû. Íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2, ñ ìàêñèìàëü- ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ, ñìåíèâøèõ èõ íûì ôàêòîðîì áåñïîêîéñòâà è âûñîêèì íà áîëåå êðåïêèå è ïðèâëåêàòåëüíûå ïëàò- óðîâíåì âàíäàëèçìà, ãäå ìåñòíûìè æèòå- ôîðìû, òàê ÷òî â ñóììå ðåçóëüòàòèâíîñòü ëÿìè óíè÷òîæàëîñü äî 33,3–44,4% ãí¸çä ïëàòôîðì äëÿ êîðøóíà îêàçàëàñü áîëåå åæåãîäíî, ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîõíîíîãîãî âûñîêîé. êóðãàííèêà ñîñòàâèë 22%, óñïåøíîñòè ðàç- Íà ïîÿâëåíèå èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé ìíîæåíèÿ – 114%, ïðè ýòîì 54,5% ïàð îò íà äåðåâüÿõ îòðåàãèðîâàëè òàêæå ïóñòåëü- îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâ- ãà è âîðîí, ïðè÷¸ì ïîñëåäíèé íà ïëîùàä- êè îñâîèëè ïëàòôîðìû. Åñëè æå ó÷èòû- êå ¹1 óâåëè÷èë ÷èñëåííîñòü è óñïåøíîñòü âàòü åù¸ è ðåêîíñòðóèðîâàííûå ãí¸çäà, òî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íà 300%, ïðè 50% ãíåçäÿ- 90,9% ïàð ñòàëè ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà ñïåöèàëüíî ùèõñÿ íà ïëàòôîðìàõ ïàð (òàáë. 5). Âîç- ïîäãîòîâëåííûõ èñêóññòâåííûõ ñîîðóæå- ìîæíî, â ñëó÷àå ñ âîðîíîì ñûãðàëà ðîëü íèÿõ (òàáë. 5). åñòåñòâåííàÿ òåíäåíöèÿ ê óâåëè÷åíèþ

Òàáë. 5. Äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè è óñïåøíîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö è âðàíîâûõ íà ïëîùàäêàõ ¹1, ¹2 â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà â 2006–2010 ãã. Table 5. Changes in numbers and breeding success of raptors and Crows on plots 1, 2 in the Republic of Tyva in 2006–2010.

×èñëî çàíÿòûõ Ïëîòíîñòü Äèíàìèêà Äîëÿ ïàð, çàíèìàþùèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, ÷èñëà ïëàòôîðìû, îò îáùåé ó÷àñòêîâ ïàð/100 êì2 óñïåøíûõ ÷èñëåííîñòè ïàð íà Occupied Density of breed- ãí¸çä, % ïëîùàäêå, % breeding ter- ing, pairs/100 Äèíàìèêà Changes in Share of pairs occupy- ritories km2 ÷èñëåííîñòè, % numbers of ing platforms in a total Âèä Changes in successful number of pairs on the Species 2006 2010 2006 2010 numbers, % nests, % plot, % Ïëîùàäêà ¹1 (Òóâèíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà) / Plot 1 (Tuva depression) Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis) 2 0 0.32 0 -100 -100 0 Ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê (Buteo hemilasius) 34 51 5.39 8.08 +50 +177 72.5 Êîðøóí (Milvus migrans lineatus) 9 20 1.43 3.17 +122 +325 45.0 Áàëîáàí (Falco cgerrug) 1 7 0.16 1.11 +600 +100 57.1 Ïóñòåëüãà îáûêíîâåííàÿ (Falco tinnunculus) 4 9 0.63 1.43 +125 +125 33.3 Ôèëèí (Bubo bubo) 4 4 0.63 0.63 0 0 0 Âîðîí (Corvus corax) 1 4 0.16 0.63 +300 +300 50.0 Ïëîùàäêà ¹2 (Óáñóíóðñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà) / Plot 2 (Ubsunur depression) Ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê (Buteo hemilasius) 18 22 2.57 3.14 +22 +114 54.5 Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug) 3 1 0.43 0.14 -67 -100 0 Ïóñòåëüãà îáûêíîâåííàÿ (Falco tinnunculus) 2 2 0.29 0.29 0 0 0 Âîðîí (Corvus corax) 1 1 0.14 0.14 0 0 0 80 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

íå ìåíåå, è äëÿ áàëîáàíà ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ îêàçàëèñü ðåçóëüòàòèâíûìè. Íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1, â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, åãî ÷èñëåí- íîñòü ïîñëå ïîëíîãî ïàäåíèÿ óâåëè÷èëàñü íà 600%, ïðåâûñèâ ïðåæíèå ïîêàçàòåëè, à óñïåøíîñòü – íà 100%, 57,1% ïàð ñòà- ëè èñïîëüçîâàòü ïëàòôîðìû (òàáë. 5), ïðè ýòîì ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå ïàðû ñôîðìèðîâà- ëèñü èç ìîëîäûõ ïòèö, â òîì ÷èñëå îêîëü- öîâàííûõ ïòåíöàìè â ïðåäûäóùèå ãîäû íà òåððèòîðèÿõ, ïðèëåãàþùèõ ê ïëîùàäêå. Â Óáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíå, ê ñîæàëåíèþ, ïëàòôîðìû íå ñìîãëè ñäåðæàòü, à òåì áî- ëåå îñòàíîâèòü ïàäåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëî- áàíà è íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2 ýòîò ñîêîë ôàê- òè÷åñêè èñ÷åç íà ãíåçäîâàíèè. Ïðè÷èíû ñòîëü ñòðåìèòåëüíîãî ïàäåíèÿ êðîþòñÿ â ãèáåëè ïòèö â ñîñåäíåé Ìîíãîëèè, ïîòî- ìó ÷òî â óäàëåíèè îò ìîíãîëüñêîé ãðàíèöû ñèòóàöèÿ ñ áàëîáàíîì ñòàíîâèòñÿ íå ñòîëü êàòàñòðîôè÷íîé. Íà ïàäåíèè ÷èñëåííî- ñòè áàëîáàíà íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2 ñêàçàëîñü è ðåãóëÿðíîå óíè÷òîæåíèå ãí¸çä, â ðåçóëü- òàòå êîòîðîãî ñîêîëû íå ðàçìíîæàëèñü, à âîçìîæíî è ðàíüøå îáû÷íûõ ñðîêîâ ïî- êèäàëè ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè è ïåðåìåùàëèñü â Ìîíãîëèþ, ãäå äëÿ íèõ øàíñ ïîãèáíóòü èëè áûòü ïîéìàííûìè óâåëè÷èâàëñÿ. Åñòå- ñòâåííî, åñëè áû ãí¸çäà áàëîáàíîâ íå óíè- ÷òîæàëèñü ñòîëü ìåòîäè÷íî ìåñòíûìè æè- òåëÿìè, òî ïàäåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè áûëî áû íå òàêîå ôàòàëüíîå çà ñ÷¸ò áîëüøåãî êî- ëè÷åñòâà ìîëîäûõ, ïîñòàâëåííûõ íà êðûëî ãðóïïèðîâêîé. Îäíàêî, â ëþáîì ñëó÷àå, áåç èñêëþ÷åíèÿ ïðåññà íåãàòèâíûõ ôàê- òîðîâ, îêàçûâàåìîãî íà áàëîáàíà, è ýòè ìîëîäûå íå ñìîãëè áû çàëàòàòü «äûðó» â ïîïóëÿöèè, êîòîðàÿ ñòðåìèòåëüíî óâåëè- ÷èâàëàñü è ïðîäîëæàåò óâåëè÷èâàòüñÿ. Ðàáîòà íà ïëîùàäêå ¹2 ïîêàçàëà âîç- ìîæíîñòü ïåðåñòðîéêè ñëîæèâøåéñÿ ñõåìû ðàçìåùåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö, ÷òî âàæíî â ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà íà óñïåøíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñóùåñòâåííî âëèÿåò áåñïîêîéñòâî è âàíäàëèçì ñî ñòî- ðîíû ìåñòíûõ æèòåëåé. Äèñòàíöèðîâàíèå Ðèñ. 39. Ñõåìà ðàñ- åãî ÷èñëåííîñòè â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé îò äîðîã è ìåñò ïðåäåëåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ è ïëàòôîðìû ëèøü àêòèâèçèðîâàëè ýòîò ðåãóëÿðíîãî ïðåáûâàíèÿ ëþäåé, êîòîðûìè ó÷àñòêîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö â 2010 ã. îòíîñèòåëüíî ïðîöåññ. ÿâëÿþòñÿ çèìíèêè è ñâàëêè ñåëüñêîõîçÿé- ñèñòåìû ñîõðàíèâ- Îäíèì èç îñíîâíûõ öåëåâûõ âèäîâ ïðî- ñòâåííîé òåõíèêè, ïðèâåëî ê ïåðåìåùå- øèõñÿ èñêóññòâåííûõ âîäèâøèõñÿ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ÿâëÿëñÿ áàëî- íèþ è õèùíûõ ïòèö îò ýòèõ «çëà÷íûõ ìåñò», ãíåçäîâèé. áàí. Ïðè òîì, ÷òî åãî ÷èñëåííîñòü ñîêðà- ÷òî ñóùåñòâåííî óâåëè÷èëî óñïåøíîñòü èõ Fig. 39. Scheme of ùàåòñÿ ïî âñåìó Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîìó ðåãèîíó ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, òàê êàê ãí¸çäà ïðîñòî ïåðå- distribution of breeding çà ñ÷¸ò âëèÿíèÿ ðÿäà âíåøíèõ ôàêòîðîâ, ñòàëè óíè÷òîæàòüñÿ ëþäüìè. Òàê êàê ïîäîá- territories of the birds of prey in 2010 ïðîãíîçèðîâàòü åãî îòâåò íà óëó÷øåíèå íàÿ ðàáîòà òîëüêî íà÷àòà â 2009 ã., òî äàëü- concerning to the ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà áûëî äîâîëüíî ñëîæ- íåéøèå íàáëþäåíèÿ âèäèìî ïîêàæóò ëèøü system of remained íî, îñîáåííî â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, ãäå óâåëè÷åíèå å¸ ðåçóëüòàòèâíîñòè. artificial nests. ñëó÷àåâ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ýòîãî ñîêîëà íà äåðå- Àíàëèç äèíàìèêè çàíÿòîñòè è óñïåøíî- âüÿõ ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå áûëî èçâåñòíî. Òåì ñòè ãí¸çä õèùíûõ ïòèö, à òàêæå èõ ðåïðî- Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 81

äóêòèâíûõ ïîêàçàòåëåé, ïîêàçàë èõ ÿâíóþ Åñëè äî óñòàíîâêè ïëàòôîðì íà ïëîùàäêå çàâèñèìîñòü îò äèíàìèêè ÷èñëåííîñòè èþíüñêèå êëàäêè ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ îñíîâíîãî îáúåêòà äîáû÷è – äàóðñêîé ïè- (ò. å., çàïàçäûâàþùèå íà 1–1,5 ìåñÿöà ïî ùóõè. Ïðè ýòîì, íåñìîòðÿ íà ñïàäû è ïîäú- îòíîøåíèþ ê ñðåäíèì ñðîêàì îòêëàäêè ¸ìû ÷èñëåííîñòè ïèùóõè, ñèñòåìû èñêóñ- ÿèö) áûëè ñëó÷àéíûì ÿâëåíèåì, êàê è íà ñòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé ïîçâîëèëè óâåëè÷èòü áîëüøåé ÷àñòè àðåàëà âèäà, òî ñ ñîçäàíèåì ÷èñëåííîñòü ïèùóõî-çàâèñèìûõ âèäîâ. ñèñòåìû èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé è ðî- Ýòî ìîæíî ñâÿçàòü èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ñ òåì, ñòîì ÷èñëåííîñòè õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ïëîùàä- ÷òî ïðè äåïðåññèÿõ ÷èñëåííîñòè ïèùóõè êå íà÷àëñÿ óñòîé÷èâûé ðîñò äîëè èþíü- ïòèöû ïðîäîëæàëè «äåðæàòü» ñâîè ó÷àñò- ñêèõ êëàäîê (ðèñ. 11). Èíòåðåñíî, ÷òî âñå êè, à íå ïîêèäàëè èõ. Â ðåçóëüòàòå â ïîñëå- ãí¸çäà ñ ïîçäíèìè êëàäêàìè ñîñåäñòâîâàëè äåïðåññèîííûå ãîäû ñõåìà ðàçìåùåíèÿ ñ ãí¸çäàìè, â êîòîðûõ âîçðàñò ïòåíöîâ â ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ õèùíèêîâ íå ôîðìèðîâàëàñü âûâîäêàõ áûë ìàêñèìàëåí äëÿ äàííûõ ñðî- çàíîâî, à âîññòàíàâëèâàëàñü. Ðîñò ÷èñëåí- êîâ. Òàêîå èñêàæåíèå ôåíîëîãèè, êàê îò- íîñòè ø¸ë çà ñ÷¸ò ïîÿâëåíèÿ íîâûõ ïàð, âåò íà óïëîòíåíèå ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè çàíèìàâøèõ èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ, êî- â ðåçóëüòàòå ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî óëó÷øåíèþ òîðûå áûëè ïîñòðîåíû â çîíå, ñâîáîäíîé ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà, áûëî îòìå÷åíî â åâðî- îò âëèÿíèÿ óæå èìåþùèõñÿ íà òåððèòîðèè ïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè äëÿ äðóãîãî âèäà ñ ïàð õèùíûõ ïòèö. èíîé áèîëîãèåé – äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè Îäíîé èç âåðîÿòíûõ ïðè÷èí ïîâûøåíèÿ (Strix uralensis) (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009). ñòàáèëüíîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñòàëà âîçìîæ- Ó ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ õèù- íîñòü õèùíûõ ïòèö èñïîëüçîâàòü ðàçíûå íûõ ïòèö â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ åñòü ãíåçäîâûå ïëàòôîðìû íà ó÷àñòêå â ðàç- ïðîòèâíèêè, ñ÷èòàþùèå, ÷òî ýòî ëèøü âðå- íûå ãîäû. Îíè ñòàëè áîëåå ðàâíîìåðíî äèò åñòåñòâåííîé äèíàìèêå ðàçâèòèÿ ïî- «âûåäàòü» êîðìîâîé ðåñóðñ, ïåðåñåëÿÿñü ïóëÿöèé. Íåñîñòîÿòåëüíîñòü ýòîãî âçãëÿäà â ïðåäåëàõ ó÷àñòêà èç çîíû ëîêàëüíîé äå- ìîæíî àðãóìåíòèðîâàòü ñëåäóþùèì. Âî- ïðåññèè â çîíó îïòèìàëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè ïåðâûõ, â óñëîâèÿõ ñîâðåìåííîãî ìèðà íè êîðìîâ. Âîçìîæíî, ÷òî ïðè óâåëè÷åíèè î êàêîé åñòåñòâåííîé äèíàìèêå ïîïóëÿöèé ïëîòíîñòè ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ìîõíîíîãèõ êóð- äàæå íà ñòîëü ñëàáî îñâîåííûõ òåððèòîðè- ãàííèêîâ è êîðøóíîâ íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1 ìû ÿõ, êàê Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêèé ðåãèîí, íå ìîæåò íàáëþäàåì íîâóþ àäàïòàöèþ, âûçâàííóþ áûòü è ðå÷è. Ýòî íàãëÿäíî èëëþñòðèðóåò êîíêóðåíöèåé ìåæäó ïàðàìè çà êîðìîâîé ñèòóàöèÿ ñ ðåçêèì ñîêðàùåíèåì ÷èñëåí- ðåñóðñ – ýòî óâåëè÷åíèå ðàçíèöû â ñðî- íîñòè ñòåïíîãî îðëà, ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàí- êàõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ó áëèæàéøèõ ñîñåäåé. íèêà è áàëîáàíà â ìàñøòàáàõ öåëîé Ðåñïó-

Ðàçíèöà â ñðîêàõ ðàç- ìíîæåíèÿ áëèæàéøèõ ñîñåäåé ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ íà ïëî- ùàäêå ¹1: ñëåâà – ñâåæèå êëàäêè, ñïðàâà – âûâîäêè ñ ïòåíöàìè âî âòîðîì ïóõîâîì íàðÿäå. 29 ìàÿ 2010 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Difference in the dates of breeding of the nearest neighbours of Upland Buzzards on the plot ¹1: left – fresh clutches, right – broods with nestlings in the second down plumage. May, 29, 2010. Photos by I. Karyakin. 82 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

áëèêè Òûâà, ïðè÷¸ì ïî ïðè÷èíàì ÿâíî íå ïðè÷èí, êðàéíå âàæåí âûñîêèé óðîâåíü åñòåñòâåííûì – îòðàâëåíèå ïòèö áðîìàäè- ðàçìíîæåíèÿ. Îí íåîáõîäèì, ÷òîáû ïî- îëîíîì â Ìîíãîëèè, ãèáåëü íà ËÝÏ, ëåãàëü- ïóëÿöèè ìîãëè ñåáÿ ïîääåðæèâàòü õîòÿ íûé (â Ìîíãîëèè) è íåëåãàëüíûé îòëîâ. Âî- áû äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà ñóùåñòâóåò òîò ðÿä âòîðûõ, åñòåñòâåííàÿ ñðåäà îáèòàíèÿ áûëà íåãàòèâíûõ ôàêòîðîâ, êîòîðûé âåä¸ò èõ íàðóøåíà íà ìíîãèõ òåððèòîðèÿõ â ïåðè- ê ïîðîãó âûìèðàíèÿ. À ýòîãî íåâîçìîæ- îä îñâîåíèÿ öåëèíû, è ýòî îòëè÷íî âèäíî íî äîáèòüñÿ áåç ïðîäóöèðîâàíèÿ ïîïó- íà ïðèìåðå íàøèõ ïëîùàäîê â Òóâèíñêîé ëÿöèåé áîëüøîãî ÷èñëà ìîëîäûõ îñîáåé, è Óáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâèíàõ. Çäåñü, äî íà- êîòîðûå áóäóò âñòðàèâàòüñÿ â ïàðû, ëè- ÷àëà ìàññîâîé ðàñïàøêè è ïðåîáðàæåíèÿ øèâøèåñÿ îäíîãî èç ïàðòí¸ðîâ, òåì ñà- ëàíäøàôòà ñèñòåìîé ëåñîïîëîñ è ãóñòîé ìûì «ëàòàÿ ïîïóëÿöèîííûå äûðû». Ïðè- ñåòüþ ËÝÏ, ñóùåñòâîâàëè íàòèâíûå ãíåç- âëå÷åíèå õèùíûõ ïòèö íà èñêóññòâåííûå äîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè õèùíèêîâ, â òîì ÷èñ- ãíåçäîâüÿ â ñóáîïòèìàëüíûå ïî ñòåïåíè ëå ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ è áàëîáàíîâ, ãíåçäîïðèãîäíîñòè ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ ÿâ- àäàïòèðîâàííûõ ê ãíåçäîâàíèþ íà çåìëå. ëÿåòñÿ ðåàëüíûì ìåõàíèçìîì óâåëè÷å- Òàêîé ñòåðåîòèï ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ó îáîèõ âè- íèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè è óñïåõà ðàçìíîæåíèÿ äîâ, â òîì ÷èñëå è ó áàëîáàíà, ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê, â êîòîðûõ ýòè â ñëàáîîñâîåííûõ ñòåïÿõ Ìîíãîëèè (Ãîì- ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ âåäóòñÿ. Ýòè ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ áîáààòàð è äð., 2007; Gombobaatar et al., ìîãóò ñòàòü âàæíîé ñîñòàâëÿþùåé â ðåà- 2010a; Gombobaatar et al., 2010b; Stubbe ëèçàöèè ñòðàòåãèè ñîõðàíåíèÿ ðÿäà âè- et al., 2010) è èìåííî îí áûë, âåðîÿòíî, äîâ, â òîì ÷èñëå è áàëîáàíà. óòåðÿí ïîñëå èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ ïòèö â îñâî- åííûõ ëàíäøàôòàõ. Ïîñòåïåííî õèùíèêè Ðåêîìåíäàöèè àäàïòèðîâàëèñü ê èçìåíèâøèìñÿ óñëîâèÿì Ðåçþìèðóÿ èòîãè ïðîåêòà, ïðîâåäåíèå è îñâîèëè ËÝÏ è ëåñîïîëîñû äëÿ ãíåçäî- áèîòåõíè÷åñêèõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ìîæíî ðå- âàíèÿ, íà ÷òî ïîòðåáîâàëîñü îêîëî 20–30 êîìåíäîâàòü âûïîëíÿòü ïîâñåìåñòíî äëÿ ëåò. Îäíàêî, â ïåðèîä ðàçâàëà Ñîâåòñêîãî âèäîâ, ÷èñëåííîñòü êîòîðûõ â ïðèðîäå Ñîþçà âñÿ èíôðàñòðóêòóðà ñåëüñêîãî õî- ñîêðàùàåòñÿ ïî ðÿäó ïðè÷èí. Äëÿ âûáîðà çÿéñòâà, ê ñóùåñòâîâàíèþ â êîòîðîé õèù- ìåñòà èõ ðåàëèçàöèè ìîæíî ðóêîâîäñòâî- Â îáøèðíûõ ìåæãîð- íèêè àäàïòèðîâàëèñü äåñÿòêè ëåò, ðóõíóëà âàòüñÿ ñëåäóþùèìè êðèòåðèÿìè: íûõ ñòåïÿõ Ìîíãîëèè â ñ÷èòàííûå ãîäû. Ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííî- 1. Âûáðàííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ ëåæèò â ïðå- åù¸ ñîõðàíÿþòñÿ ñòè õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ýòèõ òåððèòîðèÿõ â äåëàõ ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà, ãäå âèä åù¸ îáè- ïàðû áàëîáàíîâ, ïåðèîä êðóøåíèÿ ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà î÷å- òàåò â äîñòàòî÷íîì êîëè÷åñòâå è èìååòñÿ ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ íà çåìëå. 09.06.2004 ã. âèäíî, íî åñòåñòâåííûé ëè ýòî ïðîöåññ? çàïàñ ñâîáîäíûõ îñîáåé, ñïîñîáíûõ ôîð- Ôîòî Ãîìáîáàòîðà Ñ. Âñ¸ ýòî ãîâîðèò î òîì, ÷òî â ñîâðåìåííûõ ìèðîâàòü ïàðû è çàñåëÿòü èñêóññòâåííûå The pairs of the Saker óñëîâèÿõ äëÿ ïîääåðæàíèÿ, ñîõðàíåíèÿ è, ãíåçäîâüÿ. Falcons, nesting on the â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ, âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ïîïóëÿöèé 2. Ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè âèäà íà âû- ground, have remained ìíîãèõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö òðåáóþòñÿ àê- áðàííîé òåððèòîðèè èñïûòûâàþò íåäîñòà- yet in the extensive òèâíûå ìåðû. òîê ãíåçäîâûõ ñóáñòðàòîâ. steppe depressions of Mongolia. 09/06/2004. Â çàêëþ÷åíèå õî÷åòñÿ îòìåòèòü, ÷òî 3. Íà âûáðàííîé òåððèòîðèè íàáëþäà- Photo by äëÿ âèäîâ, ÷èñëåííîñòü êîòîðûõ ñîêðà- åòñÿ èçáûòîê îñíîâíîãî êîðìîâîãî ðåñóð- Gombobaatar S. ùàåòñÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå öåëîãî êîìïëåêñà ñà öåëåâîãî âèäà. Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 83

4. Âûáðàííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ äîëæíà áûòü Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåí- óäàëåíà îò äîðîã è ìåñò àêòèâíîãî îòäû- íîñòü ôèëèíà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå, Ðîñ- õà, ëèáî èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ äîëæíû ñèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2007. áûòü òùàòåëüíî çàìàñêèðîâàíû è íå âûäå- ¹10. Ñ. 17–36. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêèå ïîñëåäñòâèÿ ëÿòüñÿ íà ìåñòíîñòè. äåðàòèçàöèè ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì áðîìàäèîëîíà â 5. Âáëèçè èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé íå Ìîíãîëèè â 2001–2003 ãã. äëÿ ðîññèéñêèõ ïî- äîëæíû ãíåçäèòüñÿ áîëåå êðóïíûå õèùíè- ïóëÿöèé ïòèö. – Ïåñò-Ìåíåäæìåíò (ÐÝÒ-èíôî). êè, ñïîñîáíûå äîáûâàòü öåëåâîé âèä áèî- 2010. ¹1 (73). Ñ. 20–26. òåõíè÷åñêèõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ., Êîðæåâ Ä.À. Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ íåÿ- Áëàãîäàðíîñòè ñûòåé â èñêóññòâåííûå ãí¸çäà â Ñàìàðñêîé îá- Àâòîðû áëàãîäàðÿò Ìèõàèëà è Íàòàëüþ ëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðà- íà. 2009. ¹16. Ñ. 25–41. Êîæåâíèêîâûõ è Àëåêñàíäðà Êóêñèíà çà Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. Ðåçóëüòàòû ïîìîùü â ñòðîèòåëüñòâå èñêóññòâåííûõ ïðîåêòà ïî âîññòàíîâëåíèþ ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ãíåçäîâèé, Ðîìàíà Ëàïøèíà, Àííó Øå- õèùíûõ ïòèö â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, Ðåñïó- ñòàêîâó è Äìèòðèÿ Øòîëÿ çà ïîìîùü â áëèêà Òûâà, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ ïðîâåðêå èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé, ýêñ- îõðàíà. 2006. ¹7. Ñ. 15–20. ïåðòîâ Ìèõàèëà Ïàëüöûíà, Åâãåíèÿ Ïî- Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. Ðåçóëüòàòû òàïîâà, Þðèÿ Øèðîêîâà, ïîääåðæàâøèõ ìîíèòîðèíãà ïîïóëÿöèé áàëîáàíà â Àëòàå- ïðîåêò ñâîèìè ðåêîìåíäàöèÿìè, Èíñòè- Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå â 2008 ã., Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹14. C. 63–84. òóò èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñîêîëîâ (Falcon Research Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. Ðåãèñòðàöèÿ Institute, UK), Êëóá ëþáèòåëåé âîñòî÷íûõ âîçâðàòà îáûêíîâåííîé ïóñòåëüãè íà ìåñòî ïòèö (Oriental Bird Club, UK), ÃÃÔ (Green ðîæäåíèÿ è ðàçìíîæåíèå â ïîñòðîéêå, â êîòî- Grants Fund) è Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêèé ïðîåêò ðîé îíà âûâåëàñü, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè ÏÐÎÎÍ/ÃÝÔ çà ôèíàíñîâóþ ïîääåðæ- è èõ îõðàíà. 2010. ¹19. C. 201–204. êó ïîëåâûõ ïðîåêòîâ è ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., ñòðîèòåëüñòâó èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé, Ìèòðîôàíîâ Î.Á. Ðåçóëüòàòû ìîíèòîðèíãà ïî- à òàêæå êîëëåêòèâ ÃÏÁÇ «Óáñóíóðñêàÿ ïóëÿöèè áàëîáàíà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå â êîòëîâèíà» çà ñîäåéñòâèå â ïðîâåäåíèè 2009–2010 ãã., Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2010. ¹19. C. 136–151. ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé è óñòàíîâêå ïëàò- Îòëîâ, ó÷¸ò è ïðîãíîç ÷èñëåííîñòè ìåëêèõ ôîðì. ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ è ïòèö â ïðèðîäíûõ î÷àãàõ èí- ôåêöèé. Ìåòîäè÷åñêèå óêàçàíèÿ ÌÓ 3.1.1029- Ëèòåðàòóðà 01 (óòâ. ãëàâíûì ãîñóäàðñòâåííûì ñàíèòàðíûì Áàðàíîâ À.À. Ðåäêèå è ìàëîèçó÷åííûå ïòèöû âðà÷îì ÐÔ 06.04.2001) . Çàêà÷àíî 1 Ñ. Ãîìáîáààòàð, Ä. Ñóìúÿà, Ïîòàïîâ Å., ÿíâàðÿ 2011 ã. Á. Ìóíõçàÿà, Á. Îäõóó. Áèîëîãèÿ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ Ïîòàïîâ Å.Ð. Ïîñëåäíèå ðåçóëüòàòû ïðîåêòà ñîêîëà-áàëîáàíà â Ìîíãîëèè. – Ïåðíàòûå õèù- ïî óñòàíîâêå èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé â Ìîí- íèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2007. ¹9. Ñ. 17–26. ãîëèè. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. Äóáûíèí À.Â., Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Êðàòêèé îò÷åò ïî ¹1. Ñ. 23–27. ðåçóëüòàòàì ìíîãîëåòíåãî ìîíèòîðèíãà ãíåçäî- S. Gombobaatar, B. Odkhuu, Reuven Y., B. Gan- âûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug), ìîõíî- tulga, P. Amartuvshin, D. Usukhjargal. Do nest íîãîãî êóðãàííèêà (Buteo hemilasius) è ôèëèíà materials and nest substrates affect the breeding (Bubo bubo) íà òåððèòîðèè ìîíèòîðèíãîâîé of Buteo hemilasius in the Mongolian Steppe? ïëîùàäêè ¹1 â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà â ðàìêàõ ïðî- – Erforsch. Boil. Ress. Mongolei (Halle/Saale). åêòà «Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ñîêîëà-áàëîáàíà â 2010a. 11. P. 213–219. ðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî Ýêîðåãèî- S. Gombobaatar, B. Odkhuu, Reuven Y., B. Gan- íà» (ôèíàíñèðîâàíèå Ïðîåêòà ÏÐÎÎÍ/ÃÝÔ tulga, P. Amartuvshin, D. Usukhjargal. Reproduc- «Ñîõðàíåíèå áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ â ðîññèéñêîé tive Ecology of the Upland Buzzard (Buteo hemi- ÷àñòè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ýêîðåãèîíà»). Íîâîñè- lasius) on the Momgolian Steppe. – Journal of áèðñê, 2008. 22 ñ. . Çàêà÷àíî 10 ÿíâàðÿ 2011 ã. bobataar S., Karyakin I., Fox N. Saker farming in Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïðîåêò ïî âîññòàíîâëåíèþ wild habitats: progress to date. – Falco. 2003. ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà, ¹22. P. 5–7. Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. Stubbe M., Stubbe A., N. Batsajchan, S. Gom- 2005à. ¹1. Ñ. 28–31. bobaatar, Stenzel T., von Wehrden H., Sh. Bold- Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïðîåêò ïî âîññòàíîâëåíèþ baatar, B. Nyambayar, D. Sumjaa, R. Samjaa, ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà è ìîõíîíîãîãî êóð- N. Ceveenmjadag, A. Bold. Grid mapping and ãàííèêà â ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà: óñïåõè è íåóäà÷è. breeding ecology of raptors in Mongolia. – Erfor- – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005á. ¹4. sch. Boil. Ress. Mongolei (Halle/Saale). 2010. 11. Ñ. 24–28. P. 23–175. 84 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

BirdElectrocutionintheDaurianSteppe(South-EasternTrans- BaikalRegion),Russia ГИБЕЛЬ ПТИЦ НА ЛЭП В ДАУРСКОЙ СТЕПИ (ЮГО-ВОСТОЧНОЕ ЗАБАЙКАЛЬЕ), РОССИЯ GoroshkoO.A.(DaurskyStateBiosphereNatureReserve,ChitaInstituteofNature Resources,EcologyandCryology,Chita,Russia) Горошко О.А. (Государственный природный биосферный заповедник «Даурский», Институт природных ресурсов, экологии и криологии СО РАН, Чита, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Ðåçþìå Îëåã Ãîðîøêî Â ñòàòüå ïðèâåäåíû ðåçóëüòàòû îáñëåäîâàíèÿ ËÝÏ â ñåíòÿáðå 2010 ã. â ñòåïíîé çîíå Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Çà- Çàïîâåäíèê «Äàóðñêèé» áàéêàëüÿ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ çàïîâåäíèêà «Äàóðñêèé», à òàêæå àíàëèç ñèòóàöèè è îïûò ðàáîòû ñ ðåãèîíàëüíîé 674480, Ðîññèÿ, ñåòåâîé êîìïàíèåé. Îáñëåäîâàíî òðè ËÝÏ îáùåé ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ 50,4 êì, à òàêæå ïðîâåäåíî âûáîðî÷íîå Çàáàéêàëüñêèé êðàé, îáñëåäîâàíèå 19 îòäåëüíûõ îïîð äðóãèõ ËÝÏ ìîùíîñòüþ 6–10 êÂ, îñíàù¸ííûõ øòûðåâûìè èçîëÿòîðàìè. ï. Íèæíèé ×àñó÷åé, Â õîäå îáñëåäîâàíèÿ 260 äåðåâÿííûõ îïîð ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö íå âûÿâëåíî. Ïîä áåòîííûìè îïîðàìè ñðåäíÿÿ à/ÿ 66 ïëîòíîñòü îñòàíêîâ ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö ñîñòàâèëà 0,14 îñîáåé íà îäíó îïîðó (îáñëåäîâàíà 491 îïîðà). Ïðè òåë.: +7 3022 314531 ýòîì, äëÿ ïðîìåæóòî÷íûõ (îäèí ñòîëá) îïîð äàííûé ïîêàçàòåëü áûë 0,05, à äëÿ àíêåðíûõ (äâà ñòîëáà) è +7 914 508 42 31 óãëîâûõ (òðè ñòîëáà) – ìíîãîêðàòíî âûøå: 0,67 è 0,86, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Íàèáîëåå âûñîêèé óðîâåíü ãèáåëè [email protected] (1,42 ïòèöû íà 1 îïîðó) îêàçàëñÿ íà àíêåðíûõ è óãëîâûõ áåòîííûõ îïîðàõ ëèíèé, ïðîìåæóòî÷íûå îïîðû â êîòîðûõ áûëè äåðåâÿííûìè (îáñëåäîâàíî 19 òàêèõ îïîð). Â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè íàéäåíî 67 îñòàíêîâ ïòèö. Èç íèõ: ñîðîêà (Pica pica) – 20,9%, ÷¸ðíàÿ âîðîíà (Corvus corone) – 19,4%, âîðîí (Corvas corax) – 16,42%, ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê (Buteo hemilasius) – 14,93%, àìóðñêèé êîá÷èê (Falco amurensis) – 8,96% è áàëîáàí Contact: (Falco cherrug) – 5,97%. Ïðè ýòîì, â çîíå ñóõèõ ñòåïåé ãèáíóò â îñíîâíîì êóðãàííèê è áàëîáàí, à â ëåñî- Oleg Goroshko ñòåïíîé çîíå è âäîëü çàðîñøèõ äðåâåñíî-êóñòàðíèêîâîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòüþ ïîéì ðåê – âðàíîâûå è àìóðñêèé Daursky State Biosphere êîá÷èê. Ñðåäè íàéäåííûõ îñòàíêîâ 70,15% ñîñòàâèëè ïòèöû, ïîãèáøèå â 2010 ã. è 29,85% – â 2009 ã. Áûë Nature Reserve ðàññ÷èòàí óùåðá – îáùàÿ ñòîèìîñòü âñåõ îáíàðóæåííûõ ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö ñîñòàâèëà 984456 ðóá. Îò çàïîâåä- P.O. Box 66, íèêà â ðåãèîíàëüíóþ ñåòåâóþ êîìïàíèþ áûë íàïðàâëåí äåòàëüíûé îò÷åò è òðåáîâàíèå îá óñòðàíåíèè âûÿâ- Nizhny Tsauchy, ëåííûõ óãðîç. Íà 2011 ã. êîìïàíèÿ çàëîæèëà ñðåäñòâà íà îáîðóäîâàíèå ïòèöåçàùèòíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè äâóõ Zabaykalskiy Kray, îáñëåäîâàííûõ ËÝÏ. Ñ öåëüþ áîëåå ýôôåêòèâíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ñðåäñòâ öåëåñîîáðàçíî â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü Russia, 674480 îáîðóäîâàòü àíêåðíûå è óãëîâûå îïîðû ËÝÏ, êàê ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèå íàèáîëüøóþ îïàñíîñòü äëÿ ïòèö. tel.: +7 3022 314531 Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîå Çàáàéêàëüå, Äàóðèÿ, çàïîâåäíèê «Äàóðñêèé», õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå +7 914 508 42 31 õèùíèêè, ËÝÏ, ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê, Buteo hemilasius, áàëîáàí, Falco cherrug. [email protected] Ïîñòóïèëà â ðåäàêöèþ 15.02.2011 ã. Ïðèíÿòà ê ïóáëèêàöèè 01.03.2011 ã.

Abstract The article includes results of observations of power lines (PL) carried out in the steppe zone of South-Eastern Trans- Baikal Region in the vicinity of the Daursky Nature Reserve (Daursky NR) in September 2010, analysis of situation, and experience of cooperation with regional electric utility companies. We observed three PL (50.4 km in total) and 19 selected poles in 5 other PL (6–10 kV). We have not found electrocuted birds during the observation of 260 wooden poles. The average density of carcasses and remains of electrocuted birds near concrete poles was 0.14 bird a pole (491 poles were observed). The complex concrete poles are much more dangerous for birds than simple ones. The reinforced complex concrete poles are used for strengthening of the PL. The average density of electrocuted birds near concrete simple one-post pole was 0.05, near complete two-posts pole – 0.67, and near three-posts pole – 0.86. The most dangerous poles are complete concrete ones located inside the “wooden” PL consisting of simple wooden intermediate poles – 1.42 electrocuted birds per one pole. 67 electrocuted birds were found in total: Magpie (Pica pica) – 20.9%, Carrion Crow (Corvus corone) – 19.4%, Raven (Corvus corax) – 16.42%, Upland Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius) – 14.93%, Amur Falcon (Falco amurensis) – 8.96%, Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) – 5.97%, other species – 13.42%. Main victims in area of dry steppes are Upland Buzzards and Saker Falcons, in forest-steppe area and along the river floodplains overgrown trees and bushes – different species of crows and the Amur Falcon. 70.15% of found birds were electrocuted in 2010 and 29.85% – in 2009. The damage has been calculated: it is 984,456 rubles. The detailed report about results of observation of PL and a requirement to prevent bird electrocution were sent from the Daursky NR to a regional electric utility company. The company has included some funds in the budget of 2011 for retrofitting the two observed PL with bird protective devices. It is recommended to install bird protective devices in the first place for the complex concrete poles because they are most hazardous to birds. Keywords: South-Eastern Trans-Baikal Region, Dauria, Daursky State Nature Reserve, raptors, birds of prey, power lines, electrocutions, Upland Buzzard, Buteo hemilasius, Saker Falcon, Falco cherrug. Received: 15/02/2011. Accepted: 01/03/2011.

Ââåäåíèå Introduction Â Ðîññèè ïðîáëåìà ãèáåëè ïòèö îò ïîðà- The problem of bird deaths through elec- æåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì íà âîçäóøíûõ ëèíÿõ trocution has not studied in the South- ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è (ËÝÏ) ñòîèò î÷åíü îñòðî, Eastern Trans-Baikal Region until recent îäíàêî ëèøü â íåìíîãèõ ðåãèîíàõ óäåëÿ- time. The Daursky State Nature Biosphere åòñÿ âíèìàíèå å¸ èçó÷åíèþ è ðåøåíèþ Reserve (Daursky NR) with support of the Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 85

project UNDP/GEF/48248 “Improvement of the system and mechanisms for protected area management in the steppe biome of Russia” carried out surveys concerning the problem of bird electrocution in 2010.

Area of Surveys Surveys were conducted in the Daurian steppes (it is northern part of the East Asian steppes) in the South-Eastern Trans-Baikal Region. This region has also name Dauria. Present-day administrative name of this region is the Zabaikalsky Kray (Transbaikal Re- gion) and the former name was the Chitin- skaya Oblast (Chita district). We observed power lines (PL) in the vi- Îæîã íà ëàïå ïî- (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2008; Ìàöûíà è äð., 2008; cinity of the Daursky NR. The Daursky NR ãèáøåãî ìîõíîíîãîãî Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009; Ñàëòûêîâ, 2009 è has three zones of protection: a strictly pro- êóðãàííèêà (Buteo äð.). Â Çàáàéêàëüñêîì êðàå ïîäîáíûå èñ- tected core area, a buffer zone, and a co- hemilasius). Ôîòî Î. Ãîðîøêî. ñëåäîâàíèÿ ïðîâåäåíû âïåðâûå. operative (transit) zone (fig. 1). There is no Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòî- PL in the core area, and any kind of human Burn on foot of electrocuted Upland êîì ïòèöû ãèáíóò, â îñíîâíîì, ñàäÿñü íà activity is strictly prohibited there. Limited Buzzard (Buteo îñíàù¸ííûå øòûðåâûìè èçîëÿòîðàìè áå- human activity is allowed within the buffer hemilasius). òîííûå îïîðû ËÝÏ 6–10 êÂ. Ïðîèñõîäèò zone. There are no restrictions on human ac- Photo by O. Goroshko. ýòî ïîòîìó, ÷òî ìåòàëëè÷åñêèå òðàâåðñû, tivities in the cooperative zone, this zone is íà êîòîðûå êðåïÿòñÿ èçîëÿòîðû, çàçåìëå- established to promote cooperation of the íû (òðàâåðñû ñîåäèíåíû ìåòàëëè÷åñêèì Daursky NR and the local community for en- ïðóòîì ñ æåëåçíîé àðìàòóðîé ñòîëáà). vironmental sustainability. Main human ac- Íà ñâåæèõ òðóïàõ ïòèö îáû÷íî õîðîøî tivities in the buffer and cooperative zones âèäíû ñèëüíûå îæîãè íà ïîäóøå÷êàõ ëàï, are livestock production (primarily sheep ïîñêîëüêó ýëåêòðè÷åñêèé çàðÿä ÷àùå âñå- and cattle with lesser numbers of horses and ãî ïðîõîäèò ÷åðåç íîãè, êîãäà ñèäÿùàÿ íà few camels) and grain production (mainly ïåðåêëàäèíå ïòèöà ïûòàåòñÿ ïî÷èñòèòü wheat and oats). About 20% of steppe lands êëþâ î ïðîâîä. Äåðåâÿííûå îïîðû ËÝÏ of the south-eastern Trans-Baikal Region are ìîùíîñòüþ 6–10 êÂ îáû÷íî íå çàçåìëå- developed for agriculture. íû, ïîýòîìó ãèáåëü ïòèö íà íèõ ñëó÷àåòñÿ The Daursky NR includes the Torey lakes êðàéíå ðåäêî, â îñíîâíîì âî âðåìÿ äîæäÿ (Barun-Torey Lake connected with Zun- (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009). Torey Lake). It is the largest water body of Ðàáîòû âûïîëíåíû â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà Transbaikalia, located at the border with ÏÐÎÎÍ/ÃÝÔ/48248 «Ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèå Mongolia. Flat and hilly Daurian steppes in- ñèñòåìû è ìåõàíèçìîâ óïðàâëåíèÿ ÎÎÏÒ cludes a lot of small lakes. Among vast arid â ñòåïíîì áèîìå Ðîññèè». Îäíî èç ïðèî- steppe areas, these wetlands are the cent- ðèòåòíûõ íàïðàâëåíèé ïðîåêòà – èçó÷å- ers of bird diversity. The Torey lakes (espe- íèå è ñîõðàíåíèå ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aqula cially the Barun-Torey) and network of small nipalensis), â ðàìêàõ êîòîðîãî è áûëè âû- steppe lakes are established as an IBA for ïîëíåíû ðàáîòû ïî îáñëåäîâàíèþ ËÝÏ. breeding and migratory waterbirds. Ïðè ýòîì áûëè ïîñòàâëåíû äâå îñíîâ- The Daurian steppes are flat and low- íûå çàäà÷è: 1) îáñëåäîâàòü ïîòåíöèàëüíî hilly with a height of 600–900 m above sea îïàñíûå äëÿ ïòèö ËÝÏ íà êëþ÷åâûõ ñòåï- level, some mountains and ridges – up to íûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ â ïðåäåëàõ è âáëèçè 1100 m. In the forest-steppe zone, low and ÎÎÏÒ íà ïðåäìåò ãèáåëè ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ medium-altitude mountain ranges of 1100– è äðóãèõ âèäîâ ïòèö; 2) ñôîðìóëèðîâàòü 1900 m above sea level are presented. The ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî ñîõðàíåíèþ ñòåïíîãî steppe vegetation of the central part of the îðëà. Â õîäå ïðîåêòà ïîñòàâëåííûå çà- region near the Torey lakes is presented äà÷è ïîëíîñòüþ âûïîëíåíû è ñâåðõ òîãî by cereals mainly; the periphery territories óäàëîñü äîáèòüñÿ îò ðåãèîíàëüíîé ñåòå- (near forest-steppe zone) are represented âîé êîìïàíèè «×èòàýíåðãî» ïåðâûõ øà- by forb-grass meadow steppes. Floodplain ãîâ, íàïðàâëåííûõ íà óñòðàíåíèå ãèáåëè vegetation communities represented by ïòèö íà ËÝÏ. reed, sedge wetlands, and grass-forb mead- 86 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ðàéîí èññëåäîâàíèé ows and willow shrubs. In the forest-steppe Ïîëåâûå ðàáîòû ïðîâåäåíû â Þãî- zone, the main species of the trees and Âîñòî÷íîì Çàáàéêàëüå (þã Çàáàéêàëüñêî- shrubs are: birch, pine, larch, thickets of wil- ãî êðàÿ). Ðàéîí èññëåäîâàíèé íàõîäèòñÿ lows and ernik (shrub birch). In the steppe â ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè îáëàñòè ðàñïðîñòðàíå- zone during 1980-s, windbreak woodland íèÿ ñòåïåé â Âîñòî÷íîé Àçèè. Â ñèñòåìå belts mainly of poplar were created around áîòàíèêî-ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîãî ðàéîíèðî- the agriculture fields. During the prolonged âàíèÿ îí âõîäèò â Äàóðî-Ìîíãîëüñêóþ drought in 2000-s, more than 90% of the ïîäîáëàñòü Åâðîàçèàòñêîé ñòåïíîé îá- poplars perished. ëàñòè. Ðàáîòû âûïîëíåíû íà áàçå ãîñó- The climate is dry continental. Daurian äàðñòâåííîãî ïðèðîäíîãî áèîñôåðíîãî ecosystems greatly depend on long-term çàïîâåäíèêà «Äàóðñêèé», â ïðåäåëàõ åãî climate cycles (about 30 years long) with îõðàííîé (áóôåðíîé) çîíû íà òåððèòî- intermittent wet and dry periods (Obiazov ðèè Îíîíñêîãî àäìèíèñòðàòèâíîãî ðàéî- 1994). These cycles greatly affect quantity íà è çîíû ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà íà òåððèòîðèè of precipitations, condition of wetlands, Àãèíñêîãî àäìèíèñòðàòèâíîãî ðàéîíà and population status of birds (especially (ðèñ. 1). Â ÿäðå ðåçåðâàòà, íà òåððèòîðèè – waterbirds): numbers and distribution ñàìîãî çàïîâåäíèêà, ËÝÏ îòñóòñòâóþò. of birds, mortality, breeding success, etc. Çàïîâåäíèê îõâàòûâàåò Òîðåéñêèå îç¸ðà In 1984–1998, the rainfall had increased – êðóïíåéøèé â Çàáàéêàëüå âîäî¸ì, ðàñ- (1990-s were very wet for the most part); ïîëîæåííûé íà ãðàíèöå ñ Ìîíãîëèåé. but since 1999 it has been steadily decreas- ßäðî çàïîâåäíèêà ñîñòîèò èç íåñêîëü- ing, with 2000–2008 and the first half of êèõ êëàñòåðíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, âêëþ÷àåò îç. 2009 being extremely dry. Approximately Áàðóí-Òîðåé, ïðèìûêàþùèå ê íåìó íå- 98% of lakes (including the Barun-Torey áîëüøèå ñòåïíûå ó÷àñòêè, ñîïêè è ïîé- Lake), rivers and springs completely had ìåííûå âîäíî-áîëîòíûå óãîäüÿ ðåê Óëäçà dried up by 2007–2009. The second half è Èìàëêà, à òàêæå ôðàãìåíò ñîñíîâîãî of 2009, and 2010 were more humid, but Öàñó÷åéñêîãî áîðà è ñêàëüíûå ìàññèâû main part of wetlands were still dry. Àäîí-×åëîíà. Îõðàííàÿ çîíà ïðåäñòàâ- ëåíà, â îñíîâíîì, ðîâíûìè è õîëìèñòûìè Methods ñòåïÿìè âîêðóã Òîðåéñêèõ îç¸ð, âêëþ÷à- The author has studied birds in the South- åò îç. Çóí-Òîðåé, ïîéìû ðåê è íåñêîëü- Eastern Trans-Baikal Region since 1988, êî íåáîëüøèõ ñòåïíûõ îç¸ð. Îáøèðíàÿ but no serious study of the problem of bird çîíà ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà ïðîñòèðàåòñÿ âäîëü deaths caused by electrocution has been Ðèñ. 1. Çîíèðîâàíèå ãðàíèöû Ìîíãîëèè è Êèòàÿ, îõâàòûâàåò conducted until 2010. Also nobody else has Äàóðñêîãî çàïîâåä- ñòåïíûå óãîäüÿ Òîðåéñêîé êîòëîâèíû è studied this problem in the region and car- íèêà. Ïðèàðãóíüÿ, ñîòíè íåáîëüøèõ ñòåïíûõ ried out any activity on PL retrofitting with Fig. 1. Zones of îç¸ð, ïîéìû äåñÿòêîâ ðåê è êëþ÷åé, ëå- bird protective devices in the region. protection on the Daursky Nature ñîñòåïíûå ó÷àñòêè. For the survey, we have selected three PL Reserve. Ñòåïè ïðåäñòàâëåíû ïëîñêèìè è õîë- of 6–10 kV, electric poles are mainly concrete (fig. 2) and wooden with upright insulators. Two of these PL (1 and 2) are located in the buffer zone of the Daursky NR, and one PL (3) – in the cooperative zone. In the selected PL we have observed the all concrete poles and a part of wooden ones (table 1). We observed three PL (1–3) including concrete and wooden simple one-post poles and concrete complex reinforced poles. The reinforced complex concrete poles (with 2 or 3 connected poles) are used for strengthening of the PL. We sampling observed also some concrete complex reinforced poles located in PL including only wooden simple poles (PL 1–9). The observation was conducted by vehicle or on foot, if visibility had been limited (as a result of high grass vegetation or shrubs developing); pedestrian surveys carried out Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 87

Îïàñíàÿ äëÿ ïòèö áå- within a radius of 3–6 m around a pole. We òîííàÿ ïðîìåæóòî÷íàÿ identifies the species and approximate date îïîðà. Ôîòî Î. Ãîðîøêî. of death of found electrocuted birds, took photographs, recorded the coordinates Concrete one-post pole hazardous for birds and number of the pole. We recorded the Photo by O. Goroshko. remains of birds electrocuted during 2010 and 2009. If it was necessary, we took away the remains for the species identification to compare the samples found with specimens and skeletons from the collection in the laboratory. Along the way we recorded of live birds and condition of neighboring habitats of birds of prey. Surveys were conducted in September 2010 during autumn migration of birds of prey (table 1).

Results and discussion ìèñòûìè ðàâíèíàìè, èìåþùèìè âûñîòó About a half of PL in the region includes 600–900 ì íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ, âûñîòà ãîð only grounded concrete poles and about è õðåáòîâ äîñòèãàåò 1100 ì. Äëÿ ëåñîñòåï- half PL includes un-grounded wooden sim- íîé çîíû õàðàêòåðíî ÷åðåäîâàíèå íèç- ple poles and some grounded concrete êèõ è ñðåäíåâûñîòíûõ ãîðíûõ õðåáòîâ, complex reinforced poles (PL 4–9). Some PL âûñîòîé 1100–1900 ì íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ (1–3) include mixed grounded concrete and è äëèííûõ êîòëîâèí, âûòÿíóòûõ â ñåâåðî- un-grounded wooden simple poles. Very âîñòî÷íîì íàïðàâëåíèè. Ðàñòèòåëüíîñòü few PL include only un-grounded wooden öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè Òîðåéñêîé êîòëîâèíû simple and un-grounded wooden complex ïðåäñòàâëåíà ñóõèìè äåðíîâèííîçëàêîâû- reinforced poles ìè ñòåïÿìè ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì âîñòðåöà è êî- We have not found electrocuted birds âûëåé. Íà ïåðèôåðèè êîòëîâèíû, à òàêæå during the observation of 260 not-ground- íà âîñòî÷íûõ è þæíûõ ñîïðåäåëüíûõ òåð- ed wooden poles (table 2). The average ðèòîðèÿõ, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíû ðàçíîòðàâíî- density of carcasses and remains of electro- çëàêîâûå ëóãîâûå ñòåïè ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì cuted birds near concrete poles was 0.14 ïèæìû è êîâûëåé. Ðàñòèòåëüíîñòü ïîéì birds a pole (491 poles were observed). ðåê ïðåäñòàâëåíà òðîñòíèêîâûìè ñîîá- The complex concrete poles are much more ùåñòâàìè, çàáîëî÷åííûìè îñîêîâûìè, à dangerous for birds than simple ones. The òàêæå çëàêîâî-ðàçíîòðàâíûìè ëóãàìè è method of fixing the wires to the complex èâîâûìè êóñòàðíèêàìè. Ñðåäè äðåâåñíî- pole is more complex – there are more êóñòàðíèêîâîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè ëåñîñòåï- grounded metal traverses and more wires íîé çîíû ïðåîáëàäàåò áåð¸çà, ñîñíà, there. It increases quite a hazard for birds. ëèñòâåííèöà, çàðîñëè èâ è åðíèêà (êóñòàð- The frequency of electrocution of birds on íèêîâîé áåð¸çû). Â 1980-õ ãã. âîêðóã ïî- the complete poles in nearly 20 times high- ëåé â ñòåïíîé çîíå ñîçäàâàëèñü çàùèòíûå er comparatively simple poles (table 2, 3). ëåñîïîëîñû, â îñíîâíîì èç òîïîëÿ. Â õîäå The highest frequency of electrocution of çàòÿæíîé çàñóõè â 2000-õ ãã. áîëåå 90% birds was recorded on complex concrete òîïîëåé ïîãèáëè. poles located in “wooden” PL (consisting Îãðîìíîå âëèÿíèå íà ñîñòîÿíèå ñòåïíûõ of simple wooden intermediate poles). The ýêîñèñòåì ðåãèîíà îêàçûâàþò ìíîãîëåò- electrocuted birds were found almost near íèå êëèìàòè÷åñêèå öèêëû ïðîäîëæèòåëü- every such complex pole, up to 4 birds íîñòüþ îêîëî 30 ëåò. Â õîäå ÷åðåäîâàíèÿ were found near some of them. çàñóøëèâûõ è âëàæíûõ êëèìàòè÷åñêèõ ïå- Carcasses and remains of 67 electrocuted ðèîäîâ ïðîèñõîäÿò öèêëè÷åñêèå êîëåáà- birds were found (table 2, 3). 70% of them íèÿ âîäíîñòè ðåê è óðîâíÿ âîäû â ñòåïíûõ were birds electrocuted in 2010 and 30% – îç¸ðàõ (Îáÿçîâ, 1994), âëåêóùèå çà ñîáîé in 2009. The main part of remains of birds êîðåííûå òðàíñôîðìàöèè â ìåñòàõ îáè- electrocuted in 2009 was found in the north- òàíèÿ ïòèö è èõ ïîïóëÿöèÿõ (îñîáåííî âî- ern part of the surveyed region in the terri- äîïëàâàþùèõ è îêîëîâîäíûõ âèäîâ). Äàæå tories covered by toll grass and bush vege- Òîðåéñêèå îç¸ðà, èìåþùèå â ìíîãîâîäíûå tation (PL 3, 4–9). In the central dry steppes ãîäû ïëîùàäü áîëåå 900 êì2, ìîãóò ïðàê- located around the Torey lakes, on the areas òè÷åñêè ïîëíîñòüþ âûñûõàòü. Ïîñëåäíèé covered by short grass, carcasses are clearly 88 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Óãëîâûå áåòîííûå îïî- visible and, as a result, they are often eaten ðû îñîáåííî îïàñíû. or carried off by dogs and predators. Thus, Äî ÷åòûð¸õ ì¸ðòâûõ ïòèö ìîæåò áûòü íàé- there are too little remains of 2009 were äåíî ïîä îäíîé òàêîé found there. Mainly crows of different spe- îïîðîé. Îêîëî îïîðû cies have been electrocuted: Magpie (Pica íà ôîòîãðàôèè – pica), Carrion Crow (Corvus corone), Raven ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê è âîðîí (Corvus corax) (Corvus corax). They are closely connected (ìåæäó íèìè – òåòðàäü with trees, and inhabit mainly the northern èññëåäîâàòåëÿ). part of the region. The most often electro- Ôîòî Î. Ãîðîøêî. cuted species of bird of prey are the Upland Concrete three-post Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius), Amur Falcon poles are a hazardous (Falco amurensis) and Saker Falcon (Falco for birds. Up to 4 electrocuted birds can cherrug). In steppe zone, the most numer- be found near one ous species of birds of prey is the Upland such pole. Electrocuted Buzzard, in forest-steppe zone – Amur Fal- Upland Buzzard and con. The Saker Falcon is a rare species, but Raven (Corvus corax) near concrete three- the rate of its deaths through electrocution post pole (notebook is is high. located between the PL 1 goes across the breeding habitats of birds). Photos by rare raptor species. Several pairs of Steppe O. Goroshko. Eagle (Aquila nipalensis), Upland Buzzard, Saker Falcon, and also Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) inhabit there. It is also important site for migratory birds of prey: different species of harriers, sparrowhawks, falcons, and also Upland Buzzard and Rough-legged Buzzard (Buteo lagopus). PL 2 goes through breeding habitats of several pairs of Upland Buzzard, Saker Fal- cons are recorded too. The Amur Falcon, Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), Hobby (Falco subbuteo), Carrion Crow, Magpie, Raven breeds in the windbreak woodland belts. It is also important site for migratory ïèê çàñóøëèâîãî ïåðèîäà áûë â 1983 ã., à birds of prey, especially Amur Falcons. âëàæíîãî – â 1995–1998 ãã. Ñ 1999 ã. íà÷à- PL 3 also goes near breeding habitats of ëîñü ñíèæåíèå êîëè÷åñòâà îñàäêîâ, êðàé- rare bird species: a pair of Steppe Eagle, íå çàñóøëèâûìè âûäàëèñü 2000–2008 ãã. è several pairs of Upland Buzzards and Ea- ïåðâàÿ ïîëîâèíà 2009 ã., áîëåå âëàæíû- gle Owls, and probably Saker Falcon breed ìè áûëè âòîðàÿ ïîëîâèíà 2009 ã., à òàêæå there. Eastern Marsh Harrier (Circus spilono- 2010 ã. Ê 2007–2009 ãã. â Äàóðñêîé ñòå- tus) was absent there during our observa- ïè èñ÷åçëî ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî 98% ìåëêèõ tion because the Khila river was completely è ñðåäíèõ îç¸ð, êëþ÷åé è ðåê; â 2009 ã. dry, but this species was numerous in the ïîëíîñòüþ âûñîõëî îç. Áàðóí-Òîðåé. region under consideration in 1990-s dur- Ðåãèîí õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ ðàçâèòûì ñåëü- ing humid climatic period. Probably, rate of ñêèì õîçÿéñòâîì ýêñòåíñèâíîãî õàðàêòå- bird deaths through electrocution there is ðà. Ñòåïíûå òåððèòîðèè èñïîëüçóþòñÿ â much higher during humid periods than in îñíîâíîì ïîä ïàñòáèùà (âûïàñàþò îâåö, dry seasons. êîðîâ, ëîøàäåé, èíîãäà âåðáëþäîâ) è ñå- íîêîñû. Â ñòåïÿõ ðàñïîëîæåíî ìíîæå- Damage and mitigating measures un- ñòâî ìåëêèõ æèâîòíîâîä÷åñêèõ ñòîÿíîê, dertaken to prevent bird electrocution íà êîòîðûõ æèâóò ïî 1–2 ñåìüè ïàñòóõîâ. The damage was calculated according to Ñòîÿíêè ðàñïîëîæåíû îáû÷íî íà ðàññòîÿ- official methods. The total damage for all 67 íèè íåñêîëüêèõ êèëîìåòðîâ äðóã îò äðóãà found electrocuted birds is 984,456 rubles. è ñîåäèíåíû ãóñòîé ñåòüþ ËÝÏ. Âòîðîå But of course, real damage is significantly âàæíîå íàïðàâëåíèå – çåìëåäåëèå. Âûðà- higher (at least 2 times) because we did not ùèâàþò, â îñíîâíîì, ïøåíèöó è îâ¸ñ. Ïîä record many carcasses eaten and taken by ïàøíÿìè íàõîäèòñÿ îêîëî 20% ñòåïíûõ dogs and predators. òåððèòîðèé. The detailed report and a requirement to Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 89

Ìàòåðèàë è ìåòîäû undertake mitigating measures have been Èçó÷åíèå ïòèö â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Çàáàé- sent from the Daursky NR to the regional êàëüå âåä¸òñÿ àâòîðîì ñ 1988 ã., îäíàêî electric utility company. The company has ñåðü¸çíîå îáñëåäîâàíèå ËÝÏ âûïîëíåíî included in its budget some funds for retro- âïåðâûå ëèøü â 2010 ã. Äðóãèìè èññëå- fitting the two observed PL (2 and 3) with äîâàòåëÿìè ïîäîáíûå ðàáîòû â ðåãèîíå bird protective devices in 2011. We have ðàíåå íå ïðîâîäèëèñü, ìåðû ïî îáîðóäî- discussed the next cooperation. Since the âàíèþ ËÝÏ ïòèöåçàùèòíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè length of PL dangerous for birds in Dauria is íå ïðåäïðèíèìàëèñü. very large but funds for protective devices Çà äâà ìåñÿöà äî ïîëåâûõ ðàáîò â ðåãèî- are limited, the Daursky NR step by step will íàëüíóþ ñåòåâóþ êîìïàíèþ «×èòàýíåðãî» do observation of PL and the company year (ôèëèàë ÎÀÎ «Ìåæðåãèîíàëüíàÿ ðàñïðå- by year will retrofit its hazardous PL with äåëèòåëüíàÿ êîìïàíèÿ Ñèáèðè») áûëî îò- protective devices. ïðàâëåíî îôèöèàëüíîå ïèñüìî î ïëàíàõ çàïîâåäíèêà ïî ïðîâåäåíèþ ïîëåâûõ ðà- Analysis of the problem and recom- áîò è çàïðîñ èíôîðìàöèè î ðàçìåùåíèè è mendations ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòè ËÝÏ 6–10 êÂ, îñíàù¸ííûõ 323 species of birds were recorded in the øòûðåâûìè èçîëÿòîðàìè. Îò ðóêîâîäñòâà Reserve and its vicinity. A large number êîìïàíèè áûë ïîëó÷åí îòâåò î òîì, ÷òî of rare bird species is recorded inhabiting çàïðàøèâàåìàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ áóäåò ïîäãî- Dauria: 20 of them are included in the IUCN òîâëåíà è ïåðåäàíà â çàïîâåäíèê. Îäíàêî Red List (2010) as globally threatened spe- èíôîðìàöèÿ òàê è íå ïîñòóïèëà, íåñìî- cies (table 4). The region is also important òðÿ íà ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå íàïîìèíàíèÿ ñî as a breeding and migration area for many ñòîðîíû çàïîâåäíèêà. ËÝÏ äëÿ îáñëåäî- globally threatened waterbirds. The Saker âàíèÿ áûëè âûáðàíû íàìè íà îñíîâàíèè Falcon is one of the globally threatened bird ñîáñòâåííûõ çíàíèé î ðàçìåùåíèè ïîòåí- species breeding in Dauria. öèàëüíî îïàñíûõ ëèíèé â ìåñòàõ îáèòàíèÿ 41 species of birds listed in the Red Data

Îñîáî îïàñíûå êîí- ñòðóêöèè îïîð. Ôîòî Î. Ãîðîøêî. Poles extremely hazardous for birds. Photos by O. Goroshko. 90 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Book of Russia are recorded in Dauria. There are breeding habitats of Steppe Eagle, Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), and Eagle Ows. The Steppe Eagle is original but rare breeding species there. The Golden Eagle breeds mainly in forest-steppe and forest zones, but migrating and wintering birds are regularly recorded in the Daurian steppe, as well as non-breeding immature eagles during summer time. They often recorded near herd of Mongolian Gazelles (Procapra gutturosa) around the Torey lakes. The Regional Red List includes 66 species of birds, 64 of them are recorded in the Daursky NR. The Dauria supports key habitats for migratory Eastern Marsh Harrier, migratory and wintering Rough-legged Buz- zard and Snowy Owl (Nyctea scandiaca). Ðèñ. 2. Îáñëåäîâàííûå ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ, áàëîáàíîâ (Falco cherrug) The all mentioned protected raptor species ËÝÏ. è äðóãèõ ðåäêèõ âèäîâ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Äà- often use electric poles as roosting sites. Fig. 2. Observed power óðñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. During the last decade of extremely dry lines. Äëÿ îáñëåäîâàíèÿ íàìè áûëî âûáðàíî period, abundance of almost all the raptor òðè ËÝÏ 6–10 êÂ ñî øòûðåâûìè èçîëÿòî- species birds of prey has been reduced in ðàìè, çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü îïîð êîòîðûõ – the region due to the deterioration in food, áåòîííûå (ðèñ. 2). Èç íèõ äâå ËÝÏ (¹¹1 often grass and forest fires and other prob- è 2) – â áóôåðíîé çîíå çàïîâåäíèêà è îäíà lems. Populations of some breeding species (¹3) – â åãî çîíå ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà (òðàí- have declined greatly: the Black Kite (Mil- çèòíîé çîíå). ËÝÏ ¹¹ 2 è 3 èçíà÷àëü- vus migrans), Eastern Marsh Harrier, Up- íî ñîäåðæàëè òîëüêî áåòîííûå îïîðû, land Buzzard, Steppe Eagle, Saker Falcon, êîòîðûå â äàëüíåéøåì èç-çà èõ ïîëîìêè Amur Falcon, Eagle Owl. In particular, the áûëè ÷àñòè÷íî çàìåíåíû íà äåðåâÿííûå. population number of Marsh Harriers de- Íà âûáðàííûõ ËÝÏ íàìè áûëè îñìîòðåíû creased by dozens of times that was caused îêðåñòíîñòè âñåõ áåòîííûõ îïîð â ïðåäå- by disappearance of the vast majority of the ëàõ óêàçàííûõ â òàáëèöå 1 ó÷àñòêîâ. Äå- wetlands. This species was abundant in the ðåâÿííûå îïîðû îáñëåäîâàíû âûáîðî÷íî. 1990-s, but at the present time it is rare. Ýòî áûëî ñäåëàíî äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ ñòåïåíè Populations of migratory Hen Harriers and èõ îïàñíîñòè ñ áåòîííûìè îïîðàìè. wintering Rough-legged Buzzards have de- Â óñëîâèÿõ íèçêîé òðàâÿíîé ðàñòèòåëü- clined much too. In addition, in 2010 popu- íîñòè è õîðîøåãî îáçîðà ïîä ËÝÏ îáñëå- lation number and breeding success of the äîâàíèå ïðîâîäèëîñü èç îòêðûòîãî îêíà Upland Buzzard, Steppe Eagles and Saker àâòîìîáèëÿ âî âðåìÿ åãî äâèæåíèÿ âäîëü Falcons were especially low in Dauria due ËÝÏ íà íèçêîé ñêîðîñòè. Ïðè ýòîì, îêîëî to extreme weather conditions and depres- ñòîëáîâ àâòîìîáèëü îáû÷íî îñòàíàâëèâàë- sion of rodents. ñÿ èëè ïðèòîðìàæèâàë. Ïðè íàëè÷èè âûñî- Because of low number of the birds during êîé òðàâÿíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè èëè êóñòîâ, 2009 and 2010, the rate of deaths of them ïðåïÿòñòâóþùèõ ñâîáîäíîìó îáçîðó, ïðî- through electrocution was low too. It is ex- âîäèëîñü ïåøåå îáñëåäîâàíèå ñ äåòàëüíûì pected that in the coming wet many years îñìîòðîì îêðåñòíîñòåé êàæäîãî ñòîëáà â duration climatic period, the populations ðàäèóñå 3–6 ìåòðîâ (õèùíèêè íåðåäêî îò- will restore and frequency of birds deaths òàñêèâàþò òðóïïû ïòèö îò ñòîëáîâ). through electrocution will increase signifi- Ïðè îáíàðóæåíèè îñòàòêîâ ïòèö ïðî- cantly. The highest increasing of abundance âîäèëîñü îïðåäåëåíèå èõ âèäîâîé ïðè- of birds will be near wetlands. Firstly the PL íàäëåæíîñòè è ïðèáëèçèòåëüíîé äàâíîñòè going across and near habitats of key rare ãèáåëè ïòèöû, ïðîèçâîäèëàñü ôîòîñú¸ì- species of birds of prey and near wetlands êà, ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü êîîðäèíàòû îïîðû should be retrofitted with bird protective è å¸ íîìåð (ïðè íàëè÷èè íîìåðîâ). Ðå- devices. It is recommended also to retrofit ãèñòðèðîâàëè îñòàíêè ïòèö, ïîãèáøèõ â the concrete complex reinforced poles with 2010 è 2009 ãã. Ïðè íåîáõîäèìîñòè, äëÿ bird protective devices because they are the îïðåäåëåíèÿ âèäîâîé ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè, most dangerous for birds. Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 91

Òàáë. 1. Èíôîðìàöèÿ îá îáñëåäîâàííûõ ËÝÏ è îïîðàõ. Table 1. Information about observed power lines and poles.

Êîëè÷åñòâî Êîîðäèíàòû Äîëÿ áåòîííûõ îáñëåäîâàííûõ íà÷àëà è êîíöà Äëèíà è äåðåâÿííûõ îïîð áåòîííûõ / ËÝÏ Äàòà ëèíèè ËÝÏ (êì) ñòîëáîâ â ËÝÏ (%)* äåðåâÿííûõ* (¹) îáñëåäîâàíèÿ Location (begin- Length Share of concrete Number of ob- Power Date of obser- ning and end of of a line and wooden poles served concrete / Áèîòîï line vation the line) (km) in a line (%)* wooden poles* Habitats Îõðàííàÿ çîíà Äàóðñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà / Buffer zone of the Daursky NR 1 06/09/2010 N 50.18798; 9.8 91/9 194/0 Õîëìèñòàÿ ñòåïü ñ âûõîäàìè E 115.79598 – ñêàë N 50.20557; Hilly steppe with rocks E 115.89390 2 14/09 – N 50.24018; 27.4 43/57 173/225 Ðîâíàÿ ñòåïü, ìåñòàìè ñ 16/09.2010 E 115.66277 – ëåñîïîëîñàìè N 50.26657; Flat steppe with some wood- E 115.32067 land belts Çîíà ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà Äàóðñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà / Transit zone of the Daursky NR 3 17/09/2010 N 50.91572; 13.15 81/19 105/25 Ñòåïü âäîëü ïîéìû ð. Õèëà è E 114.90635 – ñîïîê ñ âûõîäàìè ñêàë N 50.93853; Steppe along the Khila river E 114.92462 valley and near hills and rocks 4 08/09/2010, N 50.87460; 5.92 ~7/93** 8/0 Õîëìèñòàÿ ñòåïü îêîëî îç. 17/09/2010 E 114.68123 – Çóí-Ñîêòóé N 50.85242; Hilly steppe near Zun-Soktuy E 114.70050 lake 5 17/09/2010 N 50.87775; 3.0 ~7/93** 4/0 Ëåñîñòåïü ñ áåð¸çîâûìè E 114.75033 – ðîùàìè N 50.87932; Forest-steppe with birch E 114.79218 groves 6 17/09/2010 N 50.54592; 1.25 ~7/93** 2/10 Ðîâíàÿ ñòåïü è ñåëüõîç. E 114.89610 – ïîëÿ îêîëî ïîéìû ð. Îíîí, N 50.54703; çàðîñøåé äåðåâüÿìè E 114.87873 Flat steppe and agriculture lands near the Onon river valley covered by trees 7, 8, 9 17/09/2010 Îòäåëüíûå - ~7/93** 5/0 Ðîâíàÿ ñòåïü è ñåëüõîç. áåòîííûå îïîðû ïîëÿ îêîëî ïîéìû ð. Îíîí, â òð¸õ ðàçíûõ çàðîñøåé äåðåâüÿìè ËÝÏ Flat steppe and agriculture Some concrete lands near the Onon river val- poles in three ley covered by trees different lines Èòîãî / In total 60.52 491/260

* – Âñå ËÝÏ âêëþ÷àþò êàê íåçàçåìë¸ííûå äåðåâÿííûå îïîðû, òàê è çàçåìë¸ííûå áåòîííûå. Óêàçàíî êîëè÷åñòâî îáñëåäîâàííûõ áåòîííûõ è äåðåâÿííûõ îïîð. * – All the power lines include wooden and concrete poles. Numbers of observed concrete and wooden poles are presented. ** – Äåðåâÿííûå ËÝÏ ñ îòäåëüíûìè áåòîííûìè àíêåðíûìè è óãëîâûìè îïîðàìè. ** – Wooden pole power lines having some concrete two- and three-posts poles for strengthening of the line.

ìû çàáèðàëè îñòàíêè äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ èõ Acknowledgments ñ êîëëåêöèîííûìè ýêçåìïëÿðàìè ïòèö â The author is very grateful to V.E. Kirilyuk, ëàáîðàòîðíûõ óñëîâèÿõ. Ïðè îáíàðóæå- A.N. Barashkova, I.V. Karyakin, S.B. Balzhi- íèè ñâåæèõ òðóïîâ ïòèö ïðîèçâîäèëñÿ èõ maeva, T.E. Tkachuk, A.V. Komarov, O.K. îñìîòð ñ öåëüþ âûÿâëåíèÿ ïîâðåæäåíèé è Kirilyuk, as well as rangers of the Daursky îïðåäåëåíèÿ ïðè÷èí ãèáåëè. Âåðíûì ïðè- NR participated in the observation PL and çíàêîì ãèáåëè ïòèöû îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåê- provided other assistance in conducting of òðè÷åñêèì òîêîì ÿâëÿþòñÿ îáîææ¸ííûå surveys and data processing. 92 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ïîäóøå÷êè íà ëàïàõ. Ïðè îáíàðóæåíèè ñòîòà óñòàíîâêè àíêåðíûõ è óãëîâûõ îïîð îòíîñèòåëüíî ñâåæèõ òðóïîâ ïòèö, çàíå- â ËÝÏ ìàêñèìàëüíà. Àíêåðíûå, óãëîâûå, à ñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ, ñîñòàâëÿëñÿ òàêæå êîíöåâûå îïîðû îñíàùåíû ñëîæíû- àêò è ïðîèçâîäèëîñü èõ èçúÿòèå ñ ïîñëåäó- ìè òðàâåðñàìè ñ áëèçêî ðàñïîëîæåííûìè þùèì õðàíåíèåì â ìîðîçèëüíîé êàìåðå îãîë¸ííûìè ïðîâîäàìè è çàçåìë¸ííûìè ñ öåëüþ íåäîïóùåíèÿ èõ ïîåäàíèÿ íàçåì- ìåòàëëè÷åñêèìè ýëåìåíòàìè – ýòî çíà÷è- íûìè õèùíèêàìè è ñîáàêàìè. Â ïîñëå- òåëüíî óâåëè÷èâàåò âåðîÿòíîñòü ïîðàæåíèÿ äóþùåì, ïðè îáñóæäåíèè ðåçóëüòàòîâ èñ- ïòèö ýëåêòðîòîêîì. Ïî-âèäèìîìó, ïðåæäå ñëåäîâàíèÿ ñ ðóêîâîäñòâîì «×èòàýíåðãî», âñåãî, ïî ýòîé ïðè÷èíå ñìåðòíîñòü ïòèö íà äåìîíñòðàöèÿ ýòèêåòèðîâàííûõ òðóïîâ óãëîâûõ îïîðàõ ïî÷òè â 20 ðàç âûøå, ÷åì áàëîáàíîâ ñ îáîææåííûìè ëàïàìè ïîçâî- íà ïðîìåæóòî÷íûõ (òàáë. 2). Êðîìå òîãî, ëèëà ñíÿòü âñå ñîìíåíèÿ è âîçðàæåíèÿ è ìîùíûå óãëîâûå îïîðû, âîçìîæíî, áîëåå íàïðàâèòü ðàçãîâîð â êîíñòðóêòèâíîå ðóñ- ïðèâëåêàòåëüíû äëÿ ïòèö â êà÷åñòâå ïðè- ëî. Ïîïóòíî ïðîâîäèëñÿ ó÷¸ò æèâûõ ïòèö ñàäû. Íàèáîëåå âûñîêèé óðîâåíü ãèáåëè è îöåíêà ïðèãîäíîñòè óãîäèé äëÿ îáèòà- îêàçàëñÿ íà óãëîâûõ è àíêåðíûõ áåòîí- íèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ïîëåâûå ðàáîòû áûëè íûõ îïîðàõ, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ â ËÝÏ, ïðî- ïðîâåäåíû â ñåíòÿáðå 2010 ã., â ðàçãàð ìåæóòî÷íûå îïîðû â êîòîðûõ äåðåâÿí- îñåííåé ìèãðàöèè. Ñðîêè îáñëåäîâàíèÿ íûå (òàáë. 3). Â õîäå íàøèõ èññëåäîâàíèé ËÝÏ è äðóãàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î íèõ óêàçàíû îñòàíêè ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö áûëè ïðàêòè÷åñêè â òàáëèöå 1. ïîä âñåìè òàêèìè îïîðàìè, à ïîä íåêîòî- Êðîìå îáñëåäîâàíèÿ òð¸õ âûáðàííûõ, ðûìè èç íèõ íàõîäèëè 2–4 ïòèöû. îòíîñèòåëüíî ïðîòÿæ¸ííûõ, ó÷àñòêîâ ËÝÏ, Â èññëåäóåìîì ðåãèîíå ëèøü êðàéíå âêëþ÷àþùèõ çíà÷èòåëüíóþ ÷àñòü áåòîííûõ íåçíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü ËÝÏ èìååò äåðåâÿí- ñòîëáîâ, ìû ïðîâåëè òàêæå â çîíå ñîòðóä- íûå àíêåðíûå è óãëîâûå îïîðû. ×àñòü èç íè÷åñòâà â Àãèíñêîé ñòåïè âûáîðî÷íûé íèõ íå çàçåìëåíà è ïîòîìó íå ïðåäñòàâ- îñìîòð äåâÿòíàäöàòè îòäåëüíûõ àíêåðíûõ ëÿåò áîëüøîé îïàñíîñòè äëÿ ïåðíàòûõ. è óãëîâûõ áåòîííûõ îïîð, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ Îäíàêî, â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà äåðåâÿííûå íà ïÿòè ðàçíûõ ËÝÏ, âñå îñòàëüíûå ïðîìå- îïîðû çàçåìëåíû, îíè òàêæå îïàñíû, êàê æóòî÷íûå îïîðû êîòîðûõ äåðåâÿííûå. è áåòîííûå. Íàìè îáñëåäîâàíî äâå çà- çåìë¸ííûå äåðåâÿííûå îïîðû â îêðåñò- Ðåçóëüòàòû è îáñóæäåíèå íîñòÿõ ñ. Êðàñíàÿ Èìàëêà. Ïîä îäíîé èç Â öåëîì, â èññëåäóåìîì íàìè ðåãèîíå íèõ íàéäåí äîâîëüíî ñâåæèé òðóï áàëîáà- Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Çàáàéêàëüÿ ËÝÏ ñ äåðå- íà. ×òîáû íå óñëîæíÿòü òàáëèöû â ñòàòüå, âÿííûìè è áåòîííûìè îïîðàìè âñòðå÷à- ìû íå ñòàëè âûäåëÿòü ýòè äâå çàçåìë¸ííûå þòñÿ ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî îäèíàêîâî ÷àñòî. äåðåâÿííûå îïîðû â îñîáóþ êàòåãîðèþ, Ïðè ýòîì, â öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè Òîðåéñêîé à ïðèñîåäèíèëè èõ ê êàòåãîðèè àíêåðíûõ êîòëîâèíû ïðåîáëàäàþò äåðåâÿííûå îïî- áåòîííûõ îïîð. Â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Çàáàé- ðû, à íà ñåâåðå êîòëîâèíû, â Àãèíñêîé ñòå- êàëüå ïîäàâëÿþùàÿ ÷àñòü ËÝÏ ñ äåðåâÿí- ïè – áåòîííûå. Â õîäå îáñëåäîâàíèÿ 260 íûìè ïðîìåæóòî÷íûìè îïîðàìè èìååò äåðåâÿííûõ îïîð íå áûëî âûÿâëåíî íè áåòîííûå àíêåðíûå è óãëîâûå îïîðû. îäíîé ïîãèáøåé ïòèöû (òàáë. 2). Ñëåäóåò Åù¸ áîëåå îïàñíûìè ìîãóò áûòü êîíöå- îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ñíèæåíèþ îïàñíîñòè äåðå- âûå îïîðû ñ îòâîäêàìè íà êîìïëåêòíûå âÿííûõ ËÝÏ ñïîñîáñòâîâàëà ñóõàÿ ïîãîäà. òðàíñôîðìàòîðíûå ïîäñòàíöèè (ÊÒÏ), à Â óñëîâèÿõ ïåðåñå÷¸ííîãî ðåëüåôà, ÷à- òàêæå ñàìè ÊÒÏ. Òàêèå îïîðû âñåãäà ñî-

Òàáë. 2. Óðîâåíü ãèáåëè ïòèö íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ ðàçíîé êîíñòðóêöèè. Table 2. Rates of bird deaths through electrocution on poles of different construction.

Áåòîííûå çàçåìë¸ííûå / Concrete earthed Äåðåâÿííûå íå Àíêåðíûå Óãëîâûå çàçåìë¸ííûå Ïðîìåæóòî÷íûå (äâà ñòîëáà) (òðè ñòîëáà) Âñåãî îïîð Wooden not- (îäèí ñòîëá) Two-posts Three-posts Number of poles earthed One-post poles poles poles in total Îáñëåäîâàíî îïîð Number of observed poles 260 436 12 43 491 Êîëè÷åñòâî ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö Number of electrocuted birds 0 22 8 37 67 Ïëîòíîñòü ïòèö íà 1 îïîðó ËÝÏ Density of birds per pole 0 0.05 0.67 0.86 0.14 Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 93

Òàáë. 3. Ãèáåëü ïòèö íà îáñëåäîâàííûõ ËÝÏ. Table 3. Bird deaths through electrocution on observed power lines.

ËÝÏ (¹) Âûáîðî÷íî Power line îáñëåäîâàííûå áåòîííûå îïîðû äðóãèõ ËÝÏ (¹ 1–9) Sampling ob- Ïîãèáøèå â Ïîãèáøèå Âñåãî ïòèö Äîëÿ ïòèö served concrete 2010 ã. â 2009 ã. Electro- (%) poles in other Electrocuted Electrocut- cuted birds Portion of Âèä / Species 123 lines (1–9) in 2010 ed in 2009 in total birds (%) Âîñòî÷íûé áîëîòíûé ëóíü (Circus spilonotus) 1 1 1 1.49 Ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê (Buteo hemilasius) 35 2 8 2 10 14.93 Çèìíÿê (Buteo lagopus) 1 1 1 1.49 Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug) 211 4 4 5.97 ×åãëîê (Falco subbuteo) 1 1 1 1.49 Àìóðñêèé êîá÷èê (Falco amurensis) 21 3 3 3 6 8.96 Îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus) 1 1 1 1.49 Ôèëèí (Bubo bubo) 1 1 1 1.49 Óäîä (Upupa epops) 1 1 1 1.49 Ñåðûé ñêâîðåö (Sturnus cineraceus) 2 2 2 2.99 Ñîðîêà (Pica pica) 5 9 10 4 14 20.9 Ãðà÷ (Corvus frugilegus) 1 1 1 1.49 ×¸ðíàÿ âîðîíà (Corvus corone) 8 5 7 6 13 19.4 Âîðîí (Corvus corax) 52 4 8 3 11 16.42 Âñåãî ïòèö Birds in total 2 23 15 27 47 20 67 100 Äîëÿ ïòèö (%) Portion of birds (%) 2.98 34.33 22.39 40.3 70.15 29.85 100 - Êîëè÷åñòâî áåòîííûõ îïîð Number of concrete Áåòîííûõ îïîð âñåãî = 491 poles 194 173 105 19* Concrete poles in total = 491 Ïëîòíîñòü ïòèö íà 1 áåòîííóþ îïîðó ËÝÏ Density of birds per Ñðåäíÿÿ ïëîòíîñòü ïòèö íà 1 áåòîííóþ îïîðó = 0,14 concrete pole 0.01 0.13 0.14 1.42 Middle density of birds per concrete pole = 0.14

* – Âûáîðî÷íî îáñëåäîâàííûå îòäåëüíûå àíêåðíûå è óãëîâûå áåòîííûå îïîðû. * – Sampling observed concrete two- and three-posts poles of the power lines. 94 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ì¸ðòâûé áàëîáàí êðûòà äðåâåñíî-êóñòàðíèêîâîé ðàñòèòåëü- (Falco cherrug) ïîä ïðî- íîñòüþ, – âðàíîâûå è àìóðñêèé êîá÷èê ìåæóòî÷íîé áåòîííîé îïîðîé. (Falco amurensis). Ó÷èòûâàÿ ðåäêîñòü è Ôîòî Î. Ãîðîøêî. óÿçâèìîñòü áàëîáàíà, óðîâåíü ñìåðòíîñòè Electrocuted Saker ýòèõ ïòèö íà ËÝÏ íåäîïóñòèìî âåëèê. Falcon (Falco cherrug) Äåòàëüíàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà îáñëåäîâàí- near concrete one-post íûõ ËÝÏ: pole. ËÝÏ ¹1 ïðîòÿíóòà îò ñ. Êóëóñóòàé ê æè- Photo by O. Goroshko. âîòíîâîä÷åñêèì ñòîÿíêàì íà þãî-âîñòîê îò ñåëà ìèìî ñîïêè ×àõàëàí. Íà ó÷àñòêå, ïðèìûêàþùåì ê ñ. Êóëóñóòàé, ËÝÏ ïðåä- ñòàâëåíà äåðåâÿííûìè ñòîëáàìè (íå çàçåì- ë¸ííûå); äàëåå, íà ñðåäíåì ó÷àñòêå – áå- òîííûìè ñòîëáàìè (çàçåìë¸ííûå); äàëåå, íà äàëüíåì ó÷àñòêå – îïÿòü äåðåâÿííûìè (íå çàçåìë¸ííûå). Ïîðÿäêîâûõ íîìåðîâ íà ñòîëáàõ íåò. Íàìè áûë îáñëåäîâàí ñðåäíèé ó÷àñòîê ËÝÏ, ñîñòîÿùèé èç áåòîííûõ îïîð íà âñ¸ì åãî ïðîòÿæåíèè, íà÷èíàÿ îò áëèæ- íåãî ê Êóëóñóòàþ êðàÿ (N 50 11,279; E 115 47,759) – äàííàÿ òî÷êà ñîîòâåòñòâóåò óñè- ëåííîé òð¸õñòîëáîâîé áåòîííîé îïîðå, îò êîòîðîé è íà÷èíàåòñÿ ëèíèÿ áåòîííûõ ñòîÿò èç äâóõ èëè òð¸õ ñòîëáîâ è íåñóò ñòîëáîâ. Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ó÷àñòêà îñîáåííî ñëîæíûå íàãðîìîæäåíèÿ ïðî- áåòîííûõ ñòîëáîâ ðàâíà 9,8 êì. Ïðè ýòîì, âîäîâ. Ïîñêîëüêó ÊÒÏ îáû÷íî ðàñïîëî- â ïðåäåëàõ ó÷àñòêà ñ áåòîííûìè îïîðàìè æåíû ðÿäîì ñ æèâîòíîâîä÷åñêèìè ñòîÿí- åñòü íåáîëüøîé ñåãìåíò, ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ êàìè è äåðåâíÿìè, õèùíûå ïòèöû íà íèõ 0,9 êì, èç äåðåâÿííûõ ñòîëáîâ. ËÝÏ âêëþ- ãèáíóò íå ÷àñòî. Íàìè áûëî îáñëåäîâàíî 3 ÷àåò 194 áåòîííûå îïîðû (187 îäíîñòîë- ÊÒÏ. Îêîëî íèõ îáíàðóæåíû îñòàòêè äâóõ áîâûõ è 7 òð¸õñòîëáîâûõ). Òðàâîñòîé íèç- ñèçûõ ãîëóáåé (Columba livia), äâóõ ñêàëè- êèé; ó÷àñòîê îñìîòðåí èç îêíà àâòîìîáèëÿ ñòûõ ãîëóáåé (Columba rupestris), îäíîé ïðè åãî ìåäëåííîì äâèæåíèè. áîëüøîé ãîðëèöû (Streptopelia orientalis), ËÝÏ ðàñïîëîæåíà â öåíòðå Òîðåéñêîé îäíîãî óäîäà (Upupa epops), îäíîé ñî- êîòëîâèíû, â íåïîñðåäñòâåííîé áëèçîñòè ðîêè (Pica pica), îäíîãî ñåðîãî ñêâîðöà îò ÿäðà çàïîâåäíèêà, íà âàæíîì ó÷àñòêå (Sturnus cineraceus) è ïÿòè ïîëåâûõ âîðî- îáèòàíèÿ ðåäêèõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Èç áü¸â (Passer montanus). êðóïíûõ õèùíèêîâ â äàííîì ðàéîíå èç- Â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè íàéäåíî 67 îñòàí- âåñòíî îáèòàíèå íåñêîëüêèõ ïàð ñòåïíûõ êîâ ïòèö (òàáë. 2). Èç íèõ îêîëî 70% ñî- îðëîâ, ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ, áàëî- ñòàâèëè ïòèöû, ïîãèáøèå â 2010 ã., îñòàëü- áàíîâ è ôèëèíîâ (Bubo bubo). Â ïåðèîä íûå – â 2009 ã. Ïðè ýòîì, ïîäàâëÿþùàÿ ìèãðàöèè ÷åðåç ó÷àñòîê ïðîõîäèò èí- ÷àñòü ñòàðûõ îñòàíêîâ 2009 ã. áûëà íàé- òåíñèâíûé ìèãðàöèîííûé ïîòîê õèùíûõ äåíà â ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè Òîðåéñêîé êîòëî- ïòèö: íåñêîëüêèõ âèäîâ ëóíåé (Circus sp.), âèíû, íà ó÷àñòêàõ ñ âûñîêîé òðàâÿíèñòûé ÿñòðåáîâ (Accipiter sp.), ñîêîëîâ (Falco ðàñòèòåëüíîñòüþ è êóñòàìè. Â öåíòðàëü- sp.), à òàêæå ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ è íîé ÷àñòè Òîðåéñêîé êîòëîâèíû, â ñóõîé çèìíÿêîâ (Buteo lagopus). ñòåïè ñ íèçêîé òðàâîé, òðóïû ïòèö õîðî- ËÝÏ ¹2 ïðîòÿíóòà îò ñ. Êð. Èìàëêà äî øî çàìåòíû, è ïîòîìó ãîðàçäî áûñòðåå è ñ. Êóëóñóòàé. Ñòîëáû ïðîíóìåðîâàíû. ËÝÏ ÷àùå ïîåäàþòñÿ ëèáî óíîñÿòñÿ õèùíèêàìè ðàíüøå áûëà ïîëíîñòüþ èç áåòîííûõ ñòîë- (âêëþ÷àÿ ñîáàê). Â öåëîì ñðåäè ïîãèáøèõ áîâ. Ïîñëå ðàçðóøåíèÿ â íà÷àëå 2000-õ ïòèö áîëåå ïîëîâèíû ñîñòàâëÿþò âðàíî- ãîäîâ çíà÷èòåëüíîé ÷àñòè ëèíèè èç-çà íà- âûå: ñîðîêà, ÷¸ðíàÿ âîðîíà (Corvus cor- ëèïàíèÿ ìîêðîãî ñíåãà, ñëîìàííûå áåòîí- one) è âîðîí (Corvus corax). Èç õèùíûõ íûå ñòîëáû áûëè çàìåíåíû íà äåðåâÿííûå ïòèö ïî÷òè ñòîëü æå ÷àñòî ãèáíåò ìîõíî- (íå çàçåìë¸ííûå). Ïðè ýòîì óöåëåëî îêî- íîãèé êóðãàííèê (Buteo hemilasius). Ïðè ëî 40% îäíîñòîëáîâûõ áåòîííûõ îïîð è ýòîì, â çîíå ñóõèõ ñòåïåé æåðòâàìè ñòà- âñå óñèëåííûå äâóõ- è òð¸õñòîëáîâûå áå- íîâÿòñÿ â îñíîâíîì êóðãàííèêè è áàëîáà- òîííûå îïîðû. Â ïðåäåëàõ ËÝÏ èìååòñÿ 4 íû, à â ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíå è âäîëü êðóïíîé ó÷àñòêà áåòîííûõ ñòîëáîâ: ïåðâûé ïðèìû- ðåêè Îíîí, øèðîêàÿ ïîéìà êîòîðîé ïî- êàåò ê ñ. Êðàñíàÿ Èìàëêà, ñîäåðæèò 115 Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 95

áåòîííûõ îïîð (¹¹001–115); âòîðîé ñòè÷íî ïðîíóìåðîâàííûå îïîðû, òàê è ñîäåðæèò 10 áåòîííûõ îïîð (¹¹131– äåðåâÿííûå, íà ìåñòå ñëîìàííûõ áåòîí- 140); òðåòèé ñîäåðæèò 4 áåòîííûõ îïî- íûõ. Ó÷àñòîê îò ñ. Öîêòî-Õàíãèë äî îïîðû ðû (¹¹256–259); ÷åòâ¸ðòûé íàõîäèòñÿ ¹210 ñîñòîèò èç äåðåâÿííûõ ñòîëáîâ è â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñ. Êóëóñóòàé, ïðèáëèçè- íàìè íå áûë îáñëåäîâàí. Äàëåå, îò îïîðû òåëüíî â 1 êì îò ñåëà è ñîäåðæèò îêîëî ¹211 è äî ñ. Äýëáýðõýé, ËÝÏ ñîñòîèò â 22 áåòîííûõ îïîð (¹¹373(?)–395). Êðî- îñíîâíîì èç áåòîííûõ îäíîñòîëáîâûõ çà- ìå òîãî, 11 îòäåëüíûõ îäíîñòîëáîâûõ çåìë¸ííûõ îïîð. Îíà òàêæå âêëþ÷àåò òðè áåòîííûõ îïîð ðàçáðîñàíî â ïðåäåëàõ íåáîëüøèå ãðóïïû èç 25 äåðåâÿííûõ íå- ó÷àñòêîâ, ñîñòîÿùèõ èç äåðåâÿííûõ îïîð. çàçåìë¸ííûõ îäíîñòîëáîâûõ îïîð. Íàìè Íàìè áûëè îáñëåäîâàíû âñå îïîðû ËÝÏ, îò ïîëíîñòüþ îáñëåäîâàí äàííûé ó÷àñòîê ¹2 â ñ. Êð. Èìàëêà äî ¹395 â îêðåñòíî- áåòîííûõ è äåðåâÿííûõ îïîð îò åãî íà÷à- ñòÿõ ñ. Êóëóñóòàé. Ïðè ýòîì, ó÷àñòîê îïîð ëà (îïîðà ¹211) äî ñ. Äýëáýðõýé (îïîðà ¹¹1–143 áûë îáñëåäîâàí â õîäå ïåøåãî ¹302). Ó÷àñòîê îáñëåäîâàí êàê èç îêíà ìàðøðóòà, ó÷àñòîê ¹¹144–395 – èç îêíà ìåäëåííî äâèæóùåãîñÿ àâòîìîáèëÿ, òàê àâòîìîáèëÿ ïðè åãî ìåäëåííîì äâèæåíèè. è â õîäå ïåøåãî ìàðøðóòà. Â ñ. Äýëáýð- ËÝÏ ðàñïîëîæåíà â öåíòðå Òîðåéñêîé õýé ËÝÏ äåëèòñÿ íà äâå âåòêè îò îïîðû êîòëîâèíû, â ïðèìûêàþùåé ê îç. Áàðóí- ¹302. Íàìè íà÷àòî îáñëåäîâàíèå âåòêè, Òîðåé ñòåïè. Èç êðóïíûõ õèùíèêîâ çäåñü ñîñòîÿùåé èç áåòîííûõ îïîð è òÿíóùåéñÿ èçâåñòíî ãíåçäîâàíèå íåñêîëüêèõ ïàð âäîëü ñåâåðíîãî áåðåãà ð. Õèëà íà ñåâåðî- ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ è ïðåäïîëàãà- âîñòîê – îáñëåäîâàíî 40 áåòîííûõ îïîð. åòñÿ îáèòàíèå òåððèòîðèàëüíîé ïàðû áà- Äàëåå ñòîëáà ¹40 ýëåêòðîëèíèÿ òàêæå ëîáàíîâ. Â ëåñîïîëîñàõ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñîñòîèò èç áåòîííûõ îïîð, íî íàìè îáñëå- ñ. Êðàñíàÿ Èìàëêà ãíåçäÿòñÿ àìóðñêèå äîâàíà íå áûëà. êîá÷èêè, ÷åãëîêè (Falco subbuteo), îáûê- Ðàññìàòðèâàåìûé ðàéîí ïðåäñòàâëÿåò íîâåííûå ïóñòåëüãè (Falco tinnunculus), ñîáîé ñåâåðî-çàïàäíóþ îêðàèíó îáøèð- ÷¸ðíûå âîðîíû, îáûêíîâåííûå ñîðîêè, íîé Òîðåéñêîé êîòëîâèíû íà ãðàíèöå ñ ëå- âîðîíû (Corvus corax). Âî âëàæíûå êëèìà- ñîñòåïüþ. ËÝÏ ðàñïîëîæåíà â áëàãîïðè- òè÷åñêèå ïåðèîäû â ðàéîíå ËÝÏ ðåãóëÿð- ÿòíîì äëÿ îáèòàíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö ìåñòå – â íî âñòðå÷àþòñÿ âîñòî÷íûå áîëîòíûå ëóíè ñòåïè, ìåæäó øèðîêîé ïîéìîé íåáîëüøîé (Circus spilonotus). Â ïåðèîä ìèãðàöèè ð. Õèëà è ãðÿäîé âûñîêèõ ñîïîê ñî ñêàëü- ÷åðåç ó÷àñòîê ïðîõîäèò èíòåíñèâíûé ìè- íûìè ìàññèâàìè, ãðóïïàìè äåðåâüåâ è ãðàöèîííûé ïîòîê õèùíûõ ïòèö, îñîáåííî êóñòàðíèêîâ. Çäåñü æå íàõîäÿòñÿ îòíîñè- àìóðñêèõ êîá÷èêîâ. òåëüíî êðóïíûå ïîñåëåíèÿ ìîíãîëüñêèõ ËÝÏ ¹3 ïðîòÿíóòà îò ñ. Öîêòî-Õàíãèë ñóðêîâ (Marmota sibirica) – êðàéíå ïðèâëå- íà ñåâåðî-âîñòîê âäîëü ð. Õèëà äî ñ. Äýë- êàòåëüíîãî äëÿ îðëîâ îáúåêòà îõîòû. Èç áýðõýé. ËÝÏ âêëþ÷àåò êàê áåòîííûå, ÷à- êðóïíûõ õèùíèêîâ èçâåñòíî ãíåçäîâàíèå

Îïàñíàÿ çàçåìë¸ííàÿ äåðåâÿííàÿ îïîðà, íà êîòîðîé ïîãèá áàëî- áàí. Ôîòî Î. Ãîðîøêî. Wooden electric pole hazardous for birds and the Saker Falcon electrocuted there. Photos by O. Goroshko. 96 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

â ñîïðåäåëüíûõ ñ ËÝÏ ñîïêàõ îäíîé ïàðû 2010 ã. 792000 ðóá., à ñ ó÷¸òîì èíôëÿöèè ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ, íåñêîëüêèõ ïàð ìîõíîíî- – 984456 ðóá. Ïðè ýòîì, ðàçìåð ðåàëü- ãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ è ôèëèíîâ, à òàêæå ðÿäà íî íàíîñèìîãî óùåðáà íå ìåíåå ÷åì â 2 âèäîâ ñîêîëîâ. Âîñòî÷íûå áîëîòíûå ëóíè ðàçà âûøå ðàññ÷èòàííîãî, ïîñêîëüêó çíà- â ìîìåíò îáñëåäîâàíèÿ ËÝÏ áûëè ðåäêè â ÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö ïîåäàåòñÿ äàííîì ðàéîíå, ïîñêîëüêó ïîéìà ð. Õèëà õèùíèêàìè è ñîáàêàìè è â õîäå ïîëåâûõ ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîëíîñòüþ âûñîõëà. Îäíàêî ðàáîò 2010 ã. íå áûëà ó÷òåíà. èçâåñòíî, ÷òî âî âëàæíûå 1990-å ãã. ëóíè áûëè çäåñü ìíîãî÷èñëåííû. Âî âëàæíûå Ìåðû ïî óñòðàíåíèþ ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ãîäû, áëàãîäàðÿ îáèëèþ ïòèö â ïîéìå îáñëåäîâàííûõ ËÝÏ ðåêè, ñêëàäûâàþòñÿ òàêæå î÷åíü áëàãî- Ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì ïîëåâûõ ðàáîò ðóêî- ïðèÿòíûå óñëîâèÿ äëÿ ôèëèíîâ è äðóãèõ âîäñòâó «×èòàýíåðãî» îò èìåíè Äàóðñêîãî õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ñëåäóåò îæèäàòü, ÷òî â òà- çàïîâåäíèêà áûë îôèöèàëüíî ïåðåäàí äå- êèå ïåðèîäû êîëè÷åñòâî ïòèö, ãèáíóùèõ òàëüíûé îò÷¸ò, ñ ïðèëîæåíèåì êàðò-ñõåì, íà äàííîé ËÝÏ, çíà÷èòåëüíî âîçðàñòàåò. ïîëíîé ýëåêòðîííîé áàçû äàííûõ â Excel, íàáîðîì ôîòîãðàôèé ïî âñåì íàõîäêàì Ðàñ÷¸ò íàíåñ¸ííîãî óùåðáà ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö, ðàñ÷¸òîì íàíåñ¸ííîãî Óùåðá ðàññ÷èòàí íà îñíîâàíèè ïðèêàçà óùåðáà, ðåêîìåíäàöèÿìè ïî óñòðàíå- Ìèíèñòåðñòâà ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ ÐÔ îò íèþ óãðîçû è ïèñüìåííûì òðåáîâàíèåì î 28 àïðåëÿ 2008 ã. N 107 «Îá óòâåðæäå- ðàññìîòðåíèè â óñòàíîâëåííûé ñðîê âû- íèè ìåòîäèêè èñ÷èñëåíèÿ ðàçìåðà âðåäà, ÿâëåííîé ïðîáëåìû è èíôîðìèðîâàíèè Ì¸ðòâûé ìîõíîíîãèé ïðè÷èíåííîãî îáúåêòàì æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, çàïîâåäíèêà î ïëàíèðóåìûõ ìåðàõ ïî å¸ êóðãàííèê ïîä óãëîâîé çàíåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîññèéñêîé ðåøåíèþ. Â õîäå ïîäãîòîâêè îò÷¸òà ìû íå- áåòîííîé îïîðîé. Ôåäåðàöèè, à òàêæå èíûì îáúåêòàì æè- îäíîêðàòíî êîíòàêòèðîâàëè è âñòðå÷àëèñü Ôîòî Î. Ãîðîøêî. âîòíîãî ìèðà, íå îòíîñÿùèìñÿ ê îáúåêòàì ñî ñïåöèàëèñòîì-ýêîëîãîì è ðóêîâîä- Electrocuted Upland îõîòû è ðûáîëîâñòâà, è ñðåäå èõ îáèòà- ñòâîì «×èòàýíåðãî», èíôîðìèðîâàëè èõ î Buzzard near concrete three-post pole. íèÿ». Îáùàÿ ñòîèìîñòü âñåõ îáíàðóæåí- ðåçóëüòàòàõ èññëåäîâàíèé è ïëàíèðóåìûõ Photos by O. Goroshko. íûõ ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö ñîñòàâèëà íà êîíåö äàëüíåéøèõ äåéñòâèÿõ çàïîâåäíèêà ïî ðå- øåíèþ âûÿâëåííîé ïðîáëåìû. Ñî ñòîðî- íû êîìïàíèè áûëî ïðîÿâëåíî ïîíèìàíèå è ãîòîâíîñòü ê ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâó. Âàðèàíòû òàêîãî ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà è ïóòè äàëüíåéøèõ ñîâìåñòíûõ äåéñòâèé áûëè îáñóæäåíû â õîäå âñòðå÷. Îò êîìïàíèè ïîëó÷åíî îôè- öèàëüíîå óâåäîìëåíèå, ñ ïðèëîæåíèåì ñìåòíîãî ðàñ÷åòà, î òîì, ÷òî â áþäæåò íà 2011 ã. çàëîæåíî 535488,9 ðóáëåé íà îáîðóäîâàíèå ËÝÏ ¹2 è ¹3 ïòèöåçàùèò- íûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè. Â õîäå áåñåä äîñòèã- íóòà äîãîâîð¸ííîñòü î òîì, ÷òî, íà÷èíàÿ ñ 2012 ã., ñðåäñòâà áóäóò çàêëàäûâàòüñÿ â áîëüøåì îáú¸ìå åæåãîäíî. Ïîñêîëüêó ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ â Þãî- Âîñòî÷íîì Çàáàéêàëüå î÷åíü âåëèêà, òî ÷àñòü ñðåäñòâ ïëàíèðóåòñÿ èñïîëüçîâàòü íà ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîå îáñëåäîâàíèå ËÝÏ ñîòðóäíèêàìè çàïîâåäíèêà è âûÿâëåíèå ó÷àñòêîâ, òðåáóþùèõ ïåðâîî÷åðåäíîãî îáîðóäîâàíèÿ, à òàêæå íà ïîñëåäóþùóþ ïðîâåðêó ýôôåêòèâíîñòè óñòàíîâëåííîãî îáîðóäîâàíèÿ. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ðàç- ðàáàòûâàåòñÿ ïðîåêò äîëãîñðî÷íîãî äî- ãîâîðà î ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâå ìåæäó Äàóðñêèì çàïîâåäíèêîì è «×èòàýíåðãî» ïî óñòðà- íåíèþ ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ïîäâåäîìñòâåííûõ «×èòàýíåðãî» ËÝÏ â ïðåäåëàõ áóôåðíîé çîíû è çîíû ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà çàïîâåäíèêà, à òàêæå íà ñîïðåäåëüíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ Çà- áàéêàëüÿ. Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 97

Òàáë. 4. Ñïèñîê è Îõðàííûé ñòàòóñ* Ïîïóëÿöèîííûé ñòàòóñ** ñòàòóñ îõðàíÿåìûõ âèäîâ ïòèö êðóïíîãî Âèä / Species Protected status* Population status** è ñðåäíåãî ðàçìåðà, Ñêîïà (Pandion haliaetus) ÐÔ, Çê m tr Rr èñïîëüçóþùèõ îïîðû Ïîëåâîé ëóíü (Circus cyaneus) Çê m r-c, sm r, w Rr ËÝÏ â êà÷åñòâå ïðè- ñàäû â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Ñòåïíîé ëóíü (Circus macrourus) ÐÔ, Çê ov Çàáàéêàëüå. Ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê (Buteo hemilasius) Çê m Cc, n c, w r-c Table 4. List and Çèìíÿê (Buteo lagopus) Çê m w Rr-c status of protected bird species of large Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis) ÐÔ, Çê m n r and medium body-size Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê (Aquila clanga) ÌÑÎÏ, ÐÔ, Çê m tr Rr-r using power poles as a roosting site. Îð¸ë-ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) ÌÑÎÏ, ÐÔ, Çê m tr Rr Áåðêóò (Aquila chrisaetos) ÐÔ, Çê m r, n Rr, w Rr-c Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla) ÐÔ, Çê m tr r Îðëàí-äîëãîõâîñò (Haliaeetus leucoryphus) ÌÑÎÏ, ÐÔ - - ov ×¸ðíûé ãðèô (Aegypius monachus) ÐÔ, Çê ov Êðå÷åò (Falco rusticolus) ÐÔ, Çê m w Rr Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug) ÌÑÎÏ, ÐÔ, Çê m r, n r-c, w r Ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus) ÐÔ, Çê m n w Rr Ñòåïíàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco naumanni) ÌÑÎÏ, ÐÔ, Çê m n Rr Ôèëèí (Bubo bubo) ÐÔ, Çê m r-c, n r-c, w Rr-r Áåëàÿ ñîâà (Nyctea scandiaca) Çê m w r-c

* Îõðàííûé ñòàòóñ: ÌÑÎÏ – Ñïèñîê âèäîâ ÌÑÎÏ (IUCN Red List, 2010), ÐÔ – Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, 2001; Çê – Ïåðå÷åíü îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, çàíåñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Çàáàéêàëüñêîãî êðàÿ, 2010. * Protected status: ÌÑÎÏ – IUCN Red List, 2010, ÐÔ – Red Data Book of Russia, 2001; Çê – List of animals included in the Red Data Book of the Zabaikalsky Kray, 2010. ** Ïîïóëÿöèîííûé ñòàòóñ / Population status: Õàðàêòåð ïðåáûâàíèÿ / Nature of stay: m – ìèãðèðóþùèå / migrant s – îñ¸äëûå / sedentary n – ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ / breeding (n? – âåðîÿòíî ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ / probably breeding) tr – òðàíçèòíûå ìèãðàíòû / transit of passage migrant îv – çàë¸òíûå / occasional visitor w – çèìóþùèå / wintering sm – ëåòóþùèå íå ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ / summering non-breeding Ïîêàçàòåëü îáèëèÿ / Abundance: Cc – ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå / numerous c – îáû÷íûå / common r – ðåäêèå / rare Rr – î÷åíü ðåäêèå / very rare

Àíàëèç îïàñíîñòè ËÝÏ äëÿ ïòèö ðå- îáû÷åí òîëüêî áàëîáàí, îñòàëüíûå âñòðå- ãèîíà è ðåêîìåíäàöèè ÷àþòñÿ êðàéíå ðåäêî (òàáë. 4). Áîëüøîé Îðíèòîôàóíà èññëåäóåìîãî ðåãèîíà ïîäîðëèê (Aquila clanga) â 1990-õ ãã. âûäåëÿåòñÿ áîëüøèì êîëè÷åñòâîì âèäîâ è âñòðå÷àëñÿ ðåãóëÿðíî âî âðåìÿ ìèãðàöèè, âûñîêîé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ ïòèö. Â çàïîâåäíè- îäíàêî, â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïî÷òè îòñóò- êå è åãî îêðåñòíîñòÿõ îòìå÷åíî 323 âèäà ñòâóåò. Èç ÷èñëà ãëîáàëüíî óãðîæàåìûõ ïåðíàòûõ. Íàèáîëåå ìíîãî÷èñëåííû îòðÿ- âèäîâ íàèáîëåå âåëèêà âåðîÿòíîñòü ãèáå- äû âîðîáüèíîîáðàçíûõ (140 âèäîâ), ðæàí- ëè íà ËÝÏ áàëîáàíîâ. Ýòè ïòèöû ãíåçäÿòñÿ êîîáðàçíûõ (57 âèäîâ), ãóñåîáðàçíûõ (35 êàê â çîíå îòêðûòûõ ñòåïåé (íà âûõîäàõ âèäîâ) è ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ (28 âèäîâ). ñêàë, îòäåëüíî ñòîÿùèõ äåðåâüÿõ, îïîðàõ Âàæíàÿ îñîáåííîñòü Äàóðñêîé ñòåïè âûñîêîâîëüòíûõ ËÝÏ, â ëåñîïîëîñàõ), òàê – îáèòàíèå áîëüøîãî êîëè÷åñòâà ðåäêèõ è â ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíå. Êðîìå òîãî, áàëî- âèäîâ ïòèö. Çäåñü îòìå÷åíî 20 âèäîâ èç áàí îòíîñèòåëüíî îáû÷åí âî âðåìÿ ìèãðà- ñïèñêà ÌÑÎÏ (IUCN Red List, 2010). Â öèè è â çèìíèé ïåðèîä. îñíîâíîì ýòî âîäîïëàâàþùèå è îêîëîâîä- Â ðåãèîíå îòìå÷åí 41 âèä ïòèö, çàíåñ¸í- íûå ïòèöû. Ñðåäè ãëîáàëüíî óãðîæàåìûõ íûé â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ. Â òîì ÷èñëå, äëÿ è óÿçâèìûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö îòíîñèòåëüíî ñîõðàíåíèÿ è âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ðÿäà âèäîâ 98 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ðåãèîí èìååò áîëüøîå çíà÷åíèå, â ÷àñòíî- îêàçûâàþò ìíîãîëåòíèå êëèìàòè÷åñêèå ñòè, – äëÿ ñòåïíîãî îðëà è áåðêóòà (Aquila öèêëû. Â õîäå äåñÿòèëåòíåãî êðàéíå çà- chrysaetos). Áåðêóòû îáèòàþò â îñíîâíîì ñóøëèâîãî ïåðèîäà â ðåãèîíå ïðîèçîøëî â ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíå. Â ñòåïè îíè ãíåçäÿò- ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ïî÷òè âñåõ õèù- ñÿ ðåäêî, îäíàêî ðåãóëÿðíî âñòðå÷àþòñÿ íûõ âèäîâ ïòèö èç-çà óõóäøåíèÿ ñîñòîÿíèÿ â ïåðèîä ìèãðàöèè è íà çèìîâêàõ, â ëåò- êîðìîâîé áàçû, óñèëèâøèõñÿ ñòåïíûõ è íèé ïåðèîä çäåñü äåðæàòñÿ õîëîñòóþùèå ëåñíûõ ïîæàðîâ è äðóãèõ ïðè÷èí. Â íå- îñîáè. Îñîáåííî ÷àñòî áåðêóòû îòìå÷à- êîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïàäåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè þòñÿ â ìåñòàõ îáèòàíèÿ àíòèëîï-äçåðåíîâ áûëî âûçâàíî íå òîëüêî êëèìàòè÷åñêèìè (Procapra gutturosa) â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Òîðåé- ôàêòîðàìè, íî è äðóãèìè ïðè÷èíàìè. Èç ñêèõ îç¸ð. Âåðîÿòíîñòü ãèáåëè ýòèõ îðëîâ êëþ÷åâûõ âèäîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â ñòåïíîé íà ËÝÏ âåëèêà. Òàêæå âåëèêà âåðîÿòíîñòü è ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíå Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Çà- ãèáåëè ôèëèíîâ (Bubo bubo), ïîñêîëüêó áàéêàëüÿ, îñîáåííî çàìåòíûå èçìåíåíèÿ ýòîò âèä îòíîñèòåëüíî ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ çà ïåðèîä 1995–2010 ãã. ïðîèçîøëè â ïî- â èññëåäóåìîì ðåãèîíå. Äðóãèå ãëîáàëü- ïóëÿöèÿõ ñëåäóþùèõ âèäîâ: ÷åðíîóõèé íî óãðîæàåìûå âèäû õèùíûõ ïòèö âñòðå- êîðøóí (Milvus migrans lineatus), âîñ- ÷àþòñÿ â çàïîâåäíèêå è åãî îêðåñòíîñòÿõ òî÷íûé áîëîòíûé ëóíü (Circus spilonotus), çíà÷èòåëüíî ðåæå è íå åæåãîäíî. ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê, ñòåïíîé îð¸ë, Â ïåðå÷åíü îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà, áàëîáàí, àìóðñêèé êîá÷èê, ôèëèí. Â ÷àñò- çàíåñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Çàáàéêàëü- íîñòè, ÷èñëåííîñòü áîëîòíûõ ëóíåé óïàëà ñêîãî êðàÿ, âõîäèò 66 âèäîâ ïòèö, èç íèõ â äåñÿòêè ðàç â ñâÿçè ñ èñ÷åçíîâåíèåì ïî- 64 îòìå÷åíû â èññëåäóåìîì ðåãèîíå. Â äàâëÿþùåé ÷àñòè âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ óãîäèé. òîì ÷èñëå, èç âèäîâ, íå ðàññìîòðåííûõ Ýòîò âèä áûë ìíîãî÷èñëåí â 1990-õ ãã., â íàìè âûøå, Òîðåéñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà èìååò íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ – ðåäîê. Èç âðàíîâûõ áîëüøîå çíà÷åíèå äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ ïîëå- çíà÷èòåëüíî ðåæå ñòàëè âñòðå÷àòüñÿ ãðà- âîãî ëóíÿ (Circus cyaneus), çèìíÿêà è áå- ÷è (Corvus frugilegus). Âî âðåìÿ ìèãðàöèè ëîé ñîâû (Nyctea scandiaca). Ïîëåâîé ëóíü â äåñÿòêè ðàç óïàëà ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîëåâûõ âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â îñíîâíîì â ïåðèîä ìèãðà- ëóíåé, à â çèìíèé ïåðèîä – çèìíÿêîâ. Ïî- öèè. Äëÿ çèìíÿêà è áåëîé ñîâû â ðàññìà- ñëåäíèå áûëè îáû÷íû è äàæå ìíîãî÷èñ- òðèâàåìîì ðåãèîíå ðàñïîëîæåíû âàæíûå ëåííû â 1990-õ ãã., íî â 2000-õ ãã. ñòàëè ìåñòà çèìîâêè. Ýòè ïòèöû èñïîëüçóþò ËÝÏ ðåäêè, à â íåêîòîðûå ãîäû íå áûëè îòìå÷å- â êà÷åñòâå ïðèñàäû, îñîáåííî ÷àñòî ýòî íû âîîáùå; â ïîñëåäíèå íåñêîëüêî ëåò èõ äåëàþò çèìíÿêè. Âåðîÿòíîñòü ãèáåëè ýòèõ ÷èñëåííîñòü óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ. Êðîìå òîãî, õèùíèêîâ íà ËÝÏ âåëèêà. â 2010 ã., èç-çà êðàéíå íåáëàãîïðèÿòíûõ Êàê óæå áûëî ñêàçàíî, îãðîìíîå âëèÿ- ïîãîäíûõ óñëîâèé è äåïðåññèè ÷èñëåí- íèå íà ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé ïòèö è èõ íîñòè ãðûçóíîâ, óñïåøíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé â èññëåäóåìîì ðåãèîíå è ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ,

Ïîãèáøèé âûâîäîê ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííè- êîâ – ðåçóëüòàò ãèáåëè âçðîñëûõ ïòèö íà ËÝÏ, ïðîõîäÿùåé áëèç ãíåçäà. Ôîòî À. Áàðàøêîâîé. Lost brood of the Upland Buzzard as a result of electrocution of adults on the power line near the nest. Photo by A. Barashkova. Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 99

ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ è áàëîáàíîâ â èññëåäóå- ìîì ðåãèîíå áûëè îñîáåííî íèçêè. Âñ¸ âûøåñêàçàííîå îòðàçèëîñü íà ðå- çóëüòàòàõ ó÷¸òîâ ïîãèáøèõ íà ËÝÏ ïòèö – èç-çà íèçêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè ïåðíàòûõ â 2009 è 2010 ãã. ñîáðàííûå íàìè äàííûå îá èõ ãèáåëè íà ËÝÏ íåèçáåæíî äîëæíû áûòü ñóùåñòâåííî íèæå ïîêàçàòåëåé ãèáåëè â ïðåäûäóùèå ãîäû. Ñëåäóåò îæèäàòü, ÷òî â íàñòóïàþùåì âëàæíîì êëèìàòè÷åñêîì ïåðèîäå ìîæåò ïðîèçîéòè âîññòàíîâëå- íèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîïóëÿöèé ïòèö è çíà÷è- òåëüíîå óâåëè÷åíèå ÷àñòîòû èõ ãèáåëè íà ËÝÏ. Â ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì, íà äàííîì ýòàïå âàæ- íî ïðîâåäåíèå àíàëèçà èçìåíåíèé, ïðîèñ- õîäÿùèõ â ýêîñèñòåìàõ â õîäå êëèìàòè÷å- ñêèõ öèêëîâ, è èñïîëüçîâàíèå ýòèõ äàííûõ äëÿ âûäåëåíèÿ íàèáîëåå îïàñíûõ ËÝÏ è ïëàíèðîâàíèÿ ðàáîò ïî îáîðóäîâàíèþ èõ ïòèöåçàùèòíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè. Â ÷àñòíî- ñòè, êðîìå êëþ÷åâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ îáèòàíèÿ ðåäêèõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö, íåîáõîäèìî îñîáîå âíèìàíèå óäåëèòü ËÝÏ, ðàñïîëî- æåííûì â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ óãîäèé è íà ìèãðàöèîííûõ êîðèäîðàõ ïåðíàòûõ, – ò.å. òàì, ãäå â áëèæàéøåì áóäóùåì ìîæåò ïðîèçîéòè íàèáîëüøèé âñïëåñê ÷èñëåííîñòè õèùíûõ âèäîâ ïòèö. Ïòèöåîïàñíûå êîíñòðóêöèè ËÝÏ ðàñ- ïðîñòðàíåíû â Çàáàéêàëüñêîì êðàå î÷åíü øèðîêî. Äàæå ñ ó÷¸òîì âîçìîæíîãî óâå- ëè÷åíèÿ ñðåäñòâ, ïîòðåáóþòñÿ äåñÿòêè ëåò äëÿ îáîðóäîâàíèÿ èõ ïòèöåçàùèòíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè. Ïîýòîìó â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ öå- ëåñîîáðàçíî â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü îáîðóäî- âàòü óãëîâûå, àíêåðíûå è êîíöåâûå îïî- ðû ËÝÏ, êàê ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèå íàèáîëüøóþ Ïîãèáøèå íà ËÝÏ áàëîáàí (ââåðõó), ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê (â öåíòðå) è ñàìåö îáûêíîâåííîé ïó- îïàñíîñòü äëÿ ïòèö. Ýòî ïîçâîëèò äîñòè÷ü ñòåëüãè (Falco tinnunculus) (âíèçó). Ôîòî Î. Ãîðîøêî. ìàêñèìàëüíîãî ïðèðîäîîõðàííîãî ýô- Electrocuted birds: Saker Falcon (upper), Upland ôåêòà ïðè ìèíèìàëüíûõ çàòðàòàõ. Buzzard (center) and male Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) (bottom). Photos by O. Goroshko. Áëàãîäàðíîñòè Àâòîð î÷åíü ïðèçíàòåëåí Â.Å. Êèðè- Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ. Ãèáåëü ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ëþêó, À.Í. Áàðàøêîâîé, È.Â. Êàðÿêè- íà ËÝÏ íà Àëòàå: ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé íó, Ñ.Á. Áàëüæèìàåâîé, Ò.Å. Òêà÷óê, 2009 ãîäà, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ À.Â. Êîìàðîâó, Î.Ê. Êèðèëþê, à òàêæå îõðàíà. 2009. ¹16. Ñ. 45–64. Ìàöûíà À.È., Ìàöûíà Å.Ë., Êîðîëüêîâ Ì.À. èíñïåêòîðàì Äàóðñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà, Ïåðâûå èòîãè ïðèìåíåíèÿ è îöåíêà ýôôåêòèâ- ïðèíèìàâøèì ó÷àñòèå â ðàáîòàõ ïî îá- íîñòè ñîâðåìåííûõ ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ óñòðîéñòâ ñëåäîâàíèþ ËÝÏ è îêàçûâàâøèì äðóãóþ íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è 6–10 êÂ â Ðîññèè. ïîìîùü â ïðîâåäåíèè ïîëåâûõ èññëåäî- – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹14. âàíèé è îáðàáîòêå ïîëó÷åííûõ äàííûõ. Ñ. 59–62. Îáÿçîâ Â.À. Ñâÿçü êîëåáàíèé âîäíîñòè îçåð Ëèòåðàòóðà ñòåïíîé çîíû Çàáàéêàëüÿ ñ ìíîãîëåòíèìè ãè- Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï., Ãëûáèíà Ì.À., äðîìåòåîðîëîãè÷åñêèìè èçìåíåíèÿìè íà ïðè- Ïèòåðîâà Å.Í. Îöåíêà óðîâíÿ ãèáåëè õèùíûõ ìåðå Òîðåéñêèõ îçåð. – Èçâ. ÐÃÎ. 1994. Ò. 124. ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è 6–10 êÂ â Âûï. 5. Ñ. 48–54. Êèíåëüñêîì ðàéîíå Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ÃÈÑ- Ñàëòûêîâ À.Â. Îïûò âíåäðåíèÿ ïòèöåçàùèò- ìåòîäàìè. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. íîãî óñòðîéñòâà «ÏÇÓ 6–10 êÂ» â Óëüÿíîâñêîé 2008. ¹14. Ñ. 50–58. îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., îõðàíà. 2009. ¹16. Ñ. 65–67. 100 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

TheNewDataonBirdElectrocutiononPowerLines6–10kV inKalmykia,Russia НОВЫЕ ДАННЫЕ О ГИБЕЛИ ПТИЦ НА ЛИНИЯХ ЭЛЕКТРОПЕРЕДАЧИ 6–10 КВ В КАЛМЫКИИ, РОССИЯ MatsynaA.I.,MatsynaE.L.(LaboratoryofornithologyofEcologicalCenter“Dront”, N.Novgorod,Russia) PestovM.V.(NGOEnvironmentalCenter“NABU–Caucasus”,Maykop,Russia) IvanenkoA.M.(KubanStateUniversity,Krasnodar,Russia) KorolkovM.A.(RegionalChildren'sEcologicalCenter,Ulyanovsk,Russia) Мацына А.И., Мацына Е.Л. (Орнитологическая лаборатория Экологического центра «Дронт», Н. Новгород, Россия) Пестов М.В. (Негосударственный природоохранный центр «НАБУ–Кавказ», Майкоп, Россия) Иваненко А.М. (Кубанский государственный университет, Краснодар, Россия) Корольков М.А. (Областной детский экологический центр, Ульяновск, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Ðåçþìå Àëåêñàíäð Ìàöûíà Â ñòàòüå ïðèâîäÿòñÿ êðàòêèå ðåçóëüòàòû ó÷¸òîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö, ïîãèáøèõ íà âîçäóøíûõ ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïå- Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ðåäà÷è 6–10 êÂ â Êàëìûêèè, âûïîëíåííûå â 2010 ã. Íà 11,1 êì îñìîòðåííûõ ËÝÏ óñòàíîâëåíà ãèáåëü 58 ëàáîðàòîðèÿ ïòèö, ïðèíàäëåæàùèõ ê 8 âèäàì. Ñðåäíÿÿ ÷àñòîòà âñòðå÷àåìîñòè ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö ñîñòàâèëà 5,23 îñ./êì ÂËÝ Ýêîöåíòðà «Äðîíò» 6–10 êÂ. Ñðåäè ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö àáñîëþòíî äîìèíèðóåò ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis) (58,6%), âûñîêà äîëÿ 603001, Ðîññèÿ, êóðãàííèêà (Buteo rufinus) (10,3%) – îáà âèäà çàíåñåíû â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ. Â öåëîì, õèùíèêè ñîñòàâèëè Í. Íîâãîðîä, 87,9% îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà îáíàðóæåííûõ ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö. Óùåðá îò ãèáåëè ïòèö íà îñìîòðåííîì ó÷àñòêå ëèíèè óë. Ðîæäåñòâåíñêàÿ, 16 ä ñîñòàâèë 1 ìëí. 957 òûñ. ðóáëåé. òåë.: +7 831 430 28 81 Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, ïîðàæåíèå ýëåêòðîòîêîì, ËÝÏ, Êàëìûêèÿ. [email protected] Ïîñòóïèëà â ðåäàêöèþ 07.03.2011 ã. Ïðèíÿòà ê ïóáëèêàöèè 15.03.2011 ã. Abstract Åêàòåðèíà Ìàöûíà There are the short results of counts of raptors died through electrocution on power lines 6–10 kV, carried out twice [email protected] in the Republic of Kalmykia in 2008–2010. A total of 58 birds of 8 species have been found died along 11.1 km surveyed fragment of a power line. The average occurrence of died birds was 5.23 ind./km of a power line 6–10 Ìàðê Ïåñòîâ kV. The Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) (58.6%) and Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus) (10.3%) predominated [email protected] in the number of found carcasses; both species are listed in the Red Data Book of RF. The share of raptors was 87.9% in the total number of found bird carcasses. Damage from the bird deaths on the surveyed site of power Àëåêñàíäð Èâàíåíêî lines has estimated as 1,957,000 rubles. [email protected] Keywords: raptors, birds of prey, electrocution, power lines, Kazakhstan. Received: 07/03/2011. Accepted: 15/03/2011. Ìàêñèì Êîðîëüêîâ [email protected]

Ââåäåíèå Kalmykia is the unique region with vast Ðåñïóáëèêà Êàëìûêèÿ íàõîäèòñÿ íà êðàé- open undisturbed landscapes. But the scale íåì þãî-âîñòîêå Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîñ- of bird electrocution on the overhead pow- ñèè. Ðåãèîí ðàñïîëîæåí â çîíàõ ñòåïåé, er lines within the medium voltage range ïîëóïóñòûíü è ïóñòûíü è çàíèìàåò òåððè- (6–10 kV) is awful there. Under conditions òîðèþ ñ îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 75,9 òûñ. êì2. Ðå- of predominance of woodless landscapes ëüåô ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ðàâíèííûé, êëèìàò the power lines are very attractive for resi- ðåçêî êîíòèíåíòàëüíûé — ëåòî æàðêîå è dent and migratory birds as a perch or roost- î÷åíü ñóõîå, çèìà ìàëîñíåæíàÿ, èíîãäà ñ ing sites. Unfortunately, all or almost all the áîëüøèìè õîëîäàìè. Ñîâîêóïíîñòü ýòèõ power lines are poor designed – concrete ôàêòîðîâ îáåñïå÷èâàåò ñâîåîáðàçèå è electric poles are equipped with non-insu- óíèêàëüíîñòü æèâîòíîãî è ðàñòèòåëüíîãî lated cable fixed on upright insulators at- ìèðà. Êàëìûêèÿ – ñàìûé áåçëåñíûé ðå- tached to a crossarm and pose a high risk to ãèîí Ðîññèè: äðåâåñíàÿ ðàñòèòåëüíîñòü birds. Considering those circumstances the çäåñü çàíèìàåò î÷åíü íåáîëüøèå ïëîùàäè Republic of Kalmykia has been chosen as a è, â îñíîâíîì, ïðåäñòàâëåíà ëåñîïîëîñàìè priority for International collaboration in the âäîëü äîðîã. affair of nature protection. This decision was Â ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì, çäåñü îòìå÷àåòñÿ êîëîñ- made on the meeting, having taken place in Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 101

Contact: Alexander Matsyna Laboratory of Ornithology of Ecological Center “Dront” Rozhdestvenskaya str., 16 d Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia, 603001 tel.: +7 (831) 430 28 81 [email protected]

Ekaterina Matsyna [email protected]

Mark Pestov [email protected]

Alexander Ivanenko [email protected] Ïòèöåîïàñíàÿ ÂË 6–10 êÂ íà òåððèòîðèè ×åðíîçåìåëüñêîãî ðàéîíà Ðåñïóáëèêè Êàëìûêèÿ. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå íåèçîëèðîâàííûõ ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ ïðåäìåòîâ â êà÷åñòâå çàùèòíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ çàïðåùåíî äåéñòâóþùèì çàêîíî- Maxim Korolkov äàòåëüñòâîì. Ôîòî À. Ìàöûíû è Ì. Ïåñòîâà. [email protected] A power line 6–10 kV hazardous for birds in the territory of the Chernozemelsky region of the Republic of Kalmykia. Using the uninsulated metal constructions as protective devices is prohibited by the current legislation. Photos by A. Matsyna and M. Pestov.

ñàëüíàÿ ãèáåëü ïòèö, ïðåæäå âñåãî ïåðíà- Berlin on December 6–11 and organized by òûõ õèùíèêîâ, îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðè÷å- BfN and NABU (Events, 2010). From Russia ñêèì òîêîì ïðè êîíòàêòå ñ âîçäóøíûìè the specialists from NGO Ecological Center ëèíèÿìè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è (ÂËÝ) ñðåäíåé “Dront”, Scientific Investigation Center “Po- ìîùíîñòè – ÂË 6–10 êÂ. Íà áåçëåñíîé volzhye”, Kuban State University and Cau- ðàâíèííîé òåððèòîðèè èõ îïîðû ÷ðåç- casian Reserve participated in the meeting. âû÷àéíî ïðèâëåêàòåëüíû äëÿ ïòèö â êà- In March 2010, we visited the Republic of ÷åñòâå ïðèñàä. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå ÂË 6–10 Kalmykia with the aim to meet with officials êÂ â Êàëìûêèè îáîðóäîâàíû íåèçîëèðî- and representatives of NGOs concerning the âàííûì ïðîâîäîì, çàêðåïëåííûì íà øòû- nature conservation, to discuss the problem ðåâûõ èçîëÿòîðàõ æåëåçîáåòîííûõ îïîð and find the ways for solving it as well. è ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé êðàéíå îïàñíóþ With the aim to illustrate the scale of dam- êîíñòðóêöèþ. Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî äàííî- age caused to the biodiversity the survey of ìó âîïðîñó ïîñâÿùåí ðÿä èññëåäîâàíèé power lines in the Chernozemelsky region (Çâîíîâ, Êðèâîíîñîâ, 1981; Ìåäæèäîâ è was carried out. As a result, 58 electrocut- äð., 2005à, 2005á), ïîêà íå ïðåäïðèíÿ- ed birds of 8 species (mostly raptors) were òî íèêàêèõ ýôôåêòèâíûõ ïðàêòè÷åñêèõ found at a power line fragment of 11.1 km. äåéñòâèé, ñíèæàþùèõ íåãàòèâíîå âëèÿíèå The Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) pre- ýòîãî ôàêòîðà íà îðíèòîôàóíó ðåãèîíà. dominated (34 individuals). According to Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî çíà÷èòåëüíîå ñíè- the National “Requests” the damage caused æåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila to wildlife only on that sector of power line nipalensis), îòìå÷àåìîå ìíîãèìè èññëåäî- was estimated as 1,957,000 Rubles. âàòåëÿìè â Ïðèêàñïèè (Áåëèê, 2004; Êàðÿ- The total length of power lines in Kalmy- êèí, Íîâèêîâà, 2006), â íåìàëîé ñòåïåíè kia is 14000 km. It is difficult to estimate îïðåäåëåíî åãî âûñîêîé ãèáåëüþ ïðè êîí- exactly the number of birds killed by elec- òàêòå ñ ÂË 6–10 êÂ íà òåððèòîðèè Êàëìû- trocution there, but it seems to be many êèè, ÿâëÿþùåéñÿ âàæíûì ðóñëîì ñåçîí- thousands of individuals every year. íûõ ìèãðàöèé ýòîãî âèäà. The report with the results of our survey Äàííûå îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà ïîñëóæèëè has been submitted to the state organiza- îñíîâàíèåì äëÿ âûáîðà Ðåñïóáëèêè Êàë- tions of nature protection and management ìûêèÿ â êà÷åñòâå ïðèîðèòåòíîãî ðåãèî- of the Kalmykia Republic. íà äëÿ ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà It is obviously that one of main targets in the â îáëàñòè îõðàíû ïðèðîäû. Ðåøåíèå îá nature protection is conducting the surveys ýòîì áûëî ïðèíÿòî â õîäå ðàáî÷åé âñòðå- for large-scale estimation of total number of ÷è ñïåöèàëèñòîâ, ïðîõîäèâøåé 6–11 äå- birds died through electrocution in the Kalmy- êàáðÿ 2009 ã. â Áåðëèíå (Ñîáûòèÿ, 2010). kia Republic and distributing this information Îðãàíèçàòîðû âñòðå÷è – Ôåäåðàëüíîå on the republic and federal levels. 102 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

àãåíòñòâî îõðàíû ïðèðîäû Ãåðìàíèè îõðàíû îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû è ðàçâèòèÿ (BfN) è Ñîþç îõðàíû ïðèðîäû Ãåðìàíèè ýíåðãåòèêè Ðåñïóáëèêè Êàëìûêèÿ, áûëî (NABU). Ñ ðîññèéñêîé ñòîðîíû â íåé îðãàíèçîâàíî ðàáî÷åå ñîâåùàíèå ñ ó÷à- ïðèíèìàëè ó÷àñòèå ïðåäñòàâèòåëè Ýêîëî- ñòèåì ñîòðóäíèêîâ Ìèíèñòåðñòâà, ïðåä- ãè÷åñêîãî öåíòðà «Äðîíò» (Íèæíèé Íîâ- ñòàâèòåëåé ôèëèàëà ÎÀÎ «ÌÐÑÊ Þãà» ãîðîä), Íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêîãî öåí- – «Êàëìýíåðãî», ÃÏÁÇ «×åðíûå çåìëè», òðà «Ïîâîëæüå» (Óëüÿíîâñê), Êóáàíñêîãî íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèõ ó÷ðåæäåíèé, ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà (Êðàñíî- ïðîåêòà ÏÐÎÎÍ/ÃÝÔ «Ñîõðàíåíèå âîäíî- äàð) è Êàâêàçñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî çà- áîëîòíûõ óãîäèé Íèæíåé Âîëãè», ÑÌÈ. ïîâåäíèêà (Ìàéêîï). Àíàëîãè÷íîå ñîâåùàíèå ïðîøëî â Óïðàâ- Â ìàðòå 2010 ãîäà, ïðè ôèíàíñîâîé ëåíèè Ôåäåðàëüíîé ñëóæáû ïî íàäçîðó â ïîääåðæêå ÍÏÖ «ÍÀÁÓ-Êàâêàç», àâòî- ñôåðå ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïî Ðåñïóáëè- ðû äàííîãî ñîîáùåíèÿ ñ ðàáî÷èì âèçè- êå Êàëìûêèÿ. Îòäåëüíàÿ âñòðå÷à áûëà îð- òîì ïîáûâàëè â Ðåñïóáëèêå Êàëìûêèÿ. ãàíèçîâàíà ñ ñîòðóäíèêàìè Ïðîêóðàòóðû Öåëüþ ïîåçäêè ñòàëî ïðîâåäåíèå ñåðèè Ðåñïóáëèêè Êàëìûêèÿ, êîòîðûå îáåñïå÷è- ðàáî÷èõ âñòðå÷ ñ ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿìè ãî- âàþò íàäçîð çà ñîáëþäåíèåì ïðèðîäîîõ- Ðèñ. 1. Ðàéîí èññëåäî- ñóäàðñòâåííûõ è îáùåñòâåííûõ ïðèðî- ðàííîãî çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà. âàíèé è îáñëåäîâàííûå ó÷àñòêè ÂËÝ 6–10 êÂ. äîîõðàííûõ îðãàíèçàöèé, ïîñâÿùåííûõ Â õîäå äàííûõ âñòðå÷ è ñîâåùàíèé èõ âîïðîñàì îõðàíû ïòèö ïðè ýêñïëóàòàöèè ó÷àñòíèêè áûëè ïðîèíôîðìèðîâàíû îá Fig. 1. Surveyed territory and observed PL ÂËÝ. Òàê, 22 ìàðòà â ãîðîäå Ýëèñòà, íà èñòîðèè èçó÷åíèÿ, ìàñøòàáàõ è ïîïûòêàõ 6–10 kV. áàçå Ìèíèñòåðñòâà ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ, ðåøåíèÿ äàííîé ïðîáëåìû íà òåððèòî- ðèè ÐÔ è Ðåñïóáëèêè Êàëìûêèè, î ñîâðå- ìåííîì ñîñòîÿíèè íîðìàòèâíîé áàçû ïî äàííîé ïðîáëåìå, òåõíè÷åñêèõ ñïîñîáàõ çàùèòû ïòèö íà ÂËÝ, îá èìåþùåìñÿ ïîëî- æèòåëüíîì îïûòå ðåøåíèÿ äàííîé ïðîáëå- ìû â íåêîòîðûõ ðåãèîíàõ ÐÔ è î âîçìîæ- íûõ ìåõàíèçìàõ òèðàæèðîâàíèÿ äàííîãî îïûòà â Êàëìûêèè. Îáùèé èòîã ýòèõ âñòðå÷ – âñå çàèíòåðåñîâàííûå ñòîðîíû âûðàçè- ëè ãîòîâíîñòü ðåøàòü ïðîáëåìó çàùèòû ïòèö íà ÂËÝ â ïðåäåëàõ ñâîåé êîìïåòåí- öèè. Âñå êîíòðîëèðóþùèå îðãàíû ãîòîâû ðåàãèðîâàòü íà êîíêðåòíûå ñëó÷àè ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ÂËÝ â ñëó÷àå èõ âûÿâëåíèÿ. Ñ öåëüþ âûÿâëåíèÿ ïîäîáíûõ ôàêòîâ áûë îðãàíèçîâàí âûåçä â ×åðíîçåìåëü- ñêèé ðàéîí Êàëìûêèè, íà òåððèòîðèè êî- òîðîãî, ïî îïûòó ïðîøëûõ ëåò, ìàñøòàáû ãèáåëè õèùíûõ ïòèö, â òîì ÷èñëå îòíî- ñÿùèõñÿ ê âèäàì, çàíåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíûå êíèãè ðàçëè÷íûõ óðîâíåé, áûëè îñîáåííî âåëèêè (Ìåäæèäîâ è äð., 2005à, 2005á).

Ìåòîäèêà Âûáîðî÷íàÿ ïðîâåðêà ó÷àñòêà ÂË 6–10 êÂ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ 11,1 êì â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ íàñåë¸ííîãî ïóíêòà Íàðûí-Õóäóê (ðèñ. 1) îñóùåñòâëåíà 25 ìàðòà 2010 ã. Îáñëåäî- âàííàÿ ÂËÝ ÿâëÿåòñÿ âäîëüòðàññîâîé ëè- íèåé ýëåêòðîñíàáæåíèÿ ìàãèñòðàëüíîãî ãàçîïðîâîäà, óñòàíîâëåíà íà æåëåçîáå- òîííûõ îïîðàõ ñ ìåòàëëè÷åñêîé òðàâåð- ñîé è øòûðåâûìè èçîëÿòîðàìè ØÔ–10, ØÔ–20. Ïîâûøåííàÿ ïòèöåîïàñíîñòü êîí- ñòðóêöèè äàííîé ÂË 6–10 êÂ îïðåäåëåíà óñòàíîâêîé íà êîíöàõ òðàâåðñ íåèçîëè- ðîâàííûõ ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ øòûðåé è «áåç- îïàñíûõ» ïðèñàä, èñïîëüçîâàíèå êîòîðûõ Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 103

ãðàôèðîâàëèñü, îïðåäåëÿëàñü èõ âèäîâàÿ ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü. Êîñòíûå îñòàíêè ïîãèá- øèõ ïòèö, äëÿ êîòîðûõ âèäîâàÿ ïðèíàä- ëåæíîñòü íå áûëà óñòàíîâëåíà, îòíåñåíû ê ñõîäíûì ðàçìåðíûì ãðóïïàì. Ñîñòîÿ- íèå îñòàíêîâ ïòèö îöåíèâàëè ïî áàëëüíîé øêàëå (Ñàëòûêîâ, 1999), àäàïòèðîâàííîé äëÿ ìåñòíûõ óñëîâèé: 0 – ïîãèáøàÿ ïòèöà áåç ïðèçíàêîâ ðàç- ëîæåíèÿ; âðåìÿ, ïðîøåäøåå ñ ìîìåíòà ãèáåëè – 1–3 äíÿ; 1 – íà÷àëüíàÿ ñòàäèÿ ðàçëîæåíèÿ (íà÷à- ëî ãíèåíèÿ); âðåìÿ, ïðîøåäøåå ñ ìîìåíòà ãèáåëè – äî 1 íåäåëè; 2 – çàêëþ÷èòåëüíàÿ ñòàäèÿ ðàçëîæåíèÿ (àêòèâíîå ãíèåíèå, âûñûõàíèå); âðåìÿ, ïðîøåäøåå ñ ìîìåíòà ãèáåëè – äî 1 ìå- Ñâåæèé òðóï è êîñòíûå çàïðåùåíî äåéñòâóþùèì ïðèðîäîîõðàí- ñÿöà; îñòàíêè ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ íûì çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâîì. Ýôôåêòèâíûìè 3 – òóøêà ðàçäåëåíà íà îòäåëüíûå êðóï- (Aquila nipalensis) – ðåçóëüòàò íåãàòèâíîãî ïòèöåçàùèòíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè îáñëåäî- íûå ìóìèôèöèðîâàííûå ôðàãìåíòû (êðû- âëèÿíèÿ ÂË 6–10 êÂ íà âàííàÿ ëèíèÿ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è íå îáî- ëüÿ, òóëîâèùå, õâîñò, ëàïû, ãîëîâà); âðåìÿ, îðíèòîôàóíó Êàëìû- ðóäîâàíà. Ïî èíôîðìàöèè, óêàçàííîé íà ïðîøåäøåå ñ ìîìåíòà ãèáåëè – îò 1–3 äî êèè. Ôîòî À. Ìàöûíû. óñòàíîâëåííûõ âäîëü ÂËÝ àíøëàãàõ, îíà 6 ìåñÿöåâ; A fresh carcass and re- ïðèíàäëåæèò îðãàíèçàöèè, ðàñïîëîæåí- 4 – îòäåëüíûå êðóïíûå ïåðüÿ è ôðàã- mains of Steppe Eagles íîé â ã. Àñòðàõàíü (òåë. 56 55 76). ìåíòû ñêåëåòà, õîðîøî ñîõðàíèâøèåñÿ; (Aquila nipalensis) are the results of negative Îñìîòð ëèíèè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è âûïîë- âðåìÿ, ïðîøåäøåå ñ ìîìåíòà ãèáåëè – äî impact of the medium íÿëñÿ íà ïåøåì ìàðøðóòå. Ìåñòîïîëî- 1 ãîäà; voltage power lines on æåíèå îïîð ðåãèñòðèðîâàëè ïðè ïîìîùè 5 – îòäåëüíûå ôðàãìåíòû ñêåëåòà ñðåä- birds of Kalmykia. GPS-íàâèãàòîðà. íèõ è êðóïíûõ ïòèö, êàê ïðàâèëî, ïîâðåæ- Photo by A. Matsyna. Õàðàêòåð ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ íà ìåñòíîñòè è ä¸ííûå; âðåìÿ, ïðîøåäøåå ñ ìîìåíòà ãè- ëîêàëèçàöèÿ îñòàíêîâ ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö ñî- áåëè – áîëåå 1 ãîäà. îòâåòñòâîâàëè òàêîâûì â òèïè÷íûõ ñëó÷à- ÿõ èõ ãèáåëè îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêèì Ðåçóëüòàòû è èõ îáñóæäåíèå òîêîì (ïî÷òè âñå íàõîäêè îáíàðóæåíû íà Â ðåçóëüòàòå òùàòåëüíîãî îáñëåäîâàíèÿ ó÷àñòêàõ ðàäèóñîì 1–3 ì âîêðóã îïîð ó÷àñòêà ÂË 6–10 êÂ óñòàíîâëåíà ãèáåëü 58 ÂË 6–10 êÂ). Íàéäåííûå îñòàíêè ôîòî- ïòèö, ïðèíàäëåæàùèõ ê 8 âèäàì (òàáë. 1).

Òàáë. 1. Âèäîâîé ñîñòàâ, ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö íà ÂË 6–10 êÂ è ðàñ÷¸ò ðàçìåðà âðåäà, ïðè÷èí¸ííîãî îáúåêòàì æèâîòíîãî ìèðà. Table 1. List of species, numbers of electrocuted birds and estimation of damage to wildlife.

Êîëè÷åñòâî îñîáåé Íîðìàòèâ ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö ñòîèìîñòè, ðóá. Ðàçìåð âðåäà, Âèä ïòèö Number of dead Äîëÿ, % Cost standards, ðóá. ¹ Bird species birds Portion, % RUB Damage, RUB 1 Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquilla nipalensis) 34 58.6 50000 1700000 2 ×¸ðíûé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans) 2 3.4 5000 10000 3 Êóðãàííèê (Buteo rufinus) 6 10.3 10000 60000 4 Îáûêíîâåííûé êàíþê (Buteo buteo) 5 8.6 5000 25000 Îð¸ë (Aquila sp.) 3 5.2 50000 150000 Õèùíèê ñðåäíèõ ðàçìåðîâ Hawk, Kite of Buzzard 1 1.7 5000 5000 5 Ãàëêà (Corvus monedula) 1 1.7 1000 1000 6 Ñåðàÿ âîðîíà (Corvus cornix) 2 3.4 1000 2000 7 Ñòåïíîé æàâîðîíîê (Melanocorypha calandra) 2 3.4 1000 2000 8 Áåëîêðûëûé æàâîðîíîê (Melanocorypha leucoptera) 1 1.7 1000 1000 Æàâîðîíîê (Alaudidae sp.) 1 1.7 1000 1000 Âñåãî / Total 58 100 - 1957000 104 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ñðåäíÿÿ ÷àñòîòà âñòðå÷àåìîñòè ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö ñîñòàâèëà 5,23 îñ./êì ÂËÝ. Ñðåäè ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö àáñîëþòíî äîìèíèðóåò ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (58,6%), âûñîêà äîëÿ êóð- ãàííèêà (Buteo rufinus) (10,3%) – îáà âèäà çàíåñåíû â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ. Â öåëîì, õèùíèêè ñîñòàâèëè 87,9% îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà îáíàðóæåííûõ ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö. ×àñòü èç íèõ (îáûêíîâåííûé êàíþê Buteo buteo, êîðøóí Milvus migrans) ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ãðóïïó ïðîë¸òíûõ âèäîâ, ïåðåñåêàþùèõ òåððèòîðèþ Êàëìûêèè âî âðåìÿ ñåçîííûõ Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë â çîíå îïàñíîé ÂË 6–10 êÂ. ìèãðàöèé. Åäèíñòâåííûé ñïîñîá îñòàòüñÿ â æèâûõ – Ñ ó÷¸òîì ñîñòîÿíèÿ îáíàðóæåííûõ õîäèòü ïî çåìëå. Ôîòî À. Ìàöûíû. êîñòíî-ïåðüåâûõ îñòàíêîâ è òóøåê ïòèö The Steppe Eagle near a dangerous power line. îïðåäåëåíî ïðèìåðíîå âðåìÿ èõ ãèáå- The only way to stay alive is to walk. ëè: â 2010, â 2009, â 2008 ãîäó è ðàíåå Photo by A. Matsyna. (òàáë. 2). Íàèáîëüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî îáíà- ðóæåííûõ ïòèö – 28 (48,3%) ïîãèáëî â ïî ðàçìåðó ïòèö (æàâîðîíêè Alaudidae 2009 ã. Ñðåäíÿÿ ÷àñòîòà âñòðå÷ ïòèö, ïîãèá- sp., ñåðàÿ âîðîíà Corvus cornix), ïîãèá- øèõ â ýòîò ïåðèîä, ñîñòàâèëà 2,5 îñ./êì ÂËÝ. øèõ â òå÷åíèå íåñêîëüêèõ ïåðâûõ ìåñÿ- Ïðèñóòñòâèå îñòàíêîâ ìåëêèõ è ñðåäíèõ öåâ 2010 ãîäà, íàãëÿäíî äåìîíñòðèðóåò, ÷òî ðåàëüíûé åæåãîäíûé îáú¸ì ãèáåëè ïòèö ýòèõ ðàçìåðíûõ ãðóïï ñóùåñòâåí- Òàáë. 2. Êâàëèôèêàöèÿ âðåìåíè ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ÂË 6–10 êÂ íî âûøå. Î÷åâèäíî, áîëåå îäíîãî ãîäà Table 2. Dates of bird electrocutions. ìîãóò ñîõðàíÿòüñÿ òîëüêî êîñòè îòíîñè- òåëüíî êðóïíûõ ïòèö. Îòêðûòûì îñòà¸òñÿ Ãîä ãèáåëè / Year of death âîïðîñ î ñòåïåíè íåäîó÷¸òà êîëè÷åñòâà Âèä ïòèö 2008 è ðàíåå ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö ïðè îäíîêðàòíîì îñìî- ¹ Birds species 2008 and earlier 2009 2010 òðå ÂËÝ, ò.ê. èíôîðìàöèÿ î ñêîðîñòè 1 Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë 10 23 1 óíè÷òîæåíèÿ îñòàíêîâ ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö (Aquilla nipalensis) (ðàñòàñêèâàíèå õèùíèêàìè, ðàçäóâ âå- 2 ×¸ðíûé êîðøóí 2 òðîì, åñòåñòâåííîå ðàçëîæåíèå è ïð.) (Milvus migrans) äëÿ äàííîé êëèìàòè÷åñêîé çîíû îòñóò- 3 Êóðãàííèê 4 2 (Buteo rufinus) ñòâóþò. Ñîãëàñíî äåéñòâóþùèì íîðìàòèâàì 4 Êàíþê (Buteo buteo) 23 ñòîèìîñòè îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà Îð¸ë (Aquila sp.) 3 (Ïðèêàç ÌÏÐ ÐÔ ¹107 îò 28.04.2008), Õèùíèê ñðåäíèõ 1 ôàêòè÷åñêèé óùåðá æèâîòíîìó ìèðó è ðàçìåðîâ Hawk, Kite of Buzzard ïðèðîäå Êàëìûêèè òîëüêî íà ýòîì íå- áîëüøîì ó÷àñòêå ÂË 6–10 êÂ ñîñòàâèë 5 Ãàëêà 1 (Corvus monedula) 1 ìëí. 957 òûñ. ðóáëåé! Èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî âûñîêèì ÿâëÿåòñÿ è ñðåäíèé ïîêàçàòåëü 6 Ñåðàÿ âîðîíà 1 1 (Corvus cornix) ñòîèìîñòè îäíîãî óñëîâíîãî ýêçåìïëÿðà ïòèö (áåçîòíîñèòåëüíî âèäîâîé ïðèíàä- 7 Ñòåïíîé æàâîðîíîê 2 (Melanocorypha ëåæíîñòè) – â äàííîì ñëó÷àå îí ñîñòàâèë calandra) 9,2 òûñÿ÷è ðóáëåé, ÷òî ìíîãîêðàòíî ïðå- 8 Áåëîêðûëûé æàâîðîíîê 1 âûøàåò àíàëîãè÷íûå çíà÷åíèÿ äëÿ ðåãèî- (Melanocorypha íîâ ñðåäíåé ïîëîñû Ðîññèè (áëàãîäàðÿ leucoptera) âûñîêîé äîëå õèùíûõ ïòèö, â ò.÷. ðåäêèõ Æàâîðîíîê 1 è îõðàíÿåìûõ). Íàïðèìåð, äëÿ Íèæåãî- (Alaudidae sp.) ðîäñêîé îáëàñòè è Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäî- Âñåãî ïòèö / Total 22 28 8 âèÿ îí ñîñòàâëÿåò 1,5–2,9 òûñ. ðóáëåé çà Äîëÿ, % / Portion, % 37.9 48.3 13.8 îäèí óñëîâíûé ýêçåìïëÿð ïòèöû (Ìàöûíà ×àñòîòà âñòðå÷, 2.0 2.5 0.7 è äð., 2010). ïòèö/êì ÂËÝ Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ÂË 6–10 êÂ â Êàë- Occurrence of electro- ìûêèè ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 14 òûñ. êì. Ïîêà cuted birds, ind. íåëüçÿ òî÷íî íàçâàòü êîëè÷åñòâî åæåãîäíî per 1 km PL ïîãèáàþùèõ íà íèõ ïòèö, âåðîÿòíî ðå÷ü Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 105

Âçðîñëûé ñàìåö ñòåï- âûïîëíåíèå ìàñøòàáíîé îöåíêè îáùèõ íîãî îðëà, ïîãèáøèé îáú¸ìîâ ãèáåëè ïòèö ïðè êîíòàêòå ñ ÂË íà ÂË 6–10 êÂ. Ôîòî À. Ìàöûíû. 6–10 êÂ â Ðåñïóáëèêå Êàëìûêèÿ è øèðî- êîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå äàííîé èíôîðìà- Electrocuted adult male Steppe Eagle. öèè íà ðåñïóáëèêàíñêîì, ôåäåðàëüíîì è Photo by A. Matsyna. ìåæäóíàðîäíîì óðîâíÿõ.

Ëèòåðàòóðà Áåëèê Â.Ï. Äèíàìèêà Ïðèêàñïèéñêîé ïî- ïóëÿöèè ñòåïíîãî îðëà è îöåíêà ëèìèòèðó- þùèõ ôàêòîðîâ. – Ñòðåïåò. 2004. Ò. 2, âûï. 1. Ñ. 116–133. Çâîíîâ Á.Ì., Êðèâîíîñîâ Ã.À. Ãèáåëü õèùíûõ ïòèö íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ â Êàëìûêèè. – Áèîïîâ- ðåæäåíèÿ: Òåçèñû äîêëàäîâ 2-é Âñåñîþçíîé êîíôåðåíöèè ïî áèîïîâðåæäåíèÿì. Ãîðüêèé, 1981. Ñ. 206–207. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì. Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë è èíôðàñòðóêòóðà ËÝÏ â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹6. Ñ. 48–57. Ìàöûíà À.È., Ìàöûíà Å.Ë., Ìàöûíà À.À., Ãðèøóòêèí Ã.Ô., Ñïèðèäîíîâ Ñ.Í. Îöåíêà ýô- ôåêòèâíîñòè ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé íà ÂË 6–10 êÂ â íàöèîíàëüíîì ïàðêå «Ñìîëüíûé», Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2010. ¹20. Ñ. 35–39. Ìåäæèäîâ Ð.À., Ïåñòîâ Ì.Â., Ñàëòûêîâ À.Â. Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ËÝÏ – èòîãè ïðîåêòà â Êàëìû- êèè. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹2. Ñ. 25–30. Ìåäæèäîâ Ð.À., Ïåñòîâ Ì.Â., Ñàëòûêîâ À.Â. Îõðàíà õèùíûõ ïòèö ñåìèàðèäíûõ ëàíäøàô- òîâ – èòîãè ïðîåêòà â Êàëìûêèè. – Ñòåïíîé èä¸ò î äåñÿòêàõ èëè ñîòíÿõ òûñÿ÷ ïòèö. áþëëåòåíü. 2005. ¹17. Ñ. 22–25. Ïðè ýòîì, ðàçìåð åæåãîäíîãî âðåäà, ïðè- Ñàëòûêîâ À.Â. Ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî ïðåäîòâðàùå- ÷èíÿåìîãî ïðèðîäå Êàëìûêèè, ìîæåò èñ- íèþ ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è ÷èñëÿòüñÿ âåñüìà çíà÷èòåëüíîé ñóììîé 6–10 êÂ. Ìåòîäè÷åñêîå ïîñîáèå. Óëüÿíîâñê, (ñîòíè ìèëëèîíîâ ðóáëåé). 1999. 43 ñ. Àêò ñ ðåçóëüòàòàìè äàííîé ïðîâåðêè Ñîáûòèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. áûë íàïðàâëåí âî âñå ïðèðîäîîõðàííûå 2010. ¹ 18. Ñ. 3–11. è êîíòðîëèðóþùèå èíñòàíöèè Ðåñïóáëè- Ïîñòàíîâëåíèå Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà ÐÔ îò êè Êàëìûêèÿ. Äîïîëíèòåëüíî áûëî óêàçà- 13.08.1996 ¹997 «Îá óòâåðæäåíèè Òðåáî- íî, ÷òî íà ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ ÂË 6–10 êÂ, âàíèé ïî ïðåäîòâðàùåíèþ ãèáåëè îáúåêòîâ âèçóàëüíî îñìîòðåííûõ íà òåððèòîðèè æèâîòíîãî ìèðà ïðè îñóùåñòâëåíèè ïðîèçâîä- ñòâåííûõ ïðîöåññîâ, à òàêæå ïðè ýêñïëóàòàöèè 8 ðàéîíîâ Ðåñïóáëèêè Êàëìûêèÿ, îò- òðàíñïîðòíûõ ìàãèñòðàëåé, òðóáîïðîâîäîâ, ñóòñòâóþò ýôôåêòèâíûå ïòèöåçàùèòíûå ëèíèé ñâÿçè è ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è». óñòðîéñòâà, ÷òî ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðÿìûì íàðó- Ïîñòàíîâëåíèå Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà Ðåñïó- øåíèåì äåéñòâóþùåãî ïðèðîäîîõðàí- áëèêè Êàëìûêèÿ îò 13.11.2008 ¹395 «Îá íîãî çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà (Ïîñòàíîâëåíèå óòâåðæäåíèè Òðåáîâàíèé ïî ïðåäîòâðàùå- Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà ÐÔ, 1996; Ïîñòàíîâëåíèå íèþ ãèáåëè îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà ïðè Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà Ðåñïóáëèêè Êàëìûêèÿ, îñóùåñòâëåíèè ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ ïðîöåñ- 2008). Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, àäåêâàòíûõ äåé- ñîâ, à òàêæå ïðè ýêñïëóàòàöèè òðàíñïîðòíûõ ñòâèé ñî ñòîðîíû ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ ïðè- ìàãèñòðàëåé, òðóáîïðîâîäîâ, ëèíèé ñâÿçè è ðîäîîõðàííûõ îðãàíèçàöèé ïî äàííîìó ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è». Ïðèêàç Ìèíèñòåðñòâà ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ îáðàùåíèþ íå ïîñëåäîâàëî. Ñîâåðøåííî Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè îò 28.04.2008 ¹107 î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî ðåøåíèå äàííîé ïðîáëåìû «Îá óòâåðæäåíèè ìåòîäèêè èñ÷èñëåíèÿ ðàçìå- òðåáóåò ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ðà âðåäà, ïðè÷èí¸ííîãî îáúåêòàì æèâîòíîãî ðåñóðñîâ ôåäåðàëüíîãî óðîâíÿ, ïðåæäå ìèðà, çàíåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîññèéñêîé âñåãî â ñôåðå êîíòðîëÿ è íàäçîðà. Ôåäåðàöèè, à òàêæå èíûì îáúåêòàì æèâîòíîãî Îäíîé èç ïðèîðèòåòíûõ ïðèðîäîîõ- ìèðà, íå îòíîñÿùèìñÿ ê îáúåêòàì îõîòû è ðû- ðàííûõ çàäà÷ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ áîëîâñòâà è ñðåäå èõ îáèòàíèÿ». 106 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

TheResultsofCountsofRaptorsDiedthroughElectrocution CarriedoutTwiceintheSouthPartofUral-EmbaInterfluvein SpringandAutumnon2010,Kazakhstan РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ДВУКРАТНЫХ УЧЁТОВ ГИБЕЛИ ХИЩНЫХ ПТИЦ НА ЛИНИЯХ ЭЛЕКТРОПЕРЕДАЧИ В ЮЖНОЙ ЧАСТИ УРАЛО- ЭМБИНСКОГО МЕЖДУРЕЧЬЯ ВЕСНОЙ И ОСЕНЬЮ 2010 ГОДА, КАЗАХСТАН SaraevF.A.(AtyrauskayaAnti-plagueStation,Atyrau,Kazakhstan) PestovM.V.(EcologicalCenter“Dront”,N.Novgorod,Russia) Сараев Ф.А. (ГУ «Атырауская противочумная станция» Комитета санитарно- эпидемиологического надзора Министерства здравоохранения Республики Казахстан, Атырау, Казахстан) Пестов М.В. (Экологический центр «Дронт», Нижний Новгород, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Ðåçþìå Ô¸äîð Ñàðàåâ Â ñòàòüå ïðèâîäÿòñÿ êðàòêèå ðåçóëüòàòû äâóêðàòíûõ ó÷¸òîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö, ïîãèáøèõ íà ÂË 6–10 êÂ â Óðàëî- Àòûðàóñêàÿ Ýìáèíñêîì ìåæäóðå÷üå íà òåððèòîðèè ðåñïóáëèêè Êàçàõñòàí â 2010 ã. Íà 87 êì îñìîòðåííûõ ËÝÏ óñòà- ïðîòèâî÷óìíàÿ ñòàíöèÿ íîâëåíà ãèáåëü 7 ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ (Aquila nipalensis), 1 çìååÿäà (Circaetus gallicus) è 4-õ êóðãàííèêîâ (Buteo 060011, Êàçàõñòàí, rufinus), ïðè÷¸ì 10 èç 12 îáíàðóæåííûõ ïòèö ïîãèáëè â òå÷åíèå 2010 ã. Óùåðá îò ãèáåëè ïòèö íà îñìîòðåí- Àòûðàó, íîì ó÷àñòêå ëèíèé òîëüêî â 2010 ã. ñîñòàâèë 763 òûñ. òåíãå èëè 5,2 òûñ. äîëëàðîâ ÑØÀ. óë. Çàáîëîòíîãî, 1 Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, ïîðàæåíèå ýëåêòðîòîêîì, ËÝÏ, Êàçàõñòàí. òåë.: +7 7122 254271 Ïîñòóïèëà â ðåäàêöèþ 20.02.2011 ã. Ïðèíÿòà ê ïóáëèêàöèè 28.02.2011 ã. [email protected] Abstract There are short results of counts of raptors died through electrocution on power lines 6–10 kV, carried out twice in Ìàðê Ïåñòîâ the Ural-Emba interfluve in the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2010. A total of 7 Steppe Eagles (Aquila nipalensis), 1 Ýêîöåíòð «Äðîíò» Short-Toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus) and 4 Long-Legged Buzzards (Buteo rufinus) have been found died along 87 603000, Ðîññèÿ, km surveyed fragment of a power line, and 10 of 12 found dead birds were lost during 2010. Damage from the bird Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, deaths on the surveyed site of power lines has estimated as 5,190.6 USD only in the 2010. à/ÿ 631 Keywords: raptors, birds of prey, electrocution, power lines, Kazakhstan. òåë.: +7 831 433 77 89 Received: 20/02/2011. Accepted: 28/02/2011. [email protected]

Ââåäåíèå Introduction Contact: Fedor Saraev Ïðîáëåìà ìàññîâîé ãèáåëè õèùíûõ The problem of electrocution of the birds Atyrauskaya ïòèö íà âîçäóøíûõ ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðå- of prey on overhead power lines (PL) of me- Anti-plague Station äà÷è (ÂË) ñðåäíåé ìîùíîñòè íà àðèäíûõ dium voltage in the arid territories of Kaza- Zabolotnogo str., 1 òåððèòîðèÿõ Êàçàõñòàíà õîðîøî èçâåñòíà khstan is well-known (Karyakin, Barabashin, Atyrau, Kazakhstan, 060011 (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2005; Êàðÿêèí è 2005; Karyakin et al., 2005; Karyakin, No- tel.: +7 7122 254271 äð. 2005; Êàðÿêèí, Íîâèêîâà, 2006; Êà- vikova, 2006; Karyakin, 2008; Lash et al., [email protected] ðÿêèí, 2008; Ëàø è äð., 2010; Ñòàðèêîâ, 2010; Starikov, 1996/1997). This short re- 1996/1997). Äàííîå ñîîáùåíèå – ëèøü port is some additional features to the gen- Mark Pestov Ecological Center åù¸ îäèí äîïîëíèòåëüíûé øòðèõ ê îáùåé eral problem. “Dront” êàðòèíå. The census birds of prey killed by electro- P.O. Box 631, Ïðè ïðîâåäåíèè åæåãîäíûõ ó÷¸òîâ cution on PL of medium voltage has been Nizhniy Novgorod, äðîôû-êðàñîòêè (Chlamydotis undulate carried out in the southern part of Ural- Russia, 603000 tel.: +7 831 433 77 89 macqueenii) â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà «Ïîïóëÿ- Emba inerfluve in the territory of Kzylkogin [email protected] öèîííûé ìîíèòîðèíã äæåêà â Êàçàõñòà- and Makat regions of the Atyrau district (Re- íå», ïðè ôèíàíñîâîé ïîääåðæêå Àãåíò- public of Kazakhstan) in 2010. Census was ñòâà ïî èññëåäîâàíèþ ñðåäû è æèâîòíîãî conducted PL of cathodic protection of the ìèðà ÎÀÝ (ERWDA, UAE), áûë ïîâåä¸í gas main Makat – Grozny, belonging to the ýêñïðåññ-ó÷¸ò ïîãèáøèõ õèùíûõ ïòèö joint-stock company “KazTransGas” (fig. 1). íà âîçäóøíîé ëèíèè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è Electric poles of this PL are designed with ñðåäíåé ìîùíîñòè â þæíîé ÷àñòè Óðàëî- ferro-concrete and attached to upright in- Ýìáèíñêîãî ìåæäóðå÷üÿ íà òåððèòîðèè sulators mounted of the top of the metal Êçûëêîãèíñêîãî è Ìàêàòñêîãî ðàéîíîâ crossarm. This PL was attached to specific Àòûðàóñêîé îáëàñòè (Ðåñïóáëèêà Êàçàõ- “bird scare devices” mounted on the cros- Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 107

sarm – uninsulated metal “antennas” which, as it has been established, not only do not reduce bird electrocution, but opposite – increase it, and now are prohibited from using in the territory of the Russian Federation.

Methods Census of the lost birds was carried out during vehicle routes. The vehicle UAZ moved along the PL on a distance of 5–30 m from it with a speed no more than 40–50 km/h. This PL has been selected because it being available for surveys by vehicle. Be- sides, one of the authors found a died Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) there on 9/23/2005. The spring accounts were conducted on April, 26 and 27 2010, the survey route was 87 km. The autumn account were carried out on same site of PL on September, 26, Ðèñ. 1. Îáñëåäîâàííàÿ ñòàí). Ó÷¸ò ïðîâîäèëñÿ íà ÂË êàòîäíîé çà- 2010, the route was 55 km. ëèíèÿ ýëåêòðîïåðå- ùèòû ãàçîïðîâîäà Ìàêàò – Ãðîçíûé, ïðèíàä- äà÷è. ëåæàùåé ÀÎ «ÊàçÒðàíñÃàç» (ðèñ. 1). Äàííàÿ Results Fig. 1. Surveyed power ÂË îáîðóäîâàíà æåëåçîáåòîííûìè îïîðà- During the spring account remains of 6 line. ìè ñ ìåòàëëè÷åñêèìè òðàâåðñàìè è øòûðå- lost Steppe Eagles (Aquila nipalensis) and âûìè èçîëÿòîðàìè. Â êà÷åñòâå «îòïóãèâàþ- ùèõ ïòèö óñòðîéñòâ» íà òðàâåðñàõ äàííîé ÂË ñìîíòèðîâàíû íåèçîëèðîâàííûå ìåòàë- ëè÷åñêèå «óñû», êîòîðûå, êàê áûëî óñòà- íîâëåíî, íå òîëüêî íå ñíèæàþò ãèáåëü ïòèö íà ËÝÏ, íî íàïðîòèâ – óâåëè÷èâàþò å¸, è â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ çàïðåùåíû ê èñïîëüçîâà- íèþ íà òåððèòîðèè ÐÔ (ïî: Ìàöûíà, 2008: ï. 34. Òðåáîâàíèé…, 1996).

Ìåòîäèêà Ó÷¸ò ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö ïðîâîäèëñÿ íà àâòî- ìîáèëüíîì ìàðøðóòå – àâòîìîáèëü ÓÀÇ ñ íàáëþäàòåëÿìè äâèãàëñÿ ïî ãðóíòîâîé äî- ðîãå âäîëü ÂË, íà ðàññòîÿíèè îò 5 äî 30 ì îò íå¸, ñî ñêîðîñòüþ íå áîëåå 40–50 êì/÷. Ïîäîáíûé ýêñïðåññ-ìåòîä ó÷¸òà, î÷åâèä- íî, íå ïîçâîëÿåò îáíàðóæèòü âñå ñòàðûå êîñòíî-ïåðüåâûå îñòàíêè è òðóïû ìåëêèõ ïòèö, çàòî îáåñïå÷èâàåò áîëüøóþ ïðî- òÿæ¸ííîñòü ìàðøðóòà çà íåáîëüøîé ïðî- ìåæóòîê âðåìåíè è óäîáåí â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà ó÷¸ò ïîãèáøèõ íà ÂË ïòèö íå ÿâëÿåò- ñÿ îñíîâíîé è åäèíñòâåííîé çàäà÷åé. Ñîá- ñòâåííî, âûáîð äàííîé ÂË äëÿ ïðîâåäåíèÿ ó÷¸òà áûë ñâÿçàí èìåííî ñ âîçìîæíîñòüþ

Îïîðà ÂË êàòîäíîé çàùèòû ÀÎ «ÊàçÒðàíñÃàç» ñ îòïóãèâàþùèìè ïòèö óñòðîéñòâà- ìè â âèäå «óñîâ», çàïðåù¸ííûìè åù¸ â ÑÑÑÐ. Ïîäîáíûå ÂË äî ñèõ ïîð ñòðîÿòñÿ â Êàçàõñòàíå è óáèâàþò ìíîæåñòâî ïòèö. Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis), ïî- ãèáøèé íà ýòîé îïîðå 26 àïðåëÿ 2010 ã. Ôîòî Ô. Ñàðàåâà. Electric pole of the power lines of “KazTransGaz” with “bird scaring devices” as “antennas”, which had been yet prohibited in the USSR, but have been constructed in Kazakhstan until now and kill thousands of eagles. Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) died on this electric pole on April, 26, 2010. Photo by F. Saraev. 108 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Òàáë. 1. Ðåçóëüòàòû îñìîòðà ÂË ÀÎ «ÊàçÒðàíñÃàç» âåñíîé è îñåíüþ 2010 ã. íà ïðåäìåò îáíàðóæåíèÿ îñòàíêîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö, ïîãèáøèõ â ãîä íàáëþäåíèÿ. Table 1. Results of surveys of the overhead power line of “KazTransGaz” in the spring and autumn of 2010.

26–27.04.2010 26.09.2010 Âñåãî (87 êì) Òàêñû âîçìåùåíèÿ (87 êì / 87 km) (55 êì / 55 km) Total (87 km) óùåðáà (ÌÐÏ/òåíãå çà îñîáü/äîëëàðîâ Óùåðá, â Êîëè÷åñòâî, Ïëîòíîñòü, Êîëè÷åñòâî, Ïëîòíîñòü, Êîëè÷åñòâî, Ïëîòíîñòü, ÑØÀ çà îñîáü)* äîëëàðàõ ýêç. îñ./10 êì ýêç. îñ./10 êì ýêç. îñ./10 êì Tariffs (MSR/tenge ÑØÀ Âèä Numbers, Density, Numbers, Density, Numbers, Density, per ind./USD Damage, Species ind. ind./10 km ind. ind./10 km ind. ind./10 km per ind.)* USD Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis) 4 0.46 1 0.18 5 0.57 20/28260/192.2 961.2 Çìååÿä (Circaetus gallicus) 1 0.11 1 0.11 400/565200/3844.9 3844.9 Êóðãàííèê (Buteo rufinus) 4 0.73 4 0.46 10/14130/96.1 384.5 Âñåãî Total 5 0.57 5 0.91 10 1.15 – 5190.6

* Ñîãëàñíî Ïîñòàíîâëåíèþ Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà Ðåñïóáëèêè Êàçàõñòàí îò 4 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2001 ãîäà ¹1140 «Îá óòâåðæäåíèè ðàçìåðîâ âîçìåùåíèÿ âðåäà, ïðè÷èí¸ííîãî íàðóøåíèåì çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà îá îõðàíå, âîñïðîèçâîäñòâå è èñïîëüçîâàíèè æèâîòíîãî ìèðà (ñ èçìåíåíèÿìè, âíåñ¸ííûìè ïîñòàíîâëåíèÿìè Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà ÐÊ îò 08.01.04 ã. ¹18; îò 05.03.04 ã. ¹282)7» ðàçìåðû âîçìåùåíèÿ âðåäà èñ÷èñëÿþòñÿ â ìåñÿ÷íûõ ðàñ÷¸òíûõ ïîêàçàòåëÿõ (ÌÐÏ). 1 ÌÐÏ â 2010 ã. = 1413 òåíãå. Êóðñ – 147 òåíãå = 1 äîëëàð ÑØÀ. * According to the Decision of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nî. 1140 on 4.09.2001 “On approving the tariffs for the compensation of damage, caused by the violation of lows about protection, reproduction and management of wildlife (with amendments, proposed by resolutions of the Government of RK on 08.01.04. Nî. 18; on 05.03.04. Nî. 282)7” Tariffs for the compensation of damage are estimated in monthly specified rates (MSR). 1 MSR for 2010 = 1413 tenge. Currency exchange – 147 tenge = 1 USD.

îáñëåäîâàòü å¸ íà àâòîìîáèëüíîì ìàðø- 1 Short-Toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus) were ðóòå, à òàêæå ïîòîìó, ÷òî 23.09.2005 ã. recorded. In two cases remains of Steppe îäíèì èç àâòîðîâ çäåñü æå áûë îáíàðóæåí Eagles that have lost in the past 2009 were ïîãèáøèé îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì áà- found, other birds were lost in 2010. ëîáàí (Falco cherrug). During the autumn account another re- Âåñíîé 2010 ã. ó÷¸ò ïðîâåä¸í 26 è 27 mains of 2 Steppe Eagles and 1 Short-Toed àïðåëÿ íà ìàðøðóòå ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ 87 Eagle were found. Besides 2 are found out êì. Îñåííèé ó÷¸ò áûë ïðîâåä¸í íà òîì æå under support PL: 2 carcasses of Rough-Leg- ó÷àñòêå ÂË 26 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2010 ã., åãî ïðî- ged Buzzards, and numerous fresh feathers òÿæ¸ííîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 55 êì. of the Steppe Eagle and 2 Rough-Legged Buzzards, obviously, taken by predators Ðåçóëüòàòû away from the place of their destruction. Â õîäå âåñåííåãî ó÷¸òà îòìå÷åíû îñòàí- Thus, during the surveys of the site of PL êè 6 ïîãèáøèõ ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ (Aquila ni- of 87 km in length, carried out in the spring palensis) è 1 çìååÿäà (Circaetus gallicus). and in the autumn 2010, 7 Steppe Eagles, 1 Â äâóõ ñëó÷àÿõ ýòî áûëè êîñòíî-ïåðüåâûå Short-Toed Eagle and 4 Rough-Legged Buz- îñòàíêè ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ, ïîãèáøèõ â ïðî- zards killed by electrocution have been dis- øëîì, 2009 ã., îñòàëüíûå ïòèöû ïîãèáëè covered; including, 10 from 12 discovered óæå â òåêóùåì 2010 ã. (òàáë. 1). Ïîìèìî birds were lost in 2010. According to the ïòèö, ïîãèáøèõ íà ÂË, íà äàííîì ìàðøðóòå governmental rates damage from bird de- íàìè ó÷òåíû æèâûå õèùíûå ïòèöû: îáûê- struction in 2010 has made 5,190.6 USD. íîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus) – 2 îñîáè, êóðãàííèê (Buteo rufinus) – 2 îñîáè Conclusions è ïàðà ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ, êîòîðûå äåðæàëèñü Results of our census of birds died through ó ãíåçäà ñ òðåìÿ ÿéöàìè, ðàñïîëîæåííîì electrocution on PL in April and September, íà çåìëå â íåïîñðåäñòâåííîé áëèçîñòè îò 2010 have been issued in the form of Acts äàííîé ÂË. of inspection of PL and transferred to the De- Â õîäå îñåííåãî ó÷¸òà íà ìåñòå îáíàðó- partment of Natural Resources and Wildlife

7 http://www.acbk.kz/library/razmery_vozmesheniya.doc Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 109

Êóðãàííèê (Buteo rufinus), ïîãèáøèé îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì íà ëèíèè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è ÀÎ «ÊàçÒðàíñÃàç» 26 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2010 ã. Íà ëàïå õîðîøî âèäíû îæîãè. Ôîòî Ì. Ïåñòîâà è Ô. Ñàðàåâà. Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus) died through electrocution on a power line of “KazTransGaz” Ltd. 26/09/2010. Burns are clearly visible on the foot. Photos by M. Pestov and F. Saraev.

æåíèÿ ñâåæèõ òðóïîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö âåñ- Management of the Atyrau district. During íîé 2010 ã. îáíàðóæåíû êîñòíî-ïåðüåâûå the dialogue with the head of the Depart- îñòàíêè 2-õ ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ è çìååÿäà. ment E. Kuanov the preliminary agreement Êðîìå òîãî, ïîä îïîðàìè ÂË îáíàðóæåíû on cooperation in the solution of this prob- 2 ñâåæèõ òðóïà êóðãàííèêà è ìíîãî÷èñ- lem has been achieved. ëåííûå ñâåæèå ïåðüÿ ñòåïíîãî îðëà è 2-õ Unfortunately, as far as we know, there is Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë, çìååÿä êóðãàííèêîâ, î÷åâèäíî, óíåñ¸ííûõ õèù- no the special legislative act in Kazakhstan, (Circaetus gallicus) íèêàìè ñ ìåñòà èõ ãèáåëè (òàáë. 1). Êðîìå such as “Requirements on prevention of è êóðãàííèê, ïîãèá- ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö, ó÷òåíû è æèâûå õèùíûå death of animals in connection to the ex- øèå îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ïòèöû: îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà – 2 îñîáè, ecution of manufacturing processes, as well ýëåêòðîòîêîì íà ëèíèè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è êóðãàííèê – 5 îñîáåé. as the use of ways, pipelines, communica- ÀÎ «ÊàçÒðàíñÃàç» â Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïðè ïðîâåäåíèè ïî- tion and power lines”, approved in the Rus- 2010 ã. âòîðíîãî îáñëåäîâàíèÿ ó÷àñòêà ÂË êà- sian Federation (Requirements …, 1996). Ôîòî Ô. Ñàðàåâà òîäíîé çàùèòû ÀÎ «ÊàçÒðàíñÃàç» ìàêñè- We consider that a priority task at the solu- è Ì. Ïåñòîâà. ìàëüíîé ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ 87 êì âåñíîé tion of the problem of bird electrocution in Steppe Eagle, Short- è îñåíüþ 2010 ã. óñòàíîâëåíà ãèáåëü 7 Kazakhstan is development and lobbying of Toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus) and Long- ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ, 1 çìååÿäà è 4-õ êóðãàííè- the similar legislative act to approve by the Legged Buzzard died êîâ îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêèì òîêîì; â government of the Republic, which would through electrocution òîì ÷èñëå, 10 èç 12 îáíàðóæåííûõ ïòèö oblige owners of PL retrofit PL with bird on a power line of ïîãèáëè â òå÷åíèå 2010 ã. Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî, protective devices that have been already “KazTransGaz” in 2010. Photos by F. Saraev êàê ìèíèìóì, çìååÿä ïîãèá íà ïðîë¸òå – proven as mitigating measures in Russia and M. Pestov. ãíåçäîâàíèå äàííîãî âèäà â þæíîé ÷àñòè (Matsyna, 2008; Saltykov, 2009). 110 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ïîãèáøèå îò ïîðàæå- àêò, àíàëîãè÷íûé ïðèíÿòûì â ÐÔ «Òðå- íèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì íà áîâàíèÿì ïî ïðåäîòâðàùåíèþ ãèáåëè ëèíèè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà- ÷è ÀÎ «ÊàçÒðàíñÃàç» îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà ïðè … ýêñïëó- õèùíûå ïòèöû (ñâåðõó àòàöèè òðàíñïîðòíûõ ìàãèñòðàëåé, òðó- âíèç): áàëîáàí (Falco áîïðîâîäîâ, ëèíèé ñâÿçè è ýëåêòðîïåðå- cherrug) – 23.09.2005 ã., äà÷è» (Òðåáîâàíèÿ…, 1996). Ìû ñ÷èòàåì, ñòåïíîé îð¸ë è çìååÿä – 26–27.04.2010 ã. ÷òî ïðèîðèòåòíîé çàäà÷åé ïðè ðåøåíèè Ôîòî Ô. Ñàðàåâà. ïðîáëåìû ìàññîâîé ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ÂË Raptors died through â Êàçàõñòàíå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðàçðàáîòêà è ëîá- electrocution on áèðîâàíèå íà ðåñïóáëèêàíñêîì óðîâíå a power line of àíàëîãè÷íîãî äîêóìåíòà, êîòîðûé îáÿ- “KazTransGaz” (top- çûâàë áû âëàäåëüöåâ ÂË èñïîëüçîâàòü down): Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) – óæå õîðîøî çàðåêîìåíäîâàâøèå ñåáÿ 23/09/2005, Steppe òåõíè÷åñêèå ðåøåíèÿ, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèå Eagle and Short- áåçîïàñíîñòü ïòèö ïðè ýêñïëóàòàöèè ÂË Toed Eagle – 26– (Ìàöûíà, 2008; Ñàëòûêîâ, 2009). 27/04/2010. Photos by F. Saraev. Ëèòåðàòóðà Ãàâðèëîâ Ý.È. Ôàóíà è ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ïòèö Êàçàõñòàíà. Àëìàòû, 1999. 198 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î. ×¸ðíûå äûðû â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ õèùíûõ ïòèö (ãèáåëü õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â Çàïàäíîé Áåòïàê-Äàëå), Êàçàõ- ñòàí. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹4. Ñ. 29–32. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì. Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë è èíôðàñòðóêòóðà ËÝÏ â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòà- íå. Åñòü ëè ïåðñïåêòèâà ñîñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ? – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹6. Ñ. 48–57. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Ãèáåëü õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â Ïðèàðàëüå, Óðàëî-Ýìáèíñêîãî ìåæäóðå÷üÿ íå èç- Êàçàõñòàí. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. âåñòíî (Êîðåëîâ, 1962; Ãàâðèëîâ, 1999) è 2005. ¹2. Ñ. 31–32. ìàëî âåðîÿòíî. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ëèíèè ñìåðòè ïðîäîëæàþò ñî- Óùåðá îò ãèáåëè ïòèö íà îñìîòðåííîì áèðàòü ñâîé «÷¸ðíûé» óðîæàé â Êàçàõñòàíå. – ó÷àñòêå ëèíèé òîëüêî â 2010 ã., ñîãëàñíî Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹11. òàêñàì, óòâåðæä¸ííûì Ïîñòàíîâëåíèåì Ñ. 14–21. Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà Ðåñïóáëèêè Êàçàõñòàí îò 4 Êîðåëîâ Ì.Í. Îòðÿä Õèùíûå ïòèöû. – Ïòèöû ñåíòÿáðÿ 2001 ã. ¹1140 «Îá óòâåðæäåíèè Êàçàõñòàíà. Ò. 2. Àëìà-Àòà, 1962. Ñ. 488–707. Ëàø Ó., Çåðáå Ø., Ëåíê Ì. Ãèáåëü ïåðíàòûõ ðàçìåðîâ âîçìåùåíèÿ âðåäà, ïðè÷èí¸ííîãî õèùíèêîâ îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì íà ëè- íàðóøåíèåì çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà îá îõðàíå, íèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è â Öåíòðàëüíîì Êàçàõ- âîñïðîèçâîäñòâå è èñïîëüçîâàíèè æèâîòíî- ñòàíå. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2010. ãî ìèðà (ñ èçìåíåíèÿìè, âíåñ¸ííûìè ïîñòà- ¹18. Ñ. 35–45. íîâëåíèÿìè Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà ÐÊ îò 08.01.04 ã. Ìàöûíà À.È. Êðàòêèé îáçîð ìåòîäîâ çàùè- ¹18; îò 05.03.04 ã. ¹282)» ñîñòàâèë òû ïòèö îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêèì òîêîì íà 763 òûñ. òåíãå èëè 5,2 òûñ. äîëëàðîâ ÑØÀ. ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹11. Ñ. 10–13. Ñàëòûêîâ À.Â. Îïûò âíåäðåíèÿ ïòèöåçàùèò- Çàêëþ÷åíèå íîãî óñòðîéñòâà «ÏÇÓ 6–10 êÂ» â Óëüÿíîâñêîé Ðåçóëüòàòû íàøèõ ó÷¸òîâ ãèáåëè ïòèö îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ íà ÂË â àïðåëå è ñåíòÿáðå 2010 ã. áûëè îõðàíà. 2009. ¹16. Ñ. 65–67. îôîðìëåíû â âèäå Àêòîâ îáñëåäîâàíèÿ Ñòàðèêîâ Ñ.Â. Ìàññîâàÿ ãèáåëü õèùíûõ ÂË è ïåðåäàíû â Óïðàâëåíèå ïðèðîä- ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷ â Çàéñàíñêîé íûõ ðåñóðñîâ è ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ ïðèðîäî- êîòëîâèíå (Âîñòî÷íûé Êàçàõñòàí). – Selevinia. ïîëüçîâàíèÿ Àòûðàóñêîé îáëàñòè. Â õîäå 1996/1997. Ñ. 233–234. îáùåíèÿ ñ íà÷àëüíèêîì Óïðàâëåíèÿ Êóà- Òðåáîâàíèÿ ïî ïðåäîòâðàùåíèþ ãèáåëè íîâûì Å.Á. äîñòèãíóòà ïðåäâàðèòåëüíàÿ îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà ïðè îñóùåñòâëåíèè ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ ïðîöåññîâ, à òàêæå ïðè äîãîâîðåííîñòü î ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâå â ðåøå- ýêñïëóàòàöèè òðàíñïîðòíûõ ìàãèñòðàëåé, òðó- íèè äàííîé ïðîáëåìû. áîïðîâîäîâ, ëèíèé ñâÿçè è ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, íàñêîëüêî íàì èçâåñòíî, (óòâ. ïîñòàíîâëåíèåì Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà ÐÔ îò 13 â Êàçàõñòàíå îòñóòñòâóåò íîðìàòèâíûé àâãóñòà 1996 ã. ¹99). Techniques and Methods Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 111

TechniquesandMethods МЕТОДЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ

StudyingandTrappingtheBreedingUralOwls intheWesternPartofFinland ИЗУЧЕНИЕ И ОТЛОВ РАЗМНОЖАЮЩИХСЯ ДЛИННОХВОСТЫХ НЕЯСЫТЕЙ НА ЗАПАДЕ ФИНЛЯНДИИ JoukoKivelä(PorinOrnithologicalSociety,Satakuntaregion,Kokemäki,Finland) Юко Кивеля (Орнитологическое общество Пори, провинция Сатакунта, Кокемяки, Финляндия)

Contact: Ðåçþìå Jouko Kivelä Â ñòàòüå îïèñàíà ìåòîäèêà îòëîâà ñàìöîâ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè (Strix uralensis) ñ ïîìîùüþ ñïåöèàëüíîé Tulkkilantie 23 as. 3, ëîâóøêè, óñòàíàâëèâàåìîé íà çàíÿòûé ñîâàìè ãíåçäîâîé ÿùèê. Ïðèâîäÿòñÿ ðåçóëüòàòû èçìåðåíèé, êîòîðûå ïî- 32800 Kokemäki, çâîëÿþò èäåíòèôèöèðîâàòü ñàìöîâ â ïîëåâûõ óñëîâèÿõ ïî èçìåðåíèþ êîãòÿ çàäíåãî ïàëüöà. Finland Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, ñîâû, äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü, Strix uralensis, îòëîâ. tel.: +358 0400 723013 Ïîñòóïèëà â ðåäàêöèþ 18.12.2010 ã. Ïðèíÿòà ê ïóáëèêàöèè 20.02.2011 ã. [email protected] Abstract The technique of trapping of male Ural Owls (Strix uralensis) with special trap, attached to their nestboxes is presented in the article. There are the results of owl dimensions, which allow to identify sex of owls under field conditions. Males significantly differ from females in the length of the claw in their backtoe. Keywords: raptors, owls, Ural Owl, Strix uralensis, trapping. Received: 18/12/2010. Accepted: 20/02/2011.

Ââåäåíèå Introduction Â Ôèíëÿíäèè äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ îòðàáà- In Finland there is a long history to study- òûâàëè ñïîñîáû îòëîâà ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ ing and trapping the breeding Ural Owls äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé (Strix uralensis) ñ (Strix uralensis), principally only females. öåëüþ èõ èçó÷åíèÿ, íî ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî Females have been trapped from their nest- – ñàìîê. Îíè ëîâèëèñü â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùè- ing boxes and holes during hatching period êàõ ñ ïîìîùüþ îáû÷íîãî ìåøêà, â ïåðè- or when chicks has been moulted by using îä íàñèæèâàíèÿ êëàäîê è âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ net bag. ïòåíöîâ. Ñàìöû æå äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìå- Male owls have been and still have most- íè îñòàþòñÿ ïëîõî èçó÷åííûìè, â ñâÿçè ly unknowns because lack of the know-how, ñ íåõâàòêîé ðàçðàáîòîê â îáëàñòè èõ îò- how to catch them. Recently the increased ëîâà. Íîâûå ðàçðàáîòêè, à òàêæå íåäàâ- know-how and experience helped us to íî ïîëó÷åííûé îïûò, ïîìîãëè íàì íà÷àòü start trapping also male owls here in the îòëàâëèâàòü òàêæå ñàìöîâ äëèííîõâîñòûõ western part of Finland in the Kokemaenjoki íåÿñûòåé. Ðàáîòà ïðîâîäèëàñü â çàïàäíîé river valley. ÷àñòè Ôèíëÿíäèè, â äîëèíå ðåêè Êîêå- Male trapping is the most easily to do with ìÿýíéîêè. special trap which has designed for it (fig. 1), Îòëîâ ñàìöîâ äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé and success is 100%, at least for now. îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ ëîâóøêè, êîòîðàÿ The model of trap is same which has been áûëà ñïðîåêòèðîâàíà ñïåöèàëüíî äëÿ ýòîãî used also by well known raptor and owl re- (ðèñ. 1). Óñïåõ îòëîâà ñàìöîâ, ïî êðàéíåé searcher in Finland as well as globally, in his ìåðå äî ñèõ ïîð, ñîñòàâëÿåò 100%. Ìîäåëü own Ural Owl studies, professor Pertti Sau- ëîâóøêè àíàëîãè÷íà òîé, ÷òî èñïîëüçîâà- rola (1987). ëàñü â ðàáîòàõ ïî äëèííîõâîñòûì íåÿñûòÿì We were a little bit afraid that a males Ïåðòòè Ñàóðîëà (Saurola, 1987). which was gone to the trap in previous Â ñàìîì íà÷àëå ðàáîòû áûëè îïàñåíèÿ, breeding season (2008) wouldn’t go there ÷òî ñàìöû, êîòîðûå áûëè îòëîâëåíû â ïðåä- again, but we caught successfully every fe- ûäóùèé ïåðèîä ðàçìíîæåíèÿ (2008 ã.), ïî- males as well as every males in 2009. 112 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Ìåòîäû èññëåäîâàíèé

Ðèñ. 1. Ñõåìà ëîâóøêè. Îáîçíà÷åíèÿ: 1 – îò- âåðñòèÿ äëÿ êðåïëåíèÿ ðåøåòêè íà ãíåçäîâîì ÿùèêå, äëÿ çàïèðàíèÿ â í¸ì ñàìêè, 2 – êðþêè äëÿ êðåïåæà ëîâóøêè, 3 – âèíòû äëÿ êðåïåæà ðåøåòêè, 4 – ðåø¸òêà, çàêðåïë¸ííàÿ íà ãíåç- äîâîì ÿùèêå, 5 – ïðèñàäà, 6 – ëî- âóøêà íàñàæèâàåòñÿ îòâåðñòèÿìè â êðûøå íà êðåï¸æíûå êðþêè ðåø¸òêè, 7 – óâåëè÷åí- íûé ôðàãìåíò êðåïåæà ëîâóøêè, 8 – ïåäàëü, 9 – ñòîðîæîê èçãî- òàâëèâàåòñÿ èç øíóðà, ïðîõîäÿùåãî ÷åðåç òðóáó íà êðûøå ëîâóø- êè; îäíèì êîíöîì ïðî- âîä êðåïèòñÿ ê çàòâîðó îïàäíîé ðåø¸òêè, çàïèðàþùåé ëîâóøêó, äðóãèì êîíöîì – ê ïåäàëè, 10 – òðóáà, 11 – øíóð (ñäåëàííûé èç ãèòàðíîé ñòðóíû). Ôîòî Þ. Êèâåëÿ. Fig. 1. The drawing of a trap. Labels: 1 – holes for attach a bars to a nestbox and locks a female behind the bars, 2 – hooks for a trap, 3 – permanent screws, 4 – removable bar, 5 – perch, 6 – hooks comes through a holes in the roof of the trap, 7 – zoomed fragment of the trap attaching, 8 – pedal, 9 – wire êèíóò òåððèòîðèþ è íå âåðíóòñÿ ñíîâà â Trapping method goes through the òå æå ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè, îäíàêî è â 2009 ã. We have been trapping nesting males pipe and holds a bars óäàëîñü îòëîâèòü óñïåøíî è òåõ æå ñàìîê, not till then their chicks had been moult- loaded, another end is connected to the pedal, è òåõ æå ñàìöîâ. ed, because we did not want to interrupt 10 – pipe, their nestlings by disturbing them too 11 – wire (made of Ìåòîäèêà îòëîâà early. There are no any interruptions for guitar’s string). Ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ ñàìöû îòëàâëèâàëèñü òîëü- now and it is pretty sure that Ural Owls Photos by J. Kivelä. êî ïðè âûâîäêàõ, â êîòîðûõ ïòåíöû óæå do not mind if they will be caught in the ïåðåëèíÿëè â ìåçîïòèëü, ÷òîáû íå áåñïî- late nesting time when chicks are still in êîèòü ïòèö íà ýòàïå èíêóáàöèè è âûêàðì- the nest. ëèâàíèÿ ïóõîâèêîâ. Ñåé÷àñ ìîæíî óæå ñ The technique of the trapping of males is óâåðåííîñòüþ ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî âçðîñ- as follows. Before catching a male by trap, ëûå äëèííîõâîñòûå íåÿñûòè íå áðîñàþò a female must be locked inside to the nest- âûâîäêè è äîñòàòî÷íî òåðïèìî îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ing box with chicks and then a trap can be áåñïîêîéñòâó, êîãäà èõ îòëîâ ïðîèçâîäèò- set to hole of the nesting box. In the case ñÿ âî âòîðóþ ïîëîâèíó ïåðèîäà âûêàðì- when female is outside from the nesting ëèâàíèÿ ïòåíöîâ, ïîêà îíè åù¸ íàõîäÿòñÿ box, male doesn’t go to the trap. â ãíåçäå. When starting the trapping it would be Òåõíîëîãèÿ îòëîâà ñàìöîâ çàêëþ÷àåò- good to reserve some food with, for ex- ñÿ â ñëåäóþùåì. Ïðåæäå, ÷åì ïîéìàòü ample voles, chickens etc. to the female ñàìöà ñîâû ëîâóøêîé, ñàìêà ñ ïòåíöàìè and chicks in the nest, but them should not äîëæíà áûòü çàïåðòà âíóòðè ãíåçäîâîãî give to them before than catching is over. ÿùèêà, è çàòåì ëîâóøêà óñòàíàâëèâàåòñÿ Ural Owls have well-adjusted to bright Techniques and Methods Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 113

íà ñïåöèàëüíûé, çàðàíåå ïðèãîòîâëåííûé seasons and they are active and hunting êðåï¸æ, ê ëåòêó. Ïîñêîëüêó, åñëè ñàìêà in the day time. We have got the most of íàõîäèòñÿ ñíàðóæè îò ãíåçäîâîãî ÿùèêà, the males to the trap early in the morn- Ñàìêà äëèííîõâî- ñàìåö íå èä¸ò â ëîâóøêó. Ïðåæäå ÷åì íà- ing or evening, but also in the midday. In ñòîé íåÿñûòè (Strix ÷èíàòü îòëîâ, íåîáõîäèìî ïîäãîòîâèòü actual night time only one single male has uralensis), çàêðûòàÿ íåìíîãî åäû (íàïðèìåð, ïîë¸âîê, öûïëÿò gone to the trap. In the trap what we have â ãíåçäîâîì ÿùèêå ñ è ò.ä.) äëÿ ñàìêè è ïòåíöîâ, íî äàâàòü èì used, there is a clock which is connected ïîìîùüþ ñïåöèàëüíîãî êðåïåæà äëÿ ëîâóøêè êîðì ñëåäóåò òîëüêî ïîñëå òîãî, êàê îòëîâ in manner that it stops when trap goes off. (ââåðõó) è íàñòîðîæåí- çàêîí÷èòñÿ. Using this method we have clarified times íàÿ ëîâóøêà, óñòàíîâ- Â óñëîâèÿõ Ôèíëÿíäèè äëèííîõâîñòûå when the male owl brings a food to its ëåííàÿ íà ãíåçäîâîì íåÿñûòè õîðîøî ïðèñïîñîáèëèñü ê æèç- family (table 1). ÿùèêå (âíèçó). Ôîòî Þ. Êèâåëÿ. íåäåÿòåëüíîñòè â ñâåòëîå âðåìÿ ñóòîê Identification of gender by measuring Female of the Ural – äí¸ì îíè àêòèâíî îõîòÿòñÿ. Â Ôèí- Owl (Strix uralensis) ëÿíäèè áîëüøèíñòâî ñàìöîâ ïîäëåòàþò Identification of Ural Owls gender during is locked inside to the ê ëîâóøêå ðàíî óòðîì èëè âå÷åðîì, íî the nesting season is fairly easy by com- nesting box (upper) and òàêæå îòìå÷àëèñü òå, êîòîðûå ëîâèëèñü paring female and male weights, differ- a trap is erected to the hole of the nesting box â ïîëäåíü. Â íî÷íîå âðåìÿ òîëüêî îäèí ence is clear. Outside of the nesting season (bottom). åäèíñòâåííûé ñàìåö ïîïàë â ëîâóøêó. it is not quite that easy, because their wing Photos by J. Kivelä. Â ëîâóøêó, êîòîðàÿ áûëà èñïîëüçîâàíà, lengths goes one on top of another. There are males which have longer wings than some females as well as females which weight is less than some males. There for, it is hard to define their sex outside of the nesting period. To solve this problem and for a being sure about their gender we have measured their tarsus (diameter), claws (length) and distances between mid – and backtoes completely opened foot from base of claw to another (fig. 2). Measuring Ural Owl tarsus the feathers in the leg causes problems, they are thick and there for it is difficult to have consistent measurement results. Using these methods achieve medium results in identification of Ural Owl gender, but measuring length of the claw in backtoe has indicated the most reliable method in the field. It is fairly easy to do alone and nor big dimensional error gets occur. Lengths of claws for males range between 15.10–18.65 mm, for females – 19.10 (19.90) – 22.10 mm. In one case it is clarifying a range of change, that one female had very scuffed claws for some reason (19.10 mm), in spring 2009 same female had a “new” claws and measurement results was 19.90. Part of the females was caught few times during the nesting season and repeated weightings show how their weights decreased during hatching and warming the chicks. For example by ring D-186.353 marked female weight decreased 18.4.2008 measured 980 g to 880 g until 16.5.2008. Another female lost her weight from 1130 g to 910 g between 7.4 – 29.4.2009. Special exception was the female which weight was nearly invariable 12.4–10.5.2008. 114 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Ìåòîäû èññëåäîâàíèé

Òàáë. 1. Ðåçóëüòàòû îòëîâà, ìå÷åíèÿ è èçìåðåíèé ñîâ. Òàáë. 1. Results of trapping, ringing and measuring of the owls.

Äëèíà êðûëà, Äèàìåòð Äèàìåòð Äëèíà ìì (ìèí/ ïðàâîé ëåâîé çàäíåãî Äëèíà ìàêñ) öåâêè, ìì öåâêè, ìì êîãòÿ ëàïû, ìì Length of the Diametr Diametr Length Length of Ïðîöåäóðà Äàòà Âðåìÿ Êîëüöî Ïîë* Ìàññà, ã wing, mm of the right of the left of the the foot, Procedure Date Time Ring Sex* Mass, g (min/max tarsus, mm tarsus, mm claw mm 2009 Êîíòðîëü / Control 27.03.2009 12:00 D-201.627 F 1095 -/365 9.25 9.65 20.90 69.35 Îêîëüöîâàí / Ringed 27.03.2009 13:00 D-253.761 F 1045 -/362 8.00 8.25 21.00 70.35 Êîíòðîëü / Control 02.04.2009 19:00 D-231.718 F 1060 -/367 8.55 8.25 21.55 71.00 Îêîëüöîâàí / Ringed 07.04.2009 17:00 D-253.762 F 1000 -/367 7.80 7.90 21.20 69.10 Êîíòðîëü / Control 07.04.2009 18:00 D-212.716 F 1130 -/352 7.80 8.30 20.10 68.70 Êîíòðîëü / Control 29.04.2009 7:00 D-212.716 F 910 Êîíòðîëü / Control 07.04.2009 19:00 D-196.213 F 1085 -/353 7.85 9.30 20.75 71.75 Êîíòðîëü / Control 13.04.2009 19:00 D-214.445 F 980 7.90 7.75 19.90 65.30 Îêîëüöîâàí / Ringed 14.04.2009 10:00 D-253.763 F 1060 -/364 9.45 9.00 Êîíòðîëü / Control 01.05.2009 15:00 D-253.763 F 980 21.90 70.20 Êîíòðîëü / Control 14.04.2009 12:00 D-207.672 F 1020 -/350 8.80 8.25 20.85 Êîíòðîëü / Control 30.04.2009 7:00 D-207.672 F 960 Êîíòðîëü / Control 25.04.2009 18:00 D-214.444 F 910 -/353 9.07 845 20.25 Êîíòðîëü / Control 29.04.2009 6:00 D-214.444 F 870 Êîíòðîëü / Control 26.04.2009 8:00 D-243.887 Ì 755 -/345 7.85 7.75 18.40 Îêîëüöîâàí / Ringed 27.04.2009 9:00 D-253.770 Ì 635 -/342 7.85 7.55 17.50 Îêîëüöîâàí / Ringed 27.04.2009 10:00 D-253.771 Ì 725 -/353 7.55 8.00 18.05 Êîíòðîëü / Control 27.04.2009 15:00 D-238.454 Ì 645 -/348 7.95 8.10 17.20 Îêîëüöîâàí / Ringed 29.04.2009 6:00 D-253.781 Ì 670 -/343 7.20 7.40 17.85 Îêîëüöîâàí / Ringed 29.04.2009 7:00 D-253.782 Ì 680 -/348 7.55 7.15 17.55 Êîíòðîëü / Control 30.04.2009 7:00 D-223.279 Ì 720 -/352 7.55 7.60 17.55 Êîíòðîëü / Control 01.05.2009 18:00 D-174.028 Ì 680 8.05 8.40 17.95 Êîíòðîëü / Control 02.05.2009 9:00 D-253.783 Ì 670 7.55 7.25 17.70 Êîíòðîëü / Control 08.05.2009 20:00 D-228.706 F 920 -/357 8.65 8.85 20.30 Îêîëüöîâàí / Ringed 09.05.2009 17:00 D-253.798 Ì 660 -/349 7.50 7.95 17.40 62.95 Îêîëüöîâàí / Ringed 09.05.2009 12:00 D-253.797 Ì 730 -/344 7.95 7.00 18.00 61.40 2008 Îêîëüöîâàí / Ringed 19.04.2008 17:00 D-238.453 F 1030 328/350 Îêîëüöîâàí / Ringed 25.04.2008 23:00 D-238.454 Ì 650 320/341 Îêîëüöîâàí / Ringed 10.05.2008 8:00 D-238.455 Ì 715 319/336 7.45 7.45 16.85 63.05 Êîíòðîëü / Control 12.04.2008 15:00 D-231.718 F 1060 334/356 Êîíòðîëü / Control 10.05.2008 8:00 D-231.718 F 1070 9.55 9.40 20.60 67.85 Êîíòðîëü / Control 10.05.2008 9:00 D-223.279 Ì 730 329/347 7.75 7.30 17.90 64.90 Êîíòðîëü / Control 27.04.2008 20:00 D-212.716 F 1000 327/361 Êîíòðîëü / Control 11.05.2008 11:00 D-212.716 F 995 9.30 9.15 20.65 64.90 Êîíòðîëü / Control 16.05.2008 21:00 D-212.716 F 950 Êîíòðîëü / Control 19.05.2008 20:00 D-213.091 Ì 670 331/346 7.25 6.95 17.85 Êîíòðîëü / Control 19.04.2008 12:00 D-223.249 F 1070 337/364 Êîíòðîëü / Control 08.05.2008 20:00 D-223.249 F 1030 8.85 8.50 20.40 69.75 Êîíòðîëü / Control 18.04.2008 17:00 D-186.353 F 980 348/365 Êîíòðîëü / Control 08.05.2008 18:00 D-186.353 F 950 9.35 8.80 20.75 67.15 Êîíòðîëü / Control 16.05.2008 19.00 D-186.353 F 880 Êîíòðîëü / Control 25.04.2008 18:00 D-174.016 F 1070 333/366 Êîíòðîëü / Control 06.05.2008 19:00 D-174.016 F 8.40 8.30 21.40 70.30 Êîíòðîëü / Control 29.03.2008 14:00 D-201.627 F 1130 -/369 Êîíòðîëü / Control 05.04.2008 14:00 D-214.444 F 1005 -/355 Êîíòðîëü / Control 12.04.2008 13:00 D-207.672 F 1010 325/353 Êîíòðîëü / Control 30.04.2008 20:00 D-207.672 F 950 8.40 8.20 20.00 Îêîëüöîâàí / Ringed 25.04.2008 19:00 D-243.860 F 1020 332/362 Êîíòðîëü / Control 11.05.2008 12:00 D-243.860 F 1020 9.55 8.75 20.65 66.00 Êîíòðîëü / Control 23.05.2008 22:00 D-243.860 F 950 Îêîëüöîâàí / Ringed 27.04.2008 21:00 D-243.861 M 660 344/354 Êîíòðîëü / Control 11.05.2008 21:00 D-174.028 M 690 -/338 7.45 7.50 18.50 55.35 Êîíòðîëü / Control 12.05.2008 17:00 D-186.389 F 1140 322/351 9.70 9.85 22.10 65.15 Îêîëüöîâàí / Ringed 13.05.2008 7:00 D-243.878 M 650 331/352 6.85 7.45 17.80 56.75 Îêîëüöîâàí / Ringed 23.05.2008 22:00 D-243.893 M 640 -/348 6.75 6.55 15.10 Êîíòðîëü / Control 25.05.2008 19:00 D-214.445 F 940 325/361 8.25 8.50 19.10 62.85 Êîíòðîëü / Control 19.06.2008 16:00 D-214.445 F 920 Êîíòðîëü / Control 20.06.2008 10:00 D-184.072 M 670 -/349 7.70 8.10 18.65

* - F – ñàìêà, M – ñàìåö / F – female, M – male Techniques and Methods Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 115

ñàìêè çíà÷èòåëüíî òåðÿþò â âåñå âî âðå- ìÿ âûñèæèâàíèÿ è âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ ïòåí- öîâ (ñì. íèæå), ýòî íå òàê ëåãêî. Äëèíà êðûëà äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé ïðàêòè- ÷åñêè îäèíàêîâà. Âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ñàìöû, ó êîòîðûõ áîëåå äëèííûå êðûëüÿ, ÷åì ó íåêîòîðûõ ñàìîê, òàê æå è íàîáîðîò. Òà- êèì îáðàçîì, âíå ñåçîíà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïîë äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé îïðåäåëèòü äî- ñòàòî÷íî òðóäíî. ×òîáû ðåøèòü ýòó ïðî- áëåìó è áûòü óâåðåííûì â îïðåäåëåíèè ïîëà ñîâ, áûëè ïðîìåðåíû öåâêè (äèà- ìåòð), êîãòè (äëèíà) è ëàïû (ðàññòîÿíèÿ ìåæäó îñíîâàíèåì êîãòÿ ñðåäíåãî è çà- äíåãî ïàëüöåâ íà ïîëíîñòüþ ðàñïðàâëåí- íîé ëàïå) (ðèñ. 2). Ïåðüÿ íà íîãå äîâîëü- íî îáú¸ìíûå, ÷òî âûçûâàåò çàòðóäíåíèå â îïðåäåëåíèè òî÷íûõ ðàçìåðîâ, ïðè èçìåðåíèè äèàìåòðà öåâîê äëèííîõâî- ñòûõ íåÿñûòåé. Èçìåðåíèå ëàïû è öåâêè äà¸ò ñðåäíèå ïî íàä¸æíîñòè ðåçóëüòàòû â èäåíòèôèêàöèè ïîëà, â òî âðåìÿ êàê èç- ìåðåíèå äëèíû êîãòÿ çàäíåãî ïàëüöà ÿâëÿ- åòñÿ ñàìûì íàä¸æíûì ìåòîäîì, êîòîðûé ìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü â ïîëåâûõ óñëîâè- ÿõ. Îäíàêî, è â äàííîì ñëó÷àå äîâîëüíî ëåãêî ñäåëàòü íåáîëüøóþ èçìåðèòåëüíóþ îøèáêó. Ñàìåö â ëîâóøêå. âñòðîåíû ÷àñû, êîòîðûå ñâÿçàíû ñ ïó- Ó ñàìöîâ äëèíà êîãòåé âàðüèðóåò â äèà- Ôîòî Þ. Êèâåëÿ. ñêîâûì ìåõàíèçìîì òàê, ÷òîáû îíè îñòà- ïàçîíå 15,10–18,65 ìì, ó ñàìîê – 19,10 Male in the trap. íàâëèâàëèñü, êîãäà ëîâóøêà ñðàáàòûâàåò. (19,90) – 22,10 ìì. Ìèíèìàëüíûé ðàçìåð Photo by J. Kivelä. Èñïîëüçóÿ ýòîò ìåòîä, óäàëîñü âûÿñíèòü äëèíû êîãòÿ ñàìîê (19,10 ìì) îáúÿñíÿåò- âðåìÿ, êîãäà ñàìöû ïðèíîñÿò åäó â ãíåç- ñÿ òåì, ÷òî îäíà ñàìêà â 2008 ã. ñèëüíî äî (òàáë. 1). ñò¸ðëà êîãòè ïî íåèçâåñòíûì ïðè÷èíàì. Âåñíîé 2009 ã. òà æå ñàìàÿ ñàìêà èìåëà Èäåíòèôèêàöèÿ ïîëà «íîâûå» ðåçóëüòàòû ïðîìåðîâ êîãòåé – Ðèñ. 2. Èçìåðåíèå Ïîë äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé â òå÷åíèå 19,90 ìì. ëàïû ñîâû. ãíåçäîâîãî ñåçîíà äîâîëüíî ëåãêî îïðå- ×àñòü ñàìîê îòëàâëèâàëèñü íåñêîëüêî Fig. 2. Measurements of äåëÿåòñÿ ïóò¸ì ñðàâíåíèÿ âåñà ñàìöîâ è ðàç â òå÷åíèå ñåçîíà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. Èõ the leg of the owl. ñàìîê. Íî ïîñëå ñåçîíà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, ò.ê. ïîâòîðíî âçâåøèâàëè, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî âûÿñíåíî, ÷òî âåñ ñàìîê óìåíüøèëñÿ âî âðåìÿ íàñèæèâàíèÿ è îáîãðåâàíèÿ ïòåí- öîâ. Íàïðèìåð, âåñ ñàìêè, ïîìå÷åííîé êîëüöîì D-186.353, óìåíüøèëñÿ ñ 980 ã 18.04.2008 ã. äî 880 ã ê 16.05.2008 ã. Äðóãàÿ ñàìêà ïîòåðÿëà ñâîé âåñ ñ 1130 ã äî 910 ã ìåæäó 7.04 è 29.04.2009 ã. Íå- êîòîðîå èñêëþ÷åíèå íàáëþäàëîñü ó åäèí- ñòâåííîé ñàìêè, âåñ êîòîðîé áûë ïðàêòè- ÷åñêè ïîñòîÿíåí íà ïðîòÿæåíèè ñ 12.04. ïî 05.10.2008 ã.

Ëèòåðàòóðà Saurola P. Mate and nest site fidelity in Ural and Tawny Owls. – Biology and conservation of northern forest owls. Symposium proceedings, February 3.7, 1987 / R.W. Nero, R.J. Clark, R.J. Knapton & R.H. Hamre, Eds. (USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RM. 142). Winnipeg, Manitoba, 1987. P. 81–86. 116 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

RaptorResearch ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ПЕРНАТЫХ ХИЩНИКОВ

SubspeciesPopulationStructureoftheSakerFalconRange ПОПУЛЯЦИОННО-ПОДВИДОВАЯ СТРУКТУРА АРЕАЛА БАЛОБАНА KaryakinI.V.(CenterofFieldStudies,N.Novgorod,Russia) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Ðåçþìå Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí Íà îñíîâå ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîãî àíàëèçà ôåíîòèïè÷åñêèõ ïðèçíàêîâ ðàññìîòðåíà ïîïóëÿöèîííî-ïîäâèäîâàÿ ñòðóê- Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ òóðà àðåàëà áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug). Çà 12-ëåòíèé ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé àâòîðîì íàíåñåíî íà êàðòó 1322 ãíåçäî- èññëåäîâàíèé âûõ ó÷àñòêà áàëîáàíîâ, ñîáðàíà êîëëåêöèÿ îïèñàíèé 820 âçðîñëûõ è 936 ìîëîäûõ ïòèö íà 607 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ. 603000, Ðîññèÿ, Â äîïîëíåíèå ê ýòîìó, ïðèâÿçàíû â ÃÈÑ îïèñàíèÿ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïòèö è èõ ïîòîìñòâà, ñäåëàííûå êîëëåãàìè – 48 Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, âçðîñëûõ ïòèö è 80 ìîëîäûõ íà 39 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, à òàêæå 24 êîëëåêöèîííûõ ýêçåìïëÿðà âçðîñëûõ áàëî- óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17 áàíîâ, õðàíÿùèõñÿ â êîëëåêöèÿõ çîîëîãè÷åñêèõ ìóçååâ Ðîññèè è Êàçàõñòàíà. Âîñåìü êëþ÷åâûõ ôåíîòèïè÷åñêèõ òåë.: +7 831 433 38 47 ïðèçíàêîâ ïòèö ïðåäñòàâëåíû áèíàðíûìè êîäàìè. Íà îñíîâàíèè ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîãî àíàëèçà ôåíîòèïè÷åñêèõ [email protected] ïðèçíàêîâ â àðåàëå áàëîáàíà âûäåëåíû 3 ãðóïïû (ãðóïïà çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ è äâå ãðóïïû âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáà- íîâ), ðàñïàäàþùèåñÿ íà 5 ÷¸òêî èäåíòèôèöèðóåìûõ ïîäâèäîâ, ëîêàëèçîâàííûõ ãåîãðàôè÷åñêè. Â ñòàòüå òàêæå ðàññìîòðåí ñòàòóñ òàê íàçûâàåìîãî «àëòàéñêîãî ñîêîëà». ÃÈÑ-àíàëèç ïîäòâåðäèë íåâîçìîæíîñòü åãî âûäåëåíèÿ â ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûé òàêñîí (âèäîâîãî èëè ïîäâèäîâîãî ðàíãà). Ôåíîòèï «àëòàéñêîãî ñîêîëà» íå èìååò óñòîé÷èâûõ Contact: ïðèçíàêîâ, âñòðå÷àåòñÿ ñëó÷àéíî, â òîì ÷èñëå â ïîòîìñòâå áàëîáàíîâ äðóãèõ ôåíîòèïîâ, â çîíå ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ Igor Karyakin ãèáðèäíûõ ïîïóëÿöèé âñåõ òð¸õ ãðóïï áàëîáàíîâ – â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ãîðíîì óçëå. Ôåíîòèï «àëòàéñêîãî ñîêîëà» Center of Field Studies ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ â ãåíåòè÷åñêè ãåòåðîãåííîé ïîïóëÿöèè â âèäå àðõàè÷íûõ ïðèçíàêîâ ïðåäêîâûõ ôîðì. Korolenko str., 17a–17, Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ñîêîëû, áàëîáàí, àëòàéñêèé ñîêîë, Falco cherrug, ïîïóëÿöèè, ïîäâèäû, çîîãåî- Nizhniy Novgorod, ãðàôèÿ, ñèñòåìàòèêà. Russia, 603000 Ïîñòóïèëà â ðåäàêöèþ 13.11.2010 ã. Ïðèíÿòà ê ïóáëèêàöèè 15.01.2011 ã. tel.: +7 831 433 38 47 [email protected] Abstract In the following article subspecies population structure of the range of Saker Falcons (Falco cherrug) on the basis of spatial analysis of characters of phenotype is analysed. During the 12-year period of surveys the author has mapped out 1322 breeding territories of Saker Falcons, descriptions of 820 adults and 936 young birds on 607 nesting sites have been collected. In addition descriptions of nesting birds and their nestlings (in total 48 adults and 80 young birds on 39 nesting sites) made by other scientists have been verified within GIS-software. Descriptions of 24 specimens of adult Saker Falcons, stored in collections of zoological museums of Russia and Kazakhstan have been done too. Eight main phenotype characters of birds are presented by binary codes. On the base of the spatial analysis of phenotype characters three groups were distinguished within the species range (the group of Western Saker Falcons and two groups of Eastern Saker Falcons), which in their turn split in five clearly identified subspecies localized geographically. Also in the article status of the “Altai Falcon” is discussed. GIS-analysis has unequivocally shown impossibility of referring the subspecies neither to separate species nor to separate subspecies. Phenotype of the “Altai Falcon” or altaicus has not any regular characters and occurs occasionally including occurrence in offspring of the Sakers of other phenotypes in the zone of overlapping and hybridization of all three forms of Sakers – the Altai-Sayan mountains. The phenotype altaicus is manifested in the genetically heterogeneous populations in the form of archaic characters of ancestry forms. Keywords: raptors, birds of prey, falcons, Saker Falcon, Altai Falcon, Falco cherrug, populations, subspecies, zo- ogeography, taxonomy. Received: 13/11/2010. Accepted: 15/01/2011.

Ââåäåíèå Introduction Çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ èíäèâèäóàëüíàÿ èçìåí- On the initial stages of taxonomy devel- ÷èâîñòü áàëîáàíîâ (Falco cherrug) íà íà- opment the significant individual variability ÷àëüíûõ ýòàïàõ ðàçâèòèÿ ñèñòåìàòèêè ïðè- of Saker Falcons (Falco cherrug) led to the âåëà ê òîìó, ÷òî áûëî îïèñàíî îêîëî 11 description of 11 subspecies. Soviet tax- ïîäâèäîâ. Â ïîñëåâîåííîå âðåìÿ â ÑÑÑÐ onomy let one half of this number of sub- ïðèçíàâàëîñü îêîëî ïîëîâèíû ýòèõ ïîä- species be (Dementyev, 1951; Stepanyan, âèäîâ (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951; Ñòåïàíÿí, 1990), 1990) while taxonomists in the countries â òî âðåìÿ êàê çà ðóáåæîì áûëà ïðèíÿ- of the far abroad accepted the viewpoint òà ïîçèöèÿ ×. Âîðè (Vaurie, 1961; 1965). of Vaurie (1961; 1965) according to which Ñîãëàñíî åé, âèä âêëþ÷àåò âñåãî äâà ïîä- only two subspecies exist: the Common or âèäà – îáûêíîâåííûé èëè çàïàäíûé áàëî- Western Saker Falcon (F. ch. cherrug) and Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 117

áàí (F. ch. cherrug) è öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêèé the Centralasian (Mongolian) or Eastern Sak- (ìîíãîëüñêèé) èëè âîñòî÷íûé áàëîáàí (F. ch. er Falcon (F. ch. milvipes). The Altai Falcon milvipes), à â àðåàëå öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêîãî (F. altaicus) that breeds within the Eastern áàëîáàíà îáèòàåò ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûé âèä – Saker range was recognized as a separate àëòàéñêèé ñîêîë (F. altaicus). Èìåííî ýòà species. Modern studies have shown that ïîçèöèÿ áûëà ïðèíÿòà è â ïîñëåäíåé ðîñ- this taxonomy, being greatly simplified. ñèéñêîé ñâîäêå (Êîáëèê è äð., 2006), ÿâíî In the article the attempt to analyze the îðèåíòèðîâàííîé íà çàïàäíûé ïîäõîä ê Saker Falcon subspecific division on the basis ñèñòåìàòèêå áàëîáàíà, èãíîðèðóÿ âåñü òîò of population structure of species range using ñâîä ìàòåðèàëà, êîòîðûé áûë íàêîïëåí GIS-analysis for outlining populations with dif- ñîâåòñêèìè îðíèòîëîãàìè. ferent phenotype characters is being done. Êàçàëîñü áû, âñ¸ î÷åâèäíî: «èçìåí÷è- âîñòü áàëîáàíîâ íîñèò êëèíàëüíûé õà- Anthology of subspecific division of the ðàêòåð è ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ â ïîñòåïåííîì ðàç- Saker Falcon âèòèè â íàïðàâëåíèè ñ çàïàäà íà âîñòîê Dementyev (1951) divided the Saker ïîïåðå÷íîãî ñâåòëîãî ðèñóíêà íà âåðõ- Falcon into 6 subspecies: the European íåé ñòîðîíå òåëà, â ðàçâèòèè ïåïåëüíî- Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug danubialis ñèçûõ òîíîâ â îïåðåíèè âåðõíåé ñòîðîíû Êlåinsñhmidt, 1939), Common Saker Falcon òåëà, îñîáåííî íà âåðõíèõ êðîþùèõ õâî- (Falco ch. cherrug Gràó, 1834) 1834, Sibe- ñòà è íà ðóëåâûõ, ïîïåðå÷íîãî ðèñóíêà íà rian (Jungar) Saker Falcon (F. ch. saceroides îïåðåíèè ãîëåíè è áîêîâ òåëà, â ïîòåì- Âiànñhi, 1907), Turkestan Saker Falcon (F. íåíèè îêðàñêè ïåñòðèí íà íèæíåé ñòîðî- ch. coatsi Dåmåntiåv, 1945), Centralasian íå òåëà» (Ñòåïàíÿí, 1990). Â ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì or Mongolian Saker Falcon (F. ch. milvipes ìîæíî óñëîâíî ïðîâåñòè ãðàíèöó ìåæäó Jårdîn, 1871), Tibetan Saker Falcon (F. ch. çàïàäíûìè è âîñòî÷íûìè áàëîáàíàìè ãäå- hendersoni Íumå, 1871). íèáóäü â öåíòðå àðåàëà âèäà è ïðèíÿòü çà- The European Saker Falcon were dis- ïàäíûé ïîäõîä ê âûäåëåíèþ äâóõ ïîäâè- tributed in Europe from Bohemia to the äîâ, ÷òî, ñîáñòâåííî, è ñäåëàíî âî ìíîãèõ central parts of European part of Russian çàðóáåæíûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ ñâîäêàõ. Federation, in Hungary, Beskids, Carpathi- Îäíàêî, èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîñëåäíèõ ëåò ïî- ans, in Carpathian parts of West Ukraine, in êàçûâàþò ñèëüíóþ óïðîù¸ííîñòü ýòîãî Bulgaria and Dobruja; in forests and forest ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ. steppes of Ukraine and Russia southwards Â äàííîé ñòàòüå ñäåëàíà ïîïûòêà ïîäîé- to Crimea, eastwards to the Don river basin òè ê ðàññìîòðåíèþ ïîäâèäîâîãî äåëåíèÿ (Sakers from the Voronezh, Penza, Ryazan áàëîáàíà íà îñíîâå ïîïóëÿöèîííîé ñòðóê- district were referred to this subspecies), òóðû àðåàëà âèäà ñ ïðèâëå÷åíèåì ÃÈÑ- northwards to the south parts of Moscow àíàëèçà ê âûäåëåíèþ ïîïóëÿöèé ñ ðàçíûìè and Tula districts. The Common Saker Fal- ôåíîòèïè÷åñêèìè õàðàêòåðèñòèêàìè. con inhabited the region eastwards from the previous subspecies, from the Volga Àíòîëîãèÿ ïîäâèäîâîãî äåëåíèÿ áàëî- river basin and South Ural in Kazakh and áàíîâ south Siberian steppes eastwards to the Íåîäíîçíà÷íîñòü âçãëÿäîâ íà ïîäâèäû Kulunda and Minusinsk steppes. The north ñîêîëîâ îñëîæíÿåòñÿ òåì, ÷òî â Öåíòðàëü- border of the range of this subspecies was íîé Àçèè îïðåäåë¸ííî ñòûêóþòñÿ àðåàëû drawn at the Middle Volga in the Sura riv- íåñêîëüêèõ ïîäâèäîâ, îáðàçóÿ ñìåøåíèå er basin and in the Kama river basin near âñåâîçìîæíûõ ôåíîòèïîâ, ïðè÷¸ì ãðàíè- Chistopol, in West Siberia near Tyumen and öû àðåàëîâ ýòèõ ïîäâèäîâ èíòåðïðåòèðó- Krasnoyarsk. The south border was draw þòñÿ ðàçíûìè àâòîðàìè ïî-ðàçíîìó. in Naurzum, Tersek, Sypsyn forests (Kaza- Ïî Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâó (1951) â àðåàëå áà- khstan) towards the East Kazakh upland and ëîáàíà âûäåëÿåòñÿ 6 ïîäâèäîâ: åâðîïåé- the Altai outskirts and near Achinsk and Mi- ñêèé áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug danubialis nusinsk. It was assumed to intergrade with Êlåinsñhmidt, 1939), îáûêíîâåííûé áà- the Siberian Saker Falcon in the Krasnoyarsk ëîáàí (Falco ch. cherrug Gràó, 1834), ñè- forest-steppes and the Minusinsk depres- áèðñêèé (äæóíãàðñêèé) áàëîáàí (F. ch. sion: falcons shot at the nests on cliffs were saceroides Âiànñhi, 1907), òóðêåñòàíñêèé referred to saceroides, while the adult fe- áàëîáàí (F. ch. coatsi Dåmåntiåv, 1945), male cherrug was shot at the nest on the ìîíãîëüñêèé (öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêèé) tree located near the Dadonovka village áàëîáàí (F. ch. milvipes Jårdîn, 1871), at May, 26 1926. The bird, which was ob- òèáåòñêèé áàëîáàí (F. ch. hendersoni served by Kots on the larch near Saybasch 118 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Íumå, 1871). Åâðîïåéñêèé áàëîáàí áûë lake in the Abakan steppe may be referred ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í â Åâðîïå îò Áîãåìèè äî to the same subspecies. The Siberian (Jun- öåíòðàëüíûõ îáëàñòåé Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè gar) Saker Falcon range embraced South- Ðîññèè, â Âåíãðèè, Áåñêèäàõ è Êàðïàòàõ, Eastern Altai, adjacent parts of the Central â ïðèêàðïàòñêèõ ÷àñòÿõ Çàï. Óêðàèíû, â Altai, outskirts of Western Altai, Sailugem, Áîëãàðèè è Äîáðóäæå; â ñòåïíîé è ëåñî- Sayan, Tarbagatai mountains, North-West ñòåïíîé ïîëîñå Óêðàèíû è Ðîññèè íà þã Mongolia as well as ridges of the Middle Si- äî Êðûìà, íà âîñòîê äî áàññåéíà Äîíà berian mountains in the Yenisey river basin, (ê ýòîé ôîðìå îòíîñèëèñü áàëàáàíû èç Tannu-Tuva, Minusinsk, Abakan steppes, Âîðîíåæñêîé, Ïåíçåíñêîé, Ðÿçàíñêîé vicinities of Krasnoyarsk (Bazaikha river). îáëàñòåé), ê ñåâåðó äî þæíûõ ÷àñòåé The subspecies seemed to intergrade with Ìîñêîâñêîé è Òóëüñêîé îáëàñòåé. Îáûê- the Mongolian Saker in the Tanny-Tuva. The íîâåííûé áàëîáàí áûë ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í Turkestan Saker Falcon was distributed ê âîñòîêó îò ïðåäûäóùåãî ïîäâèäà, íà÷è- in the mountains of the Middle Asia from íàÿ îò áàññåéíà Âîëãè è Þæíîãî Óðàëà, central and east Tien-Shan (reliable findings â êàçàõñêèõ è þæíîñèáèðñêèõ ñòåïÿõ, íà were located only southwards from Issyk-Kul âîñòîê äî Êóëóíäèíñêèõ è Ìèíóñèíñêèõ Lake, Terskey and Maly Yuldus mountains), ñòåïåé. Ñåâåðíàÿ ãðàíèöà àðåàëà ïîäâè- Kara-Tau to Nura-Tau mountains, highlands äà ïðîâîäèëàñü íà Âîëãå â áàññåéíå Ñóðû of Tajikistan, to Kugitang, Pamir spurs and è â Çàêàìüå ó ×èñòîïîëÿ, â Çàïàäíîé Ñè- Kopet-Dag mountains in the south. Outside áèðè – ó Òþìåíè è Êðàñíîÿðñêà, þæíàÿ the borders of USSR the Turkestan Saker ãðàíèöà – â Êàçàõñòàíå â ëåñàõ Íàóðçóì, inhabited East Iran, southwards to Seistan, Òåðñåê, Ñûïñûí, äàëåå – â âîñòî÷íîêà- westwards obviously to Kerman-shah (Af- çàõñêîé ñêëàä÷àòîé ñòðàíå è îêðàèíå Àë- ghanistan). Most probably the Sakers from òàÿ, äàëåå – ó À÷èíñêà è Ìèíóñèíñêà. Â Ustyur and B.Balkhany can be referred to Êðàñíîÿðñêîé ëåñîñòåïè è Ìèíóñèíñêîé the subspecies too. The Mongolian (Cen- êîòëîâèíå ïðåäïîëàãàëàñü èíòåðãðàäàöèÿ tralasian) Saker Falcon was distributed in ñ ñèáèðñêèì áàëîáàíîì: äîáûòûå ó ãí¸çä South Transbaikalia (Daurian steppe, prob- íà ñêàëàõ ñîêîëû îòíîñèëèñü ê saceroides, ably northwards to Nerchinsk), in the East à èç ãíåçäà íà äåðåâå áëèç äåðeâíè Äàäî- part of Mongolia, westwards to Khangai, íîâêè 26.05.1926 ã. áûëà äîáûòà âçðîñëàÿ southwards to Alaschan, eastern Nanshan, ñàìêà ôîðìû cherrug; ñþäà æå îòíîñèò- in Manchuria eastwards to Creater Khingan. ñÿ, ïî-âèäèìîìó, ïòèöà, íàáëþäàâøàÿñÿ Dementyev merged in this subspecies both Êîòñîì ó ãíåçäà íà ëèñòâåííèöå ó îçåðà F. ch. milvipes Jerdon, 1871 (synonym F. ch. Ñàéáàø â Àáàêàíñêîé ñòåïè. Ñèáèðñêèé milvipes Hartert, 1913) and F. ch. progres- (äæóíãàðñêèé) áàëîáàí áûë ðàñïðîñòðà- sus Stegmann, 1925). The Tibetan Saker í¸í â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå, ïðèëåæàùèõ Falcon was distributed in the east part of ÷àñòÿõ öåíòðàëüíîãî Àëòàÿ, íà îêðàèíå Central Asia from Nanshan, Gansu and to çàïàäíîãî Àëòàÿ, Ñàéëþãåìå, â Ñàÿíå, Qinghai lake in the north across Tibet to the Òàðáàãàòàå, Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîé Ìîíãîëèè Himalayas (the nestling was extracted in è îòâåòâëåíèÿõ ñðåäíåñèáèðñêèõ ãîð â May, 1875 on the border of Tibet and Sik- áàññåéíå Åíèñåÿ, Òàííó-Òóâå, Ìèíóñèí- kim); in east Turkestan (Yarkand, Altyn-Tag); ñêîé è Àáàêàíñêîé ñòåïÿõ, îêðåñòíîñòè Ladakh and apparently in Pamir considering Êðàñíîÿðñêà (íà ð. Áàçàèõà). Â Òàííó-Òóâå the fact that the adult female was shot on ïîäâèä èíòåðãðàäèðîâàë ñ ìîíãîëüñêèì August, 10, 1878 by Severtsov on the Alai áàëîáàíîì. Òóðêåñòàíñêèé áàëîáàí áûë ridge (the only specimen of this falcon from ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í â ãîðàõ Ñðåäíåé Àçèè îò the USSR). Moreover, according to De- öåíòðàëüíîãî è âîñòî÷íîãî Òÿíü-Øàíÿ (äî- mentyev (1951), the Altay gyrfalcon (Falco ñòîâåðíûå ìåñòîíàõîæäåíèÿ, âïðî÷åì, gyrfalcon [rusticolus] altaicus) lived in the èçâåñòíû òîëüêî ê þãó îò Èññûê-Êóëÿ, â ñè- high-mountainous belt of Altai and Sayan, ñòåìå Òåðñêåÿ, à òàêæå èç Ìàëîãî Þëäóñà), in which the author united the Altay Falcon Êàðà-Òàó äî Íóðà-Òàó, ãîðíîãî Òàäæèêèñòà- (Falco [Hierofalco] altaicus) and Lorentz’s íà, íà þãå – äî Êóãèòàíãà, îòðîãîâ Ïàìèðà Falcon (Falco [Hierofalco] lorenzi), described è Êîïåò-Äàãà. Âíå ãðàíèö ÑÑÑÐ ýòîò áàëî- by Menzbier (1916). The problem of the dis- áàí ãíåçäèëñÿ â âîñòî÷íîì Èðàíå, ê þãó tinguishing of this species is being treated – äî Ñåèñòàíà, ê çàïàäó – ïî-âèäèìîìó, in the separate chapter (see below). äî Êåðìàí-øàõà â Àôãàíèñòàíå. Ïî âñåé It is necessary to pay attention to certain âåðîÿòíîñòè, ê ýòîìó ïîäâèäó îòíîñè- conflicting data in the distribution of the ëèñü áàëîáàíû ñ Óñòü-Óðòà è Á. Áàëõàíîâ. Common and Turkestan Sakers in the Aral- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 119

Ìîíãîëüñêèé (öåíòðàëü- Caspian region at the book of Dementyev íîàçèàòñêèé) áàëîáàí (1951). In the text he limits the Common áûë ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í â þæ- Saker range with Naurzrum in the south, íîì Çàáàéêàëüå (Äàóðñêàÿ while on the map he extends it to Kara- ñòåïü, âåðîÿòíî íà ñåâåð Bogas-Gol, where in the text he assumes äî Íåð÷èíñêà), â âîñòî÷íîé the Turkestan Saker breeding. It seems to ÷àñòè Ìîíãîëèè, íà çàïàä be caused by obvious shortage of data of äî Õàíãàÿ, íà þã äî Àëàøà- surveys from this region for that time. íÿ, âîñòî÷íîãî Íàíü-Øàíÿ, Korelov (1962) in his report regarding Ka- â Ìàíü÷æóðèè íà âîñòîê äî zakhstan noted the Common Saker in the Á. Õèíãàíà. Â ýòîì ïîäâèäå Ural river valley and the forest-steppe zone Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ îáúåäèíèë and does not treated the Turkestan Saker F. ch. milvipes Jerdon, 1871 as a breeding subspecies of Kazakhstan at (ñèíîíèì F. ch. milvipes Har- all. However, considering the obvious dif- tert, 1913) è F. ch. progressus ference of the birds from Ustyurt and Man- Stegmann, 1925). Òèáåòñêèé gyshlak, Common Sakers, inhabiting the áàëîáàí áûë ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í forest-steppes of Kazakhstan, and Turkestan â âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè âûñîêîé Sakers, distributed in the mountains of Cen- Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè îò Íàíü- tral Asia, he assumed the falcons, inhabit- Òèáåòñêèé áàëîáàí Øàíÿ, Ãàíüñó è Êóêó-Íîðà íà ñåâåðå ïî ing Mangyshlak and Ustyurt, to be F. ch. (F. ch. hendersoni). Òèáåòó äî Ãèìàëàåâ (ïòåíåö äîáûò â ìàå saceroides, having stretched their range Ôîòî Å. Ïîòàïîâà. 1875 ã. íà ãðàíèöå Òèáåòà è Ñèêêèìà); â from Mangyshlak via uplands of the Central Tibetan Saker Falcon âîñòî÷íîì Òóðêåñòàíå (ßðêåíä, Àëòûí- Kazakhstan, to Jilanchik, to the Irtysh river (F. ch. hendersoni). Photo by E. Potapov. Taã); Ëàäàõå è, ïî-âèäèìîìó, íà Ïàìèðå, basin and Kalbinsky Altai, but he mentioned òàê êàê âçðîñëàÿ ñàìêà 10 àâãóñòà 1878 ã. that it is impossible to be fully confident in äîáûòà Ñåâåðöîâûì íà Àëàéñêîì õðåáòå referring the sakers to the subspecies. In his (åäèíñòâåííûé ýêçåìïëÿð ýòîãî ñîêîëà èç opinion mountain areas of East Kazakhstan ÑÑÑÐ). Òàêæå â âûñîêîãîðíîì ïîÿñå Àëòàÿ from Tarbagatay to Kazgurt were inhabited è Ñàÿíà ïî Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâó (1951) îáèòàë by the Altai Saker F. ch. altaicus, character- àëòàéñêèé êðå÷åò (Falco gyrfalcon [rusti- ized wiht both light and dark morphs. colus] altaicus), â êîòîðîì àâòîð îáúåäè- Stepanyan (1990) in his “Synopsis…” íÿë àëòàéñêîãî ñîêîëà (Falco [Hierofalco] notes 4 Saker subspecies for the USSR: altaicus) è ñîêîëà Ëîðåíöà (Falco [Hierofal- F. ch. cherrug, F. ch. milvipes, F. ch. coat- co] lorenzi), îïèñàííûõ Ì.À. Ìåíçáèðîì si, F. ch. hendersoni. He has merged Euro- (1916). Ïðîáëåìà âûäåëåíèÿ ýòîãî ñîêîëà pean and Common Sakers in one subspecies ïîäðîáíî îáñóæäàåòñÿ â îòäåëüíîé ãëàâå – Common Saker (F. ch. cherrug), however (ñì. íèæå). he has confused with the Siberian Saker. Ñëåäóåò îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà íåêóþ The subspecies earlier described as Gen- íåñòûêîâêó â îïèñàíèè ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ naja saceroides Bianchi, 1907, and treated îáûêíîâåííîãî è òóðêåñòàíñêîãî ïîäâè- as the Jungar Saker by Sushkin (1938), and äîâ áàëîáàíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèî- as the Siberian Saker by Dementyev (1951), íå ó Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâà (1951): â òåêñòå îí has been merged by Stepanyan (1990) îãðàíè÷èâàåò àðåàë îáûêíîâåííîãî áàëî- with the Tibetan Saker (F. ch. hendersoni), áàíà íà þãå Íàóðçóìîì, â òî âðåìÿ êàê íà which range lies considerably further to the êàðòå äîòÿãèâàåò åãî äî Êàðà-Áîãàç-Ãîëà, south of the Siberian Saker range, that has ãäå â òåêñòå ïðåäïîëàãàåò îáèòàíèå òóð- been described under this name by other êåñòàíñêîãî áàëîáàíà. Ýòî âûçâàíî ÿâíîé authors. Since he has not commented the íåõâàòêîé ìàòåðèàëîâ èç ýòîãî ðåãèîíà “destiny” of F. ch. saceroides encountered íà òîò ïåðèîä âðåìåíè. in the USSR, probably he has considered the Ì.Í. Êîðåëîâ (1962) â ñâîäêå ïî Êàçàõ- most part of them as F. ch. milvipes while ñòàíó îáûêíîâåííîãî áàëîáàíà ïðèâ¸ë its area “has been stretched” on the range äëÿ äîëèíû ð. Óðàë è ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíû. of F. ch. saceroides, outlined by Sushkin Òóðêåñòàíñêîãî áàëîáàíà îí âîîáùå íå and Dementyev. And Stepanyan (1990) has âêëþ÷èë â ñïèñîê ïîäâèäîâ, íàñåëÿþùèõ confidently stretched the northern border of Êàçàõñòàí. Ïðè ýòîì, âèäÿ î÷åâèäíîñòü coatsi distribution to the Ustyurt plateau. ðàçëè÷èé ïòèö ñ Óñòþðòà è Ìàíãûøëàêà In 1995, one year before his death, Kore- è îáûêíîâåííûõ áàëîáàíîâ, íàñåëÿþ- lov, analyzing the collection of the Zoologi- ùèõ ëåñîñòåïü Êàçàõñòàíà, à òàêæå òóð- cal museum of the Institute of Zoology (Al- êåñòàíñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ, íàñåëÿþùèõ ãîðû maty), concluded that Sakers, inhabiting a 120 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ñðåäíåé Àçèè, îí ïðåäïîëîæèë ïðèíàä- territory between Caspian and Aral seas, had ëåæíîñòü ñîêîëîâ ñ Ìàíãûøëàêà è Óñòþð- been a separate subspecies F. ch. aralocas- òà ê ïîäâèäó F. ch. saceroides, ïðîòÿíóâ pius, originally described by Kleinschmidt åãî àðåàë îò Ìàíãûøëàêà ÷åðåç íàãîðüÿ (1939). Unfortunately, he did not manage Öåíòðàëüíîãî Êàçàõñòàíà äî Äæèëàí÷è- to publish his conclusions before his death. êà, Ïðèèðòûøüÿ è Êàëáèíñêîãî Àëòàÿ, íî But later Kleinschmidt himself treated the ñäåëàë ðåìàðêó, ÷òî ïîëíîé óâåðåííîñòè aralocaspius subspecies as a synonym to â îòíåñåíèè ýòèõ ñîêîëîâ èìåííî ê ýòîìó the Common Saker, which was distributed ïîäâèäó íåò. Ïî åãî ìíåíèþ, ãîðíûå ðàé- to the east from Volga. This misunderstand- îíû Âîñòî÷íîãî Êàçàõñòàíà, îò Òàðáàãàòàÿ ing has not been considered in the report äî Êàçãóðòà, íàñåëÿë àëòàéñêèé áàëîáàí F. on birds of Kazakhstan of E. Gavrilov (1999), ch. altaicus, õàðàêòåðèçóþùèéñÿ ñâåòëîé è and the saker, inhabiting Mangyshlak and ò¸ìíîé ìîðôîé. Ustyurt, was included as F. ch. aralocaspius Ë.Ñ. Ñòåïàíÿí (1990) â «Êîíñïåêòå…» on the base of Korelov’s redefinition. Later äëÿ ÑÑÑÐ ïðèâîäèò 4 ïîäâèäà áàëîáàíîâ: it was repeated in the book of E. Gavrilov F. ch. cherrug, F. ch. milvipes, F. ch. coatsi, and A. Gavrilov (Gavrilov, Gavrilov, 2005). F. ch. hendersoni. Îí îáúåäèíèë åâðîïåé- Following Vaurie (1965) Koblik with co- ñêîãî è îáûêíîâåííîãî áàëîáàíîâ â îäèí authors (2006) has merged all sakers, dis- ïîäâèä – îáûêíîâåííûé áàëîáàí (F. ch. tributed in Russia, in two subspecies: F. ch. cherrug), îäíàêî âí¸ñ ïóòàíèöó ñ ñèáèð- cherrug and F. ch. milvipes. The range of the ñêèì áàëîáàíîì. Ïîäâèä, ðàíåå îïèñàí- first covers the European part of Russia and íûé êàê Gennaja saceroides Bianchi, 1907, the south of Western Siberia, to the east, ó Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíà (1938) íàçûâàþùèéñÿ approximately, to Krasnoyarsk, the range äæóíãàðñêèé áàëîáàí, à ó Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâà of the second – Altai, Sayan mountains and (1951) – ñèáèðñêèé, îáúåäèí¸í Ë.Ñ. Ñòå- Transbaikalia. ïàíÿíîì (1990) ñ òèáåòñêèì áàëîáàíîì Pfeffer (2009) in his paper on geographical (F. ch. hendersoni), àðåàë êîòîðîãî ëåæèò variability of Sakers has offered to divide the çíà÷èòåëüíî þæíåå àðåàëà ñèáèðñêîãî species into 8 subspecies: Common Saker, áàëîáàíà, îïèñûâàâøåãîñÿ ïîä ýòèì èìå- Anatolian Saker (undescribed subspecies), íåì äðóãèìè èññëåäîâàòåëÿìè. Ïîñêîëüêó Chink Saker (undescribed subspecies), â ñâîäêå íå ãîâîðèòñÿ î «ñóäüáå» íàáëþäå- Turkestan Saker, Centralasian Saker, Mon- íèé F. ch. saceroides â ÑÑÑÐ, ìîæíî ïðåä- golian Saker (F. ch. progressus Stegmann, ïîëîæèòü, ÷òî èõ áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü îòíåñåíà 1925), Altai Saker and Tibetan Saker. The àâòîðîì ê F. ch. milvipes, òàê êàê åãî author has not ignored the Siberian Saker, àðåàë «ðàñòÿíóò» èìåííî íà ãíåçäîâóþ but suggested to refer it to the hybrid race îáëàñòü F. ch. saceroides, î÷åð÷åííóþ being originated in the zone of intergadation Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíûì è Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâûì. Ñå- of the Common and Centralasian Sakers. It âåðíóþ ãðàíèöó ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ coatsi should be noted that Pfeffer (2009) was the Ë.Ñ. Ñòåïàíÿí (1990) óæå óâåðåííî äîòÿ- first to pay attention that Common Sakers ãèâàåò äî Óñòþðòà. breed in the narrow belt of forest-steppe Â 1995 ã. Ì.Í. Êîðåëîâ, çà ãîä äî ñâî- zone stretched throughout the north of the åé ñìåðòè, àíàëèçèðóÿ êîëëåêöèþ Çîî- species range to the northeast of Mongolia, ëîãè÷åñêîãî ìóçåÿ Èíñòèòóòà çîîëîãèè, while the Eastern Sakers are distributed from ïðèø¸ë ê âûâîäó î ïîäâèäîâîé ñàìîñòîÿ- Europe (Turkey) through the zone of deserts òåëüíîñòè áàëîáàíîâ, îáèòàþùèõ ìåæäó and semi-deserts and southern mountains Êàñïèéñêèì è Àðàëüñêèì ìîðÿìè è ïåðå- to the east of Mongolia inclusively, being îïðåäåëèë èõ êàê F. ch. aralocaspius, ïåð- actually along to the range of the Common âîíà÷àëüíî îïèñàííûõ Î. Êëÿéíøìèäòîì Saker. The zone of intergradation between (Kleinschmidt, 1939). Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, îïó- Common (Western) Saker and the group of áëèêîâàòü ñâîè äîâîäû îí òàê è íå óñïåë. Eastern Sakers (milvipes and progressus) Íî ñàì Î. Êëÿéíøìèäò àðàëîêàñïèéñêèé extends from the Altai-Sayan mountains in ïîäâèä ïîçèöèîíèðîâàë êàê ïîäâèä ãðóï- the west to Transbaikalia in the east. And on ïû çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ, à ïîçæå è âîâñå the most part of their ranges the Common ñâ¸ë â ñèíîíèì îáûêíîâåííîãî áàëîáàíà, Saker and Eastern Sakers do not intergrade, îáèòàþùåãî ê âîñòîêó îò Âîëãè. Ýòî íå- only a narrow zone of hybridization devel- äîðàçóìåíèå íå áûëî ó÷òåíî, è áàëîáàí, ops in the Central Asia, where their ranges îáèòàþùèé íà Ìàíãûøëàêå è Óñòþðòå, êàê overlap, like Hooded and Carrion Crows F. ch. aralocaspius, íà îñíîâàíèè ïåðåî- (Corvus cornix, C. corone) and Long-Leg- ïðåäåëåíèÿ Ì.Í. Êîðåëîâà, áûë âêëþ÷¸í ged and Upland Buzzards (Buteo rufinus, Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 121

â ñâîäêó ïî ïòèöàì Êàçàõñòà- B. hemilasius) in the zones of overlapping íà Ý.È. Ãàâðèëîâûì (1999). of their ranges. Ïîçæå ýòî áûëî ïðîäóáëè- The treating of the Anatolian Saker as a ðîâàíî â ñëåäóþùåì, óæå separate subspecies seems to be valid, due àíãëîÿçû÷íîì èçäàíèè Ý.È. to the fact that this Saker breeds in Turkey in è À.Ý. Ãàâðèëîâûõ (Gavrilov, isolation from breeding grounds of other sub- Gavrilov, 2005). species. However its status remains uncertain Å.À. Êîáëèê ñ ñîàâòîðàìè for the long time, and opinions on its specific (2006) ñâåëè âñåõ áàëîáà- independence is still disputable. In the last re- íîâ, íàñåëÿþùèõ Ðîññèþ, â port on raptors of the world the entire Turkish äâà ïîäâèäà, â ñîîòâåòñòâèè part of the Saker distribution is treated as ñ ïðèíÿòîé ×. Âîðè (Vaurie, F. ch. cherrug (Ferguson-Lees, Christie, 2001), 1965) ñèñòåìàòèêîé ýòîãî however on the basis of the analysis of the âèäà: F. ch. cherrug è F. ch. birds living in Anatoly, the assumption of this ×èíêîâûé áàëîáàí milvipes. Àðåàë ïåðâîãî îõâàòûâàåò Åâ- area being inhabited with Eastern Sakers was (F. ch. aralocaspius). ðîïåéñêóþ ÷àñòü Ðîññèè è þã Çàïàäíîé put forward (F. ch. milvipes) (Roselaar, 1995 Ôîòî À. Êîâàëåíêî. Ñèáèðè, ê âîñòîêó, ïðèìåðíî, äî Êðàñ- on: Kirwan et al., 2008). Chink Saker Falcon íîÿðñêà, àðåàë âòîðîãî – Àëòàé, Ñàÿíû è After extensive surveys of Sakers, carried (F. ch. aralocaspius). Photo by A. Kovalenko. Çàáàéêàëüå. out in the territory of Ustyurt and Mangy- Ð. Ïôåôôåð (2009) â ñâîåé ðàáîòå shlak, it became obvious that the Sakers, ïî ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè áàëî- inhabiting the Aral-Caspian region, should áàíîâ ïðåäëîæèë ðàçäåëåíèå ýòîãî âèäà be treated as a separate subspecies. As a íà 8 ïîäâèäîâ: îáûêíîâåííûé áàëîáàí, result, the article about the Ñhink Saker, that àíàòîëèéñêèé áàëîáàí (íåîïèñàííûé had been named as F. ch. aralocaspius, was ïîäâèä), ÷èíêîâûé áàëîáàí (íåîïèñàí- published in 2010 (Pfeffer, Karjakin, 2010). íûé ïîäâèä), òóðêåñòàíñêèé áàëîáàí, At the modern period some research- öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêèé áàëîáàí, ìîí- ers, relying on striking phenotypical differ- ãîëüñêèé áàëîáàí (F. ch. progressus ence between birds, have suggested the Stegmann, 1925), àëòàéñêèé áàëîáàí è possibility of subspecific independence of òèáåòñêèé áàëîáàí. Ñèáèðñêîãî áàëî- some races, particularly Mongolian (F. ch. áàíà àâòîð òàêæå íå îáîø¸ë âíèìàíèåì, progressus Stegmann) and Turkestan (F. ch. íî ïðåäëîæèë îòíåñòè åãî ê ãèáðèäíîé coatsi Dåmåntiåv, 1945) Sakers (del Hoyo ðàñå, ñôîðìèðîâàâøåéñÿ íà ñòûêå àðåà- et al., 1994). ëîâ îáûêíîâåííîãî è öåíòðàëüíîàçèàò- The latest large-scale review of Saker phe- ñêîãî áàëîáàíîâ. Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî notypes was conducted by Eastham et al., Ð. Ïôåôôåð (2009) ïåðâûì îáðàòèë (2002). Unfortunately, this review has not âíèìàíèå íà òî, ÷òî îáûêíîâåííûé áàëî- declared anything new, having confirmed áàí ãíåçäèòñÿ â çîíå ëåñîñòåïè äîñòàòî÷- the ideas of Kleinschmidt (1901), which íî óçêîé ïîëîñîé, ïðîòÿíóâøåéñÿ ÷åðåç had been later repeated by Dementyev âåñü ñåâåð àðåàëà âèäà, ôàêòè÷åñêè äî (1951), about that “the general scheme of ñåâåðî-âîñòîêà Ìîíãîëèè, à ëèíèÿ âîñ- geographical variability of Sakers is reduced òî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ, ó êîòîðûõ íàìå÷àåòñÿ to gradual and “progressive” displaying in ïîïåðå÷íûé ðèñóíîê âåðõà òåëà, ïðî- plumage of upperbody of cross pale pat- ãðåññèðóþùèé ïî ìåðå ïðîäâèæåíèÿ íà tern and gray shades, gaining by adult âîñòîê, íà÷èíàåòñÿ ôàêòè÷åñêè â Åâðîïå birds blackish (instead of brownish) pattern (Òóðöèÿ) è èä¸ò ïàðàëëåëüíî àðåàëó îáûê- of underbody, displaying the cross pattern íîâåííîãî áàëîáàíà ïî çîíå ïóñòûíü è of feathers of trousers, flanks and undertail ïîëóïóñòûíü è þæíûì ãîðíûì ñèñòåìàì coverts. All these features are gradually dis- äî âîñòîêà Ìîíãîëèè âêëþ÷èòåëüíî. À îò played in a direction from the West to the Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ãîðíîãî óçëà íà çàïàäå East, and Sakers, which inhabit the extreme äî Çàáàéêàëüÿ íà âîñòîêå ëåæèò çîíà èí- east are similar to northern Gyrfalcons in òåðãðàäàöèè ìåæäó îáûêíîâåííûì (çà- many characters. In the West age-specific ïàäíûì) áàëîáàíîì è ãðóïïîé âîñòî÷íûõ dimorphism (difference in colouring of ju- áàëîáàíîâ (milvipes è progressus). Ïðè- venile and adult plumages) is insignificant, ÷¸ì, íà áîëüøåé ÷àñòè àðåàëà îáûêíî- while in the east it is quite considerable (as âåííûé áàëîáàí è âîñòî÷íûå áàëîáàíû at northern Gyrfalcons)”. ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå ñìåøèâàþòñÿ, ëèøü â öåí- Nittinger and her co-authors (Nittinger òðàëüíîàçèàòñêîé çîíå êîíòàêòà èõ àðåà- et al., 2007) has brought up the discussion ëîâ ôîðìèðóÿ óçêóþ çîíó ãèáðèäèçàöèè, on the essentially new level of genetic re- 122 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ïîäîáíî ñåðîé è ÷¸ðíîé âîðîíàì (Corvus search. However the genetic analysis has cornix, C. corone) è îáûêíîâåííîìó è ìîõ- shown that the Saker and other species of íîíîãîìó êóðãàííèêàì (Buteo rufinus, B. subgenus Hierofalco are not genetically dif- hemilasius) â çîíàõ èõ êîíòàêòà. ferentiated clearly and they are assumed be- Âûäåëåíèå àíàòîëèéñêîãî áàëîáàíà â ing an evolutionary young group. Besides, êà÷åñòâå ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîãî ïîäâèäà, âå- “A” and “B” haplotypes are discovered in ðîÿòíî, îïðàâäàíî, òàê êàê áàëîáàí â the genotypes of the Saker populations, Òóðöèè ãíåçäèòñÿ èçîëèðîâàíî îò àðåàëà while “A” haplotype (that of Eastern Sak- äðóãèõ ïîäâèäîâ, åãî ñòàòóñ îñòà¸òñÿ äëè- ers) are not presented in genotypes of the òåëüíîå âðåìÿ íåîïðåäåë¸ííûì, à ìíåíèÿ most part of Sakers from the Common Saker îá îòíåñåíèè åãî ê òîìó èëè èíîìó ïîä- range. This fact gives the grounds for ge- âèäó – ñïîðíûìè. Â ïîñëåäíåé ñâîäêå ïî netic differentiation of this subspecies from õèùíèêàì ìèðà âåñü òóðåöêèé àðåàë îáè- other group of species Hierofalco. òàíèÿ áàëîáàíà îòíåñ¸í ê F. ch. cherrug Results of the latest study of genetics of (Ferguson-Lees, Christie, 2001), îäíàêî, Sakers have shown that one of the Chinese íà îñíîâàíèè àíàëèçà ïòèö, îáèòàþùèõ â populations of the species differs genetical- Àíàòîëèè, áûëî âûäâèíóòî ïðåäïîëîæå- ly from the others (possibly Tibetan). At the íèå, ÷òî ýòîò ðåãèîí íàñåë¸í âîñòî÷íûì same time gene MNC has shown the clinal áàëîáàíîì (F. ch. milvipes) (Roselaar, 1995 variability in the Sake range from the east ïî: Kirwan et al., 2008). to the west. Also it has been noticed that Íåîáõîäèìîñòü âûäåëåíèÿ â ñàìîñòîÿ- the European Saker populations are much òåëüíûé ïîäâèä áàëîáàíîâ, íàñåëÿþùèõ less genetically differentiated than Asian Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêèé ðåãèîí, ñòàëà î÷åâèä- ones that does the population division in íîé ïîñëå ïðîâåäåíèÿ ìàñøòàáíûõ ðàáîò this part of the range problematic (Zhan et ïî åãî èçó÷åíèþ íà Óñòþðòå è Ìàíãûøëà- al., 2010). êå. Â ðåçóëüòàòå â 2010 ã. âûøëà ñòàòüÿ ñ îïèñàíèåì ÷èíêîâîãî áàëîáàíà, êîòîðî- Methods ìó ïðèñâîåíî óêîðåíèâøååñÿ çà íèì íà- The historical range of the Saker has been ó÷íîå íàçâàíèå F. ch. aralocaspius (Ïôåô- reconstructed with the help of published ôåð, Êàðÿêèí, 2010). data. More than 100 publications have been Ñðåäè ñïåöèàëèñòîâ ïî áàëîáàíó íà ïîñò- analyzed. The records of the Sakers during ñîâåòñêîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå ïî-ïðåæíåìó ñî- the breeding season have been mapped out õðàíÿåòñÿ ïðèâåðæåííîñòü ñèñòåìàòèêå within GIS-software (ArcView GIS 3x ESRI), Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâà (1951), â òî âðåìÿ êàê íà on the base of which the species range has çàïàäå ñïåöèàëèñòû ñêëîííû äåëèòü áàëî- been outlined. áàíîâ íà çàïàäíûõ è âîñòî÷íûõ, êàê áûëî During the surveys of the Saker the author ïðåäëîæåíî ×. Âîðè (Vaurie, 1961; 1965). had been visiting vast territory within the Íåñìîòðÿ íà ýòî, ïîïûòêè ðàçîáðàòüñÿ â species range from Caucasus and Volga riv- ïðàâîìî÷íîñòè âûäåëåíèÿ äâóõ èëè íå- er basin in the west to Primorye in the east. ñêîëüêèõ ïîäâèäîâ â àðåàëå áàëîáàíà âîç- All facts of registration were documented in íèêàþò ðåãóëÿðíî. the GIS database. During the twelve-years Óæå â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä íåêîòîðûå period of surveys 1322 breeding territories èññëåäîâàòåëè, áàçèðóÿñü íà ðàçèòåëüíîé had been mapped out. ôåíîòèïè÷åñêîé ðàçíèöå ïòèö, âûñêàçû- The part of information collected has âàëè âîçìîæíîñòü ïîäâèäîâîé ñàìîñòîÿ- been already published: Karyakin, 1998; òåëüíîñòè ðÿäà ôîðì, â ÷àñòíîñòè ìîíãîëü- 2004à; 2004b; 2010; Karyakin, Nikolenko, ñêîãî (F. ch. progressus Stegmann, 1925) 2008; Karyakin et al., 2005b, 2005ñ; 2010à; è òóðêåñòàíñêîãî (F. ch. coatsi Dåmåntiåv, 2010b. 1945) áàëîáàíîâ (del Hoyo et al., 1994). Basing on records of Sakers during the Íàèáîëåå ïîçäíåå êðóïíîìàñøòàá- breeding season the modern distribution of íîå èññëåäîâàíèå ôåíîòèïîâ áàëîáàíîâ the species has been defined more exactly. áûëî ïðîâåäåíî Ê. Èñòàìîì ñ ñîàâòîðàìè For distinguishing the populations the maps (Eastham et al., 2002). Èññëåäîâàíèå ïî of density (Silverman, 1986) on centroids îêðàñêå îïåðåíèÿ ñîêîëîâ áàçèðîâàëîñü of potential breeding territories inside the íà àíàëèçå 45 ýêç., ïðîèñõîäÿùèõ èç 18 âû- optimal habitats outlined on the territories, äåëåííûõ àâòîðàìè ðàéîíîâ îáèòàíèÿ áà- which the species was known to breed, ëîáàíà, è ïîêàçàëî, ÷òî «áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü èç- have been created. ìåíåíèé â ðàçìåðàõ è õàðàêòåðå îêðàñêè Population numbers of Sakers in Kaza- îïåðåíèÿ áàëîáàíîâ ìîæåò áûòü îïèñàíà khstan and Russia has been calculated on Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 123

êàê ïîñòåïåííûé ãðàäèåíò ïðèçíàêîâ the basis of data obtained during the au- ìåæäó ìåëêèìè îäíîòîííî îêðàøåííû- thor’s surveys and information from a da- ìè â êîðè÷íåâûé öâåò áàëîáàíàìè èç çà- tabase of the Bird Conservation Union of ïàäíûõ ðåãèîíîâ ê êðóïíûì ïîïåðå÷íî- Kazakhstan (supervised by A.S. Levin) con- ïîëîñàòûì êðàñíîâàòî-êîðè÷íåâûì, cerning Kazakhstan. ò¸ìíî-êîðè÷íåâûì è ñåðûì áàëîáàíàì The species number in Mongolia has been èç âîñòî÷íûõ ðåãèîíîâ». Â öåëîì èññëå- defined on the basis of the author’s surveys äîâàíèå íå ïðèíåñëî íè÷åãî íîâîãî, ëèøü and the information published before (Shijir- ïîäòâåðäèâ âèäåíèå ñèòóàöèè, èçëîæåííîå ma et al., 1998; Shagdarsuren et al., 2000; åù¸ Î. Êëÿéíøìèäòîì (1901), à ïîçæå ïî- Al Bowardi et al., 2003; Gombobaatar, âòîð¸ííîå Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâûì (1951): «Îá- etc., 2007). The species number in China ùàÿ ñõåìà ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè ó has been defined on the basis of data ob- áàëàáàíîâ ñâîäèòñÿ ê ïîñòåïåííîìó è ïðî- tained during the field studies carried out ãðåññèâíîìó ðàçâèòèþ â îïåðåíèè âåðõ- by E. Potapov and Ma Ming, some of which íåé ñòîðîíû òåëà ïîïåðå÷íîãî ñâåòëîãî have been published earlier (Potapov, Ma, ðèñóíêà è ñèçûõ òîíîâ (â îñîáåííîñòè â 2004). The European population numbers íàäõâîñòüå è íà ðóëåâûõ), â ïðèîáðåòåíèè are from already published papers (Ragyov âçðîñëûìè ïòèöàìè ÷åðíîâàòîãî (à íå áó- et al., 2009). ðîâàòîãî) ðèñóíêà íèçà, â ðàçâèòèè ïîïå- Whenever possible each encountered ðå÷íîãî ðèñóíêà íà ïåðüÿõ ãîëåíè, áîêîâ, adult bird as well as fledgling was photo- ïîäõâîñòüÿ. Âñå ýòè ïðèçíàêè ïîñòåïåííî graphed and/or recorded on video for its (â ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîì îòíîøåíèè) ïðîÿâëÿ- further detailed description. þòñÿ â íàïðàâëåíèè ñ çàïàäà íà âîñòîê, è As a result descriptions of 820 adults and îáèòàþùèå íà êðàéíåì âîñòîêå áàëîáàíû â 936 young birds on 607 nesting sites (fig. 1) ðÿäå îòíîøåíèé ñõîäíû ñ ñåâåðíûìè êðå- have been collected throughout the range. ÷åòàìè. Íàîáîðîò, çàïàäíàÿ ãðóïïà ïðè- Additionally descriptions of 48 nesting ìèòèâíà, áåç ïîïåðå÷íîãî ðèñóíêà è ñèçûõ birds and 80 chicks on 39 nesting sites òîíîâ. Ê òîìó æå íà çàïàäå âîçðàñòíîé äè- made by colleagues have been verified ìîðôèçì (ðàçëè÷èå â îêðàñêå ãíåçäîâîãî within GIS-software. è âçðîñëîãî íàðÿäîâ) íåâåëèê, à íà âîñòîêå Also descriptions of 24 specimens of adult – çíà÷èòåëåí (êàê ó ñåâåðíûõ êðå÷åòîâ)». sakers stored in zoological museums of the Â 2007 ã. áûëà îïóáëèêîâàíà ðàáîòà Moscow State University, Zoological Insti- Ô. Íèòòèíãåð ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (Nittinger et tute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St.- al., 2007), êîòîðàÿ âûíåñëà äèñêóññèþ íà Petersburg, Russia) and Institute of Zoology ïðèíöèïèàëüíî íîâûé óðîâåíü ãåíåòè÷å- of Committee of the Science of the Ministry ñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé. Îäíàêî ãåíåòè÷åñêèé of Education and Science (Almaty, Kaza- àíàëèç ïîêàçàë, ÷òî áàëîáàí è äðóãèå khstan) were input into the GIS-database. ïðåäñòàâèòåëè ïîäðîäà Hierofalco ãåíåòè- As a result descriptions of 892 adults and Âçðîñëûé (ñëåâà) è ìîëîäîé (ñïðàâà) ìîí- ÷åñêè ÿñíî íå äèôôåðåíöèðîâàíû; äî- 1016 young birds (fig. 1) have been accu- ãîëüñêèå áàëîáàíû ïóñêàåòñÿ, ÷òî îíè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ýâîëþöèîííî mulated in the database. (F. ch. progressus). ìîëîäîé ãðóïïîé. Â òî æå âðåìÿ â ïîïóëÿ- Analyzing the colour patterns of adult Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. öèÿõ áàëîáàíà âûÿâëåíû ãàïëîòèïû ãðóïï Saker plumages the characters of colouring Adult (left) and juvenile «A» è «B», è íà áîëüøåé ÷àñòè àðåàëà îáûê- and pattern of the upperbody and under- (right) Mongolian Saker íîâåííîãî áàëîáàíà ãàïëîòèïû ãðóïïû «À» body, pattern of head, back, breast, belly, Falcons (F. ch. progressus). (âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ) íå îáíàðóæåíû, flanks, trousers and tail have been recog- Photo by I. Karyakin. ÷òî äà¸ò îñíîâàíèå äëÿ ãåíåòè÷åñêîé äèô- nized as indicators. For defining the phenotypes the general scheme of variations of patterns, which allows to code the pattern of each individual with use of code sting, is as follows: 1. Variations of pale pattern of upperbody (without wings and tail): 1.1. Upperbody is colored uniformly without any pale markings 1.2. Rump with some pale bars. 1.3. Rump and back with some pale bars. 1.4. Bars on the rump are merged in the clear transversal stripes, but back with only some pale bars. 124 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ôåðåíöèàöèè ýòîãî ïîäâèäà îò îñòàëüíîé 1.5. Rump and back are striped. ãðóïïû ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé Hierofalco. 2. Colouring of crown: Ðåçóëüòàòû ñàìîé íåäàâíåé ðàáîòû ïî 2.1. Dark. ãåíåòèêå áàëîáàíîâ ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî îäíà èç 2.2. Rufous. êèòàéñêèõ ïîïóëÿöèé ýòîãî âèäà ãåíåòè÷å- 2.3. Ochre. ñêè îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò îñòàëüíûõ (âåðîÿòíî, òè- 2.4. White. áåòñêàÿ). Â òî æå âðåìÿ îäèí ãåí (ãåí MHC) 3. Mustache: ïîêàçàë êëèíàëüíóþ èçìåí÷èâîñòü â àðåàëå 3.1. No. áàëîáàíà ñ âîñòîêà íà çàïàä. Òàêæå áûëî îò- 3.2. Pale. ìå÷åíî, ÷òî åâðîïåéñêèå ïîïóëÿöèè áàëî- 3.3. Dark and narrow. áàíà ãåíåòè÷åñêè ñóùåñòâåííî ìåíåå äèô- 3.4. Dark and wide. ôåðåíöèðîâàíû, ÷åì àçèàòñêèå, ÷òî äåëàåò 4. Ñolouring of upperbody: ïîïóëÿöèîííîå äåëåíèå â ýòîé ÷àñòè àðåàëà 4.1. Brown. ïðîáëåìàòè÷íûì (Zhan et al., 2010). 4.2. Dark-brown, almost black. Äàëåå â ñâî¸ì àíàëèçå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ 4.3. Reddish-brown or rufous. ôåíîòèïè÷åñêè ÷èñòûõ èëè ñìåøàííûõ 4.4. Light-brown or clay. ïîïóëÿöèé ìû áóäåì íåîäíîêðàòíî âîç- 4.5. Ochre-gray or gray. âðàùàòüñÿ ê ýòîìó îáçîðó, ïîäòâåðæäàÿ 5. Presence and intensity of a bluish-gray èëè îïðîâåðãàÿ íåêîòîðûå åãî ñóæäåíèÿ. shade and degree of its distribution: 5.1. Total absence. Ìåòîäû èññëåäîâàíèé 5.2. Hardly noticed on a rump. Èñòîðè÷åñêèé àðåàë áàëîáàíà âîñ- 5.3. Well expressed on a rump and ap- ñòàíîâëåí ïî ëèòåðàòóðíûì èñòî÷íèêàì. pears on a mantle. Ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàíî áîëåå 100 ïóáëèêà- 5.4. Well expressed on a rump and a öèé. Òî÷êè îïèñàíèÿ âñòðå÷ ñîêîëîâ â mantle as well ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä ïðèâÿçàíû â ArcView 6. Coloring of breast and belly: GIS 3x ESRI (äàëåå ÃÈÑ), íà îñíîâàíèè ÷åãî 6.1. Dark as a result of markings merged. ïîñòðîåí êîíòóð àðåàëà. 6.2. White or pale with longitudinal ar- Â õîäå öåëåâûõ ïðîåêòîâ ïî èçó÷åíèþ row-shaped brown markings. áàëîáàíà àâòîðîì â 1999–2010 ãã. ïîñå- 6.3. White or pale with longitudinal ar- ùàëàñü îáøèðíàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ â ïðåäåëàõ row-shaped ochre markings. àðåàëà áàëîáàíà, îò Êàâêàçà è áàññåéíà 6.4. White or pale with roundish or tear- Âîëãè – íà çàïàäå äî Ïðèìîðüÿ – íà âîñ- shaped markings. òîêå. Äëÿ ýòîãî â ïðåäåëàõ çîíû âîçìîæ- 6.5. Entirely white or pale. íîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñîêîëîâ ÷åðåç ïîòåíöè- 7. Dark pattern of underbody: àëüíûå èõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ çàêëàäûâàëèñü 7.1. Longitudinal markings on flanks and ìàðøðóòû, íà êîòîðûõ îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ ïî- trousers. èñê ïòèö. Â ìåñòàõ ðåãèñòðàöèè ñîêîëîâ 7.2. Separate heart-shaped markings on çàêëàäûâàëèñü ïëîùàäêè ïî èõ ó÷¸òó. Âñå flanks and trousers. ðåãèñòðàöèè ñîêîëîâ âíîñèëèñü â áàçó 7.3. Numerous heart-shaped markings on äàííûõ ÃÈÑ. Çà 12-ëåòíèé ïåðèîä èññëå- flanks and trousers, that may partially merge äîâàíèé çàêàðòèðîâàíî 1322 ãíåçäîâûõ to form distinct bars across the bird. ó÷àñòêà áàëîáàíîâ. 7.4. Distinct bars on flanks and trousers. ×àñòü íàêîïëåííîãî ìàòåðèàëà ïî ðàñ- 7.5. Distinct bars on flanks, trousers and ïðîñòðàíåíèþ áàëîáàíà îïóáëèêîâàíà ðà- undetail coverts. íåå: Êàðÿêèí, 1998; 2004à; 2004á; 2010; 7.6. Pattern is absent. Êàðÿêèí, Íèêîëåíêî, 2008; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 8. Pale pattern of tail: 2005á, 2005ñ; 2010à; 2010á. 8.1. Pattern is absent. Íà îñíîâàíèè âñòðå÷ ñîêîëîâ â ãíåç- 8.2. The central rectrices are uniformly äîâîé ïåðèîä î÷åð÷åí êîíòóð ñîâðåìåí- coloured, lateral rectriñes are with pale íîãî ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà. Äëÿ âûäåëåíèÿ roundish spots. ïîïóëÿöèé ïîñòðîåíû êàðòû ïëîòíîñòåé 8.3. Lateral rectrices are with pale bars, (Silverman, 1986) ïî öåíòðîèäàì ïîòåí- central feathers are with roundish pale öèàëüíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ âíóòðè êîí- spots. òóðà îïòèìàëüíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé íà òåð- 8.4. All feathers are barred. ðèòîðèÿõ ñ óñòàíîâëåííûì ãíåçäîâàíèåì Convex polygons and density maps (ker- âèäà. ×èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà â î÷àãàõ îáè- nel method) within GIS have been created òàíèÿ â Êàçàõñòàíå è Ðîññèè ðàññ÷èòàíà for each character of plumage. èñõîäÿ èç äàííûõ ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé Borders of convex polygons were drawn Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 125

àâòîðà ñ ïðèâëå÷åíèåì èí- between the nearest points of registration ôîðìàöèè ïî Êàçàõñòàíó èç of the character at a pair of individuals on áàçû äàííûõ Ñîþçà îõðàíû the breeding territory, if only this territory ïòèö Êàçàõñòàíà, âåäóùåéñÿ adjoined to two others at which this charac- À.Ñ. Ëåâèíûì. ×èñëåííîñòü ter was presented as well. â Ìîíãîëèè îïðåäåëåíà íà If only one bird in the pair was character- îñíîâàíèè ïîëåâûõ èññëå- ized by the character or there were no simi- äîâàíèé àâòîðà ñ ïðèâëå÷å- lar adjusting pair the points of registration íèåì ðàíåå îïóáëèêîâàííîé remained outside of polygon. èíôîðìàöèè (Shijirma et al., Then the borders of polygons were gen- 1998; Shagdarsuren et al., eralized with frequency of knots 1 point 2000; Al Bowardi et al., 2003; per100 km and cut off according to the Ãîìáîáààòàð è äð., 2007). Saker range. ×èñëåííîñòü â Êèòàå îïðå- While building maps of density the search äåëåíà èñõîäÿ èç ìàòåðèà- radius of the points was chosen according ëîâ ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé, to the average distance between points ñîáðàííûõ Å.Ð. Ïîòàïîâûì with a corresponding character. è Ìà Ìèíãîì, ÷àñòü èç êîòî- Consequently maps of density were inter- Ñåðàÿ ôàçà îêðàñêè ðûõ áûëà îïóáëèêîâàíà ðàíåå (Potapov, sected and cut off according to the species ìîíãîëüñêîãî áàëîáà- Ma, 2004). ×èñëåííîñòü åâðîïåéñêèõ ïî- range to allocate the zones of intergradation íà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. ïóëÿöèé ïðèâîäèòñÿ ïî îïóáëèêîâàííûì of characters and to compare with ranges of Grey morph of the èñòî÷íèêàì (Ragyov et al., 2009). the distinguished subspecies. Mongolian Saker Falcons. Ïî âîçìîæíîñòè êàæäóþ íàáëþäàâøó- As a result of the above described opera- Photos by I. Karyakin. þñÿ âçðîñëóþ ïòèöó ôîòîãðàôèðîâàëè tions the codes of aggregate of characters è/èëè ñíèìàëè íà âèäåî äëÿ äàëüíåéøåãî with a share of participation of every one å¸ äåòàëüíîãî îïèñàíèÿ. Àíàëîãè÷íûì have been obtained for each polygon and îáðàçîì ïîñòóïàëè è ñ îïåð¸ííûìè population core. ïòåíöàìè è ñë¸òêàìè. Â èòîãå àâòîðîì â ïðåäåëàõ àðåàëà âèäà ñîáðàíà êîëëåêöèÿ Results îïèñàíèé 820 âçðîñëûõ è 936 ìîëîäûõ Distribution and population numbers ïòèö íà 607 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ (ðèñ. 1). Â About 50 years ago, the breeding range äîïîëíåíèå ê ýòîìó ïðèâÿçàíû â ÃÈÑ îïè- of the Saker Falcon encompassed the exten- ñàíèÿ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïòèö è èõ ïîòîìñòâà, sive territory in arid zones of Eurasia: from ñäåëàííûå êîëëåãàìè – 48 âçðîñëûõ ïòèö è Germany in the west to Northern Korea in 80 ìîëîäûõ íà 39 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ. the east, stretching to the north up to N Àâòîðîì çàíåñåíû â ÃÈÑ îïèñàíèÿ 24 57° and to the south up to N 30° (fig. 2). òóøåê âçðîñëûõ áàëîáàíîâ, õðàíÿùèõ- The area of the breeding range was about ñÿ â êîëëåêöèÿõ çîîëîãè÷åñêèõ ìóçååâ 13,200,000 km2. Ìîñêîâñêîãî ãîñóíèâåðñèòåòà (Ìîñêâà, Since 1960-s, the negative trend of popu- Ðîññèÿ), Çîîëîãè÷åñêîãî èíñòèòóòà ÐÀÍ lation numbers has been noted in the Eu- (Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã, Ðîññèÿ) è Èíñòèòóòà çî- rope, and since 1980-s the period of inten- îëîãèè Êîìèòåòà íàóêè Ìèíèñòåðñòâà îá- sive trapping of the Saker has begun. As a ðàçîâàíèÿ è íàóêè (Àëìàòû, Êàçàõñòàí). result the area of its range has decreased Â èòîãå â áàçå äàííûõ àêêóìóëèðîâàíû almost 2 times – down to 6,900,000 km2, îïèñàíèÿ 892 âçðîñëûõ è 1016 ìîëîäûõ and the rage has split up to separate iso- ïòèö (ðèñ. 1). lated populations in Europe and begun to Èç ïðèçíàêîâ îêðàñêè è ðèñóíêà îïåðå- be fragmented in Asia. (fig. 3). íèÿ âçðîñëûõ ïòèö êëþ÷åâûìè äëÿ àíàëè- Now the most part of the world population çà âûáðàíû îáùàÿ îêðàñêà âåðõà è íèçà of the Saker is located in four main regions òåëà, õàðàêòåð ðèñóíêà ãîëîâû, ñïèíû, of Asia – the Usuyrt plateau and Magyshlak ãðóäè, áðþõà, áîêîâ, «øòàíîâ» è õâîñòà. peninsula in Western Kazakhstan (Karyakin, Â êà÷åñòâå áàçîâîé ñõåìû âàðèàöèè ïðè- 2004b; Karyakin et al., 2005ñ; Levin, 2008; çíàêîâ ïðè âûäåëåíèè ôåíîòèïîâ áûëà Pfeffer, Karyakin, 2010), the Altai-Sayan re- âûáðàíà ñëåäóþùàÿ ñõåìà, ïîçâîëÿþùàÿ gion, mostly in the territory of Russia and çàêîäèðîâàòü ðèñóíîê êàæäîé îñîáè ïðè Mongolia (Karyakin et al., 2010á), Central ïîìîùè öåïî÷êè îáîçíà÷åíèé (code sting): Mongolia (Al Bowardi, 2003; Dixon, 2009) 1. Ñòðóêòóðà è ðàñïîëîæåíèå ïîïåðå÷- and Tibet (Potapov, Ma, 2004). íîãî ñâåòëîãî ðèñóíêà íà ñïèíå: The analysis of density of potential breed- 1.1. Ïîëíîå îòñóòñòâèå. ing territories of the Saker Falcon in the opti- 126 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

1.2. Ïðèñóòñòâèå íà ïîÿñíèöå â âèäå îò- mal breeding habitats confirms the sentence äåëüíûõ ñâåòëûõ ïîïåðå÷íûõ ïÿòåí. mentioned above once again, showing four 1.3. Ïðèñóòñòâèå íà âñåé ñïèíå â âèäå main population cores of the species (fig. îòäåëüíûõ ñâåòëûõ ïîïåðå÷íûõ ïÿòåí. 4): 1 – the Altai-Sayan mountain region, 1.4. Ïðèñóòñòâèå íà ïîÿñíèöå â âèäå mountains of North-Eastern Kazakhstan and ÷¸òêèõ ïîïåðå÷íûõ ïîëîñ è íà ñïèíå â North-Western China to the south up to the âèäå îòäåëüíûõ ñâåòëûõ ïÿòåí. Tarbagatay mountains inclusive, 2 – Central 1.5. Ïðèñóòñòâèå íà âñåé ñïèíå â âèäå and Eastern Mongolia, 3 – Aral-Caspian re- ÷¸òêèõ ïîïåðå÷íûõ ïîëîñ. gion, 4 – Eastern Tibet. 2. Îêðàñêà òåìåíè: About 6975 pairs are estimated to breed only in the main population cores, 8.6% of them inhabit Europe. However in Asia, the Saker also breeds outside the distinguished population cores, that is noted in the many published data (Moshkin, 2010). Consider- ing this fact, about 10,000–15,000 pairs can be projected to breed in the world (Moshkin, 2010; Dixon, 2009), and only 4–6% of them are the European population.

Population and subspecies structure of the species range Until recently the images of birds, taken during the field surveys, were not used at the analysis of distribution of different phenotypes and subspecies of the Saker. The last of published studies of Saker phenotypes also has been based on the analysis of collected specimens (Eastham et al., 2002). The analysis of specimens allows to conclude about phenotypes occurring in the population, but does not give any information about phenotypes predominating in it. That is why we use the specimens collected in this paper only to determine the birds with odd colour patterns, recorded locally, or to cover evident “gaps” in observations owing to the Saker extinction in some parts of its range in the modern period or absence of data of surveys. Firstly, we consider the European model of the Saker subspecies dividing, basing on the nomenclature of Vaurie (1961; 1965). We are analyzing only 2 main characters, distinguishing Western and Eastern Sakers: 1. Colour and pattern of upperparts: 1.1. The colour is uniformly brown with various shades without any markings. 1.2. The colour may be different with pale markings. 2. Pattern of flanks and trousers: 2.1. Longitudinal brown markings merged Ðèñ. 1. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè áàëîáàíîâ (Falco cherrug), íà êîòîðûõ îïèñàí in stripes. ôåíîòèï âçðîñëûõ è ìîëîäûõ ïòèö â õîäå ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé (ââåðõó) 2.2 Markings of various colours merged è ðàñïðåäåëåíèå âçðîñëûõ ïòèö ñ îïèñàííûì ôåíîòèïîì ïî ðåãèîíàì, ñ in distinct transverse bars. ïðèâëå÷åíèåì ïóáëèêàöèé è êîëëåêöèîííûõ ýêçåìïëÿðîâ (âíèçó). Thus, it is very simply to code phenotypes Fig. 1. Breeding territories of the Saker Falcons (Falco cherrug), in which pheno- of individuals in a database. The codes, de- types of adult and young birds were described during surveys (upper) and distribution of adult birds with described phenotypes in different regions, including termining the subspecies, are as follows: published data and collected specimens (bottom). Western Saker (F. ch. cherrug): 1.1+2.1. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 127

2.1. Ò¸ìíàÿ. Eastern Saker (F. ch. milvipes): 1.2+2.2. 2.2. Ðûæàÿ. We use the species range at the period 2.3. Îõðèñòàÿ. of 1970-s in the GIS-analysis, because the 2.4. Áåëàÿ. specimens, involved in the analysis, were 3. Óñ: collected in the territories, where the spe- 3.1. Îòñóòñòâóåò. cies has vanished now. According to re- 3.2. Áëåäíûé. sults of the analysis all records of Western 3.3. ßðêèé, íî óçêèé. and Eastern Sakers are quite differentiated 3.4. ßðêèé è øèðîêèé. in the space from Western Europe to Altai 4. Îáùàÿ îêðàñêà ñïèíû: (fig. 5, table 1), but from Altai to Dauria, the 4.1. Êîðè÷íåâàÿ. zone of overlapping the records of Western 4.2. Ò¸ìíî-áóðàÿ, ïðàêòè÷åñêè ÷¸ðíàÿ. and Eastern Sakers is about 1,000,000 km2, 4.3. Êðàñíîâàòî-áóðàÿ èëè ðûæàÿ. comprising 11% of the area of the Eastern 4.4. Ñâåòëî-êîðè÷íåâàÿ èëè ãëèíèñòàÿ. Saker former range and 23% of the area of 4.5. Îõðèñòî-ñåðàÿ èëè ñåðàÿ. the Western Saker former range. 5. Íàëè÷èå è èíòåíñèâíîñòü ñèçîãî îò- A total of 14.01% of individuals are rec- òåíêà è ñòåïåíü åãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ: ognized as Western Sakers (table 1), and 5.1. Ïîëíîå îòñóòñòâèå. 85.99% – as Eastern ones. 68% of records 5.2. Åäâà íàìå÷àåòñÿ íà ïîÿñíèöå. of Sakers with native western phenotype 5.3. Õîðîøî âûðàæåí íà ïîÿñíèöå è ïî- (85 individuals) are localized in the zone, ÿâëÿåòñÿ íà ìàíòèè. inhabited by the Western Saker only, 28.8% 5.4. Õîðîøî âûðàæåí íà ïîÿñíèöå è (36 ind. from 125) is in the zone of overlap- ìàíòèè. ping of Western and Eastern Saker ranges. 6. Îêðàñêà ãðóäè: And 40.81% of birds with native eastern 6.1. Ò¸ìíàÿ çà ñ÷¸ò ñëèâàþùèõñÿ ïÿòåí. phenotype (313 ind.) are registered in the 6.2. Ñâåòëàÿ ñ ÷¸òêèìè ïðîäîëüíûìè êî- zone, inhabited by the Eastern Saker only, ðè÷íåâûìè ïÿòíàìè. whereas 448 eastern birds of 767 (58.41%) 6.3. Ñâåòëàÿ ñ ÷¸òêèìè ïðîäîëüíûìè is noted in the zone of overlapping of West- îõðèñòûìè ïÿòíàìè. ern and Eastern Saker ranges. 6.4. Ñâåòëàÿ ñ ÷¸òêèìè îêðóãëûìè èëè A total of 4 Western Sakers (3.2%) of êàïëåâèäíûìè ïåñòðèíàìè. 125 were registered in the range of Eastern 6.5. Ñâåòëàÿ áåç ïÿòåí. Saker (apart the population cores of West- 7. Õàðàêòåð ò¸ìíîãî ðèñóíêà íèçà: ern Sakers with native phenotypes). Birds 7.1. Ïðîäîëüíûå ïÿòíà íà áîêàõ è øòà- were encountered in 2 breeding territories íàõ. in North-Western Mongolia and South- 7.2. Îòäåëüíûå òðåóãîëüíûå ïÿòíà íà Eastern Kazakhstan (Karatau mountains). áîêàõ è øòàíàõ. And 6 Eastern Sakers of 767 (0.78%) were 7.3. Ñïëîøíûå òðåóãîëüíûå ïÿòíà íà áî- recorded in the range of Western Sakers – êàõ è øòàíàõ, ïåðåõîäÿùèå ÷àñòè÷íî â ïî- all birds were in mixed pairs with Western ïåðå÷íûé ðèñóíîê. Sakers. The percentage of Eastern Sakers 7.4. Ïîïåðå÷íûé ðèñóíîê íà áîêàõ è among Western ones is 10.91% (n=55) for øòàíàõ. the forest-steppe zone of the Volga region, 7.5. Ïîïåðå÷íûé ðèñóíîê íà áîêàõ, øòà- Western Siberia and Northern Kazakhstan. íàõ è ïîäõâîñòüå. The analysis has shown the latitudinal dis- 7.6. Ðèñóíîê îòñóòñòâóåò. tribution of Western and Eastern Sakers (fig. 8. Õàðàêòåð ñâåòëîãî ðèñóíêà õâîñòà: 5): virtually their ranges are almost parallel 8.1. Îòñóòñòâóåò. each other without the zone of overlapping 8.2. Öåíòðàëüíûå ðóëåâûå îäíîòîííûå, over 4,000 km. Thus, it would be more cor- ñâåòëûé ðèñóíîê ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ â âèäå îêðó- rect to name Western Sakers as Northern ãëûõ ïÿòåí íà êðàéíèõ ðóëåâûõ. and Eastern ones – as Southern. 8.3. Ñâåòëûé ðèñóíîê íà êðàéíèõ ðóëå- The zone of intergradation between West- âûõ ïðèîáðåòàåò âèä ïîëîñ, íà öåíòðàëü- ern and Eastern Sakers is developed from íûõ ðóëåâûõ â âèäå îêðóãëûõ ïÿòåí. Altai to the east, with complete gradient 8.4. Ñâåòëûé ðèñóíîê â âèäå ÷¸òêèõ ïî- of transitional characters in plumage from ëîñ íà âñåõ ðóëåâûõ. the native Western Saker to the most pro- Ïî êàæäîìó ïðèçíàêó â ÃÈÑ ïîñòðîåíû gressive plumage of Eastern Saker, while êîíâåêñíûå ïîëèãîíû è êàðòû ïëîòíîñòè the occurrence of Western Sakers with na- (ìåòîäîì Kernel). tive phenotypes is decreasing eastward Ãðàíèöû êîíâåêñíûõ ïîëèãîíîâ ïðîâî- and occasional in Transbaikalia. At once the 128 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

äèëèñü ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè òî÷êàìè ðåãè- purity of phenotype in the western part of ñòðàöèè ïðèçíàêà ó ïàðû îñîáåé íà ãíåç- the Western Saker distribution is more than äîâîì ó÷àñòêå â ñëó÷àå åñëè ýòîò ó÷àñòîê 90% (89.09% – within the range from Volga ñîñåäñòâîâàë ñ äâóìÿ äðóãèìè, ó êîòîðûõ to Altai). â ïàðàõ ýòîò ïðèçíàê òàêæå ïðèñóòñòâîâàë. If the more detailed division of Sakers, Åñëè ïðèçíàê âñòðå÷àëñÿ ó îñîáè â ïàðå ñ basing on the colour patterns of their upper- ïàðòí¸ðîì ñ èíûì ïðèçíàêîì ëèáî ïàðà body, and splitting this character into three ïàðòí¸ðîâ ñ îäèíàêîâûì ïðèçíàêîì íå (fig. 6) – “upperbody is uniformly dark” ñîñåäñòâîâàëà ñ àíàëîãè÷íîé ïàðîé, òî÷êè (1.1), “upperbody is with pale markings but îñòàâàëèñü çà ïðåäåëàìè ïîëèãîíà. Äàëåå without distinct bars” (1.2) è “upperbody is ãðàíèöû ïîëèãîíîâ áûëè ãåíåðàëèçîâàíû with pale bars” (1.3), is used in the analy- ñ ÷àñòîòîé óçëîâ 1 òî÷êà/100 êì è îáðåçà- sis, three main areas of the character reg- íû ïî êîíòóðó àðåàëà áàëîáàíà. istrations will be generated, with the zone Ïðè ïîñòðîåíèè êàðò ïëîòíîñòåé çîíà of overlapping of all three characters, being ïîèñêà òî÷åê âûáèðàëàñü â ñîîòâåòñòâèè only in Central Asia (fig. 7). ñî ñðåäíåé äèñòàíöèåé ìåæäó òî÷êàìè ñ Thus, adding any character to the GIS- ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì ïðèçíàêîì. Äàëåå êàðòû analysis, fragmentation of the area of char- ïëîòíîñòåé ïåðåñå÷åíû äðóã ñ äðóãîì è acter distributions is increasing certainly, îáðåçàíû ïî êîíòóðó àðåàëà áàëîáàíà äëÿ however at the some stage the range split- âûäåëåíèÿ çîí èíòåðãðàäàöèè ïðèçíàêîâ è ting is stopped for the reason of the map ñîïîñòàâëåíèÿ èõ ñ àðåàëàìè âûäåëåííûõ of kernel density estimations for points of ïîäâèäîâ. registrations being impossible to create. Äëÿ êàæäîãî ïîëèãîíà è î÷àãà ïëîòíîñòè Spatial analysis on 8 groups of characters â ðåçóëüòàòå âûøåîïèñàííûõ îïåðàöèé shows the range divided into 5 clusters. ïîëó÷åíû êîäû ñîâîêóïíîñòè ïðèçíàêîâ ñ Individuals of one of 5 phenotypes, differ- äîëåé ó÷àñòèÿ êàæäîãî. ing from each other in a complex of related Òî÷êè âñòðå÷ ïòèö ñ íàáîðîì òèïè÷- characters (see codes of phenotypes be- íûõ ïðèçíàêîâ òîãî èëè èíîãî ôåíîòèïà, low), predominate in every cluster. These îñòàâøèåñÿ çà ïðåäåëàìè î÷àãîâ ïëîòíî- 5 phenotypes correspond with descriptions ñòè ýòèõ ôåíîòèïîâ, ðàññìàòðèâàëèñü êàê of subspecies holotypes: cherrug, aralocas- ñëó÷àè ýìèãðàöèè ïòèö çà ïðåäåëû îáëà- pius, milvipes, progressus, hendersoni (fig. Ðèñ. 2. Ðåêîíñòðóêöèÿ ñòè îñíîâíîãî îáèòàíèÿ (ñì. íèæå). 8). In 3 clusters, individuals are splitting up ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà into 2 subphenotypes, differing in slight áàëîáàíà íà ïåðèîä Ðåçóëüòàòû variations of unimportant characters, such 70-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü as the mustache, bars on the tail etc. How- Fig. 2. A reconstruction Èñòîðè÷åñêèé àðåàë áàëîáàíà åù¸ 50 ever, a subdominant phenotype is usually of the breeding range of the Saker Falcon ëåò íàçàä îõâàòûâàë îáøèðíóþ òåððèòî- mixed with a dominant one, and phenotype restored at 1970-s. ðèþ â àðèäíûõ çîíàõ Åâðàçèè îò Ãåðìà- of the Common Saker only is divided into two subphenotypes distinguished spatially, which are distributed in western and eastern parts of the range. Codes of phenotypes: Common Saker (F. ch. cherrug): 1.1+2.3+3.3+4.1+5.2+6.2+7.1+8.2 (western) and 1.1+2.4+3.2+4.4+5.1+6.3+7.1+8.2 (eastern). Chink Saker (F. ch. aralocaspius): 1.2+2.3+3.2+4.4+5.1+6.4+7.2+8.3 and 1.3+2.4+3.1+4.4+5.1+6.4+7.2+8.4. Centralasian Saker (F. ch. milvipes): 1.4+2.3+3.3+4.1+5.3+6.4+7.3+8.4 and 1.4+2.3+3.3+4.4+5.3+6.5+7.3+8.4. Mongolian Saker (F. ch. progressus): 1.5+2.4+3.2+4.5+5.4+6.5+7.4+8.4. Tibetan Saker (F. ch. hendersoni): 1.5+2.1+3.4+4.1+5.1+6.5+7.5+8.4. The area of distribution of birds, which according to their phenotype may be considered them as belonging to one of 4 Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 129

Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå áàëîáàíà ïî: Äåìåí- òüåâ, 1951. Óñëîâíûå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ: а – îá- ëàñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, г – îáëàñòü çèìîâêè è êî÷¸âîê, 1 – F. ch. danubialis, 2 – F. ch. cherrug, 3 – F. ch. saceroides, 4 – F. ch. coatsi, 5 – F. ch. milvipes, 6 – F. ch. hendersoni. Distribution of the Saker Falcon on Dementyev, 1951. Labels: а – border of the breeding range, г – wintering range, 1 – F. ch. danubialis, 2 – F. ch. cherrug, 3 – F. ch. saceroides, 4 – F. ch. coatsi, íèè – íà çàïàäå, äî Ñåâåðíîé Êîðåè – íà rows of related characters, specific for the 5 – F. ch. milvipes, âîñòîêå, ïðîñòèðàÿñü íà ñåâåð äî 57° ñ.ø. forms, being intermediate between cherrug 6 – F. ch. hendersoni. è íà þã – äî 30° ñ.ø. (ðèñ. 2). Ïðèìåðíàÿ and milvipes and cherrug and progressus, ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà ñîñòàâëÿëà is outlined in the zone of overlapping of 13,2 ìëí. êì2. Western and Eastern Saker ranges, located Ñ 60-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ íàìåòèëñÿ ÿâíûé predominantly along the state border of íåãàòèâíûé òðåíä â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ áàëîáàíà â Russia and Mongolia. All of the birds were Åâðîïå, à ñ 80-õ ãã. íà÷àëñÿ ïåðèîä èíòåí- identified as the Siberian Saker Falcons (F. ñèâíîãî îñâîåíèÿ åñòåñòâåííîãî ðåñóðñà ch. saceroides) (fig. 9). As a rule, these áàëîáàíîâ, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî ïëîùàäü åãî birds are similar to cherrug in their colour of àðåàëà ñîêðàòèëàñü ïðàêòè÷åñêè â 2 ðàçà plumage, with markings on the upperparts – äî 6,9 ìëí. êì2, è îí ðàñïàëñÿ íà îòäåëü- or underbody being specific to the Eastern íûå èçîëÿòû â Åâðîïå è íà÷àë ôðàãìåíòè- Saker, but for a complex of characters it is ðîâàòüñÿ â Àçèè (ðèñ. 3). impossible to consider them as belonging Ïîëíîñòüþ ïðåêðàòèëè ñâî¸ ñóùåñòâî- to anything of typical phenotypes of East- âàíèå îäíè èç íàèáîëåå êðóïíûõ â Åâ- ern Sakers. Probably this group of birds, Ðèñ. 3. Ñîâðåìåííûé ðîïå – îêñêî-äîíñêàÿ è âîëãî-óðàëüñêàÿ being similar in their phenotypes, filling an ãíåçäîâîé àðåàë áàëîáàíà. ïîïóëÿöèè âèäà, ñîñðåäîòî÷åííûå â ëåñî- intermediate position between cherrug and ñòåïíîé çîíå Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè. milvipes or cherrug and progressus and be- Fig. 3. Modern breeding range of the Saker Â Çàâîëæüå, âåðîÿòíî, ñîõðàíÿëñÿ îñíîâ- ing defined by a wide gradient of characters Falcon. íîé ðåñóðñ áàëîáàíà, ãíåçäÿùåãîñÿ â Åâ- between milvipes and progressus (fig. 10) seem to be recognized as a hybrid population in the zone of overlapping the Western and Eastern Saker ranges and only condi- tionally named the “Siberian Saker Falcons”. And the Siberian Falcons are encountered on rare occasions apart from the zone of the Western and Eastern Saker ranges overlapping (10.91% of a total number of records in the Volga region and Siberia and 11.7% of a total number of records in Mongolia) and distributed in a quite vast territory, and there is no chance to identify any population core of this form with high density. Thus, spatial analysis of all the 8 groups of characters allows to select 5 zones of the Saker range, with 70% individuals being typical for a row of related characters, and virtually all of them are coincided with the population cores (fig. 11): Common Saker Falcon (F. ch. cherrug) – 6 populations with numbers from 100 to 300 pairs, with phe- 130 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè. Ïî äàííûì À.Í. notypically similar birds being more than Êàðàìçèíà (1901) â áûâøåé Ñàìàðñêîé 90%; Chink Saker Falcon (F. ch. aralocaspius) ãóáåðíèè (íà òåððèòîðèè Áóãóëüìèíñêî- – one population core with a total number Áåëåáååâñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè) áàëîáàí of about 1500 pairs, with phenotypically ãíåçäèëñÿ â êîëè÷åñòâå 3–4 ïàð íà 100 similar birds being 85%; Mongolian Saker äåñÿòèí (3–4 ïàð/1,45 êì2). Â Ñàðàòîâñêîé Falcon (F. ch. progressus) – one popula- îáëàñòè â Äüÿêîâñêîì ëåñó áàëîáàíû ãíåç- tion core with a total number of about 1500 äèëèñü â 1–2 êì ïàðà îò ïàðû åù¸ â íà÷àëå pairs, with phenotypically similar birds be- ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ (Âîë÷àíåöêèé, ßëüöåâ, 1934). ing 75%; Tibetan Saker Falcon (F. ch. hend- Çäåñü âïëîòü äî êîíöà 90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëå- ersoni) – one population core with a total òèÿ ñîõðàíÿëèñü ïàðû áàëîáàíîâ, ãíåçäÿ- number of about 1000 pairs, with pheno- ùèåñÿ ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ 3,5–5,2 ïàð/100 êì2 typically similar birds being 100% (unfor- ëåñà (Çàâüÿëîâ, Ðóáàí, 2001), îäíàêî óæå tunately there are too little data); Centala- ê 2002 ã. âèä èñ÷åç (Áàðàáàøèí, 2004). sian Saker Falcon (F. ch. milvipes) – implied Ïîñëåäíèå ïàðû â Ïîâîëæüå ïðåêðàòèëè population core, being virtually a part of the ñâî¸ ãíåçäîâàíèå â íà÷àëå ÕÕI ñòîëåòèÿ â Altai-Sayan population, with a number of Âîëãîãðàäñêîé è Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòÿõ (Êà- about 500 pairs, with phenotypically similar ðÿêèí è äð., 2005à). Êîëëàïñ ïîïóëÿöèé birds being 70%. It should be noted, that áàëîáàíà â Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè äî- ranges of Centralasian and Mongolian Sak- ñòàòî÷íî ïîäðîáíî îïèñàí Â.Ì. Ãàëóøè- ers are the largest within the Saker Falcon íûì (2005), ïîýòîìó åù¸ ðàç åãî îïèñû- distribution: the first one extends across the âàòü íå èìååò ñìûñëà. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ mountains from South-Eastern Kazakhstan ìîæíî êîíñòàòèðîâàòü ëèøü òîò ôàêò, ÷òî to Eastern Sayan inclusive, the second íà îñíîâíîé òåððèòîðèè Åâðîïû (â ïåð- – across the steppes of Central Asia from âóþ î÷åðåäü íà – å¸ âîñòîêå) áàëîáàí â Southern Altai to Khingan, and as isolated êà÷åñòâå ãíåçäÿùåãîñÿ âèäà óòðà÷åí. population up to Primorye. But actually Áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ìèðîâîé ïîïóëÿöèè áàëî- a third of the territory of both subspecies áàíà â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà â ranges is the zone of their overlapping with Àçèè, â ÷åòûð¸õ îñíîâíûõ ðåçåðâàòàõ âèäà birds of native phenotypes being no more – íà Óñòþðòå è Ìàíãûøëàêå â Çàïàäíîì Êà- 20%, and others being the intermediate be- çàõñòàíå (Êàðÿêèí, 2004á; Êàðÿêèí è äð., tween Centralasian and Mongolian Sakers, 2005ñ; Ëåâèí, 2008; Ïôåôôåð, Êàðÿêèí, or similar to Common Sakers (we consider 2010), â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå, ïðåèìó- such birds as the Siberian). Thus, if the entire ùåñòâåííî íà òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè è Ìîíãî- ranges are considered, no more than 40% ëèè (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2010á), â Öåíòðàëüíîé birds with native phenotype milvipes and Ìîíãîëèè (Al Bowardi, 2003; Dixon, 2009) no more than 60% of progressus live in the è Òèáåòå (Potapov, Ma, 2004). population cores of subspecies. The center of the zone of intergradation of Common, Centralasian and Mongolian Saker distribution is the Altai-Sayan region. There is one of the largest population cores of the species, with a number at least 1500 pairs, consisting of extremely mixed phenotypes (fig. 10, 11); while it is the area of highest breeding density for birds of 4 mixed phenotypes (cherrug, saceroides, milvipes and progressus), in which the birds with atypical colour patterns are registered. 1. Birds with dark upperbody and “helmet” (dark-coloured crown, nape, cheek and mustache) and pale-coloured under-

Äèíàìèêà ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà áàëîáàíà çà ïîñëåäíèå 50 ëåò. Ëèòåðàòóðíûå äàííûå ïðèâîäÿòñÿ ïî: Ãðèãî- ðüåâ è äð., 1977; Áîðîäèí, 1994 è äð. Fluctuations of the breeding range of the Saker Falcon for past 50 years. Published data are cited according to: Grigoryev et al., 1977; Borodin, 1994 and others. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 131

body with developed black heart-shaped markings, merging in transversal bars on flanks, trousers and usually undertail coverts as well. In former times this phenotype was described as Falco [Hierofalco] lorenzi Menzbier, 1900. The code of phenotype: 1.5+2.1+3.4+4.5+6.5+7.5+8.4. 2. Very pale-coloured birds with uniformly whitish underbody and head without any markings, ochre or gray upperbody with almost whitish transversal bars. The code of phenotype: 1.5+2.4+3.3+4.5+5.4+6.5+7.6 +8.4. 3. Entirely dark birds with black-brown colouring of upper and underbody with rufous bars on undertail coverts and trousers as well. In former times this phenotype was described as the Altai Falcon (Falco [Hiero- falco] altaicus Menzbier, 1891). The code of phenotype: 1.1+2.1+3.4+4.2+5.4+6.1+7.5 +8.1. It should be remarked, that although transverse bars on upperparts are presented, but they may be seen only under the condition of the plumage having faded, that are Ðèñ. 4. Ïîïóëÿöèîííàÿ Àíàëèç ïëîòíîñòè ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ ãíåçäî- difficult to see in field. But in the population ñòðóêòóðà àðåàëà âûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíîâ â çîíàõ îïòèìàëü- there are birds having distinct rufous and áàëîáàíà. Öèôðàìè îáîçíà÷åíà îöåíêà íîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ëèøíèé ðàç äîêàçûâàåò reddish-brown markings even on the fresh ÷èñëåííîñòè âûøåîçâó÷åííîå ïîëîæåíèå, ïîêàçûâàÿ feathers, which may merge to form distinct ïîïóëÿöèé. ÷åòûðå îñíîâíûõ ïîïóëÿöèîííûõ ÿäðà bars on the upperbody. We consider them Fig. 4. Population âèäà (ðèñ. 4): 1 – Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêàÿ ãîðíàÿ to the same group. The code of phenotype: structure of the Saker îáëàñòü è ãîðû ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîãî Êàçàõ- 1.5+2.1+3.4+4.2+5.4+6.1+7.5+8.4. Falcon breeding range. ñòàíà è ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîãî Êèòàÿ, íà þã äî These morphs are included in the analysis Numbers denote the estimated population. Òàðáàãàòàÿ âêëþ÷èòåëüíî, 2 – Öåíòðàëü- of phenotype variations in the Altai-Sayan íàÿ è Âîñòî÷íàÿ Ìîíãîëèÿ, 3 – Àðàëî- region, however their status is discussed Êàñïèéñêèé ðåãèîí, 4 – Âîñòî÷íûé Òèáåò. separately (see below). Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà òîëüêî â îñíîâ- We have not included in the analysis íûõ ïîïóëÿöèîííûõ ÿäðàõ ïðåäïîëàãàåò several populations of Sakers, inhabiting ãíåçäîâàíèå îêîëî 6975 ïàð, èç êîòîðûõ mountains of Southern Kazakhstan (at least 8,6% ãíåçäèòñÿ â Åâðîïå. Îäíàêî äèñïåðñ- 105–145 pairs, see: Karyakin et al., 2010à), íîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå áàëîáàíà â Àçèè Kyrgyzstan (no more than 50 pairs, Levin, èìååò ìåñòî è çà ïðåäåëàìè êîíòóðà âû- pers. comm.), Uzbekistan (55–69 pairs, see: äåëåííûõ ïîïóëÿöèîííûõ ÿäåð, íà ÷òî óêà- Atajanov, 2002), Tadjikistan (from 10 to çûâàåò ìíîæåñòâî ëèòåðàòóðíûõ èñòî÷íè- 100 pairs, see: Dixon, 2009) and Turkmeni- êîâ (Ìîøêèí, 2010). Ó÷èòûâàÿ ýòî, ìîæíî stan (24–34 pairs, see: Efimenko, 2010), ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî ÷èñëåííîñòü âñåé ìèðî- where a total of 244–398 pairs are project- âîé ïîïóëÿöèè âèäà ïðèáëèæàåòñÿ ê 10–15 ed to breed, as well as the Turkish popula- òûñ. ïàð (Ìîøêèí, 2010; Dixon, 2009), èç tion, which number is estimated as 50 pairs êîòîðûõ ëèøü 4–6% ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà äîëþ (Dixon et al., 2009). åâðîïåéñêîãî íàñåëåíèÿ áàëîáàíîâ. Discussion Ïîïóëÿöèîííî-ïîäâèäîâàÿ ñòðóêòóðà Status of the Turkestan and Anatolian àðåàëà âèäà Saker Falcons Äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè èçîáðàæåíèÿ The most authors state the F. ch. coatsi ïòèö, íàáëþäàâøèõñÿ â ïîëåâûõ óñëîâè- breeding (Atajanov, 2002; Efimenko, 2010) ÿõ, ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå èñïîëüçîâàëèñü â àíà- in the mountains of Central Asia; individual ëèçå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ áàëîáàíîâ ðàçíûõ breeding pairs of F. ch. milvipes were also ôåíîòèïîâ èëè ïîäâèäîâ. Ïîñëåäíåå èç mentioned (Efimenko, 2010). However, no èçâåñòíûõ èññëåäîâàíèé ôåíîòèïîâ áà- images of falcons has been obtained during ëîáàíîâ òàêæå áàçèðóåòñÿ â îñíîâíîì íà the past ten years; therefore, it is infeasible 132 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Âàðèàíòû îêðàñêè to verify the data on phenotypes of the Sak- îáûêíîâåííîãî er Falcons inhabiting the mountains of Cen- áàëîáàíà (F. ch. cherrug) èç ñåâåðíîé tral Asia southward from Kazakhstan within (ââåðõó) è þæíîé GIS-software. The analysis of the specimens (âíèçó) ÷àñòè àðåàëà â that are stored in the collections of Russian Êàçàõñòàíå. Êîëëåêöèÿ and Kazakhstan museums provide the ex- Çîîëîãè÷åñêîãî ìóçåÿ Èíñòèòóòà çîîëîãèè, tremely inconsistent data. Virtually, most Àëìàòû, Êàçàõñòàí. of the Saker Falcons collected in the moun- Ôîòî À. Êîâàëåíêî. tains of Central Asia were incorrectly identi- Different colour-pat- fied; their phenotype not corresponding to terns of the Common the description of coatsi holotype. Properly Saker Falcon (F. ch. speaking the only distinguishing character cherrug) from the north (upper) and south that was used by the collectors to identify (bottom) of the range the birds collected as the Turkestan Saker in Kazakhstan. Collec- Falcon was the rufous coloration of the tion of the Zoological crown. However, the coloration of upper- museum of the Institute of Zoology, Almaty, body and the pattern of underbody varied Kazakhstan. Photos by from those typical of the Western Saker Fal- A. Kovalenko. cons to those typical of extremely progressive Eastern Saker Falcons (progressus and hendersoni). It seems that Stepanyan (1990) did not bother to elucidate this problem and caused confusion in the description of the Turkestan Saker Falcon by having written that the coloration of the upperbody of coatsi varies from the uniformly brown without the pattern to dark brown with reddish rusty edges of the wings and the development of transversal pattern formed by ochre spots or bars. Although Dementiev (1951), who made the description of this subspecies, provided appreciably accurate characteristic features for this bird: “the coloration of the Turkestan Saker Falcon is close to that of F. ch. saceroides, but is more bright; crown of the adult birds has a touch of brick-reddish or burgundy red (in fresh feather); the back side is darker than that for the Siberian birds – it is dark brown with the wide development of the touch of grayish shade; pale àíàëèçå ìóçåéíûõ êîëëåêöèé (Eastham et markings on the upperbody are brighter, al., 2002). Ïûòàÿñü àíàëèçèðîâàòü òîëüêî reddish rufous instead of ocher rufous; the ìóçåéíûå êîëëåêöèè, ìû ñòîëêíóëèñü ñ òà- transversal pattern on the upperbody is the êèì àðòåôàêòîì, êàê áîëüøîå ðàçíîîáðà- same as that for saceroides, the spots on the çèå ïòèö ðàçëè÷íûõ ôåíîòèïîâ ñ ìàññîé underbody are dark brown and have a more ïåðåõîäîâ îò îäíîãî ê äðóãîìó, ïðîèñ- saturated colour than those of saceroides”. õîäÿùèõ èç ðàçíûõ îáëàñòåé àðåàëà áàëî- As a typical variant of the coloration of coat- áàíà. Ýòî ñîâåðøåííî ëîãè÷íî âûòåêàåò si, Pfeffer (2009) points to the birds with an èç æåëàíèÿ êîëëåêòîðîâ ñîáðàòü òåõ ïòèö, appreciably pronounced, although not very êîòîðûå èíòåðåñíû èëè ðàíåå íå áûëè contrasting, pale transversal pattern of the ïðåäñòàâëåíû â êîëëåêöèè òîãî èëè èíîãî upperbody with strong bluish gray shade, ìóçåÿ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïî êîëëåêöèîí- rufous coloration of the crown, bright dark íûì ýêçåìïëÿðàì ìîæíî ïîëó÷èòü ïðåä- and narrow mustache, and pale underbody, ñòàâëåíèå î òîì, êàêèõ ôåíîòèïîâ ïòèöû slightly barred only on the trousers. âñòðå÷åíû íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè, íî íå- On this evidence, it is perfectly incom- âîçìîæíî îïðåäåëèòü êàêîãî ôåíîòèïà prehensible why the Saker Falcons with the ïòèöû ñîñòàâëÿþò ôîí â òîé èëè èíîé ïî- uniform coloration of the upperbody and ïóëÿöèè. Èìåííî ïîýòîìó â äàííîé ðàáî- weak rufous coloration of the head (often, òå ìû ïðèâëåêàåì êîëëåêöèîííûå ýêçåì- only individual feathers on the head) were Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 133

ïëÿðû ëèøü äëÿ òèïèçàöèè âñòðå÷àþùèõñÿ referred to this subspecies. ëîêàëüíî ïòèö èíòåðåñíîé îêðàñêè ëèáî To this moment, it is impossible to get an çàêðûâàåì î÷åâèäíûå «äûðû» â íàáëþäå- idea on what area the Turkestan Saker Falcon íèÿõ ïî ïðè÷èíå èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ áàëîáàíà â inhabits and where the population center of òîé èëè èíîé ÷àñòè àðåàëà â ñîâðåìåííûé individuals of this phenotype is (was) locat- ïåðèîä èëè îòñóòñòâèÿ ïîëåâûõ íàáëþäå- ed even with the assistance of the collected íèé çà æèâûìè ïòèöàìè. specimens. The intermediate form between Äëÿ íà÷àëà ðàññìîòðèì ìåíåå äðîáíûé, F. ch. milvipes and F. ch. aralocaspius or a åâðîïåéñêèé ïîäõîä ê ïîäâèäîâîìó äå- certain transition form from F. ch. hender- ëåíèþ áàëîáàíà, îñíîâàííûé íà íîìåí- soni to F. ch. milvipes could have possibly êëàòóðå ×. Âîðè (Vaurie, 1961; 1965). Äëÿ been described as a holotype; although this ýòîãî áóäåì àíàëèçèðîâàòü ëèøü 2 êëþ÷å- refers to the guesswork, as well. âûõ ïðèçíàêà, ðàçëè÷àþùèõ çàïàäíûõ è Taking into consideration an appreciably âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ: wide range ascribed to the Turkestan Saker 1. Îêðàñêà âåðõà òåëà: Falcon, which embraces the mountains from 1.1. Îäíîòîííàÿ, ðàçíûõ îòòåíêîâ áóðî- the Karatau mountains to the Kugitang re- ãî, áåç ïåñòðèí. gion and the Elbrus (Pfeffer, 2009), it can be 1.2. Ëþáîé îêðàñêè ñî ñâåòëûìè ïå- assumed that the phenotypically native in- ñòðèíàìè. dividuals can be definitely encountered on 2. Ðèñóíîê áîêîâ è øòàíîâ: a certain part of this territory, which would 2.1. Ïðîäîëüíûé áóðûé. differ from neighbouring Chink (on the west) 2.2. Ëþáîé îêðàñêè ïîïåðå÷íûé. and Centralasian (on the east) subspecies. Therefore, the question on the occurrence today of this species remains open. In Turkey, the Saker Falcon breds in isolation; its proximity with coatsi only may be assumed basing on possible overlapping of their ranges in the past in form of a narrow corridor through the mountain regions stretching southwards from the Black and Caspian Seas. The first approximated description of this form was given by Pfeffer (2009); however, the subspecies has not been described yet. Nevertheless, its existence should not be eliminated, since the specimen of falcons from the collections from Anatolia indeed differ from coatsi, and especially from cherrug on the basis of a number of characters and can be reasonably referred to the group of the Eastern Sakers. With reference to the above-mentioned, the final map of the Saker Falcon range may be divided into seven subspecies (fig. 12);

Âàðèàíòû îêðàñêè âåðõà è íèçà òåëà îáûêíîâåííûõ áàëîáàíîâ (F. ch. cherrug) èç ñåâåðíûõ (Íàóðçóì) è þæíûõ (Áåòïàê-Äàëà) ïîïóëÿöèé (1-é è 2-é ñëåâà), ÷èíêîâûõ áàëîáàíîâ (F. ch. aralocaspius) ñ Óñòþðòà (2-é ñïðàâà) è öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ (F. ch. milvipes) èç îêðåñòíîñòåé Ñåìèïàëàòèíñêà (1-é ñïðàâà). Òóøêè èç êîëëåêöèè ÇÈÍ ÐÀÍ. Ôîòî À. Êîâàëåíêî. Variants of coloration of underbody and upperbody of Common Sakers (F. ch. cherrug) from the northern (Naurzum) and southern (Betpak-Dala) populations (1 and 2 left), Chink Sakers (F. ch. aralocaspius) from Ustyurt Plateau (2 right) and Centralasian Sakers (F. ch. milvipes) from the vicinities of Semipalatinsk) (1 right). Specimens from the collection of the Zoo- logical Institute of the Russian Academy of Science. Photos by A. Kovalenko. 134 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Äâà íàèáîëåå òèïè÷íûõ two of those (Turkestan and Anatolian Saker âàðèàíòà îêðàñêè Falcons) requiring the further study, and the ñïèíû áàëîáàíîâ, äîìèíèðóþùèõ â latter one requiring the determination of àðåàëå âèäà: subspecies independence, as well. 1 – çàïàäíûå áàëîáàíû (ñïèíà îäíîòîííàÿ), Status of the Altai Falcon 2 – âîñòî÷íûå áàëîáàíû (ñïèíà ñ When characterizing the geographic ðèñóíêîì). Êàðòà variability of the Saker Falcons, Dementiev àðåàëîâ, ïîñòðîåííàÿ (1951) wrote that “systematically, the Saker ïî äâóì äàííûì Falcons are rather close to the Gyrfalcons ïðèçíàêàì, ïîêàçàíà íà ðèñ. 5. and morphologically all forms of these falcons from the Western (European) Saker Two colour-patterns of upperbody, being the Falcons via the Centralasian (Mongolian and most typical for the Tibetan) to the Arctic Gyrfalcons, generally Saker: 1 – Western Sak- speaking, represent the continuous row of ers (uniformly coloured variations in colour and size, the interme- upperbody), 2 – Eastern Sakers (up- diate member between the Gyrfalcons and perbody with pattern). the Saker Falcons being the Altai Gyrfal- Fig. 5 shows the map con”. In his early publications, Dementiev of the range, created Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæíî ïðîñòûì ìåòî- considered that “basically, it would have according two those characters. äîì çàêîäèðîâàòü ôåíîòèïû îñîáåé â áàçå been quite reasonable to refer to the Saker äàííûõ. Êîäû, îïðåäåëÿþùèå ïîäâèäîâóþ Falcons and the Gyrfalcons as one species, ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü, ñëåäóþùèå: if there were no such fact that the range of Çàïàäíûé áàëîáàí (F. ch. cherrug): the Altai Gyrfalcon coincides with that of 1.1+2.1. the Saker Falcon, at least partially”. How- Âîñòî÷íûé áàëîáàí (F. ch. milvipes): ever, later, after having reconsidered his 1.2.+2.2. views, he combined it into the Mongolian Â äàííîì ÃÈÑ-àíàëèçå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ êîí- (Centralasian) Saker Falcon F. ch. milvipes òóð àðåàëà íà ïåðèîä 70-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ, (Dementiev, Shagdarsuren, 1964). òàê êàê â àíàëèçå ó÷àñòâóþò êîëëåêöèîííûå Stepanyan (1990) held the same views îáðàçöû çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ, ñîáðàííûå ñ relating to the Altai Gyrfalcon; he identified òåððèòîðèé, ãäå â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ âèä âû- all the birds with pale and dark coloration ìåð. Àíàëèç ïîçâîëÿåò äîñòàòî÷íî òî÷íî as F. ch. milvipes and wrote that “the phe- ðàçíåñòè âñòðå÷è çàïàäíûõ è âîñòî÷íûõ áà- nomenon of polymorphism is typical of the ëîáàíîâ íà ïðîñòðàíñòâå îò Çàïàäíîé Åâðî- populations in the northeastern part of the ïû äî Àëòàÿ (ðèñ. 5, òàáë. 1), íî óæå íà÷èíàÿ species range; which manifests itself in the îò Àëòàÿ è äî Äàóðèè îáëàñòü ïåðåêðûòèÿ existence of pale (the common coloration çîíû ðåãèñòðàöèè ïòèö êàê ñ ïðèçíàêàìè type) and dark (melanistic) morphs”. In his çàïàäíîãî, òàê è ñ ïðèçíàêàìè âîñòî÷íîãî opinion, dimorphic populations are appre-

Òàáë. 1. Ðåãèñòðàöèè çàïàäíûõ (F. ch. cherrug) è âîñòî÷íûõ (F. ch. milvipes) áàëîáàíîâ â ðàçíûõ ðåãèîíàõ àðåàëà âèäà. Table 1. Registrations of Western (F. ch. cherrug) and Eastern (F. ch. milvipes) Sakers in different regions within the species range.

Âñå áàëîáàíû Çàïàäíûå áàëîáàíû Âîñòî÷íûå áàëîáàíû Ðåãèîí / Region All Saker Falcons Western Sakers Eastern Sakers Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêèé ðåãèîí / Altai-Sayan Region 436 48 388 Ìîíãîëèÿ / Mongolia 99 7 92 Òèáåò / Tibet 6 6 Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêèé ðåãèîí / Aral-Caspian Region 257 257 Âîñòî÷íûé Êàçàõñòàí / Eastern Kazakhstan 18 18 Þãî-Âîñòî÷íûé Êàçàõñòàí / South-Eastern Kazakhstan 4 2 2 Êàçàõñêèé ìåëêîñîïî÷íèê / Kazakh Upland 15 15 Çàóðàëüå / Trans-Ural Region 22 19 3 Åâðîïåéñêàÿ ÷àñòü Ðîññèè / European part of Russia 16 15 1 Óêðàèíà / Ukraine 12 12 Ñòðàíû Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû / Eastern Europe 7 7 Âñåãî / Total 892 125 767 Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 135

ciably clearly localized geographically. Despite the fact that the Altai Falcon (F. altaicus) was identified by Vaurie (1961; 1965) as an independent species, this form has not been recognized in this status by many specialists. In the first world report on raptors, the Altai Falcon appears only as a subspecies of the Gyrfalcon (Brown and Amadon, 1968); Schauensee (1984) believes that the Altai Falcon is the twin species of the Saker Falcon; Mackinnon and Phil- lipps (2000) consider it to be a subspecies of the Saker Falcon; while Forsman (2007) provides the status of independent species for Altai Falcon. Nevertheless, almost all the authors ground their opinions only upon the descriptions of several specimens, which were found in publications in English. The description of the Altai Falcon in Eng- lish based on the translations of studies of Sushkin and the analysis of museum specimen was made by Ellis (1995). He processed the extensive material from the museum collections; 53 specimens were analyzed and identified as the Altai Falcons; at least two of those were earlier incorrectly identified as Gyrfalcons; many of those were typical Saker Falcons, but 34 birds (the main part) turned out to be the falcons phenotype altaicus. No certain stable type has been revealed in the group of Altai Falcons. All the Altai Falcons and Saker Falcons being close to them were divided into 19 morphological classes according to their coloration. The author believes that the range of the falcons phenotype altaicus is limited narrower than it was earlier supposed, mainly by the Altai and Sayan mountains. Ellis (1995) assumed the possibility of the manifestation of phenotypes of “Altai Falcons” due to hybridization of the Gyrfalcons and Saker Falcons. In author’s opinion, this should have been supported by the genetic studies. However, the genetic studies did not provide the results that were expected. The genetic differentiation of the Ðèñ. 5. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå çàïàäíîãî (F. ch. cherrug) è âîñòî÷íîãî (F. ch. milvipes) falcons from the Hierofalco group being very áàëîáàíîâ (âíèçó) íà îñíîâàíèè àíàëèçà ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ â àðåàëå ïðèçíàêîâ weak, haplotypes of two analyzed Altai Fal- îêðàñêè ñïèíû, áîêîâ è øòàíîâ (ââåðõó). Êîíòóð êîíâåêñíûõ ïîëèãîíîâ ïðîâåä¸í ÷åðåç òî÷êè ðåãèñòðàöèè ïàð ñ îäèíàêîâûì ôåíîòèïîì (ââåðõó) è îáðåçàí cons vanished among the large number of ïî êîíòóðó ðåàëüíîãî àðåàëà áàëîáàíà (âíèçó). Ñëó÷àéíûå âñòðå÷è çàïàäíûõ haplotypes belonging to the Eastern Saker áàëîáàíîâ â àðåàëå âîñòî÷íûõ è âîñòî÷íûõ â àðåàëå çàïàäíûõ ïîêàçàíû íà Falcons (Nittinger et al., 2007). êàðòå îòäåëüíûìè çíà÷êàìè (âíèçó). Ê ñëó÷àéíûì îòíåñåíû âñòðå÷è, ëåæàùèå çà The surveys carried out by Potapov and ïðåäåëàìè çîíû ïîèñêà òî÷åê ïðè ïîñòðîåíèè êàðòû ïëîòíîñòè ìåòîäîì Kernel. co-authors (Potapov et al., 2002) have Fig. 5. Distribution of the Western Saker Falcon (F. ch. cherrug) and Eastern Saker shown rare observations of the Altai Falcons Falcon (F. ch. milvipes) (bottom) on the base of the analysis of distribution of plumage characters (upperbody, flanks and trousers) within the. Convex polygons have among the Saker Falcons both in steppe been outlined by points of registrations of pairs with similar phenotypes (upper) regions of Mongolia and in the highlands and cut along the borders of the Saker actual breeding range (bottom). Acciden- of the Mongolian Altai. Having analyzed tal records of Western Sakers within the range of Eastern ones and vise versa are the density of the birds observed and the shown as separate signs (bottom). Records apart the search radius of points at the creating of the map of Kernel density estimations for points. Labels: 1 – upper- area of possible habitats in the highlands body is uniformly dark, 2 – upperbody with pale markings and stripes. of the Mongolian Altai, the authors arrived 136 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

at the conclusion that the occurrence of the Altai Falcon as an independent species in the Mongolian Altai is impossible (Fox, Potapov, 2001). Subsequently, after the first description of the Altai Falcon was analyzed (Potapov, Sale, 2005), the conclusion was made that the description of this taxon is invalid in view of the Code of Zoological No- menclature (International Code..., 2004). A series of syntypes (the brood and one of the parents collected by Sushkin) stored in the collections of the Zoological Institute, Rus- sian Academy of Sciences, which was used by Suchkin (1938) and subsequently, Ellis (1995), contains the individuals belonging to different species, which contradicts the status of the “species”. Despite this fact, a number of Russian ornithologists undertake attempts to resusci- tate the Altai Gyrfalcon in the status of an independent species – the Altai Falcon or Altai Gyrfalcon (Falco altaicus) (Moseikin, 2001à, 2001b; Koblik et al., 2006). The surveys carried out recently have yet more proved the inconsistency of these views. Taking into account the regular brooding of juveniles with phenotype altaicus in falcon pairs with phenotypes saceroides and/or progressus, it was suggested that this fact should be regarded as the colour pattern morphism (Karyakin, Nikolenko, 2008), hybridization with the northern Gyrfalcons (Ellis, 1995; Fox, Potapov, 2001; Potapov et al., 2002), or gene manifestation of the relict population of falcons, which used to inhabit the moun- Âàðèàíòû îêðàñêè áàëîáàíà ñîñòàâëÿåò 1 ìëí. êì2. Ýòî 11% îò tainous regions of Central Asia (Moseikin, âåðõà è íèçà òåëà ïëîùàäè áûëîãî àðåàëà âîñòî÷íîãî áàëîáà- 2001b; Pfeffer, 2009), but by no means an öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ (F. ch. íà è 23% – îò ïëîùàäè áûëîãî àðåàëà çàïàä- independent subspecies or even species. milvipes) èç Âîñòî÷íîãî íîãî áàëîáàíà. Today, the appreciably serious data on the Êàçàõñòàíà (1-é è 2-é Ê çàïàäíûì áàëîáàíàì îòíåñåíî 14,01% records of the so-called “Altai Falcons” have ñëåâà) è òóðêåñòàí- îñîáåé (òàáë. 1), ê âîñòî÷íûì, ñîîòâåò- been accumulated, which were discussed in ñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ (F. ch. coatsi) èç Òóðêìåíèè ñòâåííî, 85,99%. Â çîíå èñêëþ÷èòåëüíîãî the spatial analysis of phenotypes belong- è Òàäæèêèñòàíà (1-é è îáèòàíèÿ çàïàäíîãî áàëîáàíà ñîñðåäîòî- ing to the Saker Falcon. 2-é ñïðàâà). Òóøêè èç ÷åíî 68% âñòðå÷ ôåíîòèïè÷åñêè ÷èñòûõ What is the “Altai Falcon”? This name is êîëëåêöèè ÇÈÍ ÐÀÍ. çàïàäíûõ ïòèö (85 îñîáåé), à â çîíå ïåðå- treated to combine falcons of two colour Ôîòî À. Êîâàëåíêî. êðûòèÿ àðåàëîâ çàïàäíîãî è âîñòî÷íîãî patterns: uniformly dark-coloured birds, Variants of coloration áàëîáàíîâ âñòðå÷åíî 28,8% (36 îñîáåé being described as Altai Falcon Falco [Hi- of underbody and upperbody of Cenralasian èç 125). Â çîíå èñêëþ÷èòåëüíîãî îáèòàíèÿ erofalco] altaicus Menzbier, 1891, and birds Sakers (F. ch. milvipes) âîñòî÷íîãî áàëîáàíà âñòðå÷åíî 40,81% with pale-coloured underbody and dark from Eastern Kaza- âîñòî÷íûõ ïòèö (313 îñîáåé), à â çîíå ïå- «helmet», that were described as Falco [Hi- khstan (1 and 2 left) and ðåêðûòèÿ àðåàëîâ çàïàäíîãî è âîñòî÷íîãî erofalco] lorenzi Menzbier, 1900. Sushkin Turkestan Sakers (F. ch. coatsi) from Turkmeni- áàëîáàíîâ âñòðå÷åíî 448 âîñòî÷íûõ ïòèö (1938) has yet proved the Lorenz’s Falcon stan and Tajikistan (1 èç 767 (58,41%). being a variant of adult plumage of the Altai and 2 right). Specimens Â àðåàëå âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ (çà ïðå- Falcon, having shot the adult male pheno- from the collection of äåëàìè î÷àãîâ ïëîòíîñòè ôåíîòèïè÷åñêè type lorenzi and raised his 5 nestlings (all the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy ÷èñòûõ çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ) âñòðå÷åíî 4 females) in captivity, one of them were col- of Science. Photos by îñîáè çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ èç 125. Ïòè- lected in juvenile plumage in 1914, others A. Kovalenko. öû âñòðå÷åíû íà 2-õ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ – in adult plumage in 1915–1919. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 137

Thus, we can confirm the falcons phenotype altaicus in their adult plumage may be divided into two morphs with pale-coloured (lorenzi) and dark-coloured (altaicus) underbody. Both colour patterns are being developed during the moult in very dark, almost black-brown juveniles. And there are many transitional variants of adult plumage, which are defined as black-brown, brown with distinct bluish-gray shade or gray upperbody with various patterns of rufous or reddish-brown markings, spreading from little spots throughout the upperbody (like Arctic Gyrfalcons Falco rusticolus), to distinct transverse bars, like Mongolian and Tibetan Sakers. All of these birds are with dark “helmet” and barred undertail coverts. Howev- er some dark birds or birds with “helmet” do not have barred undertail coverts. Dark birds with uniformly pale undertail coverts or with arrow-shaped markings, pointing towards the head, are more often. The most frequent character, distinguishing dark birds from the native variant of altaicus, is the pale supercilium, corresponding usually with pale undertail coverts. As mentioned above, deviations toward the dark morph are noted among all phenotypes of Sakers, inhabiting the Altai-Sayan region. Thus, the stable phenotype of the Altai Falcon does not exist. If even about 30% birds, having the characters of the “Altai Falcon”, are recorded in a local population (for example in the Western Tannu-Ola mountains), the main part of these birds will be differ from each other in a number of characters. Âàðèàíòû îêðàñêè â Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîé Ìîíãîëèè è â Þãî- Spatial analysis has shown the absence ìîíãîëüñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ Âîñòî÷íîì Êàçàõñòàíå (Êàðàòàó) (3,2%). of phenotypically native population core of (F. ch. progressus), õðà- íÿùèõñÿ â êîëëåêöèè Â àðåàëå çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ âñòðå÷åíî this morph even in those parts of the Al- ÇÈÍ ÐÀÍ â êà÷åñòâå 6 âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ èç 767 (0,78%) tai-Sayan region, where it is encountered àëòàéñêèõ ñîêîëîâ – âñå â ñìåøàííûõ ïàðàõ ñ çàïàäíûìè more often – in the Tannu-Ola mountains, (F. altaicus): ïòèöà áàëîáàíàìè. Äëÿ çîíû ëåñîñòåïè Ïî- Saylugem and upper reaches of the Alash ñëåâà èç êîëëåêöèè Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíà, ïòèöû â âîëæüÿ, Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè è Ñåâåðíîãî river. It is very difficult to found two dark öåíòðå è ñïðàâà ñ òåð- Êàçàõñòàíà äîëÿ ðåãèñòðàöèé âîñòî÷íûõ birds having similar coloration, and in many ðèòîðèè ñîâðåìåííîãî áàëîáàíîâ ñðåäè çàïàäíûõ ñîñòàâèëà cases their nesting sites are located tens Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ èç 10,91% îò 55. kilometers apart. Phenotype lorenzi is en- êîëëåêöèé Ì.À. Ìåíçáèðà è Àíàëèç íàãëÿäíî ïîêàçàë ðàñïðåäåëåíèå countered more frequently, but considering À.ß. Òóãàðèíîâà. àðåàëîâ çàïàäíûõ è âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ the entire population of the species it is rare Ôîòî À. Êîâàëåíêî. â øèðîòíîì íàïðàâëåíèè (ðèñ. 5), ôàêòè- too. For 12 years of surveys carried out in Variants of coloration of ÷åñêè ïàðàëëåëüíî äðóã äðóãó, áåç çîíû the Altai-Sayan region no populations of Mongolian Sakers ïåðåêðûòèÿ, íà ïðîòÿæåíèè 4 òûñ. êì, ò.å. only “Altai Falcons” have been discovered. (F. ch. progressus) iden- ïðàêòè÷åñêè íà ïîëîâèíå àðåàëà îáèòàíèÿ The analysis of records of Sakers pheno- tified as Altai Falcons (F. altaicus): left speci- âèäà (âåñü àðåàë îáèòàíèÿ âèäà â Åâðîïå). type altaicus, suggests, that such phenotype men is from Sushkin’s Â ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì áûëî áû ïðàâèëüíåå çà- occurs not only at posterity of pairs with any collection, central and ïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ íàçûâàòü ñåâåðíûìè, à characters of the “Altai Falcon”, but with right specimens is from âîñòî÷íûõ – þæíûìè. native saceroides, milvipes and progres- Menzbir’s and Tugari- nov’s collections. ZI of Íà÷èíàÿ ñ Àëòàÿ äàëåå íà âîñòîê ôîð- sus phenotypes. Analyzing the morphs of the RAS. Photos by ìèðóåòñÿ çîíà èíòåðãðàäàöèè ìåæäó young Sakers in the Altai-Sayan region it is A. Kovalenko. çàïàäíûìè è âîñòî÷íûìè áàëîáàíàìè revealed that birds of dark morph have been 138 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ñ ïîëíûì ãðàäèåíòîì ïåðåõîäíûõ ïðè- registered in 20% of broods, while almost all çíàêîâ îò òèïè÷íîãî çàïàäíîãî áàëîáàíà broods were mixed and only chick was dark. ê êðàéíåìó ïðîãðåññèâíîìó âàðèàíòó One of parents of such broods may be of dark îêðàñêè âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ, ïðè÷¸ì morph or phenotype lorenzi (47% of cases), ïî ìåðå ïðîäâèæåíèÿ íà âîñòîê âñòðå- transitional coloration between saceroides, ÷àåìîñòü ôåíîòèïè÷åñêè ÷èñòûõ çàïàä- milvipes or progressus and dark morph. íûõ áàëîáàíîâ ïàäàåò è íîñèò èñêëþ÷è- Parents with typical phenotype milvipes is òåëüíûé õàðàêòåð â Çàáàéêàëüå. Â òî æå note in 20% of pairs, progressus – in 8% and âðåìÿ â çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè àðåàëà çàïàäíûõ saceroides – in 23%. Only 2% of pairs of dark áàëîáàíîâ ÷èñòîòà ôåíîòèïà ñîñòàâëÿ- morph produce broods consisting of only åò áîëåå 90% (89,09% â ÷àñòè àðåàëà îò dark nestlings (Karyakin, Nikolenko, 2008). Âîëãè äî Àëòàÿ). Analyzing distribution of Altai Falcons we Åñëè âíåñòè â àíàëèç áîëåå äðîáíîå äå- should discuss their habitat preferences. ëåíèå áàëîáàíîâ ïî îêðàñêå èõ ñïèíû, Ideas about the Altai Falcons preferring the ðàçáèâ ïðèçíàê íà òðè (ðèñ. 6) – «ñïèíà alpine zone have been popular after publica- áåç ñâåòëîãî ðèñóíêà» (1.1), «ñïèíà ñî tions of Sushkin (1938), who found falcons in ñâåòëûì ðèñóíêîì, íî áåç ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ South-Eastern Altai. The forest belt between åãî ïîïåðå÷íîé ñòðóêòóðû» (1.2) è «ñïèíà open landscapes of Chuia steppe and high- ñî ñâåòëûì ïîïåðå÷íî-ïîëîñàòûì ðèñóí- lands of the Saylugem and other mountains êîì» (1.3), ïîëó÷èì òðè îñíîâíûõ îáëàñòè is absent there. However nobody, who cited ðåãèñòðàöèè äàííîãî ïðèçíàêà, ïðè÷¸ì ñ publications of Sushkin, does not analyzed çîíîé ïåðåêðûòèÿ âñåõ òð¸õ òîëüêî â Öåí- the distribution of birds encountered. And òðàëüíîé Àçèè (ðèñ. 7). all birds were surveyed at the Tarkhata and Ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ëþáîå äîáàâëåíèå ïðè- Kushkunuur rivers in the areas, where rivers çíàêà â ÃÈÑ-àíàëèç äîáàâëÿåò îïðåäåë¸í- flow out of canyons into the Chyia steppe. íóþ äðîáíîñòü â îáëàñòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ Sushkin (1938) described in details the nest ïðèçíàêîâ, îäíàêî íà êàêîì-òî îïðåäå- at the Kushkunuur river, where he shot the ë¸ííîì ýòàïå äðîáëåíèå àðåàëà çàêàí÷è- adult male and take 5 nestlings, and the nest âàåòñÿ, îáúåêòèâíîé ïðè÷èíîé ÷åãî ÿâ- located at the Tarkhata river. Besides, until ëÿåòñÿ íåâîçìîæíîñòü ïîñòðîåíèÿ êàðòû now the Sakers phenotype altaicus breed in ïëîòíîñòè òî÷åê ðåãèñòðàöèè ïðèçíàêîâ this area, but both points are not the high- äàííûì ìåòîäîì. lands and located at altitudes of 2010 m and Ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûé àíàëèç ïî 8 ãðóï- 2060 m above see level. In South-Eastern Altai the Saker breeds also at high altitudes, Ðèñ. 6. Òðè íàèáîëåå and in many cases the breeding birds are of òèïè÷íûõ âàðèàíòà phenotypes milvipes – progressus. Follow- îêðàñêè ñïèíû áàëî- áàíîâ, äîìèíèðóþùèõ ing the opinion, prevailing in the published â àðåàëå âèäà: 1 – çà- papers about the Altai Falcons preferring to ïàäíûå áàëîáàíû, inhabit highlands, Moseikin (2001b) con- 2 – âîñòî÷íûå áàëîáà- cluded that “during surveys, carried out in íû ñ áåäíîé îêðàñêîé ñïèíû, 3 – âîñòî÷íûå the regions of Russian Altai and supported áàëîáàíû ñ ïðî- by NARC UAE, it is elucidated that during the ãðåññèâíîé îêðàñêîé breeding period Gyrfalcon-looking falcons ñïèíû. have been localized in the remote regions Fig. 6. Three colour- of alpine tundra at altitudes of 2000–2800 patterns of upperbody, m, that common Sakers have avoided”. But being the most typical for the Saker: 1 – West- it should be noted that the alpine tundra in ern Sakers, Russian Altai is located at higher altitudes, 2 – Eastern Sakers with whilst in the Altai-Sayan Sakers (milvipes – pale markings on the progressus phenotypes) inhabit highlands at upperbody, 3 – Eastern Sakers with the striped different altitudes up to the snow belt, where pattern on the upper- with Lammergeiers (Gypaetus barbatus) and body. Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) are often the only representatives of birds of prey of such sizes. Later Moseikin already with his co-authors has published information about “Altai Falcons”, inhabiting the Altai taiga (Moseikin, Ellis, 2004; Ellis et al., 2007). Referring to the personal comment of Mo- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 139

seikin Pfeffer (2009) notes that “native Altai Falcons remain only in an isolated territory of Russian Altai, inhabiting mountain forest regions with high humidity, that are poor attractive for “common” Sakers”. Accord- ing to the Moseikin’s reports for the Falcon Research Institute the taiga is the mountain larch forests surrounding steppe depressions in Central Altai, that are inhabited by not only “common” and “Altai” Sakers, but species unusual for the forest landscapes such as the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) and Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis). Virtually Sakers, as well as other large falcons avoid the real Altai-Sayan taiga to breed, except the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus), nesting in riverine cliffs there. Taking into account the lack of images of wild “Altai Falcons” of native phenotypes, while images of Sakers being numerous, we can conclude that their declaration about some population of “Altai Falcons”, existing in Altai, is only speculation and need to be proved. The main part of Altai Falcons was encountered in the dry foothills of the Tannu-Ola mountains in the optimal nesting habitat of Sakers phenotypes saceroides – milvipes – progressus. The density of Sakers, as well as birds of “Altai” phenotypes decline in el- evated landscapes as altitudes increase and semidesert plant communities are replaced by mountain steppes and then mountain tundra. Generating the map of density on points of registrations of Altai Falcons (fig. 14), the territory of Sailugem, where Sushkin described these birds, as well as the most part of South-Eastern Altai, even are not included in the area of the highest density, because less than 10% of a total number of encountered Altai Falcons were there. Thus, we can state a fact, that Altai Falcons concen- trating in the highlands or in the taiga of Altai and Sayan are nothing, but a myth. Analyzing 3 hypothesizes of the Altai Fal- Ðèñ. 7. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå çàïàäíûõ è äâóõ ôîðì âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ ñ con origin within the range of Eastern Sak- áåäíîé è ïðîãðåññèâíîé îêðàñêîé ñïèíû (âíèçó) íà îñíîâàíèè àíàëèçà ers the hypothesis of hybridization between ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ â àðåàëå ïðèçíàêîâ îêðàñêè ñïèíû, áîêîâ è øòàíîâ (ââåðõó). Óñëîâíûå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ: 1 – ñïèíà áåç ñâåòëîãî ðèñóíêà, 2 – ñïèíà ñî ñâåòëûìè Sakers and Gyrfalcons, remaining to pair ïÿòíûøêàìè, 3 – ñïèíà ñî ñâåòëûìè ïîëîñàìè. Êîíòóð êîíâåêñíûõ ïîëèãîíîâ and breeding with Sakers after wintering, ïðîâåä¸í ÷åðåç òî÷êè ðåãèñòðàöèè ïàð ñ îäèíàêîâûì ôåíîòèïîì (ââåðõó) è seems to be the least real, although it is the îáðåçàí ïî êîíòóðó ðåàëüíîãî àðåàëà áàëîáàíà (âíèçó). Ïðèçíàêè îêðàñêè most popular among specialists. Nestlings ñïèíû ïîêàçàíû íà ðèñ. 6. of “Altai” phenotypes in broods of Sakers Fig. 7. Distribution of the Western Saker Falcon and two forms of the Eastern Saker of “Altai” or ordinary phenotypes are not a Falcon with different colour patterns of upperbody (bottom) on the base of the analysis of distribution of the plumage characters (upperbody, flanks, trousers) rare event, therefore the Arctic Gyrfalcons within the species range (ââåðõó). Labels: 1 – upperbody is uniformly dark, breeding in pairs with Sakers should be not 2 – upperbody with pale markings, 3 – upperbody with pale stripes. Convex poly- a rare event too. And considering the fre- gons have been outlined by points of registrations of pairs with similar phenotypes quency of the “Gyrfalcon” characters, mani- (upper) and cut along the borders of the Saker actual breeding range (bottom). Plumage characters of upperbody is shown in the fig. 6. festing themselves in the broods of Sakers, such mixed pairs should be encountered regularly, that could not be missed at the 140 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ïàì ïðèçíàêîâ äà¸ò ðàçáèåíèå àðåàëà large-scale surveys of the region. But for 12 íà 5 êëàñòåðîâ. Â êàæäîì êëàñòåðå äî- years of surveys the Gyrfalcons breeding in ìèíèðóþò îñîáè îäíîãî èç 5 ôåíîòèïîâ, pairs with Sakers have not been registered. êîòîðûå îòëè÷àþòñÿ äðóã îò äðóãà êîì- Only two from more than 400 birds, en- ïëåêñîì ñâÿçàííûõ ïðèçíàêîâ (ñì. êîäè- countered in the Altai-Sayan region for the ðîâêè ôåíîòèïîâ íèæå). Ýòè 5 ôåíîòè- 12 years, have raised some doubts in their ïîâ ñîîòâåòñòâóþò îïèñàíèþ ãîëîòèïîâ species identification, but identified as Sak- ïîäâèäîâ: cherrug, aralocaspius, milvipes, ers of “Altai” phenotypes, because their progressus, hendersoni (ðèñ. 8 íà 3 ñòðà- chicks were absolutely not different from íèöå îáëîæêè). Â òð¸õ êëàñòåðàõ îñîáè ordinary nestlings of Sakers. Thus, the hy- ðàñïàäàþòñÿ íà äâà ñóáôåíîòèïà, îòëè- bridization between Cyrfalcons and Sakers ÷àþùèåñÿ íåçíà÷èòåëüíûìè âàðèàöèÿìè cannot be a reason of the “Altai Falcons” ap- âòîðîñòåïåííûõ ïðèçíàêîâ, òàêèõ, êàê pearing in the Altai-Sayan region as well as çàìåòíîñòü óñà, ðàçâèòèå ïîëîñ íà õâîñòå within the range of Eastern Sakers. è ò.ï., ïðè÷¸ì ñóáäîìèíàíòíûé ôåíîòèï Analyzing the paleo-ecosystems of the îáû÷íî ðàñòâîð¸í â äîìèíèðóþùåì, è northern hemisphere Potapov and Sale ëèøü ó îáûêíîâåííîãî áàëîáàíà ëîêàëè- (2005) have concluded that there was not ge- çîâàí ãåîãðàôè÷åñêè â çàïàäíîé è âîñ- ographical isolation of Gyrfalcons and Sakers òî÷íîé ÷àñòÿõ àðåàëà. in the Middle and Late Pleistocene, and the Êîäèðîâêà ôåíîòèïîâ: proto-falcon (the ancestor of these species) Îáûêíîâåííûé áàëîáàí (F. ch. cherrug): inhabited a vast territory of tundra-steppe 1.1+2.3+3.3+4.1+5.2+6.2+7.1+8.2 (çàïàä- with Lagopus ssp., Saiga Antelopes (Saiga íûé) è 1.1+2.4+3.2+4.4+5.1+6.3+7.1+8.2 tatarica), Mammoths (Mammuthus primi- (âîñòî÷íûé). genius), Wooly Rhinoceroces (Coelodonta ×èíêîâûé áàëîáàí (F. ch. aralocaspius): antiquitatis), Snowy Owls (Nyctea scandi- 1.2+2.3+3.2+4.4+5.1+6.4+7.2+8.3 è 1.3+ aca), Lemmings (Lemmini sp.) and Steppe 2.4+3.1+4.4+5.1+6.4+7.2+8.4. Lemmings (Lagurus sp.). About 8,000 years Öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêèé áàëîáàí (F. ch. BP, the range of proto-falcons was split by milvipes): the taiga belt into north and south parts, and 1.4+2.3+3.3+4.1+5.3+6.4+7.3+8.4 è 1.4+ proto-falcons evolved into Gyrfalcons and 2.3+3.3+4.4+5.3+6.5+7.3+8.4. Sakers. And by the Neocene, when the taiga Ìîíãîëüñêèé áàëîáàí (F. ch. progressus): belt extended to the Arctic Ocean, the Gyr- 1.5+2.4+3.2+4.5+5.4+6.5+7.4+8.4. falcon range had been reduced to the nar- Òèáåòñêèé áàëîáàí (F. ch. hendersoni): row belt of tundra and split somewhere into 1.5+2.1+3.4+4.1+5.1+6.5+7.5+8.4. several parts, as well as the Saker range had Â çîíå êîíòàêòà àðåàëîâ çàïàäíûõ è been isolated by the expanding forest zone âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî in separate steppe areas in Europe and Asia. â ïîãðàíè÷íîé çîíå Ðîññèè è Ìîíãîëèè, Further the temperature decreasing caused âûäåëåíà îáëàñòü ëîêàëèçàöèè ïòèö, êî- the tundra zone expanding and the forest belt òîðûå ïî ñâîåìó ôåíîòèïó ìîãóò áûòü fragmentation along its south border. Thus, îòíåñåíû ê îäíîìó èç ÷åòûð¸õ ðÿäîâ the conditions for consolidation of the Saker ñâÿçàííûõ ïðèçíàêîâ, õàðàêòåðíûõ äëÿ range in the south and the Gyrfalcon range ïðîìåæóòî÷íûõ ôîðì ìåæäó cherrug è in the north along the coastline of the Arctic milvipes è cherrug è progressus. Âñå ýòè Ocean as well were developed. As a result, îñîáè áûëè îòíåñåíû ê ñèáèðñêèì áàëî- the proto-falcon has been divided into sepa- áàíàì (F. ch. saceroides) (ðèñ. 9 íà 3 ñòðà- rate species not long ago, and the species íèöå îáëîæêè). Êàê ïðàâèëî, ýòî ïòèöû differentiation has not been complete yet. In îêðàñêè, áëèçêîé ê cherrug, ñ ýëåìåíòàìè captivity the Saker and Gyrfalcon can inter- ðèñóíêà íà ñïèíå ëèáî ãðóäè è áîêàõ, õà- breed and produce the fertile posterity. Thus ðàêòåðíûìè äëÿ âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ, íî they may be recognized as separate species íå ïîäõîäÿùèìè ïî êîìïëåêñó ïðèçíàêîâ only on the criterion of their distribution. íè ê îäíîìó èç âûäåëåííûõ òèïè÷íûõ The parallel variability hypothesis was ôåíîòèïîâ âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ. Ïî- supported as a version of the Altai Falcon âèäèìîìó, âñþ ýòó ãðóïïó ôåíîòèïè÷åñêè origin. This hypothesis has been proved áëèçêèõ ïòèö, çàíèìàþùèõ ïðîìåæóòî÷- by many records of Sakers of dark morph, íîå ïîëîæåíèå ìåæäó cherrug è milvipes as well as dark-coloured Upper Buzzards è cherrug è progressus è õàðàêòåðèçóþ- (Buteo hemilasius) in the Altai-Saian region ùóþñÿ øèðîêèì ãðàäèåíòîì ïðèçíàêîâ ê (Karyakin, Nikolenko, 2008). However the milvipes è ê progressus (ðèñ. 10), ñëåäóåò hypothesis cannot be totally supported as Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 141

the birds of dark morph are not encountered in other parts of the range. But this fact does not rule out the possibility of geographical localization of the dark morph, that is known for many bird species. May by, the occurrence of Altai Falcons mostly in the Altai-Sayan region is caused by many genetic variations in the local population of Sakers due to intergradation of several subspecies, which are quite different within their ranges apart the region. Until recently, the differences in sizes of Altai Falcons and Sakers have been unclear. Altai Falcons seemed to be larger than Sak- ers, because their sizes were compared with measurements of Sakers mainly from other populations. However measurements of falcons from Altai, Tyva and Mongolia have shown the sizes of Altai Falcons not exceeding those of Sakers of other phenotypes, and being within limits of measurements of Eastern Sakers. Thus, Altai Falcons are not different from Eastern Sakers in their morphology. We believe the “Altai Falcon” is a phenotype of Sakers, occurring occasionally without any relation to a habitat in the zone of intergradation of different subspecies of Western and Eastern Sakers, but in the zone of densest breeding of 3 forms of Sakers: saceroides, milvipes and progressus (fig. 14). And we consider the black- brown colouring of plumage of Sakers or black-brown “helmet”, as a variant of it, being a manifestation of specific genes in the heterogeneous population. May be, these genes are really the archaic genes of ancient falcons (proto-falcons see: Potapov, Sale, 2005), which inhabited the entire Central Asia many years ago and were the ancestors of modern Western and Eastern Sakers, Laggars and Gyrfalcons (see the Ðèñ. 10. Âàðèàíòû ïåðåõîäîâ îêðàñêè îò ôåíîòèïà ñèáèðñêîãî áàëîáàíà chapter “The Origin of the Western and (F. ch. saceroides) (ââåðõó ñïðàâà) ÷åðåç öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêîãî (F. ch. milvipes) ê ìîíãîëüñêîìó (F. ch. progressus) (âíèçó ñïðàâà). Ââåðõó ñëåâà ñîêîë, áëèçêèé Eastern Saker Falcons”). ê ñèáèðñêîìó áàëîáàíó, ñ ïðèçíàêàìè àëòàéñêîãî ñîêîëà (F. altaicus). Àëòàå- Ñàÿíñêèé ðåãèîí. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà è Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. Status of the Siberian Saker Falcon Fig. 10. Variants of transitional colour patterns from the Siberian Saker phenotype The zone of the widest distribution of (F. ch. saceroides) (upper right) via the Centralasian Saker (F. ch. milvipes) to the phenotype saceroides lies in Southern Si- Mongolian Saker (F. ch. progressus) (bottom right). Upper at the left – Saker Falcon similar to the Siberian Saker with characters of plumage of the Altai Falcon (F. altai- beria within the zone of intergradations of cus). Altai-Sayan region. Photos by I. Karyakin and E. Nikolenko. the Western and Eastern Saker Falcons. An appreciably large number of these birds in- îòíîñèòü ê ãèáðèäíîé ïîïóëÿöèè â çîíå habit different regions of West Siberia and êîíòàêòà àðåàëîâ çàïàäíûõ è âîñòî÷íûõ Mongolia within the breeding range of the áàëîáàíîâ, è ëèøü óñëîâíî íàçûâàòü «ñè- Mongolian Saker Falcon, sometimes forming áèðñêèìè áàëîáàíàìè». Çà ïðåäåëàìè mixed pairs with this species in far south, up çîíû êîíòàêòà àðåàëîâ âñòðå÷è ñèáèð- to the Gobi Desert. However, their distribu- ñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ íîñÿò ñëó÷àéíûé õàðàê- tion westward within the breeding range of òåð (10,91% îò ñóììû âñòðå÷ â Ïîâîëæüå the Western Saker is almost unobservable. è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè è 11,7% îò ñóììû During 12 years of surveys on the territo- 142 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

âñòðå÷ â Ìîíãîëèè) è ðàñïðåäåëåíû ïî äîâîëüíî îáøèðíîé òåððèòîðèè áåç âîç- ìîæíîñòè âûäåëåíèÿ êàêèõ-ëèáî î÷àãîâ ïëîòíîñòè. Çà ïðåäåëàìè çîíû êîíòàêòà àðåàëîâ çàïàäíûõ è âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ íåò ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê, â êîòîðûõ áû ïòèöû ñ ôåíîòèïàìè saceroides áûëè áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè. Ôëóêòóàöèè îòäåëüíûõ ïðèçíàêîâ â àðå- àëå áàëîáàíîâ äîñòàòî÷íî øèðîêè, îäíàêî ìîæíî âûäåëèòü íåêîòîðûå èç íèõ, ëîêà- ëèçàöèÿ, êîòîðûõ â îñíîâíîé ñâîåé ìàññå, îãðàíè÷åíà ãåîãðàôè÷åñêè. Ïðèçíàê 3.1. – îòñóòñòâèå óñà – ëîêàëè- çîâàí ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ïîïóëÿöèè âîñ- òî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì Ìîíãîëüñêèé áàëîáàí (F. ch. progressus) ñ ðåãèîíå (77% îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà âñòðå÷ ïðè- îòñóòñòâèåì «óñà». Ôîòî Ãîìáîáàòîðà Ñ. çíàêà â àðåàëå áàëîáàíà). Â êà÷åñòâå ðåä- Mongolian Saker Falcon (F. ch. progressus) without êîãî ïðèçíàêà ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ moustache. Photo by Gombobaatar S. âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå è Ìîíãîëèè (21%), à äî 70-õ ãã. ry from the Volgograd district to the Altai íàáëþäàëñÿ â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ áàëîáàíà, ãíåç- Mountains, the author and colleagues have äÿùèõñÿ îò Âîëãè äî Èøèìà. Ïðèçíàê 7.5. observed only 6 of these birds in mixed – ïîïåðå÷íûé ðèñóíîê íà áîêàõ, øòàíàõ pairs with the native phenotype of Western è ïîäõâîñòüå – ëîêàëèçîâàí â äâóõ èçîëè- Sakers (7.06% of the total number of counts ðîâàííûõ ïîïóëÿöèÿõ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì of birds within the exclusive habitat of the ðåãèîíå (90,2% îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà âñòðå÷ Western Saker); in two cases, the nesting ïðèçíàêà â àðåàëå áàëîáàíà è 17% îò îá- conditions were not quite typical of both ùåãî ÷èñëà âñòðå÷ ïòèö ñ èíûìè ïðèçíà- forms: steppe of the Volgograd district (Kar- êàìè â ðåãèîíå) è Òèáåòå (7,3% îò îáùåãî yakin et al., 2005a) and the subtaiga zone in ÷èñëà âñòðå÷ ïðèçíàêà â àðåàëå áàëîáà- the Tyumen district (Moshkin, 2009). Nota- íà è 100% îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà âñòðå÷ ïòèö ñ bly, if for the Volgograd district this refers to èíûìè ïðèçíàêàìè â ðåãèîíå). Îòäåëüíûå the gene pool infestation as a result of the ïòèöû íàáëþäàëèñü â Çàïàäíîé è Öåí- birds released in the wild, in all the remain- òðàëüíîé Ìîíãîëèè (2,4% îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà ing cases the birds settled naturally from âñòðå÷ ïðèçíàêà â àðåàëå áàëîáàíà è 2,0% the Altai-Sayan mountain region westward îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà âñòðå÷ ïòèö ñ èíûìè ïðè- along the forest-steppe zone. It is most like- çíàêàìè â ðåãèîíå). ly that Siberian Saker Falcons remained and Ïðèçíàê 7.6. – ðèñóíîê íà áîêàõ, øòà- bred on the territory where their migration íàõ è ïîäõâîñòüå îòñóòñòâóåò – ëîêàëèçî- route to the wintering grounds in Western âàí òîëüêî â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå. Kazakhstan lies. This is probably the reason Ïðèçíàê 8.1. – îòñóòñòâèå ñâåòëîãî why almost all the points of observation ðèñóíêà íà õâîñòå – ëîêàëèçîâàí òîëü- of Siberian Falcons breeding in pairs with êî â êðàéíèõ çàïàäíûõ è êðàéíèõ þãî- Common Saker Falcons within the Common âîñòî÷íûõ ïîïóëÿöèÿõ çàïàäíûõ áàëî- Saker breeding range are located along the áàíîâ. Íàèáîëåå êðàéíèå âîñòî÷íûå line of the route of a bird which was tagged ðåãèñòðàöèè íà çàïàäå àðåàëà – 2 òóøêè with a satellite transmitter and migrated ïòèö èç áàññåéíà Äîíà è áàññåéíà Îêè, from the Altai to the Trans-Ural region (Kar- äîáûòûõ äî 70-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ. Íà þãî- yakin et al., 2005e). âîñòîêå àðåàëà ïðèçíàê èçîëèðîâàí â It is likely that such migration of Siberian ðàñå ñîêîëîâ, íàñåëÿþùèõ Êàçàõñêèé Falcons used to occur and still continues ìåëêîñîïî÷íèê, à ðàíåå íàáëþäàëñÿ â to occasionally occur, resulting in random Áåòïàê-Äàëå, âïëîòü äî ×ó-Èëèéñêèõ ãîð. deviations in the manifestation of progres- Ïðèçíàê 8.2. – öåíòðàëüíûå ðóëåâûå sive coloration of plumage in populations îäíîòîííûå, ñâåòëûé ðèñóíîê ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ of Common Saker Falcons. It was men- â âèäå îêðóãëûõ ïÿòåí íà êðàéíèõ ðóëåâûõ tioned by Dementiev (1951): “the devia- – ëîêàëèçîâàí òîëüêî â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ çàïàä- tions toward saceroides in terms of stronger íûõ áàëîáàíîâ, íî íà âñ¸ì ïðîòÿæåíèè or weaker development of transverse mark- àðåàëà äî Çàáàéêàëüÿ âêëþ÷èòåëüíî. ings are significant; the cases of deviations Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 143

Â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ ïî ñîâîêóïíîñòè íåñêîëü- among Western Sakers similar to those for êèõ ïðèçíàêîâ ìîæíî ñ òî÷íîñòüþ ñâûøå the Siberian Saker are known: one bird with 70% ëîêàëèçîâàòü îáëàñòü ìàêñèìàëüíîãî such deviations was collected in the Cauca- ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ïòèö, ó êîòîðûõ ýòè ïðè- sus, another, in Austria (August 1, 1840, at çíàêè èäóò â ïàðå. Íàïðèìåð: 3.1 èëè 3.2 Encendorf), the third, in Hungary (comitatus + 4.4 (ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, 90 è 70% âñòðå÷ â Tibar near Perez-Pusht, November 18, 1929); Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå). Äàííàÿ ïàðà finally, in Kazakhstan, one of three nestlings ïðèçíàêîâ îïðåäåëÿåò ôåíîòèï ÷èíêîâî- that were taken from the same nest in the ãî áàëîáàíà, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå êîòîðîãî Sypsyn forest in 1937 was identical to F. ch. îãðàíè÷åíî ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî Àðàëî- saceroides, while two others were typical F. Êàñïèéñêèì ðåãèîíîì. Âíóòðè ðåãèîíà ñh. cherrug”. The occurrence of birds with äîëÿ ïàðû ïðèçíàêîâ 3.1+4.4 è 3.2+4.4 deviations of this type was described later, ñîñòàâëÿåò, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, 37,74% è as well (Glutz von Blotzheim et al., 1971). 43,58% – â ñóììå 81,32% (n=257). Îñòàëü- The manifestation of atavism is one of the íûå 18,68% èìåþò èíîé ïðèçíàê â ïàðå ñ hypotheses on the emergence of the falcons òðåòüèì èëè c ÷åòâ¸ðòûì. with saceroides characters in the Western Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûé Saker populations. Pfeffer (2009) believes àíàëèç âñåé ñîâîêóïíîñòè âîñüìè ãðóïï that the Western Saker Falcons in adult ïðèçíàêîâ ïîçâîëÿåò âûäåëèòü â àðåàëå plumage have lost the transversal pattern áàëîáàíà 5 çîí, â êîòîðûõ 70% îñîáåé during the evolution, and the emergence of Ðèñ. 11. Ïðåäâàðèòåëü- ÿâëÿþòñÿ òèïè÷íûìè äëÿ òîãî èëè èíîãî the characters of transversal bars on the up- íàÿ êàðòà ðàñïðîñòðà- ðÿäà ñâÿçàííûõ ïðèçíàêîâ è ïðàêòè÷åñêè perbody of juvenile and adult birds has the íåíèÿ ðàçíûõ ïîäâèäîâ áàëîáàíîâ íà îñíîâà- âñå îíè ïðèóðî÷åíû ê ïîïóëÿöèîííûì atavistic nature, with accidental manifesta- íèè ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîãî ÿäðàì (ðèñ. 11): îáûêíîâåííûé áàëîáàí tion in the populations. àíàëèçà ñîâîêóïíîñòè (F. ch. cherrug) – 6 èçîëÿòîâ ñ ÷èñëåííî- 8 ãðóïï ïðèçíàêîâ. ñòüþ îò 100 äî 300 ïàð, â êîòîðûõ ôå- Genetics of the Western and Eastern Fig. 11. The preliminary íîòèïè÷åñêè áëèçêèå ïòèöû ñîñòàâëÿþò Saker Falcons map of distribution of â ñóììå áîëåå 90%; ÷èíêîâûé áàëîáàí On the basis of the frequency of occur- different Saker subspecies on the base of spa- (F. ch. aralocaspius) – îäèí î÷àã îáèòà- rence of birds with “saceroides” characters tial analysis of 8 groups íèÿ ñ ÷èñëåííîñòüþ îêîëî 1500 ïàð, â within the breeding range of the Western of characters. êîòîðîì ôåíîòèïè÷åñêè áëèçêèå ïòèöû Sakers (see above), one may judge that the pair formation between the Western and Eastern Saker Falcons, including the Siberian Sakers from the Altai-Sayan zone of intergradations, obviously being an intermediary between them, is not the norm due to certain barriers such as behaviour, habitat etc. Genetic studies once again confirm our conclusions that the crossbreeding between the Western and Eastern Saker Falcons be- yond the zone where their breeding ranges overlap has random character. In the large-scale study (Nittinger et al., 2007), it was rather explicitly shown that the haplotypes of the Western Sakers are absolutely predominant over the entire northern area of the breeding range of the Saker Falcon, while the presence of haplotypes of the Eastern Saker Falcons is of random nature or is a mistake due to incor- rect interpretation of the locations, where the samples were collected by the authors. In particular, the authors provide the data on the presence of 15% of haplotypes of Eastern Sakers for the Northern Kazakhstan (NKA region, fig. 15); meanwhile, the analysis of the table on the sample collection in this study allows concluding that no hap- 144 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ñîñòàâëÿþò 85%; ìîíãîëüñêèé áàëîáàí lotypes of Eastern Sakers were observed (F. ch. progressus) – îäèí î÷àã îáèòàíèÿ in the Northern Kazakhstan at all. Almost ñ ÷èñëåííîñòüþ îêîëî 1500 ïàð, â êîòî- all the samples of Saker Falcons from the ðîì ôåíîòèïè÷åñêè áëèçêèå ïòèöû ñî- Naurzum pine forest refer to haplotype ñòàâëÿþò 75%; òèáåòñêèé áàëîáàí (F. ch. H-1 from the group of haplotypes corre- hendersoni) – îäèí î÷àã îáèòàíèÿ ñ ÷èñ- sponding to the Western Saker Falcons. All ëåííîñòüþ îêîëî 1000 ïàð, â êîòîðîì the birds with haplotypes corresponding ôåíîòèïè÷åñêè áëèçêèå ïòèöû ñîñòàâ- to the Eastern Saker Falcons originate from ëÿþò 100% (ê ñîæàëåíèþ, êðàéíå ìàëî the breeding range of the Eastern Saker ôàêòè÷åñêèõ äàííûõ); öåíòðàëüíîàçè- Falcons from the south of the Western Ka- àòñêèé áàëîáàí (F. ch. milvipes) – íå ÿâ- zakhstan and from the Eastern Kazakhstan: íûé î÷àã îáèòàíèÿ, ïî ñóòè ÿâëÿþùèéñÿ F.c.che-89 – the Zaisan Depression, 1913, ïðîäîëæåíèåì Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî î÷àãà, ñ collection of the Zoological Museum, ÷èñëåííîñòüþ îêîëî 500 ïàð, â êîòîðîì Moscow State University (no. 95290) and ôåíîòèïè÷åñêè áëèçêèå ïòèöû ñîñòàâ- F.c.che-197 – the Kurchum Ridge, 1993, ëÿþò 70%. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî àðåàëû collection of R. Pfeffer – the breeding öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêîãî è ìîíãîëüñêîãî range of Centralasian Saker Falcons F. ch. áàëîáàíîâ â ìàñøòàáàõ àðåàëà âèäà ÿâ- milvipes with native phenotypes, F.c.che- ëÿþòñÿ ñàìûìè êðóïíûìè: ïåðâûé ïðî- 195 – the Ustyurt Plateau, Kugusem natu- òÿíóëñÿ ÷åðåç ãîðíûå ñèñòåìû îò Þãî- ral boundary, 1993, collection of R. Pfeffer Âîñòî÷íîãî Êàçàõñòàíà äî Âîñòî÷íîãî – the breeding range of Chink Saker Falcons Ñàÿíà, âêëþ÷èòåëüíî, âòîðîé – ÷åðåç ñòå- F. ch. aralocaspius with native phenotypes. ïè Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè îò Þæíîãî Àëòàÿ The same conclusion follows from the äî Õèíãàíà, à â âèäå îòäåëüíûõ èçîëÿòîâ analysis of the collecting grounds in the – äî ñàìîãî Ïðèìîðüÿ. Íî ïðè ýòîì ôàê- Southeastern Kazakhstan (SKA region, fig. òè÷åñêè òðåòü òåððèòîðèè àðåàëà îáîèõ 15). Two haplotypes of the Western Saker ïîäâèäîâ ëåæèò â çîíå èõ íàëîæåíèÿ, ãäå Falcon from the collection of R. Kenward in ôåíîòèïè÷åñêè ÷èñòûå ïòèöû ñîñòàâëÿ- 1993 originate not from the mountainous þò íå áîëåå 20%, à îñòàëüíûå ÿâëÿþòñÿ part of the southeast of the area inhabited ïðîìåæóòî÷íûìè ìåæäó öåíòðàëüíîàçè- by F. ch. milvipes, but from the habitat of àòñêèì è ìîíãîëüñêèì áàëîáàíàìè ëèáî the Western Saker Falcons. These samples áëèçêè ê îáûêíîâåííûì áàëîáàíàì (èõ were collected by R. Pfeffer (pers. comm.) ìû îòíîñèì ê ñèáèðñêèì). Ïîýòîìó, åñëè in the eastern Betpak-Dala desert 30 km ðàññìàòðèâàòü àðåàëû ïîäâèäîâ â öåëîì, westward from Lake Balkhash near the Chi- òî â î÷àãàõ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ôåíîòèïè- ganak village, within the range of F. ch. ÷åñêè ÷èñòûõ îñîáåé îáèòàåò íå áîëåå cherrug. Out of four collections from the 40% â î÷àãå àðåàëà milvipes è íå áîëåå South Central Asia (CAS region, fig. 15), 60% â î÷àãå îáèòàíèÿ progressus. only one was from the haplotype group of Öåíòðîì òåððèòîðèè, íà êîòîðîé ïðî- the Western Saker Falcons (F.c.che-343) – èñõîäèò ïåðåñå÷åíèå àðåàëîâ îáûêíîâåí- a bird from Turkmenistan, Badkhyz, 1951, íîãî, öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêîãî è ìîíãîëüñêî- collection of the Zoological Museum, Mos- ãî áàëîáàíîâ, ÿâëÿåòñÿ Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêèé cow State University (no. 96918); this was ðåãèîí. Çäåñü ñîñðåäîòî÷åí îäèí èç êðóï- a non-breeding bird from the April collec- íûõ î÷àãîâ îáèòàíèÿ âèäà ñ ÷èñëåííîñòüþ tion (collection of G.P. Dementiev). Thus, íå ìåíåå 1500 ïàð, ñîñòîÿùèé èç êðàéíåé one may state that the analysis of the hap- ñìåñè ôåíîòèïîâ (ðèñ. 10, 11). Ïðè ýòîì, lotype distribution within the habitat of the èìåííî â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîé ãîðíîé îáëàñòè, Saker Falcon distinguished on the basis of ïðàêòè÷åñêè â öåíòðå î÷àãà ìàêñèìàëüíîé mitochondrial DNA (Nittinger et al., 2007) ïëîòíîñòè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíîâ 4-õ ñìå- allows precisely dividing the species dis- øàííûõ ôåíîòèïîâ (cherrug, saceroides, tribution over the area from Hungary to milvipes è progressus), ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ ïòèöû, Mongolia inclusive into the breeding range îêðàñêà êîòîðûõ ñèëüíî âûäåëÿåòñÿ èç òè- of the Western (Northern) and the Eastern ïè÷íûõ äëÿ âèäà ñõåì: (Southern) Saker Falcons (figs. 5 and 15). 1. Ïòèöû ñ ò¸ìíîé ñïèíîé è ò¸ìíûì The mixing of the Western and Eastern «øëåìîì» (âåðõ ãîëîâû, óñ è ùåêà ò¸ì- Saker Falcons has been definitely observed íîé îêðàñêè) è ñèëüíî ðàçâèòûìè ÷¸ðíû- in Mongolia; however, this zone is not as ìè êàïëåâèäíûìè ïåñòðèíàìè íà ñâåòëîé wide as it may be concluded on the basis íèæíåé ñòîðîíå òåëà, ïåðåõîäÿùèìè â of study by Nittinger and co-authors (Nit- ïîëîñû íà áîêàõ, øòàíàõ è ÷àñòî – ïîä- tinger et al., 2007). Approaching the sam- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 145

õâîñòüå. Ýòîò ôåíîòèï áûë íåêîãäà îïè- ple distribution in Mongolia more seriously, ñàí êàê ñîêîë Ëîðåíöà (Falco [Hierofalco] the pattern is likely to be similar to that lorenzi Menzbier, 1900). Êîä ôåíîòèïà: obtained on the basis of the analysis of the 1.5+2.1+3.4+4.5+6.5+7.5+8.4. phenotype distribution. The individuals with 2. Î÷åíü ñâåòëûå ïòèöû ñ ÷èñòî áåëûì, haplotypes belonging to the Western and áåç ïåñòðèí, íèçîì è áåëîé ãîëîâîé, Eastern Saker Falcons will be dominating in îõðèñòîé èëè ñåðîé ñïèíîé ñ ïðàêòè÷åñêè the north and south of the country, respec- áåëûì ïîïåðå÷íûì ðèñóíêîì. Êîä ôåíî- tively. Meanwhile, no individuals with the òèïà: 1.5+2.4+3.3+4.5+5.4+6.5+7.6+8.4. haplotypes belonging to the Western Saker 3. Ïîëíîñòüþ ò¸ìíûå ïòèöû ÷¸ðíî- Falcons will be recorded in the extreme east áóðîé îêðàñêè íèçà è âåðõà òåëà, ñ ðûæè- of the country at all. ìè ïîëîñàìè íà ïîäõâîñòüå, à ÷àñòî è øòà- An analysis of the data for the east of the íàõ. Ýòîò ôåíîòèï áûë íåêîãäà îïèñàí êàê Russian part of the range (SSI region, fig. 15) àëòàéñêèé ñîêîë (Falco [Hierofalco] altaicus shows a similar pattern. For a point in Trans- Menzbier, 1891). Êîä ôåíîòèïà: 1.1+2.1+ baikalia, the authors combined the samples 3.4+4.2+5.4+6.1+7.5+8.1. Çäåñü ñëåäóåò from Dauria and Krasnoyarsk, despite the äîáàâèòü îäíó ðåìàðêó, ÷òî ïîïåðå÷íàÿ fact that the distance between these two col- ïîëîñàòîñòü õâîñòà è ñïèíû ó ýòîé ôîðìû lecting grounds is about 1,600 km (the same âñ¸ æå èìååòñÿ, íî îíà ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ òîëü- as the distance between Spain and Ukraine) êî ïðè âûãîðàíèè îïåðåíèÿ, ÷òî, â áîëü- and they belong to totally different climatic øèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ, â ïîëå íåçàìåòíî. Íî â regions. The population in Dauria is formed ïîïóëÿöèè âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ïòèöû, êîòîðûå by Mongolian Saker Falcons (F. ch. progres- äàæå â íîâîì ïåðå èìåþò çàìåòíûå ðû- sus); therefore, it is little wonder that all the æèå èëè êðàñíîâàòî-áóðûå ïÿòíà, ôîðìè- samples from Dauria refer to the haplotype ðóþùèå ðèñóíîê íà ñïèíå è õâîñòå. Ìû èõ group of the Eastern Saker Falcons (F.c.mil-7 îòíîñèì ê ýòîé æå ãðóïïå. Êîä ôåíîòèïà: and F.c.mil-8, Dauria, 2001, collection of A. 1.5+2.1+3.4+4.2+5.4+6.1+7.5+8.4. Gamauf). The haplotype belonging to the Â àíàëèç ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ ôåíîòèïîâ Western Saker Falcons was revealed only in â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå ýòè ìîðôû a bird originating from a place near Krasno- âêëþ÷åíû, îäíàêî èõ ñòàòóñ îáñóæäàåòñÿ yarsk (F.c.mil-330 – Krasnoyarsk, 1966, col- îòäåëüíî (ñì. íèæå). lection of the Zoological Museum, Moscow Àíàëèç ôåíîòèïè÷åñêîãî ðàçíîîáðà- State University (no. 97697). In this region, çèÿ áàëîáàíîâ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå F. ch. cherrug used to be the only breeding óæå ïðåäïðèíèìàëñÿ (ñì. Êàðÿêèí, 2008; Êàðÿêèí, Íèêîëåíêî, 2008), îäíàêî èñ- ïîëüçîâàëîñü ìåíåå äðîáíîå ðàçäåëåíèå íà ôåíîòèïû. Ñèáèðñêèå, öåíòðàëüíîà- Âûâîäîê áàëîáàíîâ, â êîòîðîì îäèí ïòåíåö ñ óêëî- íîì â ñòîðîíó ò¸ìíîé âàðèàöèè altaicus, íî äàë¸êèé çèàòñêèå è ìîíãîëüñêèå áàëîáàíû áûëè îò íåãî ïî áîëüøèíñòâó ïðèçíàêîâ. îáúåäèíåíû â ãðóïïó âîñòî÷íûõ ïîä èìå- Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. íåì milvipes. Õîòÿ óæå â ïîñëåäíåé ðà- Brood of Sakers, in which one nestling is dark colored áîòå (Êàðÿêèí, Íèêîëåíêî, 2008) áûëà as altaicus, but does not have many other characters ñäåëàíà ïîïûòêà îöåíèòü äîëè âñòðå÷ of this phenotype. Photo by I. Karyakin. òð¸õ áàçîâûõ ôåíîòèïîâ: cherrug, saceroides+milvipes è progressus. Â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèî- íå â öåëîì îáùèé òîí îêðà- ñêè âçðîñëûõ ïòèö ñèëüíî âàðüèðóåò, èçìåíÿÿñü îò áó- ðîãî îäíîòîííîãî, áåç êàéì ïî êðàþ êðîþùèõ è ñâåòëîãî ðèñóíêà èç ïÿòåí íà ñïèííîé ñòîðîíå, ñ ñèëüíî ðàçâèòîé áóðîé ïÿòíèñòîñòüþ íà íèæ- íåé ñòîðîíå òåëà è ïîëíîñòüþ áóðûìè «øòàíàìè» (êðàéíèé âàðèàíò ôåíîòèïà cherrug), äî ñåðîâàòîãî, ñ ñèëüíî ðàçâèòûì îõðèñòûì ïîïåðå÷íûì ðèñóí- 146 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

êîì íà ñïèííîé ñòîðîíå, ñ áåëûì íèçîì, subspecies, while recently this subspecies ñ ðåäêèìè ñåðûìè ïÿòíàìè êàïëåâèäíîé has not been breeding at all. ôîðìû íà ãðóäè è æèâîòå è ïîïåðå÷íû- The elimination of the mistakes revealed ìè – íà «øòàíàõ» (ôåíîòèï progressus). in the survey by Nittinger et al. (2007) al- Íà äîëþ ïòèö ñ ôåíîòèïàìè cherrug, lows obtaining the pattern of distribution saceroides, milvipes è progressus ïðèõî- of haplotypes belonging to the Western äèòñÿ â ñóììå 78% âñòðå÷ (n=436). ×¸òêîé and Eastern Saker Falcons that more corre- ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé ëîêàëèçàöèè íè îäíîãî èç sponds to the reality (fig. 15). 4-õ ôåíîòèïîâ â ìàñøòàáàõ ðåãèîíà íåò, è îñîáè ïåðâîãî (cherrug) è ïîñëåäíåãî The origin of the Western and Eastern (progressus) ôåíîòèïîâ ðàâíîìåðíî «ðàç- Saker Falcons ìàçàíû» ñðåäè äîìèíèðóþùèõ ôåíîòèïîâ As already mentioned above, it was saceroides – milvipes â ïðîïîðöèè 11, 20 shown by analyzing the palaeo-ecosystems è 47%, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ïðè÷¸ì, â ãðóïïå that there was no geographic isolation of saceroides – milvipes ÿâíî äîìèíèðóþò ïòè- the Gyrfalcon and Saker Falcon in the Mid- öû ôåíîòèïà saceroides è áëèçêîãî ê íåìó dle and Late Pleistocene, and proto-falcons (ðèñ. 10), ñîñòàâëÿÿ â öåëîì 26% îò ñóììû used to inhabit a vast territory of tundra- âñòðå÷ áàëîáàíîâ. Ñðåäè ýòèõ 4-õ ôåíî- steppe (Potapov, Sale, 2005). It can be seen òèïîâ âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ïòèöû, êîòîðûå èìåþò well in the reconstructed map of the paleo- îïðåäåë¸ííîå îòêëîíåíèå â ñòîðîíó ôå- ecosystem as of 20,000 years BP (Ray, Ad- íîòèïà altaicus, õàðàêòåðèçóÿñü áîëåå íà- ams, 2001) (fig. 16). During that period, ñûùåííûìè ÷åðíîâàòûìè òîíàìè êðîþùèõ the breeding range of the proto-falcon âåðõà, ÿðêî âûðàæåííûì óñîì èëè ò¸ì- covered the entire territory of Arctic and íûì âåðõîì ãîëîâû: ñðåäè ïòèö ôåíîòèïà Alpine deserts and tundra, tundra-steppes cherrug èõ äîëÿ ñîñòàâëÿåò 5%, ñðåäè ôå- and temperate steppe landscapes of North íîòèïà progressus – 10% è ñðåäè ãðóïïû Eurasia and North America (Potapov, Sale, ôåíîòèïîâ saceroides – milvipes – 15%. Ýòè 2005) (fig. 17). Probably the proto-falcon ïòèöû èìåþò ëèøü ðÿä ïðèçíàêîâ altaicus, range has split into the European and Asian ïîýòîìó èõ íåâîçìîæíî îäíîçíà÷íî îò- part at the period of the Mammoth mega- íåñòè ê íèì. Ñðåäè milvipes è progressus fauna extinction – 12,000–9,000 years BP. âûäåëÿþòñÿ ïòèöû ñ îòêëîíåíèåì â ñòîðî- With its formation having started 9,000– íó î÷åíü ñâåòëîé îêðàñêè, âïëîòü äî áå- 7,000 years BP, the taiga zone was gradual- ëîé – èõ äîëÿ â ïîïóëÿöèè 2%. Ó ïîñëåä- ly splitting the breeding range of the proto- íèõ íàáëþäàåòñÿ îòñóòñòâèå ïÿòíèñòîñòè falcon into the northern and southern parts íà íèæíåé ñòîðîíå òåëà, çàìåíà îõðèñòîé (fig. 18). It is notable that the separation of ïÿòíèñòîñòè íà áåëóþ íà âåðõíåé ÷àñòè the range was probably occurring more rap- òåëà, îñíîâíîé òîí êîòîðîé, êàê ïðàâèëî, idly in the western half of Eurasia than in ñåðûé èëè ñâåòëî-ñåðûé. Íàêîíåö, 20% it was in the eastern half, where there re- áàëîáàíîâ èìåþò ñèëüíîå îòêëîíåíèå â mained a corridor, along which the popu- ñòîðîíó ò¸ìíîé îêðàñêè âåðõà è íèçà òåëà lations of ancient falcons were exchanging è áëèçêè ê ôåíîòèïó altaicus. Äîìèíèðó- genes. However, as early as 6,000 years þùèé âàðèàíò äàííîãî òèïà îêðàñêè (áåç BP the resultant taiga belt finally split the àíîìàëüíûõ îòêëîíåíèé â ñòîðîíó ÷¸ðíî- breeding range of the proto-falcon into the ãî) õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ ò¸ìíî-áóðîé îêðà- northern and southern parts; and by the ñêîé, îòñóòñòâèåì ïîïåðå÷íîãî ñâåòëîãî Neogene maximum, when the forest zone ðèñóíêà íà âåðõíåé ñòîðîíå òåëà è õâîñòå had reached the Arctic Ocean, the proto- (ðèñóíîê èìååòñÿ, íî ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî falcon was appreciably clearly evolved into ïðè ñèëüíîì âûöâåòàíèè îïåðåíèÿ), øè- two forms: the Saker Falcon and so-called ðîêèìè ò¸ìíûìè ïåñòðèíàìè íà íèæíåé ancient Gyrfalcon. The range of the ancient ñòîðîíå òåëà, ÷àñòî ñëèâàþùèìèñÿ è îá- Gyrfalcon was fragmented and reduced to ðàçóþùèìè ñïëîøíîé ôîí, ò¸ìíîé ãîëî- a narrow tundra belt, while large isolates of âîé, ùåêîé è çàòûëêîì, ÿðêî âûðàæåííûì this form were retained in the mountains øèðîêèì óñîì. Äîëÿ òàêèõ ïòèö â Àëòàå- of the Central Asia, the range of the Saker Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå ñîñòàâëÿåò 18%. Ñðåäè Falcon being differentiated into separate ò¸ìíûõ ïòèö ïîïàäàþòñÿ ñîêîëû ÷¸ðíîé steppe territories in Europe and Asia. Thus, èëè ò¸ìíî-áóðîé, ñ íàñûùåííûì ñåðûì îò- at least five forms of large falcons evolving òåíêîì, îêðàñêè – èõ äîëÿ â ïîïóëÿöèè 2%. from the proto-falcon were formed in North Ëèøü ïîñëåäíèõ ìîæíî îòíåñòè ê ýòàëîíó Eurasia: the Laggar Falcon (Falco jugger), altaicus, òàê êàê ó íèõ âñåãäà îòñóòñòâóåò Western Saker Falcon, Eastern Saker Falcon, Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 147

ñâåòëàÿ áðîâü è èìååòñÿ õîðîøî ðàçâèòûé Southern Gyrfalcon, and Northern Gyrfalcon ïîïåðå÷íûé ðèñóíîê íà ïîäõâîñòüå. (fig. 18). It is very likely that the Eastern Çà ðàìêàìè ïðîâåä¸ííîãî àíàëèçà îñòà- Saker Falcons, which were isolated in Asian ëèñü ïîïóëÿöèè áàëîáàíà, íàñåëÿþùèå steppes, appreciably widely crossbred both ãîðû Þæíîãî Êàçàõñòàíà (êàê ìèíèìóì, with the remaining populations of the an- 105–145 ïàð ïî: Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2010à), cient Gyrfalcons and with the European Êûðãûçñòàíà (íå áîëåå 50 ïàð, À.Ñ. Ëåâèí, Saker Falcons, having formed a number of ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå), Óçáåêèñòàíà (55–69 hybrid populations in the contact areas. In ïàð ïî: Àòàäæàíîâ, 2002), Òàäæèêèñòàíà this connection, the breeding between the (îò 10 äî 100 ïàð ïî: Dixon, 2009) è Òóð- Western and the Eastern Saker Falcons was êìåíèñòàíà (24–34 ïàðû ïî: Åôèìåíêî, minimal due to the impact of a number of 2010), ãäå â ñóììå ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ ãíåç- ecological factors, while the ecological bar- äîâàíèå 244–398 ïàð, à òàêæå ïîïóëÿöèÿ riers between the Eastern Saker Falcons and Òóðöèè, â êîòîðîé, ïî ïîñëåäíèì äàííûì, ancient Gyrfalcons barriers were gradually ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 50 obliterated. According to the hypothesis ïàð (Dixon et al., 2009). proposed by Pfeffer (2009), the Western Saker Falcons adapted to nesting on trees, Îáñóæäåíèå widely inhabited the forest-steppe, and be- Ñòàòóñ òóðêåñòàíñêîãî è àíàòîëèé- came real migrants. The Eastern Saker Fal- ñêîãî áàëîáàíîâ cons, remaining predominantly cliff-nesting Äëÿ ãîð Ñðåäíåé Àçèè áîëüøèíñòâî àâòî- and sedentary, have factually assimilated ðîâ êîíñòàòèðóåò ãíåçäîâàíèå F. ch. coatsi the Southern Gyrfalcons, since the connec- (Àòàäæàíîâ, 2002; Åôèìåíêî, 2010), íî tion between the Southern and Northern èìååòñÿ óêàçàíèå íà ãíåçäîâàíèå îòäåëü- populations of Gyrfalcons is most likely to íûõ ïàð F. ch. milvipes (Åôèìåíêî, 2010). have been irrevocably lost. Îäíàêî, íåò èçîáðàæåíèé ñîêîëîâ, ïî- Thus, splitting into the species took ëó÷åííûõ çà ïîñëåäíèå 10 ëåò, ïîýòîìó place quite recently and could not result in íåâîçìîæíî ïðèâÿçàòü â ÃÈÑ ìàòåðèàë deep differentiation of the Laggar Falcon, Òóðêåñòàíñêèé áàëîáàí (F. ch. coatsi) èç êîëëåê- ïî ôåíîòèïàì áàëîáàíîâ, íàñåëÿþùèõ Western and Eastern Saker Falcons and öèè çîîìóçåÿ ÌÃÓ. ãîðû Ñðåäíåé Àçèè þæíåå Êàçàõñòàíà. Gyrfalcons. In captivity, the Gyrfalcon and Ôîòî Ð. Øòàð¸âà. Àíàëèç òóøåê, õðàíÿùèõñÿ â êîëëåêöèÿõ both forms of the Saker Falcon and Lag- Turkestan Saker Falcon ìóçååâ Ðîññèè è Êàçàõñòàíà, äà¸ò êðàéíå gar Falcon can freely interbreed, producing (F. ch. coatsi) from ïðîòèâîðå÷èâûé ìàòåðèàë. Ôàêòè÷åñêè the fertile posterity. As a result, the Saker the collection of the Zoological Museum of áîëüøèíñòâî áàëîáàíîâ, äîáûòûõ â ãîðàõ Falcons, Gyrfalcons and Laggar Falcon are MSU. Ñðåäíåé Àçèè, îïðåäåëåíû íåâåðíî, è èõ separate species only in terms of the geo- Photo by R. Shtarev. ôåíîòèï íå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò îïèñàíèþ ãî- graphic criterion, while the Western and ëîòèïà coatsi. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè Eastern Saker Falcons are currently forming åäèíñòâåííûì êëþ÷åâûì ïðè- a wide hybridization zone in Central Asia. çíàêîì, ïî êîòîðîìó êîëëåê- It seems that today we observe the signs òîðû îòíîñèëè äîáûòûõ ïòèö of four forms evolving from the proto-fal- ê òóðêåñòàíñêîìó áàëîáàíó, con as the Common Saker Falcon inhabit- ÿâëÿëàñü ðûæàÿ îêðàñêà âåð- ing the forest-steppe, the Eastern Saker õà ãîëîâû. Îäíàêî, âàðèàöèè Falcons widely inhabiting arid mountains îêðàñêè ñïèíû è ðèñóíêà íà from Turkey to Mongolia, the remnants of íèæíåé ÷àñòè òåëà âàðüè- the Southern Gyrfalcons assimilated by the ðîâàëè îò õàðàêòåðíûõ äëÿ Sakers in mountain systems in Central Asia çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ äî òè- (Tibetan and Mongolian Sakers, and partly, ïè÷íûõ äëÿ êðàéíå ïðîãðåñ- the so-called Altai Sakers, which recorded ñèâíûõ âîñòî÷íûõ (progressus in the most heterogeneous Altai-Sayan è hendersoni). Ë.Ñ. Ñòåïàíÿí enclave of the Saker range), and Northern (1990) âèäèìî íå ñòàë ñ ýòèì Gyrfalcons inhabiting Arctic tundra and for- ðàçáèðàòüñÿ, è âí¸ñ ïóòàíèöó est-tundra regions. â îïèñàíèå òóðêåñòàíñêîãî When considering the Hierofalco com- áàëîáàíà, íàïèñàâ, ÷òî îêðà- plex, it is conventional to regard the Gyr- ñêà ñïèíû coatsi âàðüèðóåò îò falcon and Saker Falcon (the Western and îäíîòîííîé áóðîé áåç ðè- Eastern Sakers together) as different spe- ñóíêà äî ò¸ìíî-áóðîé ñ êðàñ- cies. Meanwhile, the Eastern Saker Fal- íîâàòî ðæàâ÷àòûìè êàéìàìè cons, being a certain intermediate form ïåðüåâ è ðàçâèòèåì ïîïåðå÷- between the Western Sakers and Gyrfal- 148 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

íîãî ðèñóíêà, îáðàçîâàííîãî îõðèñòûìè cons, are much closer to the Gyrfalcons ïÿòíàìè èëè ïîëîñàìè. Õîòÿ Ã.Ï. Äåìåí- both in terms of morphology and ecol- òüåâ (1951), îïèñàâøèé ýòîò ïîäâèä, äîñòà- ogy, and very often behave with respect òî÷íî ÷¸òêî óêàçàë åãî õàðàêòåðíûå ïðè- to Western Sakers as independent spe- çíàêè: «ïî îêðàñêå òóðêåñòàíñêèé áàëîáàí cies. Therefore, it would be more correct áëèçîê ê F. ch. saceroides, íî áîëåå ÿðîê; to differentiate the Saker Falcons into two òåìÿ ó âçðîñëûõ ñ êèðïè÷íî-ðûæåâàòûì species: the Western Saker (Falco cherrug) èëè êðàñíîâàòî-âèííûì íàë¸òîì (â ñâå- and the Eastern Saker (Falco milvipes). æåì ïåðå); ñïèííàÿ ñòîðîíà òåìíåé, ÷åì Genetic studies confirm this differentia- ó ñèáèðñêèõ ïòèö – ò¸ìíî-áóðàÿ è ñ áîëü- tion, since the Eastern Sakers have hap- øèì ðàçâèòèåì ñåðîâàòîãî íàë¸òà; ñâåòëûå lotypes belonging to the Western Sakers ïåñòðèíû íà ñïèííîé ñòîðîíå ÿð÷å, íå and Northern Gyrfalcons. îõðèñòî-ðûæåâàòûå, à êðàñíîâàòî-ðûæèå; The Tibetan Saker, which possibly illus- ïîïåðå÷íûé ðèñóíîê íà ñïèíå, ïëå÷àõ, trates the plumage characters of proto-fal- êðûëüÿõ – êàê ó saceroides, ïÿòíà íà áðþø- cons, is likely to be the most archaic form íîé ñòîðîíå ò¸ìíî-áóðûå, áîëåå íàñû- among the Eastern Saker Falcons, in which the majority of the “Gyrfalcon” features Çàïàäíûå áàëîáàíû, (dark crown and barred undertail coverts) îïðåäåë¸ííûå êàê are retained. òóðêåñòàíñêèå, èç êîë- ëåêöèè çîîìóçåÿ ÌÃÓ. What is the possibility for subspecies Ôîòî Ð. Øòàð¸âà. differentiation among the Western Saker Western Sakers, Falcons? being identified as Turkestan Sakers from The occurrence of different subspecies the collection of the within the range of the Eastern Sakers is evi- Zoological Museum of dent and results from the dominance of par- MSU. Photos by R. Shtarev. ticular phenotypes in the limited geographic regions with their unique landscapes, the birds having adapting during the thousands of years to living in these conditions. Mean- while, the existence of subspecies among the Western Saker Falcons, which inhabit homogeneous, predominantly forest- steppe, habitats over the area stretching from Hungary to Transbaikalia is open to question. First, the birds from the western and eastern parts of the range of the West- ern Saker Falcons are very similar in terms of their plumage characters, and it is an appreciably difficult task to reveal any differences in their phenotype. Second, it seems that the gene transfer between the western and eastern populations of the Western Saker Falcons was considerable up until recently, until the species has vanished in a vast part of European Russia. According to the results of the project on tagging Hungarian Saker Falcons with satellite transmitters, the eastward movements of juvenile birds are considerable, some of them reaching the Volga region and West- ern Kazakhstan (Conservation…, 2010). Unfortunately, the degradation of populations of the Western Saker Falcon in East- ern Europe has recently become so wide that even upon a very distant migration of Western Saker Falcons eastwards from population centers in Hungary and Ukraine and westwards from populations in Siberia Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 149

ùåííîãî òîíà, ÷åì ó saceroides». Ð. Ïôåô- and northwestern Kazakhstan there are ex- ôåð (2009) â êà÷åñòâå òèïè÷íîãî âàðèàíòà tremely little chances for them to meet with îêðàñêè coatsi ïðèâîäèò ïòèö ñ äîñòàòî÷íî each other with the possibility of successful âûðàæåííûì, õîòÿ è íå î÷åíü êîíòðàñòíûì pairing. The degradation of populations of ñâåòëûì ïîïåðå÷íûì ðèñóíêîì âåðõà ñ Western Saker Falcons in Eastern Europe ñèëüíûì ñåðîâàòî-ñèçûì îòòåíêîì, ðûæåé has revealed two explicit populations of the îêðàñêîé òåìåíè, ÿðêèì ò¸ìíûì è óçêèì species: the European and Asian. During óñîì è ñâåòëûì íèçîì, ëèøü ñ íàìå÷àþ- the past 30 years, a wide zone, which the ùèìñÿ ïîïåðå÷íûì ðèñóíêîì íà øòàíàõ. Saker Falcon is not inhabiting, has formed Â ñâåòå ýòîãî ñîâåðøåííî íåïîíÿòíî, between them; the range virtually split into ïî÷åìó ê ýòîìó ïîäâèäó îòíåñåíû áàëî- two large enclaves. The number of the Sak- áàíû ñ îäíîòîííîé îêðàñêîé âåðõà, ëèøü er Falcon was decreasing due to an increase ñ íàìå÷àþùåéñÿ ðûæåé îêðàñêîé ãîëîâû in the gap between these enclaves, which (÷àñòî îòäåëüíûõ ïåðüåâ ãîëîâû). implies that the populations between them Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íåâîçìîæíî äàæå ñ are supported at the expense of the falcons ïðèâëå÷åíèåì êîëëåêöèîííûõ ìàòåðèà- precisely from these enclaves. The analysis ëîâ ñîñòàâèòü ïðåäñòàâëåíèå î òîì, êàêóþ of phenotypes has shown a certain difference îáëàñòü òî÷íî çàñåëÿåò òóðêåñòàíñêèé áà- between the birds from the western and ëîáàí, è ãäå íàõîäèòñÿ (íàõîäèëîñü) ïîïó- eastern enclaves (1.1+2.3+3.3+4.1+5.2+6.2 ëÿöèîííîå ÿäðî îñîáåé ýòîãî ôåíîòèïà. +7.1+8.2 is the code of western phenotype Âîçìîæíî, ÷òî â êà÷åñòâå ãîëîòèïà áûëà and 1.1+2.4+3.2+4.4+5.1+6.3+7.1+8.2 is îïèñàíà ïðîìåæóòî÷íàÿ ôîðìà ìåæäó F. the code of eastern phenotype); however, ch. milvipes è F. ch. aralocaspius, ëèáî íå- the distinctions turned out to be extremely êàÿ ïåðåõîäíàÿ ôîðìà îò F. ch. hendersoni unreliable because of small sampling. Nev- ê F. ch. milvipes, íî ýòî òîæå ëèøü èç ðàç- ertheless, taking into account the popula- ðÿäà äîìûñëîâ. tion dynamics and splitting of the range Ó÷èòûâàÿ äîñòàòî÷íî îáøèðíóþ îáëàñòü into two parts, the species exchange be- ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ, ïðèïèñûâàåìóþ òóðêå- tween these two parts being minimal, one ñòàíñêîìó áàëîáàíó, êîòîðàÿ îõâàòûâàåò may assume the subspecies independence ãîðíûå ñèñòåìû îò Êàðàòàó äî Êóãèòàí- of Sakers inhabiting Europe and Asia. Not ãà è Ýëüáóðñà (Ïôåôôåð, 2009), ìîæ- so long ago the Common Saker Falcon was íî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî íà êàêîé-òî ÷àñòè regarded as two subspecies: Common or ýòîé òåððèòîðèè îïðåäåë¸ííî ìîãóò áûòü Volga F. ch. ñherrug and European F. ch. âñòðå÷åíû ôåíîòèïè÷åñêè ÷èñòûå îñîáè, danubialis (Dementiev, 1951). It is prob- îòëè÷àþùèåñÿ îò ñîñåäíèõ ÷èíêîâîãî (íà ably more correct than uniting it into one çàïàäå) è öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêîãî (íà âîñòî- subspecies. êå) ïîäâèäîâ. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ïîêà âîïðîñ î ñóùåñòâîâàíèè â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ýòîãî Conclusion ïîäâèäà îñòà¸òñÿ îòêðûòûì. The spatial analysis of the distribution of Â Òóðöèè áàëîáàí ãíåçäèòñÿ èçîëèðî- Saker Falcons of different phenotypes al- âàíî, è ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü åãî áëèçîñòü lows drawing the conclusions as follows. ëèøü ñ coatsi, îïèðàÿñü íà âîçìîæíîñòü 1. The breeding range of the so-called ñîîáùåíèÿ èõ àðåàëîâ â ïðîøëîì â âèäå Western Sakers, which are characterized by óçêîãî êîðèäîðà ÷åðåç ãîðíûå ðàéîíû, brown coloration of plumage without trans- ðàñêèíóâøèåñÿ þæíåå ×¸ðíîãî è Êà- verse markings on the upperparts, flanks, ñïèéñêîãî ìîðåé. Ïåðâîå ïðèáëèæ¸ííîå and trousers, and a weak age dimorphism, îïèñàíèå ýòîé ôîðìû äàë Ð. Ïôåôôåð extends over the entire range of the species (2009), íî ïîäâèä äî ñèõ ïîð îñòà¸òñÿ in Eurasia in form of a narrow belt, predomi- íåîïèñàííûì. Òåì íå ìåíåå, èñêëþ÷àòü nantly in the forest-steppe area. åãî ñóùåñòâîâàíèå íèêàê íåëüçÿ, òàê êàê 2. The breeding range of the so-called êîëëåêöèîííûå ýêçåìïëÿðû ñîêîëîâ èç Eastern Sakers, which are characterized by Àíàòîëèè äåéñòâèòåëüíî ïî ðÿäó ïðèçíà- the variation of plumage, the presence of êîâ îòëè÷àþòñÿ îò coatsi è òåì áîëåå – îò transverse bars on the upperparts, flanks, cherrug, è ìîãóò áûòü ñ óâåðåííîñòüþ îò- and trousers, and a developed age dimor- íåñåíû ê ãðóïïå âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ. phism, covers the desert and semidesert Íà îñíîâàíèè âñåãî âûøåñêàçàííîãî zones and the most part of mountain sys- èòîãîâàÿ êàðòà àðåàëà áàëîáàíà ìîæåò tems in Asia from Turkey in the west to Pri- áûòü ïîäåëåíà íà 7 ïîäâèäîâ (ðèñ. 12), 2 morye in the east. èç êîòîðûõ (òóðêåñòàíñêèé è àíàòîëèéñêèé 3. The Western Sakers intergrade with 150 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

the Eastern Sakers only in the eastern part of the range with the formation of mixed populations in a narrow zone of contact, predominantly located in mountain depressions at the junction between forest-steppe and steppe at the Russia – Mongolia border. However, these forms either do not encounter on the major part of this range, or the zone of their contact is so negligibly small that the proper breeding groups can be formed. 4. The Western Saker Falcons are appreciably homogeneous within the entire range, while at least 5 clearly distinguishable races can be isolated among the Eastern Saker Falcons. Moreover, for two of those – the Chink and Tibetan Saker Falcons – the exclusive purity of phenotype in their populations can be claimed. 5. It is the zone of contact between the Western and Eastern Saker Falcons in the center of the area with the maximum density of both subspecies and the birds with mixed phenotypes (in the Altai-Sayan region) where the group of phenotypes of the “Altai Falcon” emerges, which is not typical of any other population of the Saker Falcons from other parts of the species range. The reason for this phenomenon lies in genetic heterogeneity of populations that formed at the junction Ðèñ. 12. Èòîãîâàÿ áàëîáàíû) òðåáóþò äàëüíåéøåãî èçó÷åíèÿ, of ranges of the Western and Eastern Saker êàðòà ðàñïðîñòðàíå- à ïîñëåäíèé è îïðåäåëåíèÿ ïîäâèäîâîé Falcons (actually, in the center of the proto- íèÿ ðàçíûõ ïîäâèäîâ áàëîáàíîâ. ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîñòè. falcon range, which inhabited Northern Eura- sia several thousand years ago). Fig. 12. The final map of distribution of different Ñòàòóñ àëòàéñêîãî ñîêîëà Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ (1951), õàðàêòåðèçóÿ ãåî- Saker subspecies. Âàðèàíòû ò¸ìíîé îêðàñêè áàëîáàíîâ (Falco cherrug ãðàôè÷åñêóþ èçìåí÷èâîñòü áàëîáàíîâ, ôåíîòèï altaicus). Âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà èç ïèòîìíèêà â ïèñàë, ÷òî «â ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêîì îòíîøåíèè Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè (ñëåâà) è ìîëîäàÿ ïòèöà èç ïèòîì- áàëîáàíû âåñüìà áëèçêè ê êðå÷åòàì è, â íèêà «Àëòàé-Ôàëêîí» â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå (ñïðàâà). ñóùíîñòè, â ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêîì îòíîøå- Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà è È. Ñìåëÿíñêîãî. íèè âñå ôîðìû ýòèõ ñîêîëîâ, îò çàïàäíûõ Variants of dark colouring of Sakers (Falco cherrug (åâðîïåéñêèõ) áàëîáàíîâ, ÷åðåç öåíòðàëü- phenotype altaicus). Adult bird is from a British falcon center (left) and young bird from the “Altai-Falcon” íîàçèàòñêèõ (ìîíãîëüñêèõ è òèáåòñêèõ), äî Center in the Altai Kray (right). àðêòè÷åñêèõ êðå÷åòîâ ïðåäñòàâëÿþò îäèí Photos by I. Karyakin and I. Smelyanskiy. íåïðåðûâíûé ðÿä âàðèàöèé îêðàñêè è ðàçìåðîâ, ïðè÷¸ì ïðîìåæóòî÷íûì çâåíîì ìåæäó êðå÷åòàìè è áàëîáàíàìè ñëó- æèò àëòàéñêèé êðå÷åò». Â ñâî- èõ ðàííèõ ïóáëèêàöèÿõ Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ ñ÷èòàë, ÷òî «â ñóù- íîñòè, áûëî áû âïîëíå ñïðà- âåäëèâûì ñ÷èòàòü áàëîáàíîâ è êðå÷åòîâ çà îäèí âèä, åñëè áû íå òîò ôàêò, ÷òî àðåàë àëòàé- ñêîãî êðå÷åòà ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå ÷àñòè÷íî ñîâïàäàåò ñ àðåàëîì áàëîáàíà». Îäíàêî ïîçæå, ïå- ðåñìîòðåâ ñâîè âçãëÿäû íà àë- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 151

òàéñêîãî êðå÷åòà, îí ñâ¸ë åãî ê ìîíãîëüñêî- ìó (öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêîìó) áàëîáàíó F. ch. milvipes (Äåìåíòüåâ, Øàãäàðñóðåí, 1964). Àíàëîãè÷íûõ âçãëÿäîâ êàñàòåëüíî àë- òàéñêîãî êðå÷åòà ïðèäåðæèâàëñÿ Ë.Ñ. Ñòåïàíÿí (1990), êîòîðûé âñåõ ñâåòëûõ è ò¸ìíûõ ïòèö îòíîñèë ê F. ch. milvipes – «ïîïóëÿöèÿì ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè àðå- àëà âèäà ñâîéñòâåííî ÿâëåíèå ìîðôèçìà, ïðîÿâëÿþùååñÿ â ñóùåñòâîâàíèè ñâåòëîé (îáû÷íîé ïî òèïó îêðàñêè) è ò¸ìíîé (ìå- ëàíèñòè÷åñêîé) ìîðô». Ïî åãî ìíåíèþ, äèìîðôíûå ïîïóëÿöèè ãåîãðàôè÷åñêè äîñòàòî÷íî ÷¸òêî ëîêàëèçîâàíû. Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî ×. Âîðè (Vaurie, 1961, 1965) îïðåäåëèë àëòàéñêîãî ñîêî- ëà (F. altaicus) â ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûé âèä, ýòà ôîðìà â òàêîì ñòàòóñå íå áûëà ïðèíÿòà ìíîãèìè çàïàäíûìè èññëåäîâàòåëÿìè. Â ïåðâîé ìèðîâîé ñâîäêå ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì àëòàéñêèé ñîêîë ôèãóðèðóåò â ñòàòóñå ïîä- âèäà êðå÷åòà (Brown and Amadon, 1968), Ð.Ì. Äå Ùàóåíñè (Schauensee, 1984) ñ÷è- òàåò àëòàéñêîãî ñîêîëà âèäîì-äâîéíèêîì áàëîáàíà, Äæ. ÌàêÊèííîí è Ê. Ôèëëèïïñ (Mackinnon, Phillipps, 2000) ñ÷èòàþò åãî ïîäâèäîì áàëîáàíà, Ä. Ôîðñìàí (Forsman, 2007) àëòàéñêîãî ñîêîëà ïðèâîäèò â ñòàòó- ñå ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîãî âèäà. Ïðè ýòîì, ïðàê- òè÷åñêè âñå àâòîðû áàçèðóþòñÿ ëèøü íà îïèñàíèÿõ íåñêîëüêèõ ýêçåìïëÿðîâ, îïó- áëèêîâàííûõ â àíãëîÿçû÷íîé ëèòåðàòóðå. Îïèñàíèå àëòàéñêîãî ñîêîëà íà àíãëèé- ñêîì ÿçûêå, îñíîâàííîå íà ïåðåâîäàõ ðà- áîò Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíà è àíàëèçå ìóçåéíûõ ýê- çåìïëÿðîâ, ñäåëàë Ä. Ýëëèñ (Ellis, 1995). Èì áûë îáðàáîòàí îáøèðíûé ìàòåðèàë èç ìó- Ïòåíöû ò¸ìíîé îêðàñêè ó ïàð áàëîáàíîâ, â êîòîðûõ çåéíûõ êîëëåêöèé, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî ïðî- îáà ïàðòí¸ðà àëòàéñêèõ ôåíîòèïîâ. àíàëèçèðîâàíî 53 òóøêè, îïðåäåë¸ííûõ Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. êàê àëòàéñêèå ñîêîëû, êàê ìèíèìóì 2 èç Nestlings of dark morpf, of which both parents are of êîòîðûõ áûëè íåïðàâèëüíî îïðåäåë¸ííûå “Altai” phenotypes. Photos by I. Karyakin. êðå÷åòû, ìíîãèå ÿâëÿëèñü òèïè÷íûìè áà- ëîáàíàìè, íî 34 ïòèöû (ÿäðî ãðóïïû) îêà- íåñëè îæèäàåìûõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ. Ïðè î÷åíü çàëèñü ñîêîëàìè «àëòàéñêèõ» ôåíîòèïîâ. ñëàáîé ãåíåòè÷åñêîé äèôôåðåíöèàöèè Êàêîãî-òî îïðåäåë¸ííîãî óñòîé÷èâîãî òèïà ñîêîëîâ ãðóïïû Hierofalco ãàïëîòèïû ïðî- â ãðóïïå àëòàéñêèõ ñîêîëîâ íå âûÿâëåíî – àíàëèçèðîâàííûõ äâóõ àëòàéñêèõ ñîêîëîâ âñå àëòàéñêèå ñîêîëû è áàëîáàíû, áëèçêèå ðàñòâîðèëèñü ñðåäè áîëüøîãî êîëè÷åñòâà ê íèì ïî îêðàñêå, áûëè ðàçäåëåíû íà 19 ãàïëîòèïîâ âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ (Nittinger ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèõ êëàññîâ. Ïî ìíåíèþ àâ- et al., 2007). òîðà, îáëàñòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ñîêîëîâ àë- Èññëåäîâàíèÿ Å. Ïîòàïîâà ñ ñîàâòîðà- òàéñêèõ ôåíîòèïîâ îãðàíè÷åíà áîëåå óçêî, ìè (Potapov et al., 2002) ïîêàçàëè ðåäêèå ÷åì ýòî ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü ðàíåå, â îñíîâíîì âñòðå÷è àëòàéñêèõ ñîêîëîâ ñðåäè áàëî- ãîðàìè Àëòàÿ è Ñàÿí. Ä. Ýëëèñ (Ellis, 1995) áàíîâ êàê â ñòåïíûõ ðàéîíàõ Ìîíãîëèè, ïðåäïîëîæèë âåðîÿòíîñòü ïðîÿâëåíèÿ ôå- òàê è â âûñîêîãîðüÿõ Ìîíãîëüñêîãî Àëòàÿ. íîòèïîâ «àëòàéñêèõ ñîêîëîâ» â ðåçóëüòàòå Ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàâ ïëîòíîñòü âñòðå÷åííûõ ãèáðèäèçàöèè êðå÷åòîâ è áàëîáàíîâ, ÷òî ïòèö è ïëîùàäü âîçìîæíûõ ìåñòîîáèòà- â äàëüíåéøåì, ïî ìíåíèþ àâòîðà, äîëæíû íèé â âûñîêîãîðüÿõ Ìîíãîëüñêîãî Àëòàÿ, ïîäòâåðäèòü ãåíåòè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ. àâòîðû ïðèøëè ê âûâîäó î íåâîçìîæíîñòè Îäíàêî ãåíåòè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ íå ïðè- ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ íà Ìîíãîëüñêîì Àëòàå àë- 152 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ãðóïïà àëòàéñêèõ ñîêîëîâ èç êîëëåêöèè Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíà, äîáûòûõ â èþíå 1914 ã. â Ðóññêîì Àëòàå. F – âçðîñ- ëûé ñàìåö ôåíîòèïà lorenzi áûë äîáûò, è ïÿòü åãî ïòåíöîâ çàáðàíû èç ãíåçäà è ñêîëëåêòèðîâàíû ïî ìåðå èõ ãèáåëè â óñëîâèÿõ íåâîëè. Å – ñàìêà èç âûâîäêà áûëà ñäåëàíà îñåíüþ 1914 ã. â þâåíèëüíîì îïåðåíèè. À – ñàìêà âòîðîãî ãîäà øîêîëàäíîé ìîðôû èç êîëëåêöèè ÇÈÍ ¹127699. B – ñàìêà øåñòîãî ãîäà êðàñíîñïèí- íàÿ ìîðôà èç êîëëåêöèè ÇÈÍ ¹127704. C – ñàìêà øåñòîãî ãîäà ñåðîé ìîðôû èç êîëëåêöèè ÇÈÍ ¹127703. D – ñàìêà ïÿòîãî ãîäà áóðîé ìîðôû èç êîëëåêöèè ÇÈÍ ¹127702. E – ñàìêà ïåðâîãî ãîäà æèçíè èç êîëëåê- öèè ÇÈÍ ¹127698. F – âçðîñëûé ñàìåö ñåðîé ìîðôû èç êîëëåêöèè ÇÈÍ ¹127697 (Ellis, 1995). Family of Altai Falcons collected by Sushkin in June 1914 in the Russian Altai mountains. F – adult male phenotype lorenzi and their five nestlings. E – female was sacrificed in autumn 1914 to document juvenile plumage. Other specimens were preserved as they died. A – second year female, gray morph, ZIAS 127699. B – sixth year female, red-backed morph, ZIAS 127704. C – sixth year female, gray morph, ZIAS 127703. D – fifth year female, brown morph, ZIAS 127702. E – first year juvenile female, ZIAS 127698. F – adult male, gray morph, ZIAS 127697 (Ellis, 1995).

òàéñêîãî ñîêîëà â êà÷åñòâå ñàìîñòîÿòåëü- ýòîãî òàêñîíà â ñâåòå òðåáîâàíèé Êîäåêñà íîãî âèäà (Fox, Potapov, 2001). Âïîñëåä- çîîëîãè÷åñêîé íîìåíêëàòóðû (Ìåæäóíà- ñòâèè (Potapov, Sale, 2005), ïîñëå àíàëèçà ðîäíûé êîäåêñ…, 2004). Ñåðèÿ ñèíòèïîâ ïåðâîîïèñàíèÿ àëòàéñêîãî ñîêîëà, áûë (ýòî äîáûòûé Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíûì âûâîäîê è ñäåëàí âûâîä î íåïðèãîäíîñòè îïèñàíèÿ îäèí èç ðîäèòåëåé), õðàíÿùàÿñÿ â êîëëåê- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 153

Ïòåíöû «àëòàéñêîãî ñîêîëà», ñêîëëåêòèðî- âàííûå Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíûì â ãíåçäå íà Êóøêóíóðå: ââåðõó ñëåâà – ïòå- íåö «ìîíàøåíüêà» â 1-ì ïåðå, ââåðõó â öåíòðå – âî 2-ì ïåðå, ââåðõó ñïðàâà – ïòåíåö «êîðè÷íåâûé» âî 2-ì ïåðå, â öåíòðå ñëåâà è â öåíòðå – ïòåíåö «áà- áóøêà» â 1-ì ïåðå, â öåíòðå ñïðàâà – ïòåíåö «áàáóøêà» âî 2-ì ïåðå, âíèçó ñëåâà – ïòåíåö «ðûæåíüêèé» â 1-ì ïåðå. Èçîáðàæåíèÿ ñ ãðàâþð, îïóáëèêîâàí- íûõ â êíèãå Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíà «Ïòèöû Ñîâåòñêîãî Àëòàÿ». Ò. 1. 1938. Âíèçó ñïðàâà – ìåñòî äîáû÷è âûâîäêà. Nestlings of “Altai Falcon” collected by Sushkin in the nest at the Kushkunur river: upper left – the nestling “Monashenka” in the juvenile plumage, upper center – it in the adult plumage, upper right – the nestling “Korichnevy” in the adult plumage, middle left and in the center – the nestlings “Babushka” in the juvenile plumage, middle right – it in the adult plumage, bottom left – the nestling “Ryzhenky” in the juvenile plumage. Images are made from the engravings, published in the book of Sushkin “Birds of Russian Altai”. V. 1. 1938. Bottom right – the place of the brood origin.

öèÿõ ÇÈÍ ÐÀÍ, êîòîðàÿ áûëà èñïîëüçîâà- ÷èò ñòàòóñó «âèäà». íà Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíûì (1938) è âïîñëåäñòâèè Íåñìîòðÿ íà ýòî, ðÿä ðîññèéñêèõ îðíè- Ýëëèñîì (Ellis, 1995), ñîäåðæèò îñîáè, îò- òîëîãîâ ñ÷èòàåò òàê íàçûâàåìîãî «àëòàé- íîñèìûå ê ðàçíûì âèäàì, ÷òî ïðîòèâîðå- ñêîãî áàëîáàíà» ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûì âèäîì 154 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

– àëòàéñêèì ñîêîëîì èëè ñâåòëûì íèçîì (lorenzi) è ñ ò¸ìíûì íèçîì àëòàéñêèì êðå÷åòîì (Falco (altaicus). Îáà âàðèàíòà îêðàñêè ïðîÿâ- altaicus) (Ìîñåéêèí, 2001à, ëÿþòñÿ ïðè ëèíüêå î÷åíü ò¸ìíûõ, ïðàê- 2001á; Êîáëèê è äð., 2006). òè÷åñêè ÷¸ðíî-áóðûõ, ìîëîäûõ ïòèö. Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîñëåäíèõ Ïðè ýòîì, ñóùåñòâóåò öåëûé ðÿä ïðîìå- ëåò åù¸ ðàç ïîêàçûâàþò íå- æóòî÷íûõ âàðèàíòîâ âçðîñëîãî íàðÿäà, â ñîñòîÿòåëüíîñòü ýòèõ âçãëÿ- êîòîðûõ íà ÷¸ðíî-áóðîé, áóðîé ñ ÿâíûì äîâ. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ðåãóëÿðíîå ñèçûì îòëèâîì èëè ñåðîé ñïèíå èìååòñÿ ïîÿâëåíèå ïòåíöîâ ñ ôåíî- ðûæèé èëè êðàñíî-áóðûé ðèñóíîê, îò ÷à- òèïîì «àëòàéñêîãî êðå÷åòà» ñòûõ êðàïèí ïî âñåé ñïèíå (êàê ó àðêòè÷å- â ïàðàõ ñîêîëîâ ñ ôåíîòè- ñêèõ êðå÷åòîâ Falco rusticolus), äî ÷¸òêîãî ïîì «ñèáèðñêîãî áàëîáàíà» ïîïåðå÷íîãî ðèñóíêà (êàê ó ìîíãîëüñêîãî è/èëè «ìîíãîëüñêîãî áàëî- è òèáåòñêîãî áàëîáàíîâ). Âñåõ ýòèõ ïòèö Áàëîáàí ñâåòëîãî àëòàéñêîãî ôåíîòè- áàíà», ïðåäëàãàëîñü ðàñ- îáúåäèíÿåò ò¸ìíûé «øëåì» è ïîëîñàòîå ïà lorenzi ó ãíåçäà. Ðåñïóáëèêà Òûâà. öåíèâàòü ýòî êàê ìîðôèçì ïîäõâîñòüå. Îäíàêî, íå âñå ò¸ìíûå ïòèöû Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. îêðàñêè (Êîòñ, 1948; Êàðÿ- èëè ïòèöû ñî «øëåìîì» èìåþò ïîïåðå÷íî- Saker of pale Altai phenotype lorenzi êèí, Íèêîëåíêî, 2008), ãè- ïîëîñàòûé ðèñóíîê íà ïîäõâîñòüå. Áîëåå near the nest. Tyva Republic. áðèäèçàöèþ ñ ñåâåðíûìè ÷àñòî ñðåäè ò¸ìíûõ ñîêîëîâ âñòðå÷àþòñÿ Photo by I. Karyakin. êðå÷åòàìè (Ellis, 1995; Fox, ïòèöû ñ îäíîòîííî ñâåòëûì ïîäõâîñòüåì Potapov, 2001; Potapov et ëèáî ñî ñâåòëûì ïîäõâîñòüåì è ò¸ìíûìè al., 2002) ëèáî ïðîÿâëåíèå ãåíîâ ðåëèê- ïðîäîëüíûìè ñòâîëîâûìè ïÿòíàìè íà ïå- òîâîé ïîïóëÿöèè ñîêîëîâ, íàñåëÿâøèõ íå- ðüÿõ ïîäõâîñòüÿ. Íàèáîëåå ÷àñòûì ïðè- êîãäà ãîðíûå îáëàñòè Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè çíàêîì, îòäàëÿþùèì ò¸ìíûõ ïòèö îò êëàñ- (Ìîñåéêèí, 2001á; Ïôåôôåð, 2009), íî ñè÷åñêîãî âàðèàíòà «altaicus», ÿâëÿåòñÿ íèêàê íå ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûé ïîäâèä èëè, ñâåòëàÿ áðîâü, êàê ïðàâèëî èäóùàÿ â ïàðå òåì áîëåå, âèä. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íàêî- ñî ñâåòëûì ïîäõâîñòüåì. Êàê óæå îòìå÷à- ïèëñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ñåðü¸çíûé ìàòåðèàë ïî ëîñü âûøå, îòêëîíåíèÿ â ñòîðîíó ò¸ìíîé ðåãèñòðàöèÿì «àëòàéñêèõ ñîêîëîâ», êîòî- îêðàñêè ìîãóò áûòü çàìå÷åíû ñðåäè âñåõ ðûé ðàññìîòðåí â ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîì àíà- ôåíîòèïîâ áàëîáàíîâ, íàñåëÿþùèõ Àëòàå- ëèçå ôåíîòèïîâ áàëîáàíà. ×òî æå òàêîå «àëòàéñêèé ñîêîë»? Ïîä ýòèì íàçâàíèåì ïðèíÿòî îáúåäèíÿòü ñî- êîëîâ äâóõ òèïîâ îêðàñêè, ïîëíîñòüþ ò¸ì- íîé, îïèñàííîé êàê ñîáñòâåííî àëòàéñêèé ñîêîë Falco [Hierofalco] altaicus Menzbier, 1891, è ñî ñâåòëûì íèçîì è ò¸ìíîé ãîëî- âîé («øëåìîì»), îïèñàííîé êàê ñîêîë Ëî- ðåíöà Falco [Hierofalco] lorenzi Menzbier, 1900. Òî, ÷òî ñîêîë Ëîðåíöà åñòü îäèí èç âàðèàíòîâ âçðîñëîé îêðàñêè àëòàéñêî- ãî ñîêîëà, äîêàçàë Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1938), äîáûâøèé âçðîñëîãî ñàìöà ôåíîòèïà lorenzi è âûðàñòèâøèé ïÿòü åãî ïòåíöîâ (âñå îêàçàëèñü ñàìêàìè), îäèí èç êîòîðûõ áûë ñêîëëåêòèðîâàí â þâåíèëüíîì ïåðå â 1914 ã., îñòàëüíûå â 1915–1919 ãã. âî âçðîñëîì íàðÿäå. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæíî êîíñòàòèðî- âàòü ôàêò, ÷òî àëòàéñêèé ñîêîë âî âçðîñ- ëîì ïåðå ðàñïàäàåòñÿ íà äâå ìîðôû ñî

Ñàìêè ò¸ìíûõ áàëîáàíîâ ôåíîòèïà altaicus îáðàçó- þò ñìåøàííûå ïàðû, êàê ïðàâèëî, ñ áîëåå ñâåòëûìè ñàìöàìè ôåíîòèïîâ lorenzi, milvipes èëè progressus. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Dark colored female Sakers phenotype altaicus breed usually in mixed pairs with more pale colored males phenotypes lorenzi, milvipes or progressus. Photos by I. Karyakin. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 155

êîëû» áûëè áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè. Àíàëèç ðåãèñòðàöèè áàëîáàíîâ ñ ôåíî- òèïîì «àëòàéñêîãî ñîêîëà» ïîçâîëÿåò ãî- âîðèòü, ÷òî îí ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ íå òîëüêî ó ïî- òîìñòâà ïàð, êîòîðûå èìåþò õîòü êàêèå-òî ïðèçíàêè «àëòàéñêîãî ñîêîëà», íî è ó ôå- íîòèïè÷åñêè ÷èñòûõ saceroides, milvipes è progressus. Ñðåäè ìîëîäûõ áàëîáàíîâ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå ò¸ìíûå ïòåí- öû âñòðå÷àþòñÿ â 20% âûâîäêîâ, ïðè÷¸ì â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àå âûâîäêè ñìåøàííûå è ëèøü 1 ïòåíåö ÿâëÿåòñÿ ò¸ìíûì. Â òà- êèõ âûâîäêàõ â 47% ïàð îäèí èç ðîäèòå- ëåé ÿâëÿåòñÿ ò¸ìíûì èëè èìååò ôåíîòèï ñîêîëà Ëîðåíöà ëèáî èìååò ïåðåõîäíûé òèï îêðàñêè îò saceroides, milvipes èëè progressus ê ò¸ìíîìó, â 20% ïàð ðîäèòå- ëè èìåþò êëàññè÷åñêóþ îêðàñêó milvipes, â 8% – progressus è â 23% – îêðàñêó saceroides. Òîëüêî ó 2% ò¸ìíûõ ïàð âñå ïòåíöû â âûâîäêå áûëè ò¸ìíûå (Êàðÿêèí, Íèêîëåíêî, 2008). Òåïåðü î ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ. Ïðåäñòàâëå- íèå î ïðèóðî÷åííîñòè àëòàéñêèõ ñîêîëîâ ê âûñîêîãîðíîé çîíå ðîäèëîñü è óêîðå- íèëîñü â ëèòåðàòóðå ïîñëå ðàáîòû Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíà (1938), êîòîðûé èõ îáíàðóæèë â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå, ãäå îòñóòñòâó- åò ëåñíîé ïîÿñ, ðàçäåëÿþùèé îòêðûòûå ëàíäøàôòû ×óéñêîé ñòåïè è âûñîêîãîðèé îêðóæàþùèõ å¸ õðåáòîâ. Îäíàêî íèêòî èç àâòîðîâ, öèòèðîâàâøèõ ðàáîòû Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíà, íå àíàëèçèðîâàë, ãäå êîíêðåò- íî áûëè ñäåëàíû íàõîäêè. À ýòî áûëî íà Ñàìêà àëòàéñêîãî áàëî- Ñàÿíñêèé ðåãèîí. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, óñòîé÷è- Òàðõàòå è Êóøêóíóðå, â ìåñòå âûõîäà ðåê áàíà (ââåðõó) â ïàðå ñ âîãî ôåíîòèïà àëòàéñêîãî ñîêîëà íå ñóùå- èç óùåëèé â ×óéñêóþ ñòåïü. Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí òèïè÷íûì ìîíãîëüñêèì ñòâóåò. È äàæå åñëè â êàêîé-òî ëîêàëüíîé (1938) î÷åíü õîðîøî îïèñàë ãíåçäî íà áàëîáàíîì (â öåíòðå) è èõ ïòåíöû (âíèçó). ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêå ìîæåò áûòü âñòðå- Êóøêóíóðå, â êîòîðîì îí äîáûë ñàìöà è Ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé. ÷åíî äî 30% ïòèö ñ ïðèçíàêàìè «àëòàéñêîãî ïÿòü ïòåíöîâ àëòàéñêîãî ñîêîëà, à òàêæå Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. ñîêîëà» (íàïðèìåð, Çàïàäíûé Òàííó-Îëà), òî÷íî óêàçàë ìåñòî îáíàðóæåíèÿ ãíåçäà Female Altai Falcon òî îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ýòèõ ïòèö áóäåò èìåòü ðÿä íà Òàðõàòå. Çäåñü, êñòàòè, äî ñèõ ïîð ãíåç- (upper) in the pair ïðèçíàêîâ, ïî êîòîðûì èõ ìîæíî äîñòàòî÷- äÿòñÿ áàëîáàíû ñ «àëòàéñêèìè» ôåíîòè- with typical Mongolian Saker (center) and their íî ëåãêî îòëè÷èòü äðóã îò äðóãà. ïàìè, íî ê âûñîêîãîðüÿì (ïîíèìàÿ èõ êàê nestlings (bottom). Altai Ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûé àíàëèç ïîêàçàë îò- íàáîð âûñîòíûõ ïîÿñîâ îò ñóáàëüïèéñêîãî Republic. ñóòñòâèå ôåíîòèïè÷åñêè ÷èñòîãî ïîïóëÿ- è âûøå – ïî: Îãóðååâà, 1980) îáå òî÷êè Photos by I. Karyakin. öèîííîãî ÿäðà ýòîé ôîðìû äàæå òàì, ãäå íèêàêîãî îòíîøåíèÿ íå èìåþò è ëåæàò íà îíà íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ â Àëòàå- âûñîòàõ 2010 è 2060 ì íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ. Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå – íà Òàííó-Îëà, Ñàéëþ- Áàëîáàí â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå ãíåçäèò- ãåìå è â âåðõîâüÿõ Àëàøà. Ò¸ìíûå ïòèöû ñÿ è íà áîëüøèõ âûñîòàõ è â áîëüøèíñòâå îäèíàêîâîé îêðàñêè âñòðå÷àþòñÿ î÷åíü ñëó÷àåâ ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ íà ýòèõ âûñîòàõ ïòè- ðåäêî è â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ èõ ó÷àñòêè öû îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ôåíîòèïè÷åñêîé ãðóï- ðàçäåëåíû äðóã îò äðóãà äåñÿòêàìè êèëî- ïå milvipes – progressus. Â.Í. Ìîñåéêèí ìåòðîâ. Ãîðàçäî áîëåå ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ (2001á), èäÿ íà ïîâîäó ó óêîðåíèâøåãîñÿ âàðèàíò îêðàñêè «ñîêîëà Ëîðåíöà», íî â â ëèòåðàòóðå ìíåíèÿ î ïðèóðî÷åííîñòè ìàñøòàáàõ âñåé ïîïóëÿöèè âèäà, âñ¸-òàêè, àëòàéñêèõ ñîêîëîâ ê âûñîêîãîðüÿì, íàïè- òîæå êðàéíå ðåäêî. Çà 12 ëåò ðàáîòû â ñàë, ÷òî «ïðè ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ, ïðî- Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå òàê è íå áûëî âåä¸ííûõ â ðåãèîíàõ Ðóññêîãî Àëòàÿ ïðè îáíàðóæåíî ãðóïïèðîâêè, â êîòîðîé õîòÿ ïîääåðæêå NARC UAE, âûÿñíèëîñü, ÷òî áû áëèçêèå ôåíîòèïè÷åñêè «àëòàéñêèå ñî- íà ïåðèîä ãíåçäîâàíèÿ êðå÷åòîïîäîáíûå 156 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

çàõñòàíà, áàëîáàíû (ôåíîòèïîâ milvipes – progressus) ãíåçäÿòñÿ íà âñ¸ì äèàïàçîíå âûñîò âïëîòü äî ëåäíèêîâ, ãäå, íàðÿäó ñ áî- ðîäà÷àìè (Gypaetus barbatus) è áåðêóòàìè (Aquila chrysaetos), ÿâëÿþòñÿ ÷àñòî åäèí- ñòâåííûìè ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿìè õèùíûõ ïòèö ñâîåãî ðàçìåðíîãî êëàññà. Ïîçæå, óæå â ñîàâòîðñòâå ñ Ä. Ýëëèñîì è Ì. Âèíêîì, Â.Í. Ìîñåéêèí ïóáëèêóåò èíôîðìàöèþ î òîì, ÷òî «àëòàéñêèå ñîêîëû» ëîêàëèçîâàíû â òàéãå Àëòàÿ (Moseikin, Ellis, 2004; Ellis et al., 2007). Ð. Ïôåôôåð (2009), ññûëàÿñü íà ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå Â.Í. Ìîñåéêèíà, ïèøåò, ÷òî «àëòàéñêèé ñîêîë â ÷èñòîì âèäå ñîõðàíèëñÿ íà î÷åíü îãðàíè÷åííîé òåð- ðèòîðèè ðîññèéñêîãî Àëòàÿ, ãäå îáèòàåò â ãîðíûõ òà¸æíûõ ðàéîíàõ ñ î÷åíü âûñî- êîé âëàæíîñòüþ, êîòîðûå ìàëî ïðèâëå- êàòåëüíû äëÿ «íîðìàëüíûõ» áàëîáàíîâ». Ðèñ. 13. Àðåàë è íàèáîëåå ïëîòíûå ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè áàëîáàíîâ â Àëòàå- Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå. Öèôðàìè îáîçíà÷åíû çîíû íàèáîëåå ÷àñòîãî ïîÿâëåíèÿ Ïîä òàéãîé Â.Í. Ìîñåéêèí ïîäðàçóìåâàåò ñìåøàííûõ âûâîäêîâ ñ ïòåíöàìè ôåíîòèïà «àëòàéñêîãî ñîêîëà» ó ïàð áàëîáà- íàãîðíûå ëèñòâåííè÷íèêè, îáðàìëÿþùèå íîâ äðóãèõ ôåíîòèïîâ. ñòåïíûå äîëèíû â Öåíòðàëüíîì Àëòàå è Fig. 13. Distribution and the densest breeding groups of Sakers in the Altai-Sayan ñîñòàâëÿþùèå ëåñíîé ýëåìåíò ñâîåîáðàç- region. Numbers indicate the zones of the most registrations of mixed broods, íîé, õàðàêòåðíîé äëÿ Âíóòðåííåé Àçèè containing nestlings phenotype altaicus, that are produced by pairs of Sakers ëåñîñòåïè (Áàííèêîâà, 2003). Ëåñîñòåï- another phenotypes. íîé õàðàêòåð ýòèõ ëåñîâ ïîä÷åðêèâàåòñÿ ñîêîëû ëîêàëèçóþòñÿ â òðóäíîäîñòóïíûõ òåì, ÷òî, íàðÿäó ñ «íîðìàëüíûìè» è «àëòàé- ðàéîíàõ ãîðíûõ òóíäð ñ âûñîòíûìè ïîÿñà- ñêèìè» áàëîáàíàìè, â íèõ ãíåçäÿòñÿ òàêèå ìè 2000–2800 ì, êîòîðóþ îáû÷íûå áà- íåñâîéñòâåííûå òà¸æíîé ôàóíå õèùíèêè, ëîáàíû èçáåãàþò». Íî íàäî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî êàê ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) è ñòåïíîé ãîðíûå òóíäðû íà Ðóññêîì Àëòàå ëåæàò è â îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis). Â íàñòîÿùåé æå áîëåå âûñîêîì âûñîòíîì äèàïàçîíå, ïðè òàéãå Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà áàëîáàí ýòîì â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ãîðíîì óçëå, íà îòñóòñòâóåò. Èç êðóïíûõ ñîêîëîâ â íåé ñòûêå Àëòàÿ, Òóâû, Ìîíãîëèè, Êèòàÿ è Êà- îáèòàåò òîëüêî ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus),

Ñìåøàííûå âûâîäêè ñ ïòåíöàìè ôåíîòèïà «àëòàéñêîãî ñîêîëà». Öèôðàìè îáîçíà÷åíû çîíû, â êîòîðûõ îíè áûëè ñôîòîãðàôèðî- âàíû, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå çîíàì íà ðèñ. 13. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà è Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. Mixed broods with nestlings phenotype altaicus. Numbers indicate the zones, where broods have been photographed, and correspond to those in fig. 13. Photos by I. Karyakin and E. Nikolenko. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 157

âûâîä, ÷òî èõ óòâåðæäåíèÿ î ñóùåñòâîâà- íèè íà Àëòàå íåêîåãî î÷àãà, ãäå ñîõðàíèëñÿ â ÷èñòîì âèäå «àëòàéñêèé ñîêîë», íå áîëåå ÷åì ïðåäïîëîæåíèå, êîòîðîå íóæäàåòñÿ â äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ äîêàçàòåëüñòâàõ. Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà âñòðå÷ àëòàéñêèõ ñî- êîëîâ ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà â ñóõèõ ïðåäãî- ðüÿõ Òàííó-Îëà, â çîíå äîñòàòî÷íî ïëîò- íîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà ôåíîòèïîâ saceroides – milvipes – progressus. Â áî- ëåå âûñîêèõ îòêðûòûõ ëàíäøàôòàõ, ãäå ïóñòûííî-ñòåïíûå ñîîáùåñòâà ñìåíÿþòñÿ ïåòðîôèòíûìè ñòåïÿìè, à çàòåì è ãîðíû- ìè òóíäðàìè, ïëîòíîñòü áàëîáàíîâ ïàäàåò â äåñÿòêè ðàç, êàê è âñòðå÷àåìîñòü ñðåäè íèõ ïòèö ñ àëòàéñêèìè ôåíîòèïàìè. Ïðè ïîñòðîåíèè êàðòû ïëîòíîñòè ïî òî÷êàì âñåõ âñòðå÷ àëòàéñêèõ ñîêîëîâ (ðèñ. 14) Ñàéëþãåìñêèé î÷àã, ãäå ýòèõ ïòèö îïèñàë Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí, êàê è áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü Þãî- Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ, âûïàëè èç ôîðìèðóþ- ùåãîñÿ êîíòóðà ìàêñèìàëüíîé ïëîòíîñòè, òàê êàê çäåñü áûëî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî ìå- íåå 10% îò îáùåé ñóììû âñòðå÷ àëòàéñêèõ ñîêîëîâ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïðåäñòàâëåíèå î ñîñðåäîòî÷åíèè àëòàéñêèõ ñîêîëîâ â âûñîêîãîðüÿõ èëè òàéãå Àëòàÿ è Ñàÿíà – íåäîðàçóìåíèå, ñâÿçàííîå ñ íåòî÷íûìè õàðàêòåðèñòèêàìè áèîòîïîâ è íåêðèòè÷å- ñêèì öèòèðîâàíèåì. Èç òð¸õ âåðñèé ïîÿâëåíèÿ â àðåàëå âîñ- òî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ ñîêîëîâ ñ àëòàéñêèìè ôåíîòèïàìè íàèìåíåå ðåàëüíîé âûãëÿäèò âåðñèÿ åñòåñòâåííîé ãèáðèäèçàöèè áàëî- áàíà è êðå÷åòà, õîòÿ èìåííî îíà èìååò íàèáîëåå øèðîêîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå â ñðåäå ñïåöèàëèñòîâ. Â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïðåä- ïîëàãàåòñÿ, ÷òî ÷àñòü êðå÷åòîâ, çèìóþùèõ â àðåàëå áàëîáàíà, îñòà¸òñÿ ïîñëå çèìîâ- êè è ôîðìèðóåò ïàðû ñ áàëîáàíàìè. Ïòåí- öû ñ àëòàéñêèìè ôåíîòèïàìè â âûâîäêàõ áàëîáàíîâ êàê àëòàéñêèõ, òàê è îáû÷íûõ ôåíîòèïîâ, íå òàêîå óæ è ðåäêîå ÿâëå- íèå, à ñëåäîâàòåëüíî è àðêòè÷åñêèå êðå- ÷åòû â ïàðàõ ñ áàëîáàíàìè äîëæíû áûòü íåðåäêè. Êàê ìèíèìóì, âñòðå÷è òàêèõ ïàð íå äîëæíû íîñèòü èñêëþ÷èòåëüíûé Ðèñ. 14. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå áàëîáàíîâ ñ ôåíîòèïàìè «àëòàéñêîãî ñîêîëà» (âíèçó) õàðàêòåð ïðè íàáëþäàåìîé ÷àñòîòå ïðî- è ïëîòíîñòü ðåãèñòðàöèé ýòèõ ïòèö â îñíîâíîé çîíå èõ âñòðå÷ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå (ââåðõó). ÿâëåíèÿ ôåíîòèïîâ «êðå÷åòîâ» â âûâîäêàõ Fig. 14. Distribution of Sakers phenotype altaicus (bottom) and the density of their áàëîáàíîâ. Åñëè áû ÿâëåíèå ôîðìèðîâà- registrations in the main area of their habitat in the Altai-Sayan region (upper). íèÿ ïàð àðêòè÷åñêèõ êðå÷åòîâ ñ áàëîáà- íàìè íîñèëî íåñëó÷àéíûé õàðàêòåð, îíî íàñåëÿþùèé çäåñü ïðèðå÷íûå ñêàëû. íå ìîãëî áû îñòàòüñÿ íåçàìå÷åííûì ïðè Îáðàùàåò íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå ïîëíîå îò- ìàñøòàáíîì îáñëåäîâàíèè ðåãèîíà. Íî ñóòñòâèå â ïóáëèêàöèÿõ Â.Í. Ìîñåéêèíà è çà 12 ëåò èññëåäîâàíèé òàê è íå áûë ïîëó- ñîàâòîðîâ ôîòîãðàôèé ôåíîòèïè÷åñêè ÷åí ôàêòè÷åñêèé ìàòåðèàë î ïðåáûâàíèè ÷èñòûõ «àëòàéñêèõ ñîêîëîâ» â ïðèðîäå, õîòÿ êðå÷åòà â ñìåøàííûõ ïàðàõ ñ áàëîáàíàìè. âîîáùå îíè ïðèâîäÿò ìíîãî ôîòîãðàôèé Èç áîëåå ÷åì 400 îñîáåé, âñòðå÷åííûõ â áàëîáàíîâ. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ýòî, ìîæíî ñäåëàòü Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå çà ýòîò ïåðèîä, 158 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

òîëüêî äâå ìîãëè áûòü ïðèíÿòû çà êðå÷å- ãàííèêîâ (Buteo hemilasius) (Êàðÿêèí, Íè- òîâ (ó íàñ âîçíèêëî ñîìíåíèå â èõ âèäî- êîëåíêî, 2008). Íåäîñòàòêîì ýòîé âåðñèè âîé ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè). Íî è îíè áûëè âñ¸- ÿâëÿåòñÿ òî, ÷òî â äðóãèõ ðàéîíàõ àðåàëà òàêè îïðåäåëåíû êàê áàëîáàíû àëòàéñêèõ âèäà ò¸ìíàÿ ìîðôà íå ðåãèñòðèðóåòñÿ. Îä- ôåíîòèïîâ, òàê êàê èõ ïòåíöû íè÷åì íå íàêî, ýòî íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ôàêòîðîì, èñêëþ÷àþ- îòëè÷àëèñü îò îáû÷íûõ ïòåíöîâ áàëîáà- ùèì âåðñèþ, òàê êàê äëÿ ìíîãèõ âèäîâ ïòèö, íà. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ÿâëåíèå ãèáðèäèçàöèè è íå òîëüêî ïòèö, èçâåñòíà ãåîãðàôè÷åñêàÿ áàëîáàíà ñ êðå÷åòîì, êàê ïðè÷èíó ïîÿâ- ëîêàëèçàöèÿ ìåëàíèñòè÷åñêèõ ìîðô. ëåíèÿ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå, äà è â Äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè áûëî íåÿñíî, öåëîì â àðåàëå âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ, ñî- èìåþòñÿ ëè ðàçëè÷èÿ â ðàçìåðàõ àëòàéñêèõ êîëîâ ñ àëòàéñêèìè ôåíîòèïàìè, ìîæíî ñîêîëîâ è áàëîáàíîâ. Ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü, ÷òî ñìåëî èñêëþ÷èòü. àëòàéñêèå ñîêîëû êðóïíåå áàëîáàíîâ, òàê Îïèðàÿñü íà ñóùåñòâóþùèå çíàíèÿ î êàê èõ ðàçìåðû ñðàâíèâàëèñü ñ ðàçìåðà- ïàëåîýêîñèñòåìàõ ñåâåðíîãî ïîëóøà- ìè áàëîáàíîâ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî èç äðóãèõ ðèÿ, Å. Ïîòàïîâ è Ð. Ñåéë (Potapov, Sale, ïîïóëÿöèé. Îäíàêî èçìåðåíèÿ ñîêîëîâ íà 2005) ïðèøëè ê âûâîäó, ÷òî â ñðåäíåì è Àëòàå, â Òóâå è Ìîíãîëèè ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî ïîçäíåì ïëåéñòîöåíå ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé ðàçìåð àëòàéñêèõ ñîêîëîâ íå ïðåâûøàåò èçîëÿöèè êðå÷åòà è áàëîáàíà áûòü íå ðàçìåðû áàëîáàíîâ äðóãèõ ôåíîòèïîâ è ìîãëî. Ïðà-êðå÷åò (êàê îíè íàçâàëè ýòó óêëàäûâàåòñÿ â èíòåðâàëû ïðîìåðîâ áàëî- ôîðìó) îáèòàë íà îãðîìíîé òåððèòîðèè áàíîâ âîñòî÷íûõ ïîäâèäîâ. Ñëåäîâàòåëü- òóíäðîñòåïè, âõîäÿ â òîò æå ôàóíèñòè- íî, ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèå ðàçëè÷èÿ ìåæäó ÷åñêèé êîìïëåêñ, ÷òî è êóðîïàòêè ðîäà âîñòî÷íûìè áàëîáàíàìè è àëòàéñêèìè ñî- Lagopus, ñàéãàê (Saiga borealis), ìàìîíò êîëàìè îòñóòñòâóþò. (Mammuthus primigenius), øåðñòèñòûé íî- Òàêèì îáðàçîì, «àëòàéñêèé ñîêîë» – ýòî ñîðîã (Coelodonta antiquitatis), áåëàÿ ñîâà ôåíîòèï áàëîáàíà, âîçíèêàþùèé ñëó÷àé- (Nyctea scandiaca), ëåììèíãè (Lemmini) è íûì îáðàçîì, áåç ïðèâÿçêè ê êàêèì-ëèáî ïåñòðóøêè (Lagurus sp.). Ñôîðìèðîâàâ- òèïàì ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, â çîíå êîíòàêòà øàÿñÿ çîíà òàéãè ðàçáèëà ãíåçäîâîé àðåàë àðåàëîâ ðàçíûõ ïîäâèäîâ çàïàäíûõ è âîñ- ïðà-êðå÷åòà íà ñåâåðíóþ è þæíóþ ÷àñòü. òî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ, íî íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî – â Êî âðåìåíè íåîãåíîâîãî ìàêñèìóìà, êîã- çîíå íàèáîëåå ïëîòíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ òð¸õ äà ëåñíàÿ çîíà äîøëà äî Ñåâåðíîãî Ëåäî- ôîðì áàëîáàíîâ: saceroides, milvipes è âèòîãî îêåàíà, àðåàë êðå÷åòà ñîêðàòèëñÿ progressus (ðèñ. 14). Ïîýòîìó ïîÿâëåíèå ó äî óçêîé ïîëîñêè òóíäðû, ìåñòàìè ðàñ- áàëîáàíîâ ÷¸ðíî-áóðîé îêðàñêè èëè îäíî- ïàâøèñü íà ëîêàëüíûå èçîëÿòû, à àðåàë ãî èç âàðèàíòîâ å¸ ïðîÿâëåíèÿ – ÷¸ðíî- áàëîáàíà îêàçàëñÿ ðàçãðàíè÷åííûì íà áóðîãî «øëåìà» áîëåå ïðàâèëüíî îòíîñèòü îòäåëüíûå òåððèòîðèè â ñòåïÿõ Åâðîïû è íà ñ÷¸ò ïðîÿâëåíèÿ ñïåöèôè÷åñêèõ ãåíîâ Àçèè. Äàëüíåéøåå ïîõîëîäàíèå ïðèâåëî â ãåòåðîãåííîé ïîïóëÿöèè. Âîçìîæíî, ê ðàñøèðåíèþ çîíû òóíäðû è ôðàãìåíòà- ýòè ãåíû äåéñòâèòåëüíî ÿâëÿþòñÿ àðõàè÷- öèè ëåñîâ ïî þæíîé ãðàíèöå ëåñíîé çîíû, íûìè ïðèçíàêàìè äðåâíèõ ñîêîëîâ (ïðà- ÷òî ñîçäàëî óñëîâèÿ äëÿ âîññîåäèíåíèÿ êðå÷åòîâ ïî: Potapov, Sale, 2005), íåêîãäà àðåàëà áàëîáàíà íà þãå è êîíñîëèäàöèè íàñåëÿâøèõ âñþ Öåíòðàëüíóþ Àçèþ è äàâ- àðåàëà êðå÷åòà íà âñåì ïîáåðåæüå Ñå- øèõ íà÷àëî ñîâðåìåííûì çàïàäíûì è âîñ- âåðíîãî Ëåäîâèòîãî îêåàíà. Òàêèì îáðà- òî÷íûì áàëîáàíàì è êðå÷åòàì (ïîäðîáíåå çîì, ðàçäåëåíèå âèäîâ ïðîèçîøëî ñîâñåì ñì. â îáñóæäåíèè ãëàâó «Ïðîèñõîæäåíèå íåäàâíî. Ó÷èòûâàÿ íàëè÷èå ïòèö ñ ôåíî- çàïàäíûõ è âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ»). òèïîì «altaicus» â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ áàëîáàíà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå è ïîïóëÿöèÿõ Ñòàòóñ ñèáèðñêîãî áàëîáàíà àðêòè÷åñêèõ êðå÷åòîâ (â ÷àñòíîñòè, «ëà- Â Þæíîé Ñèáèðè â çîíå èíòåðãðàäàöèè áðàäîðîâ»), ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî ýòî çàïàäíûõ è âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ ëåæèò ðåçóëüòàò ïðîÿâëåíèÿ îäíîãî èç âàðèàíòîâ îáëàñòü ìàêñèìàëüíîãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ àðõàè÷íûõ ïðèçíàêîâ ïðà-êðå÷åòà. ôåíîòèïà saceroides. Ýòè ïòèöû â äîâîëüíî Â êà÷åñòâå îäíîé èç âåðñèé ïîÿâëåíèÿ áîëüøîì êîëè÷åñòâå âñòðå÷àþòñÿ â ðàçíûõ àëòàéñêèõ ñîêîëîâ ïðåäëàãàëàñü âåðñèÿ ðàéîíàõ Âîñòî÷íîé Ñèáèðè è Ìîíãîëèè â ìîðôèçìà îêðàñêè (Êîòñ, 1948), â ïîëüçó àðåàëå ìîíãîëüñêîãî áàëîáàíà, ôîðìè- êîòîðîé ãîâîðèò òîò ôàêò, ÷òî â Àëòàå- ðóÿ ñ íèì ñìåøàííûå ïàðû èíîãäà ãëó- Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå, êàê ðàç â ðàéîíàõ ïî- áîêî íà þãå, âïëîòü äî Ãîáè, íî ïðè ýòîì âûøåííîé êîíöåíòðàöèè âñòðå÷ ò¸ìíûõ èõ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå íà çàïàä ïî àðåàëó áàëîáàíîâ, íàáëþäàåòñÿ ïîâûøåííàÿ êîí- çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ ôàêòè÷åñêè íå îùó- öåíòðàöèÿ âñòðå÷ ò¸ìíûõ ìîõíîíîãèõ êóð- ùàåòñÿ. Çà 12 ëåò èññëåäîâàíèé íà òåððè- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 159

òîðèè îò Âîëãîãðàäñêîé îáëàñòè äî Àëòàÿ íàðÿäå óòðàòèëè ïîïåðå÷íûé ðèñóíîê â àâòîðîì è êîëëåãàìè âñòðå÷åíî âñåãî 6 ïðîöåññå ýâîëþöèè è âîçíèêíîâåíèå ïðè- òàêèõ ïòèö â ñìåøàííûõ ïàðàõ ñ ôåíîòè- çíàêîâ ïîïåðå÷íîé ïîëîñàòîñòè ñïèíû ó ïè÷åñêè ÷èñòûìè çàïàäíûìè áàëîáàíàìè ïòåíöîâ è âçðîñëûõ ïòèö íîñèò àòàâèñòè- (7,06% îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà íàáëþäåíèé ÷åñêèé õàðàêòåð, ïðîÿâëÿÿñü ñîâåðøåííî ïòèö â çîíå èñêëþ÷èòåëüíîãî îáèòàíèÿ çà- ñëó÷àéíî â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ. ïàäíîãî áàëîáàíà), ïðè÷¸ì â äâóõ ñëó÷àÿõ óñëîâèÿ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áûëè íå ñîâñåì Ãåíåòèêà çàïàäíûõ è âîñòî÷íûõ áà- òèïè÷íû äëÿ îáåèõ ôîðì: ñòåïü Âîëãî- ëîáàíîâ ãðàäñêîé îáëàñòè (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005à) Ïî ÷àñòîòå âñòðå÷àåìîñòè ïòèö ñ ïðè- è ïîäòàéãà Òþìåíñêîé îáëàñòè (Ìîøêèí, çíàêàìè «saceroides» â àðåàëå çàïàäíûõ 2009). È åñëè â ñëó÷àå ñ Âîëãîãðàäñêîé áàëîáàíîâ (ñì. âûøå) ìîæíî óæå ñóäèòü îáëàñòüþ èä¸ò ðå÷ü î çàñîðåíèè ãåíî- î òîì, ÷òî ôîðìèðîâàíèå ïàð ìåæäó çà- ôîíäà â ðåçóëüòàòå ðåèíòðîäóêöèè (ïòèöà ïàäíûìè áàëîáàíàìè è âîñòî÷íûìè áà- áûëà âûïóùåíà â Èðàíå è ìèãðèðîâàëà íà ëîáàíàìè, âêëþ÷àÿ ÿâíî ïðîìåæóòî÷íûõ Âîëãó), òî âî âñåõ îñòàëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ âèäè- ìåæäó íèìè ñèáèðñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ èç ìî èìåëî ìåñòî åñòåñòâåííîå ðàññåëåíèå àëòàå-ñàÿíñêîé çîíû êîíòàêòà, íå ÿâëÿåò- ïòèö èç Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîé ãîðíîé îáëàñòè íà ñÿ íîðìîé ââèäó êàêèõ-òî ïîâåäåí÷åñêèõ, çàïàä ïî ëåñîñòåïè. Ñèáèðñêèå áàëîáàíû, áèîòîïè÷åñêèõ èëè èíûõ áàðüåðîâ. ñêîðåå âñåãî, îñòàâàëèñü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè Ãåíåòè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ëèøíèé ðàç íà òåððèòîðèè, ÷åðåç êîòîðóþ ïðîõîäèò ïîäòâåðæäàþò íàøè äîâîäû î òîì, ÷òî èõ ìèãðàöèÿ ê ìåñòàì çèìîâîê â Çàïàäíîì ñêðåùèâàíèå çàïàäíûõ è âîñòî÷íûõ áàëî- Êàçàõñòàíå. Âîçìîæíî ïî ýòîé ïðè÷èíå áàíîâ çà ïðåäåëàìè çîíû ïåðåêðûòèÿ èõ ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå òî÷êè âñòðå÷ ñèáèðñêèõ àðåàëîâ íîñèò ñëó÷àéíûé õàðàêòåð. áàëîáàíîâ, ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ â ïàðàõ ñ Â ìàñøòàáíîé ðàáîòå Ô. Íèòòèíãåð ñ îáûêíîâåííûìè â àðåàëå îáûêíîâåííîãî ñîàâòîðàìè (Nittinger et al., 2007) äîñòà- áàëîáàíà, ëåæàò îêîëî îñè ìàðøðóòà ïòè- òî÷íî ÷¸òêî ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî âî âñåé ñåâåð- öû, ïîìå÷åííîé ñïóòíèêîâûì ïåðåäàò÷è- íîé çîíå ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà áàëîáàíà íà êîì è ìèãðèðîâàâøåé ñ Àëòàÿ â Çàóðàëüå âîñòîê äî Àëòàÿ àáñîëþòíî äîìèíèðóþò (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005ä). ãàïëîòèïû çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ, à ïðè- Âåðîÿòíî, òàêàÿ èììèãðàöèÿ ñèáèðñêèõ ñóòñòâèå ãàïëîòèïîâ âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ áàëîáàíîâ ïðîèñõîäèëà è ïðîäîëæàåò íîñèò ñëó÷àéíûé õàðàêòåð ëèáî âîîáùå ïðîèñõîäèòü îò ñëó÷àÿ ê ñëó÷àþ, â ðåçóëü- ÿâëÿåòñÿ îøèáêîé â ðåçóëüòàòå íåïðàâèëü- òàòå ÷åãî â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ îáûêíîâåííûõ áà- íîé èíòåðïðåòàöèè àâòîðàìè ìåñò ñáîðà ëîáàíîâ ñëó÷àéíûì îáðàçîì âîçíèêàþò îáðàçöîâ. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, äëÿ Ñåâåðíîãî Êà- îòêëîíåíèÿ â ïðîÿâëåíèè ïðîãðåññèâíîé çàõñòàíà (ðåãèîí NKA, ñì. ðèñ. 15) àâòîðû îêðàñêè. Åù¸ Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ (1951) ïèñàë ïðèâîäÿò èíôîðìàöèþ î âñòðå÷å 15% ãà- êàñàòåëüíî ýòîãî: «îòêëîíåíèÿ â ñòîðîíó ïëîòèïîâ âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ, íî àíàëèç saceroides ïî áîëüøåìó èëè ìåíüøåìó òàáëèöû ñáîðà îáðàçöîâ â ðàáîòå àâòîðîâ ðàçâèòèþ ïîïåðå÷íûõ ïåñòðèí – çíà÷è- ïîçâîëÿåò ñäåëàòü çàêëþ÷åíèå î òîì, ÷òî â òåëüíû; èçâåñòíû ñëó÷àè ñõîäíûõ ñ ñèáèð- Ñåâåðíîì Êàçàõñòàíå êàê ðàç ãàïëîòèïîâ ñêèì áàëîáàíîì îòêëîíåíèé ñðåäè çàïàä- âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ íå îáíàðóæåíî âî- íûõ áàëîáàíîâ: îäíà òàêàÿ ïòèöà äîáûòà âñå. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå îáðàçöû áàëîáàíîâ íà Êàâêàçå, äðóãàÿ â Àâñòðèè (1 àâãóñòà èç Íàóðçóìñêîãî áîðà îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ãàïëî- 1840 ã. ó Ýíöåíäîðôà), òðåòüÿ â Âåíãðèè òèïó H-1 èç ãðóïïû ãàïëîòèïîâ çàïàäíûõ (â êîìèòàòå Òèáàð ó Ïåðåç-Ïóøòà 18 íîÿ- áàëîáàíîâ. Âñå ïòèöû ñ ãàïëîòèïàìè âîñ- áðÿ 1929 ã.), íàêîíåö, â Êàçàõñòàíå èç òð¸õ òî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ ïðîèñõîäÿò èç àðåà- ïòåíöîâ, âçÿòûõ èç îäíîãî ãíåçäà â 1937 ã. ëà âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ ñ þãà Çàïàäíîãî â ëåñó Ñûïñûí, îäèí îêàçàëñÿ íå îòëè÷è- Êàçàõñòàíà è èç Âîñòî÷íîãî Êàçàõñòàíà: ìûì îò F. ch. saceroides, à äâà – òèïè÷íûå F.c.che-89 – Çàéñàíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà, 1913 ã., F. ñh. cherrug». Ïîÿâëåíèå ïòèö ñ òàêèìè êîëëåêöèÿ ÇÌ ÌÃÓ ¹95290 è F.c.che-197 îòêëîíåíèÿìè â åâðîïåéñêèõ ïîïóëÿöèÿõ – Êóð÷óìñêèé õðåáåò, 1993 ã., ñáîðû Ð. áàëîáàíîâ îïèñàíû è ïîçæå (Glutz von Ïôåôôåðà – àðåàë îáèòàíèÿ ôåíîòèïè- Blotzheim et al., 1971). ÷åñêè ÷èñòûõ öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêèõ áàëî- Îäíîé èç ãèïîòåç ïîÿâëåíèÿ ñîêîëîâ áàíîâ F. ch. milvipes, F.c.che-195 – Óñòþðò, ñ ïðèçíàêàìè saceroides â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ óð. Êóãóñåì, 1993 ã., ñáîðû Ð. Ïôåôôåðà çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðîÿâëå- – àðåàë îáèòàíèÿ ôåíîòèïè÷åñêè ÷èñòûõ íèå àòàâèçìà. Ïî ìíåíèþ Ð. Ïôåôôåðà ÷èíêîâûõ áàëîáàíîâ F. ch. aralocaspius. (2009), çàïàäíûå áàëîáàíû âî âçðîñëîì Òî æå ñàìîå âûòåêàåò èç àíàëèçà ìåñò 160 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî àíàëèç ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ âûäåëåííûõ ïî ìèòîõîíäðèàëüíîé ÄÍÊ ãà- ïëîòèïîâ â àðåàëå áàëîáàíà (Nittinger et al., 2007) ïîçâîëÿåò òî÷íî ðàçäåëèòü àðå- àë âèäà, íà ïðîñòðàíñòâå îò Âåíãðèè äî Ìîíãîëèè, âêëþ÷èòåëüíî, íà îáëàñòü ãíåç- äîâàíèÿ çàïàäíûõ (ñåâåðíûõ) è âîñòî÷íûõ (þæíûõ) áàëîáàíîâ (ñì. ðèñ. 5 è 15). Â Ìîíãîëèè îïðåäåë¸ííî íàáëþäàåòñÿ ñìåøåíèå çàïàäíûõ è âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáà- íîâ, îäíàêî ýòà çîíà íå òàê øèðîêà, êàê ìîæíî çàêëþ÷èòü èç ðàáîòû Ô. Íèòòèíãåð ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (Nittinger et al., 2007). Åñëè áîëåå òùàòåëüíî ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàòü îá- ðàçöû èç Ìîíãîëèè, òî, âåðîÿòíî, êàðòèíà âûñòðîèòñÿ àíàëîãè÷íàÿ òîé, ÷òî ïîëó÷à- åòñÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå àíàëèçà ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ôåíîòèïîâ – íà ñåâåðå ñòðàíû áóäóò äî- ìèíèðîâàòü îñîáè ñ ãàïëîòèïàìè çàïàä- íûõ áàëîáàíîâ, íà þãå – âîñòî÷íûõ, ïðè ýòîì íà êðàéíåì âîñòîêå ñòðàíû îñîáåé ñ ãàïëîòèïàìè çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ âîîáùå íå áóäåò âñòðå÷åíî. Àíàëèç äàííûõ äëÿ âîñòîêà ðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòè àðåàëà (ðåãèîí SSI, ñì. ðèñ. 15) ïî- êàçûâàåò èìåííî òàêóþ êàðòèíó – äëÿ òî÷êè â Çàáàéêàëüå àâòîðàìè ñâåäåíû îáðàçöû èç Äàóðèè è Êðàñíîÿðñêà, íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, Ðèñ. 15. ×àñòîòà âñòðå÷ ãàïëîòèïîâ âîñòî÷íîé ãðóïïû À (÷¸ðíûé) è çàïàäíîé ÷òî äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ýòèìè äâóìÿ òî÷êà- ãðóïïû B (áåëûé) â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ áàëîáàíà. Ðàçìåð êðóãîâ îòîáðàæàåò ÷èñëî ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàííûõ ýêçåìïëÿðîâ. Äëÿ êàæäîãî êðóãà ïðèâîäèòñÿ êîä ïîïóëÿ- ìè ñáîðà ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 1600 êì (ïî÷òè öèè è ÷èñëî ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàííûõ ýêçåìïëÿðîâ. Çàëèâêîé âûäåëåí ãíåçäîâîé êàê ðàññòîÿíèå îò Èñïàíèè äî Óêðàèíû) è àðåàë áàëîáàíà, äèàãîíàëüíîé çàøòðèõîâêîé – çèìîâêè. Âåðõíèé ðèñóíîê (1) – îíè ëåæàò â ñîâåðøåííî ðàçíûõ ïðèðîä- îðèãèíàëüíàÿ êàðòà èç ñòàòüè Nittinger et al., 2007, íèæíèé ðèñóíîê (2) – êàðòà ñ íûõ çîíàõ. Â Äàóðèè ïîïóëÿöèÿ ñôîðìè- èñïðàâëåíèåì îøèáîê â ãåîãðàôèè ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ îáðàçöîâ è êîððåêòèðîâêà- ìè â êîíòóðå ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà áàëîáàíà. ðîâàíà ìîíãîëüñêèìè áàëîáàíàìè (F. ch. Fig. 15. Frequencies of eastern group A (black) and western group B (white) of progressus), ïîýòîìó íåóäèâèòåëüíî, ÷òî haplotypes in populations of the Saker Falcon. Circles are scaled to reflect the âñå îáðàçöû èç Äàóðèè îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ãðóïïå number of individuals. Population codes and numbers of individuals are indicated. ãàïëîòèïîâ âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ (F.c.mil-7 Green-coloured area represents the geographic distribution of the Saker Falcon. è F.c.mil-8, Äàóðèÿ, 2001 ã., ñáîðû À. Ãà- Diagonally hatched areas depict wintering grounds. Upper figure (1) is original from the article of Nittinger et al., 2007, bottom figure (2) – the map with some ìàóô). Ãàïëîòèï çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ âû- corrections in the geographical origin of samples and in the Saker distribution. ÿâëåí ëèøü ó ïòèöû, ïðîèñõîäÿùåé èç ïîä Êðàñíîÿðñêà (F.c.mil-330 – Êðàñíîÿðñê, ñáîðà â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Êàçàõñòàíå (ðå- 1966 ã., êîëëåêöèÿ ÇÌ ÌÃÓ ¹97697), ãäå ãèîí SKA, ñì. ðèñ. 15). Äâà ãàïëîòèïà çà- ðàíåå ãíåçäèëñÿ èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî cherrug, à ïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ èç ñáîðîâ Ð. Êåíâàðäà â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ âèä íà ãíåçäîâàíèè îò- â 1993 ã. ïðîèñõîäÿò íå èç ãîðíîé ÷àñòè ñóòñòâóåò âîâñå. þãî-âîñòîêà îáëàñòè, íàñåëåííîé F. ch. Óñòðàíåíèå âûÿâëåííûõ îøèáîê â ðàáî- milvipes, à èç àðåàëà îáèòàíèÿ çàïàäíûõ òå Ô. Íèòòèíãåð ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (Nittinger áàëîáàíîâ. Ýòè îáðàçöû áûëè ñîáðàíû et al., 2007) ïîçâîëÿåò ïîëó÷èòü êàðòèíó Ð. Ïôåôôåðîì (ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå), íà ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ãàïëîòèïîâ çàïàäíûõ è âîñòîêå Áåòïàê-Äàëû, â 30 êì çàïàäíåå îç. âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ, êîòîðàÿ õîðîøî Áàëõàø, îêîëî ïîñ. ×èãàíàê, â çîíå îáè- ñîãëàñóåòñÿ ñ äàííûìè ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèõ òàíèÿ F. ch. cherrug. Èç 4-õ ñáîðîâ ñ þãà èññëåäîâàíèé (ðèñ. 15). Ñðåäíåé Àçèè (ðåãèîí CAS, ñì. ðèñ. 15) ëèøü îäèí èç ãðóïïû ãàïëîòèïîâ çàïàäíûõ Ïðîèñõîæäåíèå çàïàäíûõ è âîñòî÷- áàëîáàíîâ – F.c.che-343 – ïòèöà èç Òóð- íûõ áàëîáàíîâ êìåíèñòàíà, Áàäõûç, 1951 ã., êîëëåêöèÿ Â ðàáîòå Ô. Íèòòèíãåð ñ ñîàâòîðàìè ÇÌ ÌÃÓ ¹96918, íî ýòî íåãíåçäÿùàÿñÿ (Nittinger et al., 2005) îáñóæäàåòñÿ âåð- ïòèöà èç àïðåëüñêèõ ñáîðîâ (êîëëåêöèÿ ñèÿ îá àôðèêàíñêîì ïðîèñõîæäåíèè Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâà). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæíî êîìïëåêñà âèäîâ Hierofalco. Â íåé ëàííåð Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 161

(Falco biarmicus), êàê âèä ñ íàèáîëüøèì îäíîé ãðóïïû – ãðóïïû Â (ïî: Nittinger et ðàçíîîáðàçèåì âûÿâëåííûõ ãàïëîòèïîâ, al., 2007), â òî âðåìÿ êàê â ïåðèîä âòîðè÷- ïðåäñòàâëåííûõ êàê ñîáñòâåííî â ãðóïïå íûõ êîíòàêòîâ áàëîáàíû ñôîðìèðîâàëè ëàííåðîâ, òàê è â ãðóïïàõ çàïàäíûõ áàëî- ñìåøàííûå ïîïóëÿöèè â çîíå êîíòàêòà ñ áàíîâ (ãàïëîòèïû ãðóïïû Â ïî: Nittinger et êðå÷åòàìè è ïðèîáðåëè ãàïëîòèïû ãðóï- al., 2007) è âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ, ëàããàðîâ ïû À (ïî: Nittinger et al., 2007), à òàêæå (Falco jugger) è êðå÷åòîâ (ãàïëîòèïû ãðóï- ñ ëàííåðàìè, ñôîðìèðîâàâ òðåòüþ ãðóï- ïû A ïî: Nittinger et al., 2007), ïîçèöèî- ïó ñìåøàííûõ ãàïëîòèïîâ (Nittinger et al., íèðóåòñÿ êàê ïîòîìîê äðåâíèõ ñîêîëîâ, 2005; 2007). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, î÷åâèäíî, äàâøèõ íà÷àëî âñåì òð¸ì ãåíåòè÷åñêèì ÷òî ãðóïïà âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ ÿâëÿåò- ãðóïïàì ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé Hierofalco íà ñÿ ìîñòîì ìåæäó çàïàäíûìè áàëîáàíàìè Àôðî-Åâðàçèéñêîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå. Àâòî- è àðêòè÷åñêèìè êðå÷åòàìè, è âîçíèêëà â ðàìè â 22-õ îáðàçöàõ ëàííåðîâ èç ðàéîíà ðåçóëüòàòå âòîðè÷íûõ êîíòàêòîâ, íî äî Ñàõàðû áûëè îáíàðóæåíû 14 ãàïëîòèïîâ, ñèõ ïîð íå ïîëó÷åíî êàêèõ-ëèáî äîêàçà- è ñòîëü âûñîêîå ãåíåòè÷åñêîå ðàçíîîáðà- òåëüñòâ î âðåìåííûõ ïðîìåæóòêàõ ýòèõ çèå íà ìàëîé ïî ïëîùàäè òåððèòîðèè ÿâè- êîíòàêòîâ. ëîñü ïîäòâåðæäåíèåì àôðèêàíñêîãî ïðî- Â Åâðîïå íàèáîëåå ðàííèå íàõîä- èñõîæäåíèè Hierofalco. Â õîäå ëåäíèêîâûõ êè äðåâíèõ ñîêîëîâ äàòèðóþòñÿ ðàííèì òåìïåðàòóðíûõ êîëåáàíèé ÷åòâåðòè÷íîãî ïëåéñòîöåíîì, ò.å. îêîëî 1 ìèëëèîíà ëåò ïåðèîäà íà Àôðî-Åâðàçèéñêîì ïðîñòðàí- íàçàä, è îíè îïèñàíû êàê íàõîäêè ñàïñàíà ñòâå ïðîèñõîäèëî íåîäíîêðàòíîå ãëîáàëü- (Falco peregrinus) (Marco, 2004). Íàèáîëåå íîå ñìåùåíèå ãðàíèö ïðèðîäíûõ çîí íà äðåâíèì ïðåäñòàâèòåëåì Hierofalco, ïðåä- òûñÿ÷è êèëîìåòðîâ, â ðåçóëüòàòå êîòîðûõ êîì ñîâðåìåííîãî áàëîáàíà è êðå÷åòà, «äðåâíèå ëàííåðû» êîëîíèçèðîâàëè âñþ ñ÷èòàåòñÿ àíòè÷íûé ñîêîë (Falco antiquus), òåððèòîðèþ ïàëåàðêòèêè. Òî, ÷òî ðàññå- íàñåëÿâøèé Åâðàçèþ â íà÷àëå ñðåäíåãî ëåíèå ïðîèñõîäèëî ñ þãà íà ñåâåð, îáú- ïëåéñòîöåíà è âûìåðøèé ê êîíöó ïåðèîäà ÿñíÿåò ïàäåíèå ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ ãàïëîòèïîâ Ðèññêîãî îëåäåíåíèÿ – îêîëî 200 òûñ. ëåò ó âèäîâ, àðåàëû êîòîðûõ ðàñïîëîæåíû íàçàä (Mourer-Chauvire, 1975). Ýòîò ñîêîë ñåâåðíåå ïàí-àôðèêàíñêîãî î÷àãà îáè- èìååò ïðîìåæóòî÷íûå ïðèçíàêè ìåæäó òàíèÿ ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé Hierofalco. Â ÷àñò- áàëîáàíîì è êðå÷åòîì, íåæåëè ìåæäó áà- íîñòè, ó êðå÷åòà ðàçíîîáðàçèå ãàïëîòè- ëîáàíîì è ëàííåðîì. Èìåþòñÿ ñâåäåíèÿ ïîâ ìèíèìàëüíî ïðè íàèáîëåå øèðîêîì î íàõîäêàõ îñòàíêîâ áàëîáàíà â ðàííåì îõâàòå ñáîðàìè àðåàëà âèäà – îò Ãðåíëàí- è ñðåäíåì ïëåéñòîöåíå â Ðóìûíèè è ×å- äèè è Èñëàíäèè äî ×óêîòêè. Òàêèì îáðà- õèè, îäíàêî îíè ó ìíîãèõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé çîì, äàííûå ãåíåòè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé âûçûâàþò ñîìíåíèå (ñì. Tyrberg, 1998, ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò îá àôðèêàíñêîì ïðîèñ- 2006). Ñàìûå ðàííèå íàõîäêè ñîêîëîâ, õîæäåíèè Hierofalco è âûãëÿäÿò äîâîëüíî íàèáîëåå áëèçêèõ ê ñîâðåìåííûì ïðåä- óáåäèòåëüíûìè, îäíàêî íå ñîâñåì ÿñåí ñòàâèòåëÿì Hierofalco, èçâåñòíû íà Êîðñè- âðåìåííîé ïðîìåæóòîê îñâîåíèÿ «äðåâ- êå, þãî-âîñòîêå Èòàëèè, â Ñðåäíåé Ñèáè- íèìè ëàííåðàìè» Åâðàçèè. ðè (Åíèñåé) è èìåþò âîçðàñò îêîëî 44–34 Ïî ãèïîòåçå, ïðåäëîæåííîé Ô. Íèòòèí- òûñ. ëåò íàçàä. Ïåðâûå íàõîäêè íà Êîðñè- ãåð ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (Nittinger et al., 2005), êå áûëè èäåíòèôèöèðîâàíû êàê îñòàíêè «äðåâíèå ëàííåðû» êîëîíèçèðîâàëè Åâðà- ëàííåðà (Bonifay et al., 1998), íî â áîëåå çèþ â ïåðèîä ïîñëåäíèõ äâóõ ìåæëåäíèêî- ïîçäíèõ ðàáîòàõ ïî ñáîðàì èç Èòàëèè âèé è óæå â ïëåéñòîöåíå ñôîðìèðîâàëîñü ñäåëàí âûâîä î òîì, ÷òî îñòàíêè ïðèíàä- ÷åòûðå àôðî-åâðàçèéñêèõ âèäà Hierofalco ëåæàò ôîðìå, ìàêñèìàëüíî áëèçêîé ê ñî- (ëàííåð, áàëîáàí, ëàããàð è êðå÷åò), êîòî- âðåìåííîìó áàëîáàíó, íåæåëè ê ëàííåðó ðûå áûëè êàêîé-òî ïåðèîä âðåìåíè èçî- èëè êðå÷åòó, ïðè÷¸ì ýòîò ñîêîë íàñåëÿë ëèðîâàíû äðóã îò äðóãà. Îäíàêî â ïåðèîä âþðìñêèå ïàñòáèùà â ñîñòàâå ìàìîíòîâîé êëèìàòè÷åñêèõ ôëóêòóàöèé ïðîèçîøëè ôàóíû (Bedetti, Pavia, 2007). Íàèáîëåå âòîðè÷íûå êîíòàêòû ñ îáøèðíîé ãèáðè- äðåâíèå îñòàíêè ñîêîëà ñ Åíèñåÿ áûëè äèçàöèåé. Ïðè ýòîì ãåíåòè÷åñêèå èññëå- èäåíòèôèöèðîâàíû êàê îñòàíêè áàëîáàíà äîâàíèÿ ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî ëàííåð â íàñòîÿ- (Îâîäîâ, Ìàðòûíîâè÷, 1992). Îñòàíêè ñî- ùåå âðåìÿ ïðåäñòàâëåí òðåìÿ ðàçíûìè êîëîâ âîçðàñòà 35,5–28,5 òûñ. ëåò íàçàä, ïî ïðîèñõîæäåíèþ ìàêðî-ïîïóëÿöèÿìè èäåíòèôèöèðîâàííûõ êàê áàëîáàíû, èç- (èëè ïîäâèäàìè), õàðàêòåðèçóþùèìèñÿ âåñòíû èç îòëîæåíèé ïåùåðû Êîìàðîâà â ðàçíûìè ãðóïïàìè ãàïëîòèïîâ, à áàëî- Ïîëüøå (Tomek, Bochenski, 2005). Îñòàí- áàí – äâóìÿ. Ïåðâîíà÷àëüíî ïðåäêîâàÿ êè ñîêîëîâ êîìïëåêñà Hierofalco, îáíàðó- ôîðìà áàëîáàíà èìåëà ëèøü ãàïëîòèïû æåííûå â Èçðàèëå â îòëîæåíèÿõ ïîçäíåãî 162 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ïëåéñòîöåíà (îêîëî 19,5 òûñ. ëåò íàçàä), (Potapov, Sale, 2005), âåðîÿòíûé ïîòîìîê òàêæå èäåíòèôèöèðîâàíû êàê îñòàíêè áà- àíòè÷íîãî ñîêîëà. Èìåë ëè îí àôðèêàí- ëîáàíà (Simmons, Nadel, 1998). Â òî æå ñêîå èëè åâðàçèéñêîå ïðîèñõîæäåíèå, è âðåìÿ ìíîãèå îêàìåíåëûå îñòàíêè ñîêî- êàêèå åãî ôèëîãåíåòè÷åñêèå îòíîøåíèÿ ëîâ èç ïîçäíåãî ïëåéñòîöåíà ñ òåõ æå òåð- ñ ãðóïïîé «äðåâíèõ ëàííåðîâ» íå ñîâñåì ðèòîðèé èäåíòèôèöèðîâàíû â êà÷åñòâå ÿñíî. Íî îïðåäåë¸ííî, ÷òî íà ïðîñòðàí- îñòàíêîâ êðå÷åòà (Tyrberg, 1998, 2006), ñòâå åäèíîãî ìàññèâà âþðìñêèõ ïàñòáèù, ïðè÷¸ì, åñëè íàèáîëåå çàïàäíûå íàõîäêè â îäíèõ è òåõ æå ïðèðîäíûõ óñëîâèÿõ, â áàëîáàíà îãðàíè÷åíû Èòàëèåé, à íàèáîëåå òå÷åíèå íåñêîëüêèõ äåñÿòêîâ òûñÿ÷åëåòèé âîñòî÷íûå – Ñðåäíåé Ñèáèðüþ, ãåîãðà- âðÿä ëè ìîãëè ñîâìåñòíî ñóùåñòâîâàòü íå- ôèÿ íàõîäîê êðå÷åòà ãîðàçäî áîëåå øè- ñêîëüêî âèäîâ ãåíåòè÷åñêè è ìîðôîëîãè- ðîêàÿ – îò Èñïàíèè äî Ñàõàëèíà (Tyrberg, ÷åñêè áëèçêèõ ñîêîëîâ, òàêèõ êàê êðå÷åò 2006). Ýòî â ïðèíöèïå íå ñîãëàñóåòñÿ ñ è áàëîáàí, ãðàíèöà ìåæäó êîòîðûìè äî- ðåçóëüòàòàìè ãåíåòè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé, ñòàòî÷íî óñëîâíà è â íàøå âðåìÿ. òàê êàê íåâîçìîæíî ñåáå ïðåäñòàâèòü, ÷òî Äî ñèõ ïîð íå ñîâñåì ÿñíî, áûë ëè ïðà- íàñòîëüêî áëèçêèå ãåíåòè÷åñêè è ìîðôî- êðå÷åò ãåíåòè÷åñêè áëèçîê ê ãðóïïå ñî- ëîãè÷åñêè âèäû, êàê êðå÷åò è áàëîáàí, ñó- âðåìåííûõ çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ èëè æå îí ùåñòâîâàëè òûñÿ÷åëåòèÿ, îáèòàÿ íà îäíèõ áûë áîëåå áëèçîê ê ãðóïïå êðå÷åòîâ. Èç è òåõ æå òåððèòîðèÿõ â çîíå ñïëîøíîãî èññëåäîâàíèé Ô. Íèòòèíãåð ñ ñîàâòîðàìè íàëîæåíèÿ àðåàëîâ, ïðè ýòîì ñîõðàíÿ- (Nittinger et al., 2005) ñëåäóåò, ÷òî ãðóïïà ëèñü â êà÷åñòâå «÷èñòûõ» âèäîâ. àðêòè÷åñêèõ êðå÷åòîâ áîëåå ìîëîäàÿ, òàê Àíàëèç ôàêòîâ îáíàðóæåíèÿ îñòàíêîâ êàê èìååò ìåíüøåå ðàçíîîáðàçèå ãàïëîòè- ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé Hierofalco â ñðåäíåì è ïîçä- ïîâ. Ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî ïðà-êðå÷åò íåì ïëåéñòîöåíå, êîòîðûõ èññëåäîâàòå- áûë áëèçîê ê ãðóïïå çàïàäíûõ áàëîáîíîâ. ëè èíòåðïðåòèðóþò êàê ôîðìû, áëèçêèå ê Ýòà ïîçèöèÿ ïîäðàçóìåâàåò ïðîèñõîæäå- ëàííåðó, áàëîáàíó èëè êðå÷åòó, ëèøíèé ðàç íèå ñîâðåìåííîãî êðå÷åòà èç íåêîãî àçè- ãîâîðèò î òîì, ÷òî âèäîâàÿ äèôôåðåíöèà- àòñêîãî î÷àãà, ñòðåìèòåëüíóþ ðåêîëîíè- öèÿ êðóïíûõ ñîêîëîâ óæå â òîò ïåðèîä áûëà çàöèþ èì àðêòè÷åñêèõ òóíäð â ðàííåì îñëîæíåíà ðàçíîîáðàçèåì íåÿñíûõ ôîðì ãîëîöåíå, ïîñëå ïîëíîãî âûìèðàíèÿ íà ïîãðàíè÷íîãî ñòàòóñà ìåæäó âèäîì è ïîäâè- äàííîé òåððèòîðèè ïðà-êðå÷åòà, à çàòåì äîì, âîçíèêøèõ â ïåðèîä ìåæäó Ðèññêèì è îñâîåíèå èì Ñðåäíåé è Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè Âþðìñêèì îëåäåíåíèÿìè â ðåçóëüòàòå ýâî- ñ ôîðìèðîâàíèåì øèðîêîé çîíû ãèáðè- ëþöèè àíòè÷íîãî ñîêîëà. Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, äèçàöèè ñ ïîòîìêàìè ïðà-êðå÷åòîâ, áëèç- ÷òî ýòè ôîðìû áûëè áëèçêè ê ñîâðåìåí- êèìè ê ñîâðåìåííûì áàëîáàíàì. Îäíàêî, íûì ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿì Hierofalco, íî â ïåðè- îïèñàííàÿ êàðòèíà íå ñòûêóåòñÿ ñ äàííûìè îä Âþðìñêîãî îëåäåíåíèÿ èõ àðåàëû ñíîâà ïî äèíàìèêå àðåàëîâ ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé ìà- êîíñîëèäèðîâàëèñü, êàê ìèíèìóì, â Åâðà- ìîíòîâîé ôàóíû â ïîçäíåì ïëåéñòîöåíå çèè. Èìåííî íåîäíîêðàòíûå âîññîåäèíå- – ðàííåì ãîëîöåíå. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, êîëî- íèÿ àðåàëîâ ñî ñëåäîâàâøåé ãèáðèäèçàöèåé íèçàöèÿ ïðåäêàìè ñîâðåìåííûõ êðå÷åòîâ íå äàëè êîìïëåêñó Hierofalco îêîí÷àòåëüíî Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè ïðîèñõîäèëà ðàíüøå è ðàçäåëèòüñÿ âïëîòü äî íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè. òîò íàáîð ãàïëîòèïîâ, êîòîðûé â íàñòîÿùåå Òà äèôôåðåíöèàöèÿ Hierofalco, êîòîðóþ ìû âðåìÿ ìû íàáëþäàåì ó ñåâåðíûõ êðå÷åòîâ, íàáëþäàåì ñåé÷àñ, ïðîèçîøëà íå äî ïîñëåä- äîñòàëñÿ èì â íàñëåäñòâî îò ïðà-êðå÷åòà, íåãî îëåäåíåíèÿ, à ïîñëå. Ê ýòîìó æå âûâîäó àðåàë êîòîðîãî óæå â ïëåéñòîöåíå çàíèìàë ïðèõîäèëè âñå èññëåäîâàòåëè êðóïíûõ ñî- âñþ òåððèòîðèþ Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. êîëîâ, êàê íà îñíîâàíèè ãåíåòè÷åñêèõ, òàê è Ïî ñóòè, ÷¸òêîå ïðèðîäíîå çîíèðîâàíèå íà îñíîâàíèè ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâà- Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè â òîò ïåðèîä îòñóòñòâî- íèé (Êîòñ, 1948; Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951; Eastham âàëî, ðàñòèòåëüíîñòü áûëà ïðåäñòàâëåíà et al., 2002; Kleinschmidt, 1901; Nittinger et ñëîæíûì ñî÷åòàíèåì ëåñíûõ, ëóãîâûõ, ñòåï- al., 2005; 2007; Potapov, Sale, 2005). Íèæå íûõ, îïóøå÷íûõ è îêîëîâîäíûõ ñîîáùåñòâ ðàññìîòðåíû ãèïîòåçû ðàçäåëåíèÿ íà âèäû (Ñìèðíîâà è äð., 2004). Ýòî õîðîøî âèäíî êîìïëåêñà Hierofalco â ãîëîöåíå è ïðîèñõî- èç ðåêîíñòðóèðîâàííîé êàðòû ïàëåîýêî- æäåíèÿ çàïàäíîãî è âîñòî÷íîãî áàëîáàíîâ. ñèñòåì ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà 20 òûñ. ëåò íàçàä Êàê óæå îòìå÷àëîñü âûøå, â ïîçäíåì (Ray, Adams, 2001) (ðèñ. 16). Ôàóíèñòè÷å- ïëåéñòîöåíå íå áûëî ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé èçî- ñêèé êîìïëåêñ áûë ïðåäñòàâëåí ñìåøàííîé ëÿöèè êðå÷åòà è áàëîáàíà, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ìàìîíòîâîé ôàóíîé ñ äîìèíèðîâàíèåì ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî âñþ òåððèòî- êðóïíûõ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ-ôèòîôàãîâ. Â ðèþ Åâðàçèè íàñåëÿë èõ îáùèé ïðåäîê òîò ïåðèîä àðåàë ïðà-êðå÷åòà çàíèìàë âñþ – ïðà-êðå÷åò ïî Å. Ïîòàïîâó è Ð. Ñåéëó òåððèòîðèþ àðêòè÷åñêèõ è àëüïèéñêèõ ïó- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 163

÷òî è ïðà-êðå÷åò, ÿâëÿþùèéñÿ òèïè÷íûì ïðåäñòàâèòåëåì ìàìîíòîâîé ôàóíû, çäåñü ìîã îòñóòñòâîâàòü. Òåì íå ìåíåå, â ïîñëåä- íåå âðåìÿ âûñêàçàí ðÿä ìíåíèé î òîì, ÷òî çîíà ýêñòðåìàëüíûõ ïóñòûíü îõâàòûâàëà âñþ Ñðåäíþþ Àçèþ äî Êàñïèÿ âêëþ÷è- òåëüíî, à íå áûëà ðàçãðàíè÷åíà íà îáëàñòü àëüïèéñêèõ è óìåðåííûõ ïóñòûíü (Adams, 1997; Adams, Faure, 1997), ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ïðà-êðå÷åò çàñåëÿë âñþ ýòó òåððèòîðèþ. Ðàäèîóãëåðîäíîå äàòèðîâàíèå (Êóçüìèí è äð., 2001; Anderson, 1984; Markova et al., 1995; Kuznetsova et al., 2001) è àíàëèç ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ âèäîâ-ýäèôèêàòîðîâ æèâîòíûõ è ðàñòåíèé ïîçäíåãî ïëåéñòî- öåíà (Êàëÿêèí, Òóðóáàíîâà, 2004) ïî- êàçûâàþò, ÷òî â ïåðèîäû ïîòåïëåíèé è ïîõîëîäàíèé óñòîé÷èâî ñóùåñòâîâàëè ïîçäíåâþðìñêèå ïàñòáèùíûå ýêîñèñòåìû ñ õàðàêòåðíîé äëÿ íèõ ñìåøàííîé ôëî- ðîé è ôàóíîé. Â ïåðèîäû ïîõîëîäàíèé íåáëàãîïðèÿòíûå âîçäåéñòâèÿ êëèìàòà è óñèëåíèå äàâëåíèÿ ôèòîôàãîâ íà ðàñòè- òåëüíîñòü ïðèâîäèëè ê ñîêðàùåíèþ è áåç òîãî ëîêàëüíûõ ëåñíûõ ñîîáùåñòâ, ñîõðà- íÿâøèõñÿ ëèøü â ðåôóãèóìàõ ñ áëàãîïðè- ÿòíûì êëèìàòîì. Â ïåðèîäû ïîòåïëåíèé õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà ðàñïðî- ñòðàíÿëèñü èç ðåôóãèóìîâ, îäíàêî íå ôîð- ìèðîâàëè ñïëîøíîãî ïîêðîâà. Íåñìîòðÿ Ðèñ. 16. Êàðòà ìèðà â ïåðèîä ïîñëåäíåãî ìàêñèìàëüíîãî îëåäåíåíèÿ 25–15 òûñ. ëåò íàçàä, îñíîâàííàÿ íà ÃÈÑ-àíàëèçå (Ray, Adams, 2001). íà òî, ÷òî ïîäîáíàÿ ïóëüñàöèÿ ïëîùàäåé Fig. 16. A GIS-based vegetation map of the world at the last glacial maximum – ëåñîâ è îòêðûòûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé ïðîèñ- 25,000–15,000 BP (Ray, Adams, 2001). õîäèëà â òå÷åíèå ïëåéñòîöåíà ìíîãîêðàò- íî, óñòîé÷èâîñòü ïàñòáèùíûõ ýêîñèñòåì, ñòûíü è òóíäð, òóíäðîñòåïåé è óìåðåííûõ ñ ïðèñóùåé èì ñìåøàííîñòüþ ôëîðû è ñòåïíûõ ëàíäøàôòîâ Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè è ôàóíû, íå íàðóøàëàñü, ÷òî è îáóñëîâèëî Ñåâåðíîé Àìåðèêè (Potapov, Sale, 2005) èõ ïðååìñòâåííîå ðàçâèòèå (Ñìèðíîâà è (ðèñ. 17). äð., 2004). Îäíàêî, 12–9 òûñ. ëåò íàçàä Çäåñü ñëåäóåò ñêàçàòü íåñêîëüêî ñëîâ î ïðîèñõîäèò ðåçêîå ñíèæåíèå ÷èñëåííî- ðåêîíñòðóêöèè àðåàëà ïðà-êðå÷åòà â ñåðå- ñòè è âûìèðàíèå íàèáîëåå êðóïíûõ âè- äèíå ïîçäíåãî ïëåéñòîöåíà, ïðåäñòàâëåí- äîâ ôèòîôàãîâ. Â ýòîò ïåðèîä â Åâðàçèè íîì íà ðèñ. 17. Âñëåä çà Å. Ïîòàïîâûì è Ð. è Ñåâåðíîé Àìåðèêå âûìåðëè âñå âèäû Ñåéëîì (Potapov, Sale, 2005), ìû âêëþ÷àåì ìàññîé áîëåå òîííû è 75% âèäîâ ìàññîé âñþ çîíó ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ îò òîííû äî 100 êã (Æåãàëëî è äð., 2001; ïîçäíåâþðìñêèõ ïàñòáèùíûõ ýêîñèñòåì Martin, 1984; Owen-Smith, 1987; 1989). â ãíåçäîâîé àðåàë ïðà-êðå÷åòà. Îäíàêî Ñóùåñòâóåò äâå ãèïîòåçû ïðè÷èí ïîäîáíî- îñòà¸òñÿ íåÿñíûì åãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå íà ãî âûìèðàíèÿ – êëèìàòè÷åñêàÿ è àíòðîïî- áîëüøåé ÷àñòè ñîâðåìåííîãî Êàçàõñòàíà è ãåííàÿ. Ñòîðîííèêè ãèïîòåçû ñðåäîîáðà- Ñðåäíåé Àçèè. Áîëüøèíñòâî ýêñïåðòîâ ïî çóþùåé ðîëè ýäèôèêàòîðîâ ìàìîíòîâîãî ðåêîíñòðóêöèè ýêîñèñòåì ïîçäíåãî ïëåé- êîìïëåêñà â ôîðìèðîâàíèè è ïîääåð- ñòîöåíà ñêëîííû ñ÷èòàòü, ÷òî çäåñü áûëè æàíèè èìè ïîçäíåâþðìñêèõ ïàñòáèùíûõ ïðåäñòàâëåíû óìåðåííûå ïóñòûíè, ãðàíè- ýêîñèñòåì îáúÿñíÿþò âûìèðàíèå ìàìîíòà ÷àùèå ñ òóíäðîñòåïüþ, ïðè ýòîì íèêàêèõ è äðóãèõ êðóïíûõ âèäîâ ñíèæåíèåì ÷èñ- êîñòíûõ îñòàíêîâ ìàìîíòà, øåðñòèñòîãî ëåííîñòè èõ ïîïóëÿöèé íèæå êðèòè÷åñêîé íîñîðîãà, ãèãàíòñêîãî îëåíÿ (Megaloceros â ðåçóëüòàòå àíòðîïîãåííîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ giganteus) è ïåðâîáûòíîãî áèçîíà (Bison (Ïó÷êîâ, 1989; Àíòèïèíà, Ìàñëîâ, 1994; priscus) ñ ýòèõ òåððèòîðèé íåèçâåñòíî (Áà- Owen-Smith, 1987). Îäíàêî îáå ãèïîòåçû ðûøíèêîâ è äð., 1981; Êàëÿêèí, Òóðóáàíî- íå ñîâñåì óáåäèòåëüíû. Íàïðèìåð, â ýòîò âà, 2004). Ïîýòîìó ëîãè÷íî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, æå ïåðèîä øëè êðèòè÷åñêèå èçìåíåíèÿ 164 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ ðîþùèõ ãðûçóíîâ, â ÷àñò- íèå 2-õ òûñÿ÷åëåòèé, êðóøåíèå ìàìîíòî- íîñòè, ñóñëèêîâ ðîäà Urocitellus è ïðåä- âîé ôàóíû. Âîçìîæíî ïî ýòîé ïðè÷èíå, ñòàâèòåëåé ñåì. Ïèùóõîâûå (Lagomydae) îñòàâøèñü â èçîëÿöèè, åâðîïåéñêèå ïîïó- (Áàðûøíèêîâ è äð., 1981), íà êîòîðûå ëÿöèè ïðà-êðå÷åòà äîñòàòî÷íî áûñòðî ýâî- îïðåäåë¸ííî íå ìîã âëèÿòü ïåðåïðîìû- ëþöèîíèðîâàëè, âñ¸ äàëüøå îòäàëÿÿñü îò ñåë, îêàçûâàåìûé ëþäüìè. Ìîæíî ïðåä- àçèàòñêèõ. Òàê èëè èíà÷å, âîïðîñ î ïðîèñ- ïîëîæèòü, ÷òî èñòðåáëåíèå êðóïíûõ ïðåä- õîæäåíèè áàëîáàíîâ â êà÷åñòâå ñàìîñòîÿ- ñòàâèòåëåé ìàìîíòîâîé ôàóíû ïðèâåëî òåëüíîé âåòâè äðåâíèõ ñîêîëîâ è âðåìåíè ê äåãðåññèè ïàñòáèù, ÷òî è ïîâëèÿëî íà ýòîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ îñòà¸òñÿ îòêðûòûì, ðîþùèõ ãðûçóíîâ, îäíàêî ôàêòè÷åñêèõ íî ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ ëîãè÷íûì, ÷òî èìåííî ïîäòâåðæäåíèé ýòîìó íåò. Òàê èëè èíà÷å, ñ ðàííåãî ãîëîöåíà íà÷èíàåòñÿ ýêñïàíñèÿ ó÷èòûâàÿ ëîêàëèçàöèþ âèäîâ ìàìîíòîâîé áàëîáàíîâ â Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. ôàóíû â ñàìîì íà÷àëå ðàííåãî ãîëîöåíà Â ðàííåì ãîëîöåíå (9–7 òûñ. ëåò íàçàä) â 3-õ î÷àãàõ – â Ïðè÷åðíîìîðüå, Þæíîé ïðîèñõîäèò ïîòåïëåíèå êëèìàòà ïðè ïî- Ñèáèðè è â îáëàñòè ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ñî- ñòîÿííûõ àìïëèòóäàõ ïîòåïëåíèé – ïîõî- âðåìåííûõ àðêòè÷åñêèõ òóíäð îò ßìàëà ëîäàíèé. Ïàñòáèùíûå ýêîñèñòåìû òðàíñ- äî ×óêîòêè (Êàëÿêèí, Òóðóáàíîâà, 2004), ôîðìèðóþòñÿ â äåòðèòíûå: ïèîíåðàìè ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî èìåííî â ýòîò çàñåëåíèÿ ïàñòáèù ÿâëÿþòñÿ äåðåâüÿ ñ ëåã- ïåðèîä ïðîèçîøëî ïåðâîå ðàçáèåíèå êîëåòó÷èìè ñåìåíàìè è áûñòðîé ñìåíîé àðåàëà ïðà-êðå÷åòà íà äâà î÷àãà – àçèàò- ïîêîëåíèé (èâà, áåð¸çà, îñèíà, ñîñíà), çà ñêèé è åâðîïåéñêèé (ðèñ. 17). êîòîðûìè ïðèõîäÿò òåìíîõâîéíûå è øè- ×òî ïðîèçîøëî ñ åâðîïåéñêèì èçîëÿ- ðîêîëèñòâåííûå âèäû (Ñìèðíîâà è äð., òîì ïðà-êðå÷åòà – äî ñèõ ïîð îñòà¸òñÿ 2004). Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ëåñíîãî ïîêðîâà çàãàäêîé. Ãåíåòè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî- ïðîèñõîäèò äîñòàòî÷íî ñèíõðîííî ïî êàçàëè ôàêòè÷åñêîå îòñóòñòâèå âîñòî÷íûõ âñåé Åâðàçèè çà ñ÷¸ò óâåëè÷åíèÿ ïëîùàäè ãàïëîòèïîâ â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ åâðîïåéñêèõ ëåñíûõ ðåôóãèóìîâ â áëàãîïðèÿòíûõ êëè- áàëîáàíîâ (Nittinger et al., 2007), ÷òî ìàòè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèÿõ, ïðè îòñóòñòâèè ñðå- ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò îá îòñóòñòâèè â Åâðîïå äîîáðàçóþùèõ êðóïíûõ ôèòîôàãîâ. Íà ïîñòãëÿöèàëüíûõ êîíòàêòîâ ìåæäó çàïàä- íà÷àëüíîì ýòàïå ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ëåñíîãî íûìè áàëîáàíàìè è êðå÷åòàìè (èëè ïðà- ïîÿñà ïàñòáèùíûå ýêîñèñòåìû ïðåâðàùà- êðå÷åòàìè). Åñëè ïðèíÿòü âî âíèìàíèå òî, þòñÿ â ëåñîñòåïü, ïî êîòîðîé è íà÷èíàþò ÷òî ãðóïïû ãàïëîòèïîâ çàïàäíûõ áàëîáà- ñâî¸ ðàññåëåíèå ïîòîìêè äðåâíèõ áàëî- íîâ áîëåå ñòàðûå, ÷åì êðå÷åòîâ (ïî âåð- áàíîâ ëèáî ñîêîëîâ èç çàïàäíîãî èçîëÿòà ñèè Nittinger et al., 2005), ìîæíî ïðåä- àðåàëà ïðà-êðå÷åòà (ðèñ. 17). ïîëàãàòü, ÷òî â òå÷åíèå âñåãî ïîçäíåãî Äàëüíåéøåå ïîòåïëåíèå êëèìàòà â ñðåä- ïëåéñòîöåíà â Ñðåäèçåìíîìîðüå ñîõðà- íåì ãîëîöåíå (7–5 òûñ. ëåò íàçàä), çíà- íÿëñÿ èçîëÿò ýòîé ôîðìû â îáëàñòè ðàñ- ÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü êîòîðîãî ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà ïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ïðèìîðñêèõ ëåñîâ (ñì. ðèñ. àòëàíòè÷åñêèé ïåðèîä (Êëèìàíîâ, 1982; 16). Ïîñëå âûìèðàíèÿ ïðà-êðå÷åòà â ðàí- Õîòèíñêèé, 1982), ïðèâîäèò ê ìàêñèìàëü- íåì ãîëîöåíå íà Åâðîïåéñêîì êîíòèíåíòå íîìó ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ òåìíîõâîéíûõ è áàëîáàíû ñòàëè ðàñøèðÿòü ñâîé àðåàë, ïî- øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ âèäîâ äåðåâüåâ â Åâ- ñòåïåííî îñâàèâàÿ ôîðìèðóþùóþñÿ ëåñî- ðàçèè (Íåéøòàäò, 1957; Õîòèíñêèé, 1977; ñòåïü. Åñëè æå ïðèíÿòü âî âíèìàíèå çíà÷è- Êîæàðèíîâ, 1994; Åëèíà, 2000). Â ýòîò òåëüíî ìåíüøèé âîçðàñò ãðóïïû ãàïëîòèïîâ ïåðèîä ïîëíîñòüþ ôîðìèðóåòñÿ ëåñíîé çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ, òîãäà åäèíñòâåííûì ïîÿñ, êîòîðûé èìååò â ãîëîöåíå ìàêñè- ëîãè÷íûì îáúÿñíåíèåì èõ ïîÿâëåíèÿ ÿâ- ìàëüíóþ ïëîùàäü. Ãðàíèöà ëåñíîãî ïîÿñà ëÿåòñÿ ýâîëþöèÿ èçîëèðîâàííûõ â åâðî- íà Ñåâåðå Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû â ýòîò ïåðè- ïåéñêèõ ñòåïÿõ ïîïóëÿöèé ïðà-êðå÷åòîâ. îä ïðîõîäèò ïî ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè Êîëüñêîãî Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî íà òåððèòîðèè ãè- ïîëóîñòðîâà, à äàëåå íà âîñòîê ïðîòÿãèâà- ïåðçîíû ñ ïåðèãëÿöèàëüíûìè óñëîâèÿìè è åòñÿ ê ñðåäíåìó òå÷åíèþ Ïå÷îðû è Ïðè- ðàçëè÷èÿìè â ôóíêöèîíàëüíîé ñòðóêòóðå è ïîëÿðíîìó Óðàëó (Êðåìåíåöêèé è äð., óñëîâèÿõ áèîöåíîçîâ, ñôîðìèðîâàâøåéñÿ 1996), òóíäðîâàÿ çîíà ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîëíî- â Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïå â ïîçäíåì ïëåéñòîöå- ñòüþ èñ÷åçàåò ñ ìàòåðèêîâîé ÷àñòè Âîñòî÷- íå, ýâîëþöèîííûå ïðîöåññû ïðîèñõîäèëè íîé Åâðîïû (Íåéøòàäò, 1957; Õîòèíñêèé, â óñëîâèÿõ, áëèçêèõ ê ýêñòðåìàëüíûì, à 1978). Îñíîâíûå âèäû øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ çíà÷èò âî ìíîãîì áîëåå èíòåíñèâíî (Ðåêî- äåðåâüåâ ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþòñÿ îò ñîâðåìåí- âåö, Íàäàõîâñêèé, 2007). Íà óâåëè÷åíèå íîé ñåâåðíîé òàéãè äî ×åðíîãî ìîðÿ, à ñêîðîñòè ýâîëþöèîííûõ ïðîöåññîâ ìîãëî ïî äîëèíàì Äîíà è Âîëãè – äî Àçîâñêîãî ñêàçàòüñÿ è äîñòàòî÷íî áûñòðîå, â òå÷å- è Êàñïèéñêîãî ìîðåé (Õîòèíñêèé, 1977; Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 165

Òèïè÷íûå âàðèàí- óñëîâèÿõ âûñîêîé ñòåïåíè ëåñèñòîñòè òåð- òû îêðàñêè ñåðîé ðèòîðèè, â òî âðåìÿ êàê àçèàòñêèå ïîïóëÿ- ìîðôû êðå÷åòà (Falco rusticolus) – ââåðõó è öèè áàëîáàíîâ è êðå÷åòîâ îáìåíèâàþòñÿ ìîíãîëüñêîãî áàëî- îñîáÿìè ñ ôîðìèðîâàíèåì ãèáðèäíûõ áàíà (Falco cherrug ïîïóëÿöèé â çîíàõ èíòåðãðàäàöèè. Ïàðàë- progressus) – âíèçó, ëåëüíî èä¸ò íàðàùèâàíèå ëåñîïîêðûòîñòè ïîêàçûâàþùèå èõ áëèçêîå ñõîäñòâî. Èíäèéñêîãî ñóáêîíòèíåíòà è âîñòî÷íûå Ôîòî À. Ñîðîêèíà è áàëîáàíû, íàñåëÿþùèå ýòó òåððèòîðèþ, È. Êàðÿêèíà. òàê æå, êàê è çàïàäíûå, íà÷èíàþò àäàïòèðî- Typical variants of âàòüñÿ ê ëåñíûì ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿì (ðèñ. 18). coloration of Gyrfalcon Îêîëî 4 òûñ. ëåò íàçàä íà ëàíäøàôòàõ (Falco rusticolus) grey çàïàäíîé Åâðîïû óæå ñòàëî ñèëüíî ñêàçû- morph (upper) and Mongolian Sakers (Falco âàòüñÿ àíòðîïîãåííîå âëèÿíèå. Êëèìàò ñòàë cherrug progressus) ìåíÿòüñÿ íà êîíòèíåíòàëüíûé, ÷òî òàêæå íå (bottom). Color of their ìîãëî íå ñêàçàòüñÿ íà îáëèêå ëàíäøàôòîâ. species are similar. Îò íà÷àëà àêòèâíîãî çàñåëåíèÿ ëþäüìè Ïðè- Photos by A. Sorokin and I. Karyakin. ÷åðíîìîðüÿ (5 òûñ. ëåò íàçàä) äî ñêèôñêî- ñàðìàòñêîãî ïåðèîäà (3,5–3 òûñ. ëåò íàçàä) ñåâåðíàÿ ãðàíèöà ëåñà îòñòóïàåò ê þãó, óñè- ëèâàåòñÿ ðîñò áîëîò, íà þãå, îò Êàðïàò äî Àëòàÿ, ôîðìèðóåòñÿ ñïëîøíîé ìàññèâ ñòå- ïåé. Â ýòî âðåìÿ ïðîèñõîäèò êîíñîëèäàöèÿ àðåàëà àðêòè÷åñêîãî êðå÷åòà è åãî ýêñïàí- ñèÿ íà çàïàä, â òóíäðû Åâðîïû, â òî âðåìÿ êàê ñâÿçü ìåæäó þæíûìè è àðêòè÷åñêèìè ïîïóëÿöèÿìè êðå÷åòîâ ïîñòåïåííî ïðåðû- âàåòñÿ, à ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ èçîëÿöèÿ ïîïóëÿ- öèé áàëîáàíîâ íàðàñòàåò. Âåðîÿòíî, â ýòîò ïåðèîä â Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè îêîí÷àòåëüíî ôîðìèðóåòñÿ, êàê ìèíèìóì, 5 ôîðì ñî- 1978). Â ýòîò ïåðèîä àðåàë äðåâíåãî êðå- âðåìåííûõ êðóïíûõ ñîêîëîâ, ïðîèçîøåä- ÷åòà óæå ñèëüíî ôðàãìåíòèðîâàëñÿ è ñî- øèå îò ïðà-êðå÷åòà: çàïàäíûé áàëîáàí, êðàòèëñÿ äî óçêîé ïîëîñêè, ïðèóðî÷åííîé âîñòî÷íûé áàëîáàí, ëàããàð, þæíûé êðå÷åò ê àðêòè÷åñêîé òóíäðå, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â è ñåâåðíûé êðå÷åò. Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî Àçèè, â ãîðàõ Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè ñîõðàíè- èçîëèðîâàííûå â ñòåïÿõ Àçèè âîñòî÷íûå ëèñü êðóïíûå ïîïóëÿöèè ýòîé ôîðìû. Íå- áàëîáàíû â ýòî âðåìÿ äîñòàòî÷íî øèðîêî ñìîòðÿ íà ñôîðìèðîâàâøèéñÿ ïîÿñ òàé- ñêðåùèâàþòñÿ êàê ñ îñòàòêàìè ïîïóëÿöèé ãè, íà ñåâåðî-âîñòîêå Àçèè ñîõðàíèëèñü äðåâíèõ êðå÷åòîâ, òàê è ñ åâðîïåéñêèìè îãðîìíûå ïëîùàäè êðèîãåííûõ âþðìñêèõ áàëîáàíàìè, ñôîðìèðîâàâ ðÿä ãèáðèäíûõ ñòåïåé è ëåñîñòåïåé, íàñåë¸ííûõ êðå÷å- ïîïóëÿöèé â çîíàõ êîíòàêòà. Ïðè ýòîì, òîì. Îñòàòêè ýòèõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, â âèäå ñêðåùèâàíèå ìåæäó çàïàäíûìè è âîñ- ñîõðàíèâøèõñÿ íåáîëüøèõ ðåëèêòîâûõ òî÷íûìè áàëîáàíàìè ìèíèìàëüíî â ñèëó ó÷àñòêîâ ñòåïíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè, ìîæíî âëèÿíèÿ ðÿäà ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ôàêòîðîâ, â íàáëþäàòü íà ñåâåðî-âîñòîêå Àçèè è â íà- òî âðåìÿ êàê ìåæäó âîñòî÷íûìè áàëîáàíà- ñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ (Þðöåâ, 1976). Èìåííî ìè è äðåâíèìè êðå÷åòàìè ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå ïî ýòîìó êîðèäîðó â ýòîò ïåðèîä ïðîèñ- áàðüåðû ïîñòåïåííî ñòèðàþòñÿ. Â ýòîò æå õîäèò ñîîáùåíèå ìåæäó þæíûìè è ñå- ïåðèîä èç ãðóïïû âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ íà âåðíûìè ïîïóëÿöèÿìè êðå÷åòîâ. Þæíàÿ Èíäèéñêîì ñóáêîíòèíåíòå îêîí÷àòåëüíî ÷àñòü àðåàëà ïðåäêà ñîâðåìåííîãî áàëî- âûäåëÿåòñÿ ëàããàð (ðèñ. 18). áàíà îêàçàëàñü ðàçãðàíè÷åííîé íà îòäåëü- Â ïåðèîä î÷åðåäíîãî ïîòåïëåíèÿ, 2–1,5 íûå òåððèòîðèè â ñòåïÿõ Åâðîïû è Àçèè. òûñ. ëåò íàçàä, âîñòî÷íûå áàëîáàíû çà- Ïðåäïîëîæèòåëüíî èìåííî â ýòîò ïåðèîä íèìàþò ôàêòè÷åñêè âñå ãîðíûå ðàéîíû â ñòåïíûõ è ëåñîñòåïíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè, à çàïàäíûå íà÷èíàþò Åâðîïû è ñîâðåìåííîãî Êàçàõñòàíà ïðî- ýêñïàíñèþ ïî ëåñîñòåïè íà âîñòîê. Ïî èñõîäèò äîñòàòî÷íî áûñòðàÿ ýâîëþöèÿ áà- ãèïîòåçå, ïðåäëîæåííîé Ð. Ïôåôôå- ëîáàíîâ, äàâøèõ íà÷àëî ñîâðåìåííûì çà- ðîì (2009), çàïàäíûå áàëîáàíû, îñâîèâ ïàäíûì, âîñòî÷íûì áàëîáàíàì è ëàããàðàì. äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ äåðåâüÿ, øèðîêî çàñå- Çàïàäíûå áàëîáàíû íàõîäÿòñÿ â èçîëÿöèè ëÿþò ëåñîñòåïü è ñòàíîâÿòñÿ íàñòîÿùèìè è âûíóæäåíû àäàïòèðîâàòüñÿ ê îáèòàíèþ â ñåçîííûìè ìèãðàíòàìè. Âîñòî÷íûå æå 166 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ðèñ. 17. Îäèí èç âîçìîæíûõ ñöåíàðèåâ ýâîëþöèè áàëîáàíîâ â Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Êàðòû ïðåäïîëàãàåìîãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ïðà- êðå÷åòà 20 òûñ. ëåò íàçàä – ââåðõó ñëåâà (ïî: Potapov, Sale, 2005), 10 òûñ. ëåò íàçàä – ââåðõó ñïðàâà, 9 òûñ. ëåò íàçàä – âíèçó ñëåâà, è áàëîáàíà è êðå÷åòà 8 òûñ. ëåò íàçàä – âíèçó ñïðàâà. Fig. 17. One of possible ways of the Saker evolution in Northern Eurasia. Maps of supposed distribution of the proto-falcon at 20,000 years BP – upper at the left (on Potapov, Sale, 2005), 10,000 years BP – upper at the right, 7,000 years BP – bottom at the left, and Saker Falcon and Gyrfalcon 8,000 years BP – bottom at the right.

áàëîáàíû, îñòàâàÿñü ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî òî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ, ëàããàðîâ è êðå÷åòîâ. Â íàñêàëüíîãíåçäÿùèìèñÿ è îñ¸äëûìè, ôàê- óñëîâèÿõ íåâîëè êðå÷åò, îáå ôîðìû áàëî- òè÷åñêè àññèìèëèðóþò þæíûõ êðå÷åòîâ, áàíîâ è ëàããàðû ñâîáîäíî ñêðåùèâàþòñÿ è òàê êàê ïîëíîöåííàÿ ñâÿçü ìåæäó þæíûìè äàþò ïëîäîâèòîå ïîòîìñòâî. Êàê ñëåäñòâèå, è ñåâåðíûìè ïîïóëÿöèÿìè êðå÷åòîâ ïðå- ëàããàðà, áàëîáàíà è êðå÷åòà ìîæíî ïðè- ðâàëàñü óæå 2 òûñ. ëåò íàçàä. Â ðåçóëüòàòå çíàòü ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûìè âèäàìè òîëüêî ïî àññèìèëÿöèè þæíûõ êðå÷åòîâ ôîðìè- ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîìó êðèòåðèþ, à çàïàäíûé ðóþòñÿ ïîïóëÿöèè âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ è âîñòî÷íûé áàëîáàíû â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íàèáîëåå ïðîãðåññèâíîé îêðàñêè. ôîðìèðóþò øèðîêóþ çîíó ãèáðèäèçàöèè Òàêèì îáðàçîì, äàæå åñëè ïðåäïîëîæèòü, â Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè. ×åòûðå ïîòîìêîâûõ ÷òî ðàçäåëåíèå âèäîâ ïðîèçîøëî óæå â ôîðìû äðåâíèõ ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé Hierofalco, ïëåéñòîöåíå, òî, ïðè îòñóòñòâèè ñåðü¸çíûõ à âîçìîæíî, ëèøü îäíîãî ïðà-êðå÷åòà, ìû ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ áàðüåðîâ âïëîòü äî ñåðå- âèäèìî è íàáëþäàåì ñåé÷àñ â Ñåâåðíîé Åâ- äèíû ãîëîöåíà, îíî íå ìîãëî ïðèâåñòè ê ðàçèè – ýòî îáûêíîâåííûé áàëîáàí, íàñå- ãëóáîêîé äèôôåðåíöèàöèè çàïàäíûõ, âîñ- ëÿþùèé ëåñîñòåïü; âîñòî÷íûé áàëîáàí, øè- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 167

Ðèñ. 18. Îäèí èç âîçìîæíûõ ñöåíàðèåâ ýâîëþöèè áàëîáàíîâ â Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Êàðòû ïðåäïîëàãàåìîãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ áàëîáàíà è êðå÷åòà 7 òûñ. ëåò íàçàä – ââåðõó ñëåâà (ïî: Potapov, Sale, 2005), 6 òûñ. ëåò íàçàä – ââåðõó ñïðàâà, çàïàäíîãî è âîñòî÷íîãî áàëîáàíîâ, ëàããàðà è êðå÷åòà 4 òûñ. ëåò íàçàä – âíèçó ñëåâà è 2 òûñ. ëåò íàçàä – âíèçó ñïðàâà. Fig. 18. One of possible ways of the Saker evolution in Northern Eurasia. Maps of supposed distribution of Saker Falcon and Gyrfalcon at 7,000 years BP – upper at the left, 6,000 years BP – upper at the right, Western and Eastern Sakers, Lagger Falcon and Gyrfalcon 4,000 years BP – bottom at the left, and 2,000 years BP – bottom at the right.

ðîêî çàñåëèâøèé àðèäíûå ãîðû, îò Òóðöèè ìåæóòî÷íîé ôîðìîé ìåæäó çàïàäíûìè äî Ìîíãîëèè; ïîòîìêè þæíûõ êðå÷åòîâ, áàëîáàíàìè è êðå÷åòàìè; êàê ìîðôîëî- àññèìèëèðîâàííûå áàëîáàíàìè â ãîðíûõ ãè÷åñêè, òàê è ýêîëîãè÷åñêè îíè ãîðàçäî ñèñòåìàõ Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè (òèáåòñêèé áîëåå áëèçêè ê êðå÷åòàì, è î÷åíü ÷àñòî è ìîíãîëüñêèé áàëîáàíû, à îò÷àñòè è, òàê âîñòî÷íûé è çàïàäíûé áàëîáàí âåäóò ñåáÿ íàçûâàåìûé, «àëòàéñêèé áàëîáàí», ïîÿâ- äðóã ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê äðóãó êàê ñàìîñòîÿ- ëÿþùèéñÿ â íàèáîëåå ãåòåðîãåííîì Àëòàå- òåëüíûå âèäû. Ïîýòîìó ïðàâèëüíåå áûëî Ñàÿíñêîì àíêëàâå àðåàëà âèäà); ñåâåðíûé áû äåëèòü áàëîáàíîâ íà äâà âèäà – çàïàä- êðå÷åò, íàñåëÿþùèé àðêòè÷åñêèå òóíäðû è íûé áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug) è âîñòî÷íûé ëåñîòóíäðû. áàëîáàí (Falco milvipes), åñëè áû íå îòñóò- Ðàññìàòðèâàÿ êîìïëåêñ Hierofalco, ïðè- ñòâèå ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ áàðüåðîâ. Ãåíåòè- íÿòî ñ÷èòàòü êðå÷åòà, áàëîáàíà (çàïàäíûõ ÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ òàêîå äåëåíèå òàêæå è âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ âìåñòå) è ëàããàðà ïîäòâåðæäàþò (ñì. ãëàâó «Ãåíåòèêà çàïàä- òðåìÿ ðàçíûìè âèäàìè. Â òî æå âðåìÿ, íûõ è âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ»). âîñòî÷íûå áàëîáàíû ÿâëÿþòñÿ íåêîé ïðî- Ñðåäè âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ, âåðîÿòíî, 168 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

íàèáîëåå àðõàè÷íîé ôîðìîé, ñîõðàíèâøåé áîëü- danubialis (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951), è âîçìîæíî ýòî áîëåå øóþ ÷àñòü «êðå÷åòèíûõ» ïðèçíàêîâ (ò¸ìíîå òåìÿ, ïðàâèëüíî, ÷åì îáúåäèíåíèå åãî â îäèí ïîäâèä. ïîëîñàòîå ïîäõâîñòüå), ÿâëÿåòñÿ òèáåòñêèé áàëîáàí, êîòîðûé âîçìîæíî, íàèáîëåå áëèçîê ê ïðà-êðå÷åòó. Çàêëþ÷åíèå Ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûé àíàëèç ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ áàëîáà- Êàêîâà âîçìîæíîñòü âûäåëåíèÿ ïîäâèäîâ ñðå- íîâ ðàçíûõ ôåíîòèïîâ ïîçâîëÿåò ñäåëàòü ñëåäóþùèå äè çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ? âûâîäû: Ñóùåñòâîâàíèå ðàçíûõ ïîäâèäîâ â àðåàëå âîñòî÷- 1. Ãíåçäîâîé àðåàë òàê íàçûâàåìûõ çàïàäíûõ áàëî- íûõ áàëîáàíîâ î÷åâèäíî. Îíî âûòåêàåò èç äîìèíè- áàíîâ, õàðàêòåðèçóþùèõñÿ áóðîé îêðàñêîé áåç ïî- ðîâàíèÿ êîíêðåòíûõ ôåíîòèïîâ â îãðàíè÷åííûõ ïåðå÷íîãî ðèñóíêà íà âåðõíåé ñòîðîíå òåëà, áîêàõ ãåîãðàôè÷åñêè ðåãèîíàõ ñî ñâîèìè óíèêàëüíûìè è øòàíàõ è ñëàáûì âîçðàñòíûì äèìîðôèçìîì, ïðî- ëàíäøàôòàìè, ê îáèòàíèþ â êîòîðûõ ïòèöû àäàï- ñòèðàåòñÿ ÷åðåç âåñü àðåàë âèäà â Åâðàçèè óçêîé ïî- òèðîâàëèñü òûñÿ÷åëåòèÿìè. À âîò ñóùåñòâîâàíèå ëîñîé, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ïî ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíå. ïîäâèäîâ ñðåäè çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ, íàñåëÿþùèõ 2. Ãíåçäîâîé àðåàë òàê íàçûâàåìûõ âîñòî÷íûõ áà- îäíîòèïíûå, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ëåñîñòåïíûå, ìåñòî- ëîáàíîâ, õàðàêòåðèçóþùèõñÿ ñèëüíîé âàðèàöèåé â îáèòàíèÿ íà ïðîñòðàíñòâå îò Âåíãðèè äî Çàáàéêàëüÿ, îêðàñêå, íàëè÷èåì ïîïåðå÷íîãî ðèñóíêà íà âåðõíåé ñòîèò ïîä âîïðîñîì. Âî-ïåðâûõ, ïòèöû èç çàïàäíûõ è ÷àñòè òåëà, áîêàõ è øòàíàõ è ñèëüíûì âîçðàñòíûì äè- âîñòî÷íûõ ÷àñòåé àðåàëà çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ î÷åíü ìîðôèçìîì, îõâàòûâàåò çîíó ïóñòûíü è ïîëóïóñòûíü áëèçêè ïî îêðàñêå, è âûÿâèòü êàêèå-ëèáî ðàçëè÷èÿ â è áîëüøóþ ÷àñòü ãîðíûõ ñèñòåì Àçèè, îò Òóðöèè – íà èõ ôåíîòèïå äîâîëüíî ñëîæíî. Âî-âòîðûõ, ïåðåíîñ çàïàäå äî Ïðèìîðüÿ – íà âîñòîêå. ãåíîâ ìåæäó çàïàäíûìè è âîñòî÷íûìè ïîïóëÿöèÿ- 3. Ëèøü íà âîñòîêå àðåàëà çàïàäíûå áàëîáàíû ìè çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ, âèäèìî, áûë ñóùåñòâåííûì ïåðåñåêàþòñÿ ñ âîñòî÷íûìè ñ ôîðìèðîâàíèåì ñìå- âïëîòü äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè, ïîêà âèä íå èñ÷åç íà øàííûõ ïîïóëÿöèé â óçêîé çîíå êîíòàêòà, ëåæàùåé, áîëüøåé ÷àñòè åâðîïåéñêîé Ðîññèè. ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî, â ãîðíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ íà ñòûêå ëå- Êàê ïîêàçàëè ðåçóëüòàòû ïðîåêòà ïî ìå÷åíèþ âåí- ñîñòåïè è ñòåïè, íà ãðàíèöå Ðîññèè è Ìîíãîëèè. Íà ãåðñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ ñïóòíèêîâûìè ïåðåäàò÷èêàìè, îñíîâíîé æå ÷àñòè àðåàëà âèäà ýòè ôîðìû íå ïåðå- ðàçë¸ò ìîëîäûõ ïòèö â âîñòî÷íîì íàïðàâëåíèè ñó- ñåêàþòñÿ ëèáî çîíà èõ êîíòàêòà íàñòîëüêî íè÷òîæ- ùåñòâåíåí è íåêîòîðûå èç íèõ äîñòèãàþò Ïîâîëæüÿ è íà, ÷òî íå ïîçâîëÿåò ñôîðìèðîâàòüñÿ ïîëíîöåííûì Çàïàäíîãî Êàçàõñòàíà (Conservation…, 2010). Ê ñîæà- ãíåçäîâûì ãðóïïèðîâêàì. ëåíèþ, â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïðîöåññ äåãðàäàöèè ïîïó- 4. Ñìåøàííûå ïîïóëÿöèè ìåæäó çàïàäíûìè è âîñ- ëÿöèé çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ íà âîñòîêå Åâðîïû äîñòèã òî÷íûìè áàëîáàíàìè â çîíå èõ êîíòàêòà â Þæíîé Ñè- òàêîãî ðàçìàõà, ÷òî äàæå ïðè î÷åíü äàëüíåé ýìèãðà- áèðè è Ìîíãîëèè ïðèíÿòî îòíîñèòü ê òàê íàçûâàåìûì öèè çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ íà âîñòîê èç ïîïóëÿöèîííûõ ñèáèðñêèì áàëîáàíàì (F. ch. saceroides), êîòîðûå, ïî ÿäåð Âåíãðèè è Óêðàèíû è íà çàïàä èç ïîïóëÿöèîííûõ ñâîåé ñóòè, íå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûì ïîäâèäîì. ÿäåð Ñèáèðè è ñåâåðî-çàïàäà Êàçàõñòàíà îíè èìåþò Ñèáèðñêèé áàëîáàí – ôåíîòèï (÷àñòî äîìèíèðóþ- êðàéíå ìàëî øàíñîâ ïåðåñå÷üñÿ äðóã ñ äðóãîì äëÿ ùèé), âîçíèêàþùèé â çîíå ãèáðèäèçàöèè çàïàäíûõ è óñïåøíîãî ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ïàð. Äåãðàäàöèÿ ïîïóëÿ- âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ. öèé çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ íà âîñòîêå Åâðîïû âûÿâèëà 5. Çàïàäíûå áàëîáàíû íà âñ¸ì ïðîòÿæåíèè àðåàëà äâà ÿâíûõ ïîïóëÿöèîííûõ î÷àãà âèäà – Åâðîïåéñêèé è äîñòàòî÷íî îäíîòèïíû, â òî âðåìÿ êàê ñðåäè âîñòî÷íûõ Àçèàòñêèé. Ìåæäó íèìè çà ïîñëåäíèå 30 ëåò îáðàçî- áàëîáàíîâ âûäåëÿåòñÿ, êàê ìèíèìóì, 5 ÷¸òêî äèôôå- âàëàñü øèðîêàÿ çîíà, â êîòîðîé áàëîáàí îòñóòñòâóåò, ðåíöèðóåìûõ ðàñ. Ïðè÷¸ì, äëÿ 2-õ èç íèõ – ÷èíêîâîãî è åãî àðåàë, ïî ñóòè, ðàñïàëñÿ íà äâà êðóïíûõ àíêëà- è òèáåòñêîãî áàëîáàíîâ, ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü îá èñêëþ÷è- âà. Ïðè ýòîì, ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà øëî òåëüíîé ÷èñòîòå ôåíîòèïà â èõ ïîïóëÿöèÿõ. çà ñ÷¸ò óâåëè÷åíèÿ ðàçðûâà ìåæäó ýòèìè àíêëàâàìè, 6. Ïðàâîìåðíîñòü âûäåëåíèÿ äâóõ ïîäâèäîâ âîñòî÷- ÷òî ïîäðàçóìåâàåò ïîääåðæêó ïîïóëÿöèé ìåæäó íèìè íûõ áàëîáàíîâ – àíàòîëèéñêîãî (Ïôåôôåð, 2009) è çà ñ÷¸ò ñîêîëîâ èìåííî èç ýòèõ àíêëàâîâ. Àíàëèç ôå- òóðêåñòàíñêîãî (F. ch. coatsi) (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951), îñòà- íîòèïîâ ïîêàçàë íåêîòîðóþ ðàçíèöó ìåæäó ïòèöà- ¸òñÿ ïîä âîïðîñîì äî ïîëó÷åíèÿ âåñîìûõ äîêàçà- ìè èç çàïàäíîãî è âîñòî÷íîãî àíêëàâîâ (1.1+2.3+3. òåëüñòâ èõ ïîäâèäîâîé ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîñòè. 3+4.1+5.2+6.2+7.1+8.2 – êîä çàïàäíîãî ôåíîòèïà è 7. Â çîíå êîíòàêòà çàïàäíûõ è âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ, 1.1+2.4+3.2+4.4+5.1+6.3+7.1+8.2 – êîä âîñòî÷íîãî â öåíòðå î÷àãà ìàêñèìàëüíîé ïëîòíîñòè îáîèõ è ïòèö ôåíîòèïà), îäíàêî ðàçëè÷èÿ îêàçàëèñü êðàéíå íåíà- ñìåøàííûõ ôåíîòèïîâ (ñèáèðñêèõ áàëîáàíîâ F. ch. ä¸æíûìè èç-çà ìàëîé âûáîðêè. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ó÷è- saceroides), â îñíîâíîì â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå, òûâàÿ ïîïóëÿöèîííóþ äèíàìèêó è ðàñïàä àðåàëà íà ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ ãðóïïà ôåíîòèïîâ «àëòàéñêîãî ñîêîëà», íå äâå ÷àñòè, ïðè ìèíèìàëüíîì îáìåíå îñîáÿìè ìåæäó ñâîéñòâåííàÿ íè îäíîé äðóãîé ïîïóëÿöèè áàëîáàíîâ ýòèìè ÷àñòÿìè, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü ïîäâèäîâóþ ñà- èç äðóãèõ ÷àñòåé àðåàëà âèäà. Ýòè ïòèöû íå ìîãóò áûòü ìîñòîÿòåëüíîñòü áàëîáàíîâ â Åâðîïå è Àçèè. Åù¸ íå âûäåëåíû â êà÷åñòâå ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîãî ïîäâèäà è, êàê òàê äàâíî îáûêíîâåííûé áàëîáàí ðàññìàòðèâàëñÿ â è â ñëó÷àå ñ ñèáèðñêèì áàëîáàíîì, ÿâëÿþòñÿ ôåíî- êà÷åñòâå äâóõ ïîäâèäîâ, ñîáñòâåííî îáûêíîâåííîãî òèïîì, âîçíèêàþùèì â çîíå ãèáðèäèçàöèè çàïàäíûõ èëè âîëæñêîãî F. ch. ñherrug è åâðîïåéñêîãî F. ch. è âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ. Ïðè÷èíà ïîÿâëåíèÿ óíèêàëü- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 169

íîé îêðàñêè ïîäîáíûõ ñîêîëîâ ìîæåò êðûòüñÿ â ïðî- Åëèíà Ã.À. Ïàëåîãåîãðàôè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîçäíå- ÿâëåíèè àðõàè÷íûõ ãåíîâ â ãåòåðîãåííîé ïîïóëÿöèè, ëåäíèêîâüÿ è ãîëîöåíà íà Åâðîïåéñêîì Ñåâåðå Ðîññèè. – ñôîðìèðîâàâøåéñÿ íà ñòûêå àðåàëîâ çàïàäíûõ è íå- Äèíàìèêà áîëîòíûõ ýêîñèñòåì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè â ãîëîöå- ñêîëüêèõ ôîðì âîñòî÷íûõ áàëîáàíîâ (ôàêòè÷åñêè – â íå. Ïòåðîçàâîäñê, 2000. Ñ. 5–10. Åôèìåíêî Í.Í. Áàëîáàí â Òóðêìåíèñòàíå: ðàñïðîñòðà- öåíòðå àðåàëà ïðà-êðå÷åòà, íàñåëÿâøåãî Ñåâåðíóþ íåíèå, ãíåçäîâàÿ ýêîëîãèÿ, ñîâðåìåííàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü è Åâðàçèþ íåñêîëüêî òûñÿ÷åëåòèé íàçàä). îõðàíà. – Ñòðåïåò. 2010. Âûï. 8, ¹1. Ñ. 2–21. Æåãàëëî Â.È., Êàëàíäàäçå Í.Í., Êóçíåöîâà Ò.Â., Ðàóòèàí Áëàãîäàðíîñòè À.Ñ. Ñóäüáà ìåãàôàóíû Ãîëàðêòèêè â ïîçäíåì àíòðîïî- Õî÷åòñÿ ïîáëàãîäàðèòü À. Êîâàëåíêî (Èíñòèòóò çî- ãåíå. – Ìàìîíò è åãî îêðóæåíèå: 200 ëåò èçó÷åíèÿ. Ì., îëîãèè, Àëìàòû, Êàçàõñòàí) è ß. Ðåäüêèíà (Çîîìóçåé 2001. Ñ. 287–306. ÌÃÓ, Ìîñêâà, Ðîññèÿ) çà âîçìîæíîñòü ðàáîòû ñ êîë- Çàâüÿëîâ Å.Â., Ðóáàí Î.À. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è îñîáåííî- ëåêöèîííûìè îáðàçöàìè, Ð. Ïôåôôåðà (Áàâàðñêèé ñòè ýêîëîãèè áàëîáàíà íà þãå Íèçêîé Ñûðòîâîé ðàâíèíû. – ñîêîëèíûé äâîð, Øèëëèíãñôþðñò, Ãåðìàíèÿ) çà öåí- Àêòóàëüíûå ïðîáëåìû èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû ïòèö Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû è Ñåâåðíîé Àçèè: Ìàòåðèàëû ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîí- íûå èäåè î ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé âàðèàöèè áàëîáàíîâ è ôåðåíöèè (IX Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ). Êàçàíü, Å. Ïîòàïîâà (Áðèí-Àôèíñêèé êîëëåäæ, Ïåíñèëüâà- 2001. Ñ. 242–243. íèÿ, ÑØÀ) çà ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî íàïèñàíèþ ñòàòüè è Êàðàìçèí À.Í. Ïòèöû Áóãóðóñëàíñêîãî óåçäà è ñî- öåííûå çàìå÷àíèÿ ïî ïàëåîèñòîðèè Hierofalco. ïðåäåëüíûõ ñ íèì ÷àñòåé Áóãóëüìèíñêîãî è Áóçóëóêñêî- ãî óåçäîâ Ñàìàðñêîé ãóáåðíèè è Áåëåáååâñêîãî óåçäà Ëèòåðàòóðà Óôèìñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ïîçíàíèþ ôàóíû è Àíòèïèíà Å.Å., Ìàñëîâ Ñ.Ï. Íåêîòîðûå ïðîáëåìû èçó÷å- ôëîðû Ðîññèéñêîé èìïåðèè. Îòä. çîîëîãèè, Âûï. 5. Ì., íèÿ èñòîðèè âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ õîçÿéñòâåííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè 1901. Ñ. 203–394. ÷åëîâåêà ñ ïðèðîäíûìè áèîöåíîçàìè. – Ýâîëþöèîííàÿ è Êàëÿêèí Â.Í., Òóðóáàíîâà Ñ.À. Èçìåíåíèå âèäîâîãî ñî- èñòîðè÷åñêàÿ àíòðîïîýêîëîãèÿ. Ì., 1994. Ñ. 111–120. ñòàâà è ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ êëþ÷åâûõ âèäîâ (ýäèôèêàòîðîâ) Àòàäæàíîâ Ì.À. Ñîâðåìåííûé ñòàòóñ ñîêîëà-áàëîáàíà â ìàìîíòîâîãî êîìïëåêñà Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû ñ ïîçäíåãî Óçáåêèñòàíå è ïðîáëåìà åãî ñîõðàíåíèÿ. Àâòîðåôåðàò íà ïëåéñòîöåíà äî ïîçäíåãî ãîëîöåíà. – Âîñòî÷íîåâðîïåé- ñîèñêàíèå ñòåïåíè êàíäèäàòà áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ íàóê. Àêàäå- ñêèå ëåñà: èñòîðèÿ â ãîëîöåíå è ñîâðåìåííîñòü. Ì., 2004. ìèÿ íàóê Ðåñïóáëèêè Óçáåêèñòàí, Èíñòèòóò çîîëîãèè. Òàø- Ñ. 96–118. êåíò, 2002. 17 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà. Ñî- Áàííèêîâà È.À. Ëåñîñòåïü Âíóòðåííåé Àçèè: ñòðóêòóðà è êîëîîáðàçíûå (Falconiformes), Ñîâîîáðàçíûå (Strigiformes). ôóíêöèÿ. Ì., 2003. 287 ñ. Ïåðìü, 1998. 483 ñ. Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î. Õèùíûå ïòèöû Ñðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ: Ñî- Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Áàëîáàí â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå è íà âðåìåííîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè è ïðèëåãàþùèõ òåððèòîðèÿõ. – Ñòåïíîé áþëëåòåíü. 2004à. ôàêòîðû âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà ïîïóëÿöèè. Äèññåðòàöèÿ íà ñîèñ- ¹15. Ñ. 32–39. êàíèå ó÷åíîé ñòåïåíè êàíäèäàòà áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ íàóê. Ì., Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Áàëîáàí íà ïëàòî Óñòþðò: êðàòêèå ðåçóëüòà- 2004. 164 ñ. òû ýêñïåäèöèè 2003 ã. – Ñòåïíîé áþëëåòåíü. 2004á. ¹15. Áàðûøíèêîâ Ã.Ô., Ãàðóòò Â.Å., Ãðîìîâ È.Ì., Ãóðååâ À.À., Ñ. 40–41. Êóçüìèíà È.Å., Ñîêîëîâ À.Ñ., Ñòðåëêîâ Ï.Ï., Ãîäèíà À.Â., Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Áàëîáàí â Ðîññèè. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è Æåãàëëî Â.È. Êàòàëîã ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ ÑÑÑÐ (ïëèîöåí – ñî- èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹12. Ñ. 28–47. âðåìåííîñòü) / Ïîä ðåä. È.Ì. Ãðîìîâà è Ã.È. Áàðàíîâîé. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ìåòîäè÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî îðãàíèçà- Ë., 1981. 456 ñ. öèè ìîíèòîðèíãà ñîêîëà-áàëîáàíà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ýêî- Áîðîäèí Î.Â. Êîíñïåêò ôàóíû ïòèö Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëà- ðåãèîíå. Êðàñíîÿðñê. 2010. 122 ñ. ñòè. Óëüÿíîâñê, 1994. 96 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Ãðàáîâñêèé Ì.À., Êîíîâà- Âîë÷àíåöêèé È.Á., ßëüöåâ Í.Ï. Ê îðíèòîôàóíå Ïðèåðóñ- ëîâ Ë.È., Ìîøêèí À.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ., Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., ëàíñêîé ñòåïè ÀÑÑÐ. – Ó÷åí. çàï. Ñàðàòîâñêîãî óí-òà. Ñàðà- Ðûáåíêî À.Â. Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug) â Ðîññèè. – Èíâåí- òîâ, 1934. Ò. 2, âûï. 1. Ñ. 63–94. òàðèçàöèÿ, ìîíèòîðèíã è îõðàíà êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷å- Ãàâðèëîâ Ý.È. Ôàóíà è ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ïòèö Êàçàõñòà- ñêèõ òåððèòîðèé Ðîññèè. Â. 5. Îòâ. ðåä. Ñ.À. Áóêðååâ. Ì., íà. Àëìàòû, 1999. 198 ñ. 2005à. Ñ. 48–66. Ãàëóøèí Â.Ì. Ïðîáëåìû ñîõðàíåíèÿ áàëîáàíà è äðóãèõ Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î., Ìîøêèí À.Â. Áàëîáàí â êðóïíûõ ñîêîëîâ Ðîññèè. – Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ñîâû â çîîïàð- Ïðèàðàëüå. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005á. ¹4. êàõ è ïèòîìíèêàõ. Âûï. 14. Ì., 2005. Ñ. 9–22. Ñ. 44–49. Ãîìáîáààòàð Ñ., Ñóìúÿà Ä., Ïîòàïîâ Å., Ìóíõçàÿà Á., Îä- Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ëåâèí À.Ñ., Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. õóó Á. Áèîëîãèÿ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñîêîëà áàëîáàíà â Ìîíãîëèè. Áàëîáàí â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå: ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2007. ¹9. Ñ. 17–26. 2003–2004 ãã. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005ñ. Ãðèãîðüåâ Í.Ä., Ïîïîâ Â.À., Ïîïîâ Þ.Ê. Îòðÿä Ñîêîëîî- ¹2. Ñ. 42–55. áðàçíûå (äíåâíûå õèùíûå ïòèöû) Falconiformes. – Ïòèöû Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Ïîòàïîâ Å.Ð., Ôîêñ Í. Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî êðàÿ: Íåâîðîáüèíûå. Ì.: Íàóêà. 1977. Ïðåäâàðèòåëüíûå ðåçóëüòàòû ïðîåêòà ïî èçó÷åíèþ ìèãðà- Ñ. 109–110. öèè áàëîáàíà â Ðîññèè. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. Äåìåíòüåâ Ã.Ï. Îòðÿä õèùíûå ïòèöû. – Ïòèöû Ñîâåòñêîãî 2005ä. ¹2. Ñ. 56–59. Ñîþçà. Ò. 1. Ì.: Ñîâåòñêàÿ íàóêà, 1951. Ñ. 70–341. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. Ðåçóëüòàòû ìîíèòîðèíãà ïî- Äåìåíòüåâ Ã.Ï., Øàãäàðñóðåí À. Î ìîíãîëüñêèõ áàëîáà- ïóëÿöèé áàëîáàíà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå â 2008 ã., Ðîñ- íàõ è òàêñîíîìè÷åñêîì ïîëîæåíèè àëòàéñêîãî êðå÷åòà. ñèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹14. Ñ. 63–84. – Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî ôàóíå Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà (ïòèöû). Ì., Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ëåâèí À.Ñ., Êîâàëåíêî À.Â. Áàëîáàí â ãî- 1964. Ñ. 3–37. ðàõ Êàðàòàó, Êàçàõñòàí. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 170 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

2010à. ¹19. Ñ. 152–163. ¹16. Ñ. 68–95. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Ìèòðîôàíîâ Ïôåôôåð Ð.Ã., Êàðÿêèí È.Â. ×èíêîâûé áàëîáàí – ñà- Î.Á. Ðåçóëüòàòû ìîíèòîðèíãà ïîïóëÿöèè áàëîáàíà â Àëòàå- ìîñòîÿòåëüíûé ïîäâèä, íàñåëÿþùèé ñåâåðî-çàïàä Ñðåä- Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå â 2009–2010 ãîäàõ, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå íåé Àçèè. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2010. ¹19. õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2010á. ¹19. Ñ. 140–151. Ñ. 164–185. Êëèìàíîâ Â.À. Êëèìàò Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû â êëèìàòè÷å- Ðåêîâåö Ë.È., Íàäàõîâñêèé À. Ýâîëþöèÿ áèîöåíîçîâ ïå- ñêèé îïòèìóì ãîëîöåíà (ïî äàííûì ïàëèíîëîãèè). – Ðàçâè- ðèãëÿöèàëüíîé çîíû â ïîçäíåì ïëåéñòîöåíå Âîñòî÷íîé Åâ- òèå ïðèðîäû ÑÑÑÐ â ïîçäíåì ïëåéñòîöåíå è ãîëîöåíå. Ì., ðîïû. – Vestnik zoologii. 2007. 41(3). Ñ. 197–206. 1982. Ñ. 251–259. Ñìèðíîâà Î.Â., Áîáðîâñêèé Ì.Â., Òóðóáàíîâà Ñ.À., Êàëÿ- Êîáëèê Å.À., Ðåäüêèí ß.À., Àðõèïîâ Â.Þ. Ñïèñîê ïòèö êèí Â.Í. Ñîâðåìåííàÿ çîíàëüíîñòü Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû êàê Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè. Ì., 2006. 256 ñ. ðåçóëüòàò ïðèðîäíîãî è àíòðîïîãåííîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ Êîæàðèíîâ À.Â. Äèíàìèêà ðàñòèòåëüíîãî ïîêðîâà Âîñ- ïîçäíåïëåéñòîöåíîâîãî êîìïëåêñà êëþ÷åâûõ âèäîâ. – Âîñ- òî÷íîé Åâðîïû â ïîçäíåëåäíèêîâüå – ãîëîöåíå. Äèññ. … òî÷íîåâðîïåéñêèå ëåñà: èñòîðèÿ â ãîëîöåíå è ñîâðåìåí- äîêò. áèîë. íàóê. Ì., 1994. 453 ñ. íîñòü. Ì., 2004. Ñ. 134–147. Êîðåëîâ Ì.Í. Îòðÿä Õèùíûå ïòèöû. – Ïòèöû Êàçàõñòàíà. Ñòåïàíÿí Ë.Ñ. Êîíñïåêò îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé ôàóíû ÑÑÑÐ. Ò. 2. Àëìà-Àòà, 1962. Ñ. 488–707. Ì., 1990. 727 ñ. Êîòñ À.Ô. Ðóññêèé êðå÷åò â ñâåòå äàðâèíèçìà. – Îõðàíà Ñóøêèí Ï.Ï. Ïòèöû Ñîâåòñêîãî Àëòàÿ è ïðèëåæàùèõ ÷à- Ïðèðîäû. 1948. ¹6. Ñ. 66–79. ñòåé Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîé Ìîíãîëèè. Ì.–Ë., 1938. Ò. 1. 316 ñ., Êðåìåíåöêèé Ê.Â., ÌàêÄîíàëüä Ê.Ì., Ãàëàáàëà Ð.Î., Ëàâ- Ò. 2. 434 ñ. ðîâ À.Ñ., ×è÷àãîâà Î.À., Ïóñòîâîéòîâ Ê.Å. Îá èçìåíåíèè Õîòèíñêèé Í.À. Ãîëîöåí Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Ì., 1977. 198 ñ. ñåâåðíîé ãðàíèöû àðåàëîâ íåêîòîðûõ âèäîâ äåðåâüåâ è êó- Õîòèíñêèé Í.À. Ïàëåîãåîãðàôè÷åñêèå îñíîâû äàòèðîâêè ñòàðíèêîâ â ãîëîöåíå. – Áîòàíè÷åñêèé æóðíàë. 1996. Ò. 81, è ïåðèîäèçàöèè íåîëèòà ëåñíîé çîíû åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè ¹4. Ñ. 10–25. ÑÑÑÐ. – Ïàìÿòíèêè ýïîõè íåîëèòà. ÊÑÈÀ. ¹3. Ì., 1978. Êóçüìèí ß.Â., Îðëîâà Ë.À., Çîëüíèêîâ È.Ä., Èãîëüíè- Ñ. 7–14. êîâ È.À. Äèíàìèêà ïîïóëÿöèè ìàìîíòà (Mammuthus Õîòèíñêèé Í.À. Ãîëîöåíîâûå õðîíîñðåçû: äèñêóññèîí- primigenius Blum.) â Ñåâåðíîé Àçèè â ïîçäíåì ïëåéñòîöåíå íûå ïðîáëåìû ïàëåîãåîãðàôèè ãîëîöåíà. – Ðàçâèòèå ïðè- è ãîëîöåíå (ïî ðàäèîóãëåðîäíûì äàííûì). – Ìàìîíò è åãî ðîäû ÑÑÑÐ â ïîçäíåì ïëåéñòîöåíå è ãîëîöåíå. Ì., 1982. îêðóæåíèå: 200 ëåò èçó÷åíèÿ. Ì., 2001. Ñ. 124–138. Ñ. 142–147. Ëåâèí À.Ñ. Áàëîáàí â Êàçàõñòàíå: ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿ- Þðöåâ Á.À. Áåðèíãèÿ è å¸ áèîòà â ïîçäíåì êàéíîçîå: ñèí- íèå ïîïóëÿöèé. – Selevinia, 2008. Ñ. 211–222. òåç. – Áåðèíãèÿ â êàéíîçîå. Âëàäèâîñòîê, 1976. Ñ. 202–212. Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé êîäåêñ çîîëîãè÷åñêîé íîìåíêëàòóðû. Adams J.M. Global land environments since the last inter- Èçäàíèå 4-å. Ïðèíÿò Ìåæäóíàðîäíûì ñîþçîì áèîëîãè÷å- glacial. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, USA, 1997. ñêèõ íàóê (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. . Download- Fourt Edition). Ïåð. ñ àíãë. è ôð. 2-å èñïð. èçä. ðóññêîãî ed in 10.12.2010. ïåðåâîäà / Ïîä ðåä. À.Ï. Àíäðèÿøåâà è ß.È. Ñòàðîáîãàòî- Adams J.M. & Faure H. (eds.). QEN members. Review and âà. Ì., 2004. 223 ñ. Atlas of Palaeovegetation: Preliminary land ecosystem maps Ìåíçáèð Ì.À. Ïòèöû (Aves). Falconiformes (Äíåâíûå of the world since the Last Glacial Maximum. Oak Ridge Na- õèùíûå ïòèöû) Ò. 6. Âûï. 1. Ïåòðîãðàä, 1916. 344 c. tional Laboratory, TN, USA, 1997. . Downloaded in 10.12.2010. Ìàòåðèàëû II Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîíôåðåíöèè ïî áàëîáàíó Al. Bowardi, Fox N., Potapov E. and Barton N. Current sta- è äæåêó. Ìîíãîëèÿ. 1–4 èþëÿ 2000. 2001à. Ñ. 160–163. tus of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug): a global outlook. – Ìîñåéêèí Â.Í. Ê âîïðîñó î êðå÷åòîïîäîáíûõ ñîêîëàõ Proc. 6th World Conference on birds of prey and owls, Buda- Àëòàÿ – Àêòóàëüíûå ïðîáëåìû èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû ïòèö pest, Hungary 18–23 May 2003. Budapest, 2003. Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû è Ñåâåðíîé Àçèè. Ìàòåðèàëû Ìåæäó- Anderson E. Who’s who in the Pleistocene: a Mammalian íàðîäíîé êîíôåðåíöèè (XI Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ êîíôåðåí- Bestiary/ – Quaternary Extinction. Tuscon, 1984. P. 41–89. öèÿ). Êàçàíü, 2001á. Ñ. 446–448. Bedetti C., Pavia M. Reinterpretation of the late Pleistocene Ìîøêèí À.Â. Ïåðâàÿ íàõîäêà áàëîáàíà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè Ingarano cave deposit based on the fossil bird associations â Òþìåíñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ (Apulia, Aouth-Eastern Italy). – Rivista Italiana di Paleontolo- îõðàíà. 2009. ¹15. Ñ. 126–127. gia e Stratigrafia. 2007. Vol. 113, no. 3, 2 pls. P. 487–507. Ìîøêèí À.Â. Íàó÷íî îáîñíîâàííî ëè ñíèæåíèå ïðèðî- Bonifay E., Bassiakos Y., Bonifay M.F., Louchart A., Mourer- äîîõðàííîãî ñòàòóñà áàëîáàíà? – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ Chauvire C., Rereira E., Quinif Y., Salotti M. La grotte de la îõðàíà. 2010. ¹19. Ñ. 37–74. Coscia (Rogliano, Macinaggio): etude preliminaire d’une nou- Íåéøòàäò Ì.È. Èñòîðèÿ ëåñîâ è ïàëåîãåîãðàôèÿ ÑÑÑÐ â veau site du Pleistocene superieur de Corse. – Paleo. 1998. ãîëîöåíå. Ì., 1957. 404 ñ. 10. P. 17–41. Îâîäîâ Í.Ä., Ìàðòûíîâè÷ Í.Â. Íîâûå äàííûå ïî ìëåêî- Brown L., Amadon D. Eagles, hawks and falcons of the ïèòàþùèì è ïòèöàì ãðîòà Äâóãëàçêà â Õàêàñèè. – Ïðîáëåìû world. 2 Vols. London: Country Life Books, 1968. 945 p. àðõåîëîãèè, ýòíîãðàôèè, èñòîðèè è êðàåâåäåíèÿ Ïðèåíè- Conservation of Saker (Falco cherrug) in the Carpathian ñåéñêîãî êðàÿ [Ñá. ê ñòîëåòèþ Í.Ê. Àóýðáàõà]. Ò. I. Êðàñíî- Basin (LIFE06 NAT/HU/000096). Çàêà÷àíî Îãóðååâà Ã.Í. Áîòàíè÷åñêàÿ ãåîãðàôèÿ Àëòàÿ. Ì., 1980. 12.10.2010. 188 ñ. De Schauensee R.M. The Birds of China. Pub. Oxford Uni- Ïó÷êîâ Ï.Â. Íåêîìïåíñèðîâàííûå âûìèðàíèÿ â ïëåéñòî- versity Press, 1984. 601 p. öåíå: ïðåäïîëàãàåìûé ìåõàíèçì êðèçèñà. Êèåâ, 1989. 60 ñ. del Hoyo J., Elliot A., Sargatal J. (Eds.). Handbook of the Ïôåôôåð Ð. Ê âîïðîñó î ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé èçìåí÷èâî- Birds of the World. Vol. 2. New World Vultures to Guine- ñòè áàëîáàíîâ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2009. afowl. Barcelona: Lynx Editions, 1994. 638 p. Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 171

de Schauensee R.M. The Birds of China. Oxford, UK: Ox- chondrial and microsatellite data. – Molecular Ecology. 2007. ford University Press, 1984. 602 p. ¹16. P.1497–1517. Dixon A. Saker Falcon breeding population estimates. Part Nittinger F., Haring E., Pinsker W., Wink M. and Gamauf A. 2: Asia. – Falco. 2009. 33. P. 4–10. Out of Africa? Phylogenetic relationships between Falco biar- Dixon A., Ragyov D., Ayas Z., Deli M., Demerdzhiev D., micus and the other hierofalcons (Aves: Falconidae). – Journal Angelov I., Kmetova E. and Nedyalkov N. Population status of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 2005. of breeding Saker Falcons (Falco cherrug) in Turkey. Avian Bi- Vol. 43, Issue 4. P. 321–331. ology Research, 2009. ¹2 (4). P. 213–220. Owen-Smith N. Pleistocene extinctions: the pivotal role of Eastham C., Nicholls M.K., Fox N.C. Morphological vari- megaherbivores. – Paleobiology. 1987. Vol. 13. P. 151–162. ation of the Saker (Falco cherrug) and the implications for Owen-Smith N. Megafaunal extinctions: the conserva- conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2002. ¹11. tion message from 11000 Years BP. – Conservation Biology. P. 305–325. 1989. Vol. 3. ¹4. P. 405–412. Ellis D.H. What is Falco altaicus Menzbier? – J. Raptor Res. Potapov E., Ma Ming. The highlander: the highest breeding 1995. ¹29(1). P. 15–25. Potapov E., Sale R. The Gyrfalcon. T&A Poyser. A.C. Black/ Ellis D.H., Wink M., Moseikin V. El Halcon de Altai: Es un Yale University Press, 2005. 360 p. Gerifalte, un Sacre, una Especie diferente, un Mito, un Mor- Potapov E., D. Sumya, S. Gombobaatar, Fox N.C. Mongo- fotipo o Fruto de la Imaginacion? – Aecca, 2007. P. 8–19. lian Altai Survey 2001 – Falco. 2002. ¹19. P. 9–10. Ferguson-Lees J. and Christie D.A. Raptors of the World. Ragyov D., Kmetova E., Dixon A., Franz K., Koshev Y., Christopher Helm, London, 2001. 320 p. Nedialkov N. Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) Reintroduction in Forsman D. The Raptors of Europe and the Middle East. A Bulgaria. Feasibility study. Sofia, 2009. 62 p. color morph? – Proceedings of 4th Eurasian Congress on Ray N., Adams J. M. A GIS-based Vegetation Map of the Raptors, Seville, Spain, 25–29 September 2001. Abstracts. World at the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000–15,000 BP). – 2001. P. 66–67. Internet Archaeology. 2001. ¹11. edition). Tethys ornithological research. Vol. II. Almaty, 2005. Silverman B.W. Density Estimation for Statistics and Data 228 p. Analysis. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1986. 175 p. Glutz von Blotzheim U.N., Bauer K., Bezzel E. Handbuch Simmons T., Nadel D. The avifauna of the early epipal- der Vogel Mitteleuropas. Vol. 4. Akademische Verlagsgesell- aeolithic site of Ohalo 2 (19.400 years BP), Israel: species schaft, Wiesbaden, 1971. diversity, habitat and seasonality. – J. Osteoarcheol. 1998. Kirwan G.M., Boyla K.A., Castel P., Demirci B., Ozen M., ¹8. P. 79–96. Welch H., Marlow T. The birds of Turkey. Christopher Helm. O. Shagdarsuren, D. Sumya, Potapov E., S. Gombobataar, London, 2008. 512 p. Fox N. Saker Falcon in Mongolia: numbers and distribution. Kleinschmidt O. Der Formenkreis Hierofalco und die Stel- – Proceedings of the second International Conference on Sak- lung des ungarischen Wurgfalken in demselben. Aquila, er Falcon and Houbara Bustard / E. Potapov, Banzragch S., 1901. ¹8. P. 1–48. N. Fox and N. Barton (eds.). Ulanbataar, Mongolia 1–4 July Kleinschmidt O. Sichere Namen für die beiden westlichen 2000. Ulanbataar, 2001. P. 25–33. Würgfalkenrassen. – Falco. 1939. XXXV. Nr. 2. P. 27–29. D. Shijirmaa, S. Banzracgh, Fox N.C and E. Potapov. 2000. Kuznetsova T.V., Sulerzhitsky L.D., Siegert Ch. New data on The Saker Falcon Falco cherrug in Mongolia. – Raptors at the “Mammoth” fauna of the Laptev Shelf Land (East Siberian risk / R. Chancellor and B.U. Meyburg (eds.). World Work- Arctic). – The World of Elephant. Roma, 2001. P. 289–292. ing Group of Birds of Prey, Johanesburg 1998. Johanesburg, Mackinnon J., Phillipps K. A field guide to the birds of Chi- 2000. P. 263–268. na. Oxford University Press. New York, 2000. 93 p. Tomek T., Bochenski Z.M. Weichselian and Holocene bird Marco A.S. Avian zoogeographical patterns during the remains from Komarowa Cave, Central Poland. – Acta zoo- quaternary in the Mediterranean region and paleoclimatic in- logica cracoviensia. 2005. 48à(1–2). P. 43–65. terpretation. – Ardeola. 2004. 51. P. 91–132. Tyrberg T. Pleistocene birds of the Palearctic: A Catalogue. Markova A.K., Smirnov H.G., Kozharinov A.V. Late Pleis- – Publ. Nuttal Ornith. Club. 1998. ¹27. P. 1–720. tocene Distribution and Diversity of Mammals in Northern Tyrberg T. Pleistocene birds of the Palearctic. 2008. Download- 1995. T. 28–29. P. 5–143. ed 10/09/2010. Martin P.S. Prehistoric Overkill. The Global Model. – Qua- Vaurie C. Systematic Notes on Palearctic Birds. No. 45. Fal- ternary Extinctions. Tuscon, 1984. P. 354–403. conidae: The Genus Falco (Part 2). – American Museum Novi- Moseikin V., Ellis D.H. Ecological aspects of distribu- tates. 1961. 2038. P. 1–24. tion for Saker Falcons Falco cherrug and Altai Gyrfalcons Vaurie C. The Birds of the Palearctic Fauna. Non-Passeri- F. altaicus in the Russian Altai. – Raptors Worldwide / R.D. formes. H & F Witherby, London, 1965. 763 p. Chancellor and B.-U. Meyburg eds. WWGBP/MME, 2004. Zhan X., Dixon A., Bruford M.W., Bagyura J., Chavko J. P. 693–703. Population Genetic Structure of Eurasian Saker Falcons. – The Mourer-Chauvire C. Les oiseaux du Pleistocene moyen et proceedings of the International Conference “Conservation of superieur de France. – Docum. Lab. Geol. Lyon. 1975. ¹64. the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) in Europe: Sharing the re- P. 1–624. sults of the LIFE06 NAT/H/000096 “Conservation of the Falco Nittinger F., Gamauf A., Pinsker W., Wink M., Haring E. cherrug in the Carpathian Basin” Project”. Bükk National Park Phylogeography and population structure of the Saker Fal- Directorate, Eger, Hungary, 16–18 September 2010. Eger, con (Falco cherrug) and the influence of hybridization: mito- 2010. P. 29. 172 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

TheDietoftheWhite-TailedEagleintheMordovskyStateNature Reserve,Russia О ПИТАНИИ ОРЛАНА-БЕЛОХВОСТА В МОРДОВСКОМ ЗАПОВЕДНИКЕ, РОССИЯ SpiridonovS.N.(MordovskyStatePedagogicalInstitute,Saransk, RepublicofMordovia,Russia) GrishutkinG.F.(NationalPark“Smolny”,Smolny,RepublicofMordovia,Russia) LapshinA.S.(MordovskyStateUniversity,Saransk,RepublicofMordovia,Russia) RuchinA.B.(MordovskyStateNatureReserve,Pushta,RepublicofMordovia,Russia) Спиридонов С.Н. (Мордовский государственный педагогический институт, Саранск, Республика Мордовия, Россия) Гришуткин Г.Ф. (Национальный парк «Смольный», Смольный, Республика Мордовия, Россия) Лапшин А.С. (Мордовский государственный университет, Саранск, Республика Мордовия, Россия) Ручин А.Б. (Мордовский заповедник, Пушта, Республика Мордовия, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Ðåçþìå Ñåðãåé Ñïèðèäîíîâ Ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì èññëåäîâàíèé àâòîðîâ ïðèâîäÿòñÿ äàííûå î ïèòàíèè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla), Ìîðäîâñêèé ãíåçäÿùåãîñÿ íà òåððèòîðèè Ìîðäîâñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. Â ïèòàíèè îòìå÷åíû ðûáû, ïòèöû, ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ìëåêîïèòàþùèå, ñðåäè êîòîðûõ ïðåîáëàäàþò óòèíûå, ñåðàÿ öàïëÿ è ùóêà. ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèé Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò, Haliaeetus albicilla, ïèòàíèå, Ìîðäîâ- èíñòèòóò ñêèé çàïîâåäíèê, Ðåñïóáëèêà Ìîðäîâèÿ. 430007, Ðîññèÿ, Ïîñòóïèëà â ðåäàêöèþ 26.02.2011 ã. Ïðèíÿòà ê ïóáëèêàöèè 01.03.2011 ã. Ðåñïóáëèêà Ìîðäîâèÿ, ã. Ñàðàíñê, Abstract óë. Ñòóäåí÷åñêàÿ, 11à Authors present the data on the White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) diet studied in the territory of the Mor- dovsy State Nature Reserve. Fish, mammals and birds have been noted in the diet. Ducks, Grey Heron (Ardea òåë.: +7 8342 35 21 38 cinerea) and Northern Pike (Esox lucius) predominated. [email protected] Keywords: raptors, birds of prey, White-Tailed Eagle, Haliaeetus albicilla, diet, Mordovsky State Nature Reserve, Republic of Mordovia. Ãåííàäèé Ãðèøóòêèí Received: 26/02/2011. Accepted: 01/03/2011. Íàöèîíàëüíûé ïàðê «Ñìîëüíûé» 431660, Ðîññèÿ, Ðåñïóáëèêà Ìîðäîâèÿ, Ââåäåíèå Introduction È÷àëêîâñêèé ð-í, Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla) – The White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albi- ïîñ. Ñìîëüíûé, î÷åíü ðåäêèé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ, ðåäêèé ïðîë¸ò- cilla) is a very rare breeding, rare migrat- óë. Òîïîëåé, 11 [email protected] íûé è î÷åíü ðåäêèé çèìóþùèé âèä Ðåñïó- ing and very rare wintering species of the áëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ. Âíåñ¸í â ðåãèîíàëüíóþ Republic of Mordovia. It is listed in the Àëåêñàíäð Ëàïøèí Êðàñíóþ êíèãó. Red Data Book of Mordovia. Ìîðäîâñêèé Âñòðå÷è ñ íèì â ðåãèîíå äî 2000-õ ãã. The eagle has been encountered in the ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò áûëè ðåäêè è îäíèì èç ìåñò, ãäå îí íà- Mordovsky State Nature Reserve during 430005, Ðîññèÿ, áëþäàëñÿ ÷àùå, áûëà òåððèòîðèÿ Ìîð- the breeding season since the middle of Ðåñïóáëèêà Ìîðäîâèÿ, äîâñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. 2000-s, and hunting birds was regularly ã. Ñàðàíñê, Â îñíîâíîì îí âñòðå÷àëñÿ íà îñåííèõ observed on lakes of the Moksha river óë. Áîëüøåâèñòñêàÿ, 68 òåë.: +7 8342 32 25 23 êî÷¸âêàõ, âåñíîé îòìå÷àëñÿ ðåæå, à çè- flood-lands in the spring and summer of [email protected] ìîé âñòðå÷è áûëè åäèíè÷íû. Òàê, îðëàí 2005. In 2005, at the first time for this ïîïàëñÿ â êàïêàí çèìîé 1930 ã. (Ïòóøåí- territory and the entire Republic of Mor- Àëåêñàíäð Ðó÷èí êî, 1938). Â 1990-õ ãã. îòìå÷àëñÿ òðèæäû dovia the nest of the White-Tailed Eagle Ìîðäîâñêèé çàïîâåäíèê – â 1991, 1992 è 1995 ãîäàõ. Â ïåðâûå äâà was been found in the south-western 431230, Ðîññèÿ, ãîäà åãî íàáëþäàëè íà ïðîòîêå îç. Èíîðêè part of the Reserve (Lapshin et al., 2005) Ðåñïóáëèêà Ìîðäîâèÿ, è îç. Òàðìåíêè âî âðåìÿ çàìîðà ðûáû. Â (fig. 1). Òåìíèêîâñêèé ð-í, 1995 ã. áûë âñòðå÷åí íà ïðîòîêå èç îç. Ïè- Two nestling fledged there in 2007 (Lap- ïîñ. Ïóøòà ôàêñ: +7 834 45 296 35 ÷åðêè â îç. Áîêîâîå, ãäå ó ïîëûíüè íà ëüäó shin et al., 2007). One nestling seemed to [email protected] áûëè îáíàðóæåíû îñòàòêè îêóíÿ (Ãðèøóò- fledge in 2008 (Spiridonov, 2008) and in êèí, Ëîçîâîé, 2000). 2009 (Spiridonov, 2009). Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 173

Contact: Ãíåçäî îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â Ìîðäîâñêîì Sergey Spiridonov çàïîâåäíèêå. Ôîòî Ñ. Ñïèðèäîíîâà. Mordovsky State The nest of the White-Tailed Eagle in the Mordovsky Pedagogical Institute State Nature Reserve. Photos by S. Spiridonov. Studencheskaya str., 11a Saransk, Republic of Mordovia, Ñ ñåðåäèíû 2000-õ ãã. ñòàë èçðåä- Russia, 430007 êà âñòðå÷àòüñÿ â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä, à â tel.: +7 8342 35 21 38 2005 ã. ðåãóëÿðíî îòìå÷àëñÿ âåñíîé è [email protected] ëåòîì, âî âðåìÿ îõîòû, ïî ïîéìåííûì Gennady Grishutkin îçåðàì ð. Ìîêøà. Â êîíöå èþëÿ 2005 ã. National Park “Smolny” íàä îç¸ðàìè áûëè îòìå÷åíû äâå âçðîñ- Topoley str., 11 Smolny, ëûå è îäíà ìîëîäàÿ ïòèöû. Ïðè îáñëå- Republic of Mordovia, äîâàíèè ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ â Russia, 431660 þãî-çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè Ìîðäîâñêîãî çàïî- [email protected] âåäíèêà âïåðâûå äëÿ äàííîé òåððèòîðèè Alexander Lapshin è Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ íàéäåíî ãíåçäî Mordovsky State îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Ëàïøèí è äð., 2005) University (ðèñ. 1). Îíî áûëî óñòðîåíî íà âûñîòå Bolshevistskaya str., 68 îêîëî 25 ì îò çåìëè, íà âåðøèíå ñòàðîé Saransk, Republic of Mordovia, ñîñíû (äèàìåòð ñòâîëà íà óðîâíå ãðóäè – Russia, 430005 130 ñì), â ïðèòåððàñíîé ÷àñòè ð. Ïóøòà tel.: +7 8342 32 25 23 íà ñóõîì ìûñå, âûõîäÿùåì â çàáîëî÷åí- [email protected] íûé îëüøàíèê. Âîêðóã ãíåçäà èìåëîñü Alexander Ruchin åù¸ íåñêîëüêî âûñîêèõ ñòàðûõ ñîñåí, Mordovsky State îñèí, ëèï, äóáîâ. Ðàññòîÿíèå äî îç. Ïè- Nature Reserve ÷åðêè, ãäå èìåëèñü áëèæàéøèå ó÷àñòêè Pushta vill., îòêðûòîé âîäû, ñîñòàâëÿëî 0,6 êì. Temnikovskiy administrative region, Â ïîñëåäóþùèå ãîäû (â 2006 ã. íå ïðî- Republic of Mordovia, âåðÿëîñü) îðëàíû åæåãîäíî èñïîëüçîâàëè Russia, 431230 äàííîå ãíåçäî äëÿ âûâåäåíèÿ ïîòîìñòâà. Â fax: +7 834 45 296 35 [email protected] 2007 ã. èç ãíåçäà âûëåòåëî 2 ïòåíöà (Ëàïøèí

Methods Pellets and remains of prey were collected under the nest of eagles in 2005, 2008 and 2009 for further analysis of the species diet under conditions of the Reserve. Accord- ing to the results of analysis 143 remains of prey have been identified (38 – in 2005, 56 – in 2008, 49 – in 2009.).

Results and discussion Among 143 remains of prey 3 largest cat- egories of prey were identified: birds, which predominated (9 species), mammals (5 species) and fish (4 species).

Ðèñ. 1. Ìåñòî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) â Ìîðäîâñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå. Fig. 1. Breeding territory of the White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) in the Mordovsky State Nature Reserve. 174 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

è äð., 2007). Â 2008 ã., âåðîÿòíî, âûëåòåë 1 The analysis of the White-Tailed Eagle diet ïòåíåö, êîòîðûé îòìå÷àëñÿ, êàê è âçðîñëûå has shown that it depended on the year (ta- ïòèöû, íà îç. Ïè÷åðêè è Èíîðêà, â ïîéìå ble. 1). In 2005, among birds the Grey Heron ð. Ìîêøà (Ñïèðèäîíîâ, 2008). Â 2009 ã. (Ardea cinerea) was the main prey. This is ãíåçäî ñâåðõó áûëî äîñòðîåíî íîâûìè ñó- explained easily, because a colony of Her- õèìè âåòêàìè (îíè îòñóòñòâîâàëè â 2008 ã.) ons was located on Inorki lake in 3 km to è ïðèêðûòî ïî áîêàì çåë¸íûìè âåòêàìè the south from the nest of eagles. The colony ñîñíû. Ïòèöû îòìå÷àëèñü íà ïðèëåãàþùèõ was constantly declining and only pairs re- îç¸ðàõ è â ïîéìå ð. Ìîêøà, èç ãíåçäà âû- mained in 2009. Share of fish in the diet of ëåòåë 1 ïòåíåö (Ñïèðèäîíîâ, 2009). the species was rather stable during 3 years. Mammals are the main alternative prey in Ìàòåðèàë è ìåòîäèêà the White-Tailed Eagle diet, with Hares (Le- Â 2005, 2008 è 2009 ãã. ïîä ãíåçäîì pus sp.), Muskrat (Ondatra zibethica) and îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â Ìîðäîâñêîì çàïî- Water Vole (Arvicola terrestris) predomi- âåäíèêå áûëè ñîáðàíû ïîãàäêè è ïîåäè, nating. Interestingly, the share of mammals ïîçâîëÿþùèå ïîëó÷èòü äàííûå î ñïåêòðå on the diet of eagles has increased for the ïèòàíèÿ îðëàíîâ â óñëîâèÿõ çàïîâåä- past years. May be it is connected with the íèêà. Â ïèòàíèè âûÿâëåíû îñòàíêè 143 colony of Herons vanishing, which consti- æåðòâ (38 – â 2005 ã., 56 – â 2008 ã., 49 tuted the significant part in the White-Tailed – â 2009 ã.). Eagle diet. However we can not distinguish any pref- Ðåçóëüòàòû è èõ îáñóæäåíèå erences of eagles in the diet under condi- Ñðåäè 143 îñòàíêîâ æåðòâ îðëàíà tions of the Reserve. Birds (mainly Herons) îïðåäåëåíû ïðåäñòàâèòåëè òð¸õ êëàññîâ, predominated in 2005, but eagles fed on ñðåäè êîòîðûõ ïðåîáëàäàþò ïòèöû (9 âè- ducks and fish (pikes) in 2009.

Òàáë. 1. Ñïåêòð ïèòàíèÿ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) â Ìîðäîâñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå â 2005, 2008–2009 ãã. Table 1. Diet of the White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) in the Mordovsky State Nature Reserve.

2005 2008 2009 Òàêñîí / Species îñîáè / ind. % îñîáè / ind. % îñîáè / ind. % Êë. Ðûáû Pisces 12 31.6 29 51.8 19 38.8 Ùóêà îáûêíîâåííàÿ (Esox lucius) 5 13.2 10 17.8 9 18.4 Ñóäàê (Stizostedion lucioperca) 2 5.2 1 1.8 3 6.1 Ëåù (Abramis brama) 00 1 1.8 00 Îêóíü (Perca fluviatilis) 3 7.9 00 3 6.1 Ðûáû, áë. íå îïð. (Pisces sp.) 2 5.3 17 30.4 4 8.2 Êë. Ïòèöû Aves 22 57.9 23 41.1 23 46.9 Ñåðàÿ öàïëÿ (Ardea cinerea) 11 28.9 6 10.7 4 8.2 Êðÿêâà (Anas platyrhynchos) 5 13.2 8 14.3 6 12.3 ×èðîê, áë. íå îïð. (Anas sp.) 2 5.3 2 3.6 3 6.1 Óòêà, áë. íå îïð. (Anatidae sp.) 2 5.3 00 2 4.1 Òåòåðåâÿòíèê (Accipiter gentilis) 1 2.6 1 1.8 00 Ãðà÷ (Corvus frugilegus) 00 00 1 2.0 Âðàíîâûå, áë. íå îïð. (Corvidae sp.) 00 00 1 2.0 Ãëóõàðü (Tetrao urogallus) 00 2 3.6 1 2.0 Äðîçä, áë. íå îïð. (Turdus sp.) 00 00 1 2.0 Ïòèöû, áë. íå îïð. (Aves sp.) 1 2.6 4 7.1 4 8.2 Êë. Ìëåêîïèòàþùèå Mammalia 4 10.5 4 7.1 7 14.3 Îíäàòðà (Ondatra zibethica) 00 1 1.8 3 6.1 Áîáð (Castor fiber) 00 00 1 2.0 Çàÿö-áåëÿê (Lepus timidus) 1 2.6 2 3.6 2 4.1 Îáûêíîâåííàÿ ëèñèöà (Vulpes vulpes) 00 1 1.8 00 Âîäÿíàÿ êðûñà (Arvicola terrestris) 1 2.6 00 00 Ìëåêîïèòàþùèå, áë. íå îïð. (Mammalia sp.) 2 5.3 00 1 2.0 Âñåãî / Total 38 100 56 100 49 100 Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 175

äîâ), ìåíüøå ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ (5 âèäîâ) è ðûá (4 âèäà). Àíàëèç òðîôè÷åñêèõ ñâÿçåé îðëàíà ïîêàçàë, ÷òî, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ãîäà, äîëÿ îáúåêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ â ðàöèîíå îðëàíà èç- ìåíÿåòñÿ (òàáë. 1). Èç ïòèö â 2005 ã. ïðå- îáëàäàëà ñåðàÿ öàïëÿ (Ardea cinerea). Ýòî îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ ñóùåñòâîâàíèåì êîëîíèè öàïåëü â 3 êì þæíåå ãíåçäà îðëàíà íà îç. Èíîðêè. Êîëîíèÿ ïîñòîÿííî ñîêðà- ùàëàñü â ÷èñëåííîñòè è â 2009 ã. â íåé îñòàëèñü åäèíè÷íûå ïàðû. Â îòäåëüíûå ãîäû (2005, 2008) ïîä ãíåçäîì îðëàíà Ìîëîäîé îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla). áûëè îáíàðóæåíû ïåðüÿ ìîëîäûõ òåòå- Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. ðåâÿòíèêîâ (Accipiter gentilis). Äîñòàòî÷- Juvenile White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla). íî ñòàáèëüíóþ äîëþ â òå÷åíèå 3-õ ëåò â Photo by I. Karyakin. ïèòàíèè îðëàíà çàíèìàëà ðûáà. Ñðåäè âñòðå÷åííûõ æåðòâ ïðåîáëàäàþò êàðïî- Îáðàùàåò âíèìàíèå íåâûñîêàÿ òðîôè- âûå (Cyprinidae sp.), ñóäàê (Stizostedion ÷åñêàÿ ñïåöèàëèçàöèÿ îðëàíà â óñëîâèÿõ lucioperca) è ùóêà (Esox lucius). Îõîòà Ìîðäîâñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. Òðóäíî âûäå- îðëàíà íà ðûáó îòìå÷àëàñü è âèçóàëüíî. ëèòü êàêóþ-ëèáî ãðóïïó, êîòîðîé îí îò- Â ÷àñòíîñòè, â 2009 ã. îòìå÷åíà óäà÷íàÿ äà¸ò ïðåäïî÷òåíèå. Åñëè â 2005 ã. â ïèòà- îõîòà áåëîõâîñòà íà îç. Ïè÷åðêè. Ïòèöà íèè äîìèíèðîâàëè ïòèöû (ïðåæäå âñåãî, ñõâàòèëà ñ âîäû íåêðóïíóþ ðûáó, âåðî- öàïëÿ), òî â 2009 ã. áåëîõâîñò ïîåäàë â ÿòíî, ùóêó, è óäàëèëàñü â ñòîðîíó ãíåç- îñíîâíîì ïòèö (óòèíûå) è ðûá (ùóêà). äà. Âîçìîæíî, îñòàòêè ýòîé ùóêè ñïóñòÿ 1,5 ÷ áûëè íàéäåíû ïîä ãíåçäîì – ñâåæàÿ Ëèòåðàòóðà îñîáü äëèíîé 32 ñì ñ ãëóáîêîé ðàíîé íà Ãðèøóòêèí Ã.Ô., Ëàçîâîé Ñ.À. Ãîäîâàÿ äèíà- ñïèíå è ïåðåáèòûì ïîçâîíî÷íèêîì áûëà ìèêà çèìíåãî íàñåëåíèÿ ïòèö Ìîðäîâñêîãî îáðîíåíà ïòèöàìè ñ ãíåçäà (Ñïèðèäîíîâ, çàïîâåäíèêà. – Ìîðäîâñêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé Ðèñ. 2. ×èñëåííîñòü 2009). âåñòíèê. Ñàðàíñê, 2000. ¹2. Ñ. 25–34. ñåðûõ öàïåëü (Ardea Ëàïøèí À.Ñ., Ñïèðèäîíîâ Ñ.Í., Ðó÷èí À.Á., cinerea) â êîëîíèè, Ñóùåñòâåííóþ äîëþ â ïèòàíèè çàíèìà- Ãðèøóòêèí Ã.Ô., Âå÷êàíîâ Â.Ñ., Ðûæîâ Ì.Ê. áëèæàéøåé ê ãíåçäó þò ìëåêîïèòàþùèå, ïðåæäå âñåãî çàéöû Ðåäêèå æèâîòíûå Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ: ìà- îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà è (Lepus sp.), îíäàòðà (Ondatra zibethica), äîëÿ öàïåëü â ïèòàíèè òåðèàëû âåäåíèÿ Êðàñíîé êíèãè Ðåñïóáëèêè îðëàíà â òå æå ãîäû. âîäÿíàÿ ïîë¸âêà (Arvicola terrestris). Â Ìîðäîâèÿ çà 2005 ã. Ñàðàíñê, 2005. 56 ñ. îòäåëüíûå ãîäû ê íèì äîáàâëÿëàñü ëèñà Fig. 2. Numbers of nests Ëàïøèí À.Ñ., Ãðèøóòêèí Ã.Ô., Àëüáà Ë.Ä. in the nesting colony of (Vulpes vulpes), âîçìîæíî, ïàâøàÿ, è ìî- Âñòðå÷è ñ ðåäêèìè âèäàìè ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè the Grey Heron (Ardea ëîäîé áîáð (Castor fiber). Ñëåäóåò îòìå- Ìîðäîâèè â 2007 ãîäó. – Ðåäêèå æèâîòíûå Ðå- cinerea) near the nest of òèòü, ÷òî äîëÿ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ â ïîñëåä- ñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ: ìàòåðèàëû âåäåíèÿ Êðàñ- the White-Tailed Eagle, íèå ãîäû ðàñò¸ò. Âîçìîæíî, ýòî ñâÿçàíî íîé êíèãè Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ çà 2007 ã. Ñà- and portion of the Grey ðàíñê, 2007. Ñ. 31–34. Heron in the diet of this ñ èñ÷åçíîâåíèåì êîëîíèè ñåðûõ öàïåëü, pair of the White-Tailed çàíèìàâøèõ ðàíåå çíà÷èòåëüíóþ äîëþ â Ïòóøåíêî Å.Ñ. Ìàòåðèàëû ê ïîçíàíèþ ïòèö Eagle. ïèòàíèè îðëàíà. Ìîðäîâñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. – Ôàóíà Ìîðäîâñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî çàïîâåäíèêà èì. Ï.Ã. Ñìèäîâè- ÷à. Íàó÷íûå ðåçóëüòàòû çîîëîãè÷åñêîé ýêñïåäè- öèè ïîä ðóêîâîäñòâîì ïðîôåññîðà Ñ.Ñ. Òóðîâà â 1936 ã. Ì., 1938. Ñ. 41–106. Ñïèðèäîíîâ Ñ.Í. Ðåäêèå âèäû æèâîòíûõ, îòìå÷åííûå â 2008 ãîäó íà òåððèòîðèè Ìîð- äîâñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïðèðîäíîãî çàïî- âåäíèêà è åãî îõðàííîé çîíû. – Ðåäêèå æèâîò- íûå Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ: ìàòåðèàëû âåäåíèÿ Êðàñíîé êíèãè Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ çà 2008 ã. Ñàðàíñê, 2008. Ñ. 92–97. Ñïèðèäîíîâ Ñ.Í. Ðåäêèå âèäû æèâîòíûõ, îòìå÷åííûå â 2009 ãîäó íà òåððèòîðèè Ìîð- äîâñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïðèðîäíîãî çàïî- âåäíèêà è åãî îõðàííîé çîíû. – Ðåäêèå æèâîò- íûå Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ: ìàòåðèàëû âåäåíèÿ Êðàñíîé êíèãè Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ çà 2009 ã. Ñàðàíñê, 2009. Ñ. 60–65. 176 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

DietoftheLong-EaredOwlintheAgriculturalAdministrativeRegions oftheN.NovgorogCis-Volgaregion,Russia ПИТАНИЕ УШАСТОЙ СОВЫ В АГРАРНЫХ РАЙОНАХ НИЖЕГОРОДСКОГО ПРЕДВОЛЖЬЯ, РОССИЯ GolovaS.V.(NizhegorodskiyStateUniversity,N.Novgorod,Russia) Голова С.В. (Нижегородский государственный университет, Н. Новгород, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Ðåçþìå Ñâåòëàíà Ãîëîâà Â ñòàòüå ïðèâåäåíû ðåçóëüòàòû èçó÷åíèÿ ïèòàíèÿ óøàñòîé ñîâû (Asio otus) â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. Â ðå- Íèæåãîðîäñêèé çóëüòàòå àíàëèçà 88 ïîãàäîê, ñîáðàííûõ â 5 ðàçëè÷íûõ òî÷êàõ ëåñîñòåïíîé ÷àñòè îáëàñòè, áûëî âûÿâëåíî ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé 231 îñòàòêîâ æåðòâ, â òîì ÷èñëå ïòèö è íàñåêîìûõ. Äîìèíàíòîì â ïèòàíèè óøàñòîé ñîâû âî âñåõ òî÷êàõ ñáî- óíèâåðñèòåò, ðà ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïîë¸âêà (Microtus arvalis) (59,7%), ñóáäîìèíàíòîì – ïîë¸âêà-ýêîíîìêà (Microtus êàôåäðà ýêîëîãèè oeconomus) (17,3%). Êîëè÷åñòâî æåðòâ â îäíîé ïîãàäêå ñîñòàâèëî â ñðåäíåì 2,85±1,31 îáúåêòà; ñóòî÷íàÿ 603022, Ðîññèÿ ìàññà ñúåäåííîãî êîðìà â ñðåäíåì – 65,1±5,8 ã., âàðüèðóÿ îò 50,6 ã. äî 76,3 ã. Ýòî ñîñòàâëÿåò 20,3% îò ñðåäíåé Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä ìàññû æèâîé óøàñòîé ñîâû. ïð. Ãàãàðèíà, 23 Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, ñîâû, óøàñòàÿ ñîâà, Asio otus, ïèòàíèå, Íèæåãîðîäñêàÿ îáëàñòü. òåë.: +7 910 130 01 54 Ïîñòóïèëà â ðåäàêöèþ 13.03.2011 ã. Ïðèíÿòà ê ïóáëèêàöèè 16.03.2011 ã. [email protected] Abstract The paper presents the results of studies of the the Long-Eared Owl (Asio otus) diet in the Nizhny Novgorod district. A total of 88 pellets, which were collected in 5 different places of the forest-steppe part of the district have Contact: been analyzed. As a result, 231 items of prey remains, including birds and insects, have been identified. Accord- Svetlana Golova ing to results of studies the main prey species for the Long-Eared Owl were the Common Vole (Microtus arvalis) Nizhegorodsky State (59.7%), and Tundra Vole (Microtus oeconomus) (17.3%). The average number of individual preys per pellet was University, 2.85±1.31 items; the average mass of food per day was 65.1±5.8 g, ranging between 50.6 g and 76.3 g. it is Department of Ecology 20.3% from the average live weight of a bird. Gagarina ave., 23 Keywords: raptors, owls, Long-Eared Owl, Asio otus, diet, Nizhniy Novgorod. N.Novgorod Received: 13/03/2011. Accepted: 16/03/2011. Russia, 603022 tel.: +7 910 130 01 54 [email protected] Ââåäåíèå Introduction Ðèñ. 1. Òî÷êè ñáîðà Ê íàñòîÿùåìó âðåìåíè îïóáëèêîâàí The Long-Eared Owl (Asio otus) is the most ïîãàäîê óøàñòîé ñîâû îãðîìíûé ñâîä ìàòåðèàëà ïî ïèòàíèþ common owl species in the N. Novgorod (Asio otus). Îáîçíà- ÷åíèÿ òî÷åê ñáîðà óøàñòîé ñîâû (Asio otus) â Ðîññèè. Òåì íå district (Bakka et al., 2006), however the ñîîòâåòñòâóþò òàêîâûì ìåíåå, èçó÷åíèå ðàöèîíà è òðîôè÷åñêèõ special studies of its diet have not conduct- â òàáë. 1. ñâÿçåé óøàñòîé ñîâû ïðåäñòàâëÿåò èíòåðåñ ed and, as a result, there are no publications Fig. 1. Points of col- äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ ñ äàííûìè óæå èìåþùèõñÿ about the diet of the Long-Eared owl in the leting the Long-Eared èññëåäîâàíèé. Ê òîìó æå, â Íèæåãîðîä- N. Novgorod district. Thus, this research is Owl (Asio otus) pellets. ñêîé îáëàñòè, ãäå óøàñòàÿ ñîâà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñà- of interest. Numbers of points are similar to ones in the ìûì ìíîãî÷èñëåííûì âèäîì ñîâ (Áàêêà è table. 1. äð., 2006), öåëåâûõ ðàáîò ïî èçó÷åíèþ å¸ Methods For studying the diet of the Long-Eared Owl we were visiting 5 places in Sechenovo, Krasnooktiabrsk Kniaginino and Arzamas regions in the territory of the N. Novgorod district in June, 2010: (fig. 1). Pellets were collected within breeding territories. A total of 88 pellets were collected. All pellets collected were investigated in details. During the data processing the occurrence of prey species in pellets (percentage from the total number of pellets), share in the total number of food items and the number of items per pellet have been calculated. The mean and standard deviation (M±SD) have been calculated too. Number of food items in a pellet was recognized as the number of food items per day for the owl (Wijnands, Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 177

1984). The weights of rodents were reconstructed according to the formula as follows (Potapov, 1989):

WK = 31.76 WØ + 0.073

WK – weight of food (g), WØ – weight of hair in pellets (g).

Results As a result of the analysis of pellets 231 food items have been identified (table 1, fig. 2). In spite of significant distances between studied breeding territories of owls, it turns out that the diets of birds are similar. On all the surveyed territories Óøàñòàÿ ñîâà ïèòàíèÿ íå ïðîâîäèëîñü è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, the Common Vole (Microtus arvalis) pre- (Asio otus). îòñóòñòâóþò ïóáëèêàöèè, ñîäåðæàùèå èí- dominated (59.7%) in the diet, the alter- Ôîòî À. Ëåâàøêèíà. ôîðìàöèþ î ïèòàíèè óøàñòîé ñîâû â Íè- native prey was the Tundra Vole (Microtus Long-Eared Owl æåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. Ïîýòîìó äàííàÿ ðà- oeconomus) (17.3%). (Asio otus). áîòà ïðåäñòàâëÿåò îïðåäåë¸ííûé èíòåðåñ. The average number of individual Photo by A. Levashkin. prey animals per pellet was 2.85±1.31 Ìåòîäèêà items, (range 1–6). The average weight Â èþëå 2010 ã. íà òåððèòîðèè Íèæåãî- of food per day was 65.1±5.8 g (range ðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, â ïðåäåëàõ Ñå÷åíîâñêîãî, 50.6–76.3 g). It is 20.3% from the live Êðàñíîîêòÿáðüñêîãî, Êíÿãèíèíñêîãî è Àðçà- weight of an owl, which was estimated ìàññêîãî ðàéîíîâ, ñ öåëüþ èçó÷åíèÿ ïèòàíèÿ as 320 g (female weight: 230–430 g, óøàñòîé ñîâû ïîñåùàëèñü 5 òî÷åê (ðèñ. 1). male weight – 210–330 g see: Konig, Òî÷êà ñáîðà ìàòåðèàëà À. Áàëêà ê çà- Weick, 2008). ïàäó îò ñ. Àëôåðüåâî Ñå÷åíîâñêîãî ðàéî- íà â èñòîêàõ ð. Ïüÿíà. Ïî äíó áàëêè ïðî- Discussion òåêàåò ðó÷åé. Øèðèíà ïîéìû ðó÷üÿ 15–20 Comparing our data with data obtained ì. Ñåâåðíûé ñêëîí áàëêè èìååò âûñîòó – 2 in other regions of Eastern Europe (Demi- ì, óêëîí – 5–10°, ïîêðûò ñîñíîâûìè ïî- anchik et al., 2009; Drebet, 2009; Kalyakin, ñàäêàìè â âîçðàñòå îêîëî 35 ëåò. Þæíûé 2009; Karyakin, 1998; Numerov, Mirosh- ñêëîí çàíèìàåò îñòåïí¸ííûé ëóã ñ áîëü- nikova, 2009; Shepel, 1992; Goszczynski, øèì ÷èñëîì ñîðíûõ ðàñòåíèé. Íà âåðõ- 1977; Skierczynski, 2006; Wijnands, 1984) íåé ÷àñòè þæíîãî ñêëîíà ïðîèçðàñòàþò it appears that the diet of owls in the êóëüòóðû îñèíû, áåð¸çû, ñ åäèíè÷íûìè N. Novgorod Cis-Volga regions is similar to äóáàìè â âîçðàñòå 35–40 ëåò (ïîäëåñîê èç the diet of the species observed in the most êàðà÷àíû äðåâîâèäíîé). territories of its breeding range: rodents (89.6%) are the main prey, with the Com- mon Vole predominating (59.7%). Number of food items per pellet is similar to values obtained in the Voronezh district in June-July (2.76±0.06 and 2.14±0.14 according to: Numerov, Miroshnikova, 2009). Thus, basing on the results of pellet analysis we can state that the Long-Eared Owl is a myophage under conditions of the N. Novgorod district relying heavily on the Common Vole.

Ëåñíàÿ îïóøêà – òèïè÷íûé ãíåçäîâîé áèîòîï óøà- ñòîé ñîâû â Íèæåãîðîäñêîì Ïðåäâîëæüå. Ôîòî À. Ëåâàøêèíà. Forest edge is a typical nesting habitat of the Long- Eared Owl in the N. Novgorog Cis-Volga region. Photo by A. Levashkin. 178 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ìåíòû àëëåé, êóðòèíû ñòàðûõ äåðåâüåâ è îòäåëüíûå äåðåâüÿ ïåðåìåæàþòñÿ ñ àäìè- íèñòðàòèâíûìè è æèëûìè çäàíèÿìè è õîçÿé- ñòâåííûìè ïîñòðîéêàìè. Çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü ñòàðèííûõ äåðåâüåâ íàõîäèòñÿ â ïðåäåëàõ ïîäâîðèé. Íà âñåõ 5 âûøåîïèñàííûõ òî÷êàõ îñó- ùåñòâëÿëñÿ ñáîð ïîãàäîê óøàñòîé ñîâû íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Çà ïåðèîä ïîëåâûõ ðàáîò áûëî ñîáðàíî 88 ïîãàäîê, êîòîðûå ðàçáèðàëèñü ñ öåëüþ âûÿñíåíèÿ âèäîâîãî ñîñòàâà æåðòâ óøàñòîé ñîâû. Îïðåäåëå- íèå âèäîâ ïðîâîäèëè ïî êîñòíûì îñòàíêàì (Êóçíåöîâ, 1975; Êàðòàøåâ è äð., 2004). Ïðè îáðàáîòêå äàííûõ ðàññ÷èòûâàëè ñî- äåðæàíèå ïèùåâûõ îáúåêòîâ â êàæäîé ïî- ãàäêå, îïðåäåëÿëè âñòðå÷àåìîñòü îáúåêòîâ äîáû÷è óøàñòîé ñîâû â ïîãàäêàõ (â ïðî- öåíòàõ îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà ïîãàäîê) è äîëþ Óøàñòàÿ ñîâà. Òî÷êà ñáîðà ìàòåðèàëà Â. Ïàðê èì. Ñå- îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà îáíàðóæåííûõ îáúåêòîâ Ôîòî À. Ëåâàøêèíà. ÷åíîâà â ñ. Ñå÷åíîâî. Ñåëüñêèé ïàðê â âèäå ïèòàíèÿ. Âû÷èñëÿëè ñðåäíåå çíà÷åíèå è Long-Eared Owl. àëëåé èç òîïîëåé áàëüçàìè÷åñêèõ âûñîòîé ñòàíäàðòíîå îòêëîíåíèå (M±SD). Êîìïüþ- Photo by A. Levashkin. 22–23 ì, ëèï âûñîòîé 23 ì, ñ åäèíè÷íûìè áå- òåðíóþ îáðàáîòêó îñóùåñòâëÿëè â ïàêåòå ð¸çàìè, àìåðèêàíñêèìè êë¸íàìè. Ïàðê ïðè- MS Excel 2003. ìûêàåò ê çàáðîøåííîìó ÿáëîíåâîìó ñàäó. Ñîáðàííûå ïîãàäêè íå äåëèëè íà ïî- Òî÷êà ñáîðà ìàòåðèàëà Ñ. Áèîñòàíöèÿ ãàäêè âçðîñëûõ ïòèö è ñë¸òêîâ, è âñåõ èõ «Ïóñòûíü» Íèæåãîðîäñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåí- ñ÷èòàëè ïîãàäêàìè ñë¸òêîâ. Îäíà ïîãàäêà íîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà, Àðçàìàññêèé ðàéîí. ïðèíèìàëàñü çà ñóòî÷íûé ðàöèîí ñîâû Áåð¸çîâûé ëåñ íà êëàäáèùå, ïðèíàäëåæà- (Wijnands, 1984). ùåì ñ. Ñòàðàÿ Ïóñòûíü. Áåð¸çû âûñîòîé Ìàññó òåëà ãðûçóíîâ ðåêîíñòðóèðîâàëè îêîëî 24 ì. Â ëåñó âñòðå÷àþòñÿ åäèíè÷- ïî ôîðìóëå (Ïîòàïîâ, 1989): íûå åëè è ðÿáèíà (ñîìêíóòîñòü – 0,8). Òî÷êà ñáîðà ìàòåðèàëà D. Ëåñíûå ïî- WK = 31.76 WØ + 0.073 ñàäêè ëåñíè÷åñòâà ó ñ. ×åðíóõà Êðàñíîîê- Ïîãàäêà óøàñòîé ñîâû òÿáðüñêîãî ðàéîíà. Áåð¸çîâàÿ àëëåÿ øè- ãäå W – ìàññà ñúåäåííîãî êîðìà (ã), W – è êîñòè îáûêíîâåííûõ K Ø ïîë¸âîê (Microtus ðèíîé 3 ì ñ íåñêîëüêèìè äåðåâüÿìè ñîñíû ìàññà øåðñòè, ñîäåðæàùåéñÿ â ïîãàäêàõ (ã). arvalis) èç ïîãàäêè. ñèáèðñêîé, ñîñíû âåéìóòîâîé, çàïàäíîé Ôîòî Ñ. Ãîëîâîé. òóè. Áåð¸çû âûñîòîé îêîëî 20 ì. Âäîëü àë- Ðåçóëüòàòû Pellet of the Long- ëåè îáñàäêà èç êàðàãàíû äðåâîâèäíîé. Â Â ðåçóëüòàòå àíàëèçà ñîáðàííûõ íà 5 òî÷- Eared Owl and bones ÷àñòíîì ïîäâîðüå ñîñíà ñèáèðñêàÿ, îðåõ êàõ ñáîðà ïîãàäîê â íèõ áûë âûÿâëåí 231 of the Common Voles ìàíü÷æóðñêèé è åëü êîëþ÷àÿ. (Microtus arvalis) from îáúåêò (òàáë. 1, ðèñ. 2). Íåñìîòðÿ íà çíà- the pellet. Òî÷êà ñáîðà ìàòåðèàëà E. Ïàðê â ï. Âîç- ÷èòåëüíîå óäàëåíèå äðóã îò äðóãà ãíåçäî- Photo by S. Golova. ðîæäåíèå Êíÿãèíèíñêîãî ðàéîíà. Ôðàã- âûõ òåððèòîðèé óøàñòûõ ñîâ, íà êîòîðûõ ñîáèðàëèñü ïîãàäêè, ñõîäñòâî èõ ïèòàíèÿ îêàçàëîñü âåëèêî. Äîìèíàíòîì â ïèòàíèè óøàñòîé ñîâû âî âñåõ òî÷êàõ ñáîðà ÿâëÿ- åòñÿ îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïîë¸âêà (Microtus arvalis) (59,7%), ñóáäîìèíàíòîì – ïîë¸âêà- ýêîíîìêà (Microtus oeconomus) (17,3%). Íàèáîëüøåå âèäîâîå ðàçíîîáðàçèå æåðòâ óøàñòîé ñîâû âûÿâëåíî â Ñå÷åíîâ- ñêîì ðàéîíå ó èñòîêîâ ðåêè Ïüÿíà. Ýòî îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ òåì, ÷òî ãíåçäîâàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ íàèáîëåå óäàëåíà îò àíòðîïîãåííûõ òåð- ðèòîðèé. Äîìîâàÿ ìûøü (Mus musculus), ÿâëÿþùàÿñÿ èíäèêàòîðîì àíòðîïîãåííîé íàãðóçêè, îáíàðóæåíà â ñáîðàõ íà îêðàè- íå ñ. ×åðíóõà, ãäå ïîãàäêè áûëè ñîáðàíû â áåð¸çîâîé àëëåå âäîëü àâòîòðàññû, ïðè- Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 179

Òàáë. 1. Ïèòàíèå óøàñòîé ñîâû (Asio otus). Óñëîâíûå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ: À – èñòîêè ð. Ïüÿíà, îêðåñòíîñòè ñ. Àëôåðüåâî (n=32), B – ñ. Ñå÷å- íîâî, ïàðê èì. Ñå÷åíîâà (n=12), C – áèîñòàíöèÿ «Ïóñòûíü» (n=16), D – ëåñíè÷åñòâî ñ. ×åðíóõà (n=15), E – ïàðê ñ. Âîçðîæäåíèå (n=13); 1 – âñòðå÷àåìîñòü â ïîãàäêàõ (%), 2 – ÷èñëî îáúåêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ (ýêç.), 3 – äîëÿ îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà îáúåêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ (%). Îáîçíà÷åíèÿ òî÷åê ñáîðà ñîîòâåòñòâóþò òàêîâûì íà ðèñ. 1. Table 1. Diet of the Long-Eared Owl (Asio otus). Labels: À – upper reaches of the Piana river, vicinities of the Alferyevo settlement (n=32), B – the Sechenovo settlement, the Sechenov park, (n=12), C – the biostation of NNSU «St. Pustyn» (n=16), D – the forestry of the Chernukha village (n=15), E – park of the Vozrozhdenie settlement (n=13); 1 – occurrence in pellets (%), 2 – number of items, 3 – share in the total number of food items (%). Numbers of points are similar to ones in the fig. 1.

Âèä / Species Ó÷àñòîê À Ó÷àñòîê B Ó÷àñòîê C Ó÷àñòîê D Ó÷àñòîê E Âñåãî Point A Point B Point C Point D Point E Total 12 3 12 3 12 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 Ìëåêîïèòàþùèå 100 67 91.8 100 36 87.8 100 31 83.8 100 42 91.3 100 33 97.1 100 209 90.5 (Mammalia) Ïîëåâàÿ ìûøü 6.3 2 2.7 25.0 3 7.3 6.3 1 2.7 ------6.8 6 2.6 (Apodemus agrarius) Ëåñíàÿ ìûøü 3.1 1 1.4 - - - 18.8 3 8.1 ------4.5 4 1.7 (Apodemus sylvaticus) Äîìîâàÿ ìûøü ------13.2 2 4.4 - - - 2.3 2 0.9 (Mus musculus) Îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïîë¸âêà 87.5 44 60.3 91.7 18 43.9 68.8 17 45.9 80.0 30 65.2 92.3 29 85.2 69.3 138 59.7 (Microtus arvalis) Ïîë¸âêà-ýêîíîìêà 46.9 16 21.9 75.0 12 29.3 37.5 7 18.9 26.6 5 10.9 - - - 52.3 40 17.3 (Microtus oeconomus) Ðûæàÿ ïîë¸âêà 6.3 2 2.7 ------2.3 2 0.9 (Clethreonomus glareolus) Ïîë¸âêè, áëèæå íå 6.3 2 2.7 16.6 2 4.9 12.5 2 5.4 33.3 5 10.9 30.8 4 11.8 14.8 15 6.5 îïðåäåëåíû (Microtus sp.) Îáûêíîâåííàÿ - - - 8.3 1 2.4 6.3 1 2.7 ------2.3 2 0.9 áóðîçóáêà (Sorex araneus) Ïòèöû (Aves) 9.4 3 4.1 - - - 37.5 6 16.2 20.0 3 6.5 - - - 13.6 12 5.2 Íàñåêîìûå (Insecta) 9.4 3 4.1 41.6 5 12.2 - - - 6.6 1 2.2 7.6 1 2.9 9.1 10 4.3 Èíäåêñ ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ 0,54 0,61 0,66 0,49 0,21 - Øåííîíà (Í) Shannon diversity index (H) Èíäåêñ âûðàâíåííîñòè 0,35 0,30 0,28 0,46 0,74 - Ñèìïñîíà (Ñ) Simpson evenness index (C)

Ðèñ. 2. Ïèòàíèå óøàñòîé ñîâû. Fig. 2. Diet of the Long-Eared Owl. 180 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ñë¸òîê óøàñòîé ñîâû. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ðåçóëüòàòû àíàëèçà ïî- Ôîòî À. Ëåâàøêèíà. ãàäîê ïîçâîëÿþò ãîâîðèòü î âûðàæåííîé Fledgling of the Long- ìèîôàãèè óøàñòîé ñîâû â óñëîâèÿõ Íè- Eared Owl. æåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè è ïðåèìóùåñòâåí- Photo by A. Levashkin. íîé ñïåöèàëèçàöèè ýòîãî âèäà íà îáûê- íîâåííîé ïîë¸âêå. Âåðîÿòíî, ñòðàòåãèÿ êîðìîäîáû÷è óøàñòûõ ñîâ áàçèðóåòñÿ íà èñïîëüçîâàíèè íàèáîëåå ìàññîâûõ âèäîâ ãðûçóíîâ îòêðûòûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé. Â òî æå âðåìÿ, íàáëþäàåòñÿ ðàñøèðåíèå ðà- öèîíà çà ñ÷¸ò ñèíàíòðîïîâ.

Ëèòåðàòóðà Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Êèñåë¸âà Í.Þ., Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì. Íîâûå äàííûå î ðàñïðîñòðàíå- íèè è ÷èñëåííîñòè ñîâ â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îá- ëàñòè. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. Ñ. 22–36. Äåìÿí÷èê Â.Ò., Äåìÿí÷èê Ì.Ã., Ðàá÷óê Â.Ï. ×èñëåííîñòü è ïèòàíèå óøàñòîé ñîâû â Çàïàä- íîé Áåëîðóññèè. – Ñîâû Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè: ýêîëîãèÿ, ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîå è áèîòîïè÷åñêîå ìûêàþùåé ê æèëûì çäàíèÿì. Â äâóõ ñáî- ðàñïðåäåëåíèå. Ì., 2009. Ñ. 50–54. ðàõ ñîäåðæàëèñü îñòàòêè îáûêíîâåííîé Äðåáåò Ì.Â. Ïèòàíèå óøàñòîé ñîâû íà òåððè- áóðîçóáêè (Sorex araneus), à òàêæå õè- òîðèè Êàìåíåöêîãî Ïðèäíåñòðîâüÿ, Ïîäîëüå, Óêðàèíà. – Ñîâû Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè: ýêîëîãèÿ, òèíîâûå ïîêðîâû íàñåêîìûõ, íî èõ ïðî- ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîå è áèîòîïè÷åñêîå ðàñïðåäå- öåíòíîå ñîîòíîøåíèå ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ëåíèå. Ì., 2009. Ñ. 55–58. ãðûçóíàì î÷åíü ìàëî. Êàëÿêèí Â.Í. Ìàòåðèàëû ê èçó÷åíèþ ïèòàíèÿ Â ñðåäíåì â îäíîé ïîãàäêå âñòðå÷àëîñü óøàñòîé ñîâû íà òåððèòîðèè Ìîñêâû è Ïîä- 2,85±1,31 îáúåêòà, ìèíèìóì – 1, ìàêñè- ìîñêîâüÿ. – Ñîâû Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè: ýêîëîãèÿ, ìóì – 6. Â íåêîòîðûõ ïîãàäêàõ âñòðå÷à- ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîå è áèîòîïè÷åñêîå ðàñïðåäå- ëèñü ç¸ðíà çëàêîâ, êîòîðûå îêàçàëèñü â ëåíèå. Ì., 2009. Ñ. 70–74. ðàöèîíå ñîâ â êà÷åñòâå ïðèìåñåé ñ îñíîâ- Êàðòàøåâ Í.Í., Ñîêîëîâ Â.Å., Øèëîâ È.À. Ïðàêòèêóì ïî çîîëîãèè ïîçâîíî÷íûõ. 3-e èçä., íûì êîðìîì – ïîë¸âêàìè. Ñóòî÷íàÿ ìàñ- èñïð. è äîï. Ì., 2004. 38Ç ñ. ñà ñúåäåííîãî êîðìà ñîñòàâèëà â ñðåäíåì Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Óðàëüñêîãî 65,1±5,8 ã, âàðüèðóÿ îò 50,6 ã äî 76,3 ã. ðåãèîíà. Ñîêîëîîáðàçíûå (Falconiformes), Ñî- Ýòî ñîñòàâëÿåò 20,3% îò ñðåäíåé ìàññû âîîáðàçíûå (Strigiformes). Ïåðìü, 1998. 483 ñ. æèâîé óøàñòîé ñîâû, åñëè ïðèíÿòü å¸ çà Êóçíåöîâ Á.À. Îïðåäåëèòåëü ïîçâîíî÷íûõ 320 ã. (ìàññà ñàìîê: 230–430 ã., ñàìöîâ – æèâîòíûõ ôàóíû ÑÑÑÐ. (×àñòü 3. Ìëåêîïèòàþ- 210–330 ã. ïî: Konig, Weick, 2008). ùèå). Ì., 1975. 208 ñ. Íóìåðîâ À.Ä., Ìèðîøíèêîâà Þ.Þ. Ãíåçäî- âàÿ ýêîëîãèÿ è ñïåêòð ïèòàíèÿ óøàñòîé ñîâû â Äèñêóññèÿ Âîðîíåæñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ñîâû Ñåâåðíîé Åâðà- Â öåëîì ïèòàíèå óøàñòîé ñîâû â Íèæå- çèè: ýêîëîãèÿ, ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîå è áèîòîïè÷å- ãîðîäñêîì Ïðåäâîëæüå îêàçàëîñü ñõîæèì ñêîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå. Ì., 2009. Ñ. 6–11. ñ ïèòàíèåì íà áîëüøåé ÷àñòè àðåàëà âèäà. Ïîòàïîâ Å.Ð. Áèîýíåðãåòè÷åñêèå ìåòîäû â Êàê è â áîëüøèíñòâå ðåãèîíîâ Âîñòî÷- èçó÷åíèè õèùíûõ ïòèö. – Ìåòîäû èçó÷åíèÿ è íîé Åâðîïû (Äåìÿí÷èê è äð., 2009; Äðå- îõðàíû õèùíûõ ïòèö (Ìåòîäè÷åñêèå ðåêîìåí- áåò, 2009; Êàëÿêèí, 2009; Êàðÿêèí, 1998; äàöèè). Ì., 1989. Ñ. 90–116. Øåïåëü À.È. Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ñîâû Ïåðìñêî- Íóìåðîâ, Ìèðîøíèêîâà, 2009; Øåïåëü, ãî Ïðèêàìüÿ. Èðêóñòê, 1992. 296 ñ. 1992; Goszczynski, 1977; Skierczynski, Goszczynski J. Connections between preda- 2006; Wijnands, 1984), â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé tory birds and mammals and their prey. – Acta îáëàñòè â ïèòàíèè óøàñòîé ñîâû äîìèíè- Theriol. 1977. ¹22. P. 399–430. ðîâàëè ìûøåâèäíûå ãðûçóíû (89,6%), à Konig C., Weick F. Owls of the World. Second îñíîâíîé ðàöèîí ñîñòàâëÿëà îáûêíîâåí- Edition. London, 2008. 528 p. íàÿ ïîë¸âêà – 59,7%. Skierczynski M. Food niche overlap of three Ñîäåðæàíèå îáúåêòîâ â ïîãàäêàõ áûëî sympatric raptors breeding in agricultural landscape in Western Pomerania region of Poland. áëèçêî ê ïîêàçàòåëÿì, ïîëó÷åííûì â – Buteo. 2006. ¹15. P. 17–22. èþíå è èþëå â Âîðîíåæñêîé îáëàñòè Wijnands H. Ecological energetics of the (2,76±0,06 è 2,14±0,14 ïî: Íóìåðîâ, Long-Eared Owl (Asio otus). – Ardea. 1984. Ìèðîøíèêîâà, 2009). ¹72. P. 1–92. Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 181

ShortReports КРАТКИЕСООБЩЕНИЯ TheRecordofLateBreedingoftheWhite-TailedEagle intheN.NovgorodDistrict,Russia СЛУЧАЙ ПОЗДНЕГО ГНЕЗДОВАНИЯ ОРЛАНА-БЕЛОХВОСТА В НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, РОССИЯ BakkaS.V.(RussianBirdConservationUnion,N.Novgorod,Russia) KaryakinI.V.(CenterofFieldStudies,N.Novgorod,Russia) LapshinR.D.(StatePedagogicalUniversity,N.Novgorod,Russia) Бакка С.В. (Нижегородское отделение Союза охраны птиц России, Н. Новгород, Россия) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия) Лапшин Р.Д. (Государственный педагогический университет, Н. Новгород, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla) ÿâ- Ñåðãåé Áàêêà ëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç ðàíî ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ âèäîâ Íèæåãîðîäñêîå îòäåëåíèå ÑÎÏÐ äíåâíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö Íèæåãîðîäñêîé òåë.: +7 831 434 46 79 îáëàñòè. Ïòåíöû ïîêèäàþò ãí¸çäà îáû÷íî [email protected] â íà÷àëå èþëÿ, êàê è â äðóãèõ ðåãèîíàõ Ïîâîëæüÿ (Âîäîëàæñêàÿ, 1995; Êàðÿêèí, Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ 1998; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2008). Íàèáîëåå èññëåäîâàíèé ïîçäíèå ñðîêè âûëåòà ïòåíöîâ â Âîëæñêî- òåë.: +7 831 433 38 47 Êàìñêîì êðàå è â áàññåéíå Îêè äàòèðó- [email protected] þòñÿ êîíöîì èþëÿ (Ãðèãîðüåâ è äð., 1977; Ðîìàí Ëàïøèí Êàðÿêèí, 1998; Ñàïåòèíà è äð., 2005). Íèæåãîðîäñêèé Âî âðåìÿ ìîíèòîðèíãà ñîñòîÿíèÿ ãíåç- ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé äîâûõ ïëàòôîðì äëÿ êðóïíûõ ïåðíàòûõ ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèé õèùíèêîâ â ïîñëåïîæàðíûé ïåðèîä óíèâåðñèòåò, Êàôåäðà ýêîëîãèè 2010 ã. ïîñåùàëàñü òåððèòîðèÿ Âîðîòûí- è ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî ñêîãî ðàéîíà Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. îáðàçîâàíèÿ Áûëà îáñëåäîâàíà ãðóïïà ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàò- òåë.:+7 831 439 00 79 ôîðì, óñòàíîâëåííûõ äëÿ îðëàíà íà ìà- [email protected] ÿ÷íûõ ñîñíàõ, ðàñòóùèõ íà ñêëîíå âîëæ- Ñë¸òîê îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. ñêîé òåððàñû áëèç ãðàíèöû ñ Ðåñïóáëèêîé Contact: Ìàðèé Ýë. Íà ýòèõ ïëàòôîðìàõ ïðèñàäû Fledgling of the White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla). Photo by I. Karyakin. Sergey Bakka îðëàíà ðåãèñòðèðóþòñÿ ñ 2001 ã., ÷òî The N. Novgorod branch of RBCU ïîäðàçóìåâàåò íàëè÷èå åãî ïîñòîÿííîãî tel.: +7 831 434 46 79 ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà â íåïîñðåäñòâåííîé The White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) is [email protected] áëèçîñòè îò ïëàòôîðì (ðèñ. 1). Òåì íå an early nesting species of the birds of prey ìåíåå, ïîïûòêè ïîèñêà åñòåñòâåííîãî in the Nizhny Novgorod district. Nestlings Igor Karyakin Center of Field Studies ãíåçäà íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè äî ïîñëåä- fledged usually at the beginning of July, as tel.: +7 831 433 38 47 íåãî âðåìåíè íå îñóùåñòâëÿëèñü. well as in other districts of the Volga region [email protected] Âî âðåìÿ ïîñåùåíèÿ äàííîé ãðóïïû (Vodolazhskaya, 1995; Karyakin, 1998; Kar- ïëàòôîðì 8 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2010 ã. íà íèõ òàê- yakin et al., 2008). The latest dates of fledg- Roman Lapshin Nizhny Novgorod State æå áûëè îáíàðóæåíû ïðèñàäû îðëàíîâ, ing in the Volga-Kama region and in the Oka Pedagogical University, ïðè÷¸ì ñî ñâåæèìè îñòàíêàìè ëåùåé river basin are the end of July (Grigoriev et al., Ecology and Ecological (Abramis brama). Â õîäå 30-ìèíóòíîãî 1977; Karyakin, 1998; Sapetina et al., 2005). Education Chair îáñëåäîâàíèÿ ëåñà â ðàäèóñå 1 êì âîêðóã During our surveys carries out in the terri- tel.:+7 831 439 00 79 [email protected] îäíîé èç ïëàòôîðì áûëî îáíàðóæåíî tory of Vorotynsk region of the N. Novgorod æèëîå ãíåçäî îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà, óñòðî- district on September, 8, 2010 we have found 182 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

åííîå íà ñîñíå, ðàñòóùåé íà îêðàèíå âû- ðóáêè. Ãíåçäîâàÿ ïîñòðîéêà ðàñïîëàãàëàñü â îñíîâàíèè âåòâåé â âåðõíåé òðåòè ñòâîëà äåðåâà íà âûñîòå îêîëî 17 ì. Ïðè ýòîì ñðàçó æå íåñêîëüêî ôàêòîâ âûçâàëî óäèâëåíèå. Ðÿäîì ñ ãíåçäîì îá- íàðóæåí âûâîäîê, êîòîðûé ëèøü íåäàâ- íî ïîêèíóë åãî, ÷òî íà 1,5 ìåñÿöà ïîçæå íîðìàëüíûõ ñðîêîâ âûëåòà ïòåíöîâ â Ïî- âîëæüå. Âûâîäîê ñîñòîÿë èç 3-õ ïòåíöîâ, è ýòî ïåðâûé ôàêò ðåãèñòðàöèè òàêîãî êðóïíîãî âûâîäêà â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëà- ñòè. Ìëàäøèé ïòåíåö, ó êîòîðîãî íà ãîëîâå åù¸ èìåëèñü ôðàãìåíòû ïóõà, íàõîäèëñÿ â ãíåçäå, äâà äðóãèõ, áîëåå ñòàðøèõ, ïòåíöà ñèäåëè íà ñîñåäíèõ äåðåâüÿõ â 10 è 12 ì îò ãíåçäà, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Ëåòàë õîðîøî òîëüêî ñòàðøèé ïòåíåö, êîòîðûé ïðè ïî- ÿâëåíèè íàáëþäàòåëåé ñðàçó æå ñëåòåë è ñåë íà âåðøèíå ñîñíû â 40 ì îò ãíåçäà. Äâà äðóãèõ ïòåíöà óëåòåëè òîëüêî ïîñëå òîãî, êàê ïîä ãíåçäîì è ïðèñàäíûìè äåðåâüÿìè íàáëþäàòåëÿìè ñòàëè ñîáèðàòüñÿ ïåðüÿ è îñòàòêè ïèùè. Ïðè÷¸ì, ìëàäøèé ïòåíåö ëå- òàë åù¸ êðàéíå ïëîõî è, ïðèìîñòèâøèñü â êðîíó ñîñíû, ðàñòóùåé â 20–30 ì îò ãíåçäà, áîëüøå íå ïîêèäàë å¸. Ïðè÷èíû ñòîëü ïîçäíèõ ñðîêîâ ðàç- ìíîæåíèÿ ñîâåðøåííî íå ïîíÿòíû è íå ìîãóò áûòü îáúÿñíåíû ôîðìèðîâàíèåì íîâîé ïàðû, ò.ê. ó÷àñòîê ìíîãîëåòíèé, êàê è îáíàðóæåííîå íà í¸ì ãíåçäî, à îáà ïàðòí¸ðà – ñòàðûå ïòèöû. Ìàëî âåðîÿòíîé ÿâëÿåòñÿ è âîçìîæíîñòü ïîâòîðíîé êëàä- êè, âçàìåí óòåðÿííîé, òàê êàê ïîâòîðíûå êëàäêè ó òàêèõ êðóïíûõ ïòèö êàê îðëàí ìåíüøå ïåðâûõ è, êàê ïðàâèëî, ñîñòîÿò

Ãíåçäî îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nest of the White-Tailed Eagle. Photos by I. Karyakin.

a nest of the White-Tailed Eagle, near which we have been observing the brood consisted of 3 fledglings (fig. 1). The youngest fledgling had remains of the down plumage on its head. Such dates of breeding are at 1.5 months later than usual in the N. Novgorod district and have been recorded for the first time. The brood consisting of 3 fledglings Ðèñ. 1. Ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla). also has been recorded for the first time in Fig. 1. Breeding territory of the White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla). the district. Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 183

Âçðîñëûé ñàìåö (íà Ëèòåðàòóðà âåðøèíå äåðåâà) è Âîäîëàæñêàÿ Ò.È. Ê ãíåçäîâàíèþ îðëàíà- îäèí èç ñòàðøèõ ñë¸ò- áåëîõâîñòà. – Ýêîëîãèÿ è îõðàíà îêðóæàþ- êîâ (â êðîíå äåðåâà) ùåé ñðåäû: Òåçèñû äîêëàäîâ 2 Ìåæäóíà- ðÿäîì ñ ãíåçäîì. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. ðîäíîé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè, Ïåðìü, 12–15 ñåíòÿáðÿ, 1995. ×. 4. Ïåðìü, Adult male (on the top 1995. Ñ. 85. of the tree) and one of elder fledglings (in the Ãðèãîðüåâ Í.Ä., Ïîïîâ Â.À., Ïîïîâ Þ.Ê. crown of the tree) near Îòðÿä ñîêîëîîáðàçíûå (äíåâíûå õèùíûå ïòè- the nest. öû) Falconiformes. – Ïòèöû Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî Photo by I. Karyakin. êðàÿ. Íåâîðîáüèíûå. Ì., 1977. Ñ. 76–117. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Óðàëüñêî- ãî ðåãèîíà. Ñîêîëîîáðàçíûå (Falconiformes), Ñîâîîáðàçíûå (Strigiformes). Ïåðìü, 1998. 483 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ., Êîðæåâ Ä.À. Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîñ- òîëüêî èç îäíîãî ÿéöà. Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ñèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ÷òî ñåçîí 2010 ã. îòëè÷àëñÿ àíîìàëüíîé ¹13. Ñ. 31–40. Ñàïåòèíà È.Ì., Ñàïåòèíà ß.Â., Èâàí÷åâ Â.Ï., æàðîé, îõâàòèâøåé âñ¸ Ïîâîëæüå, ïîýòî- Êàøåíöåâà Ò.À., Ëàâðîâñêèé Â.Â., Ïðèêëîí- ìó ñòîëü ïîçäíåå ðàçìíîæåíèå îðëàíà, ñêèé Ñ.Ã. Ïòèöû Îêñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà è ñîïðå- íà÷èíàþùåãî ãíåçäèòüñÿ òîãäà, êîãäà íà äåëüíûõ òåððèòîðèé (áèîëîãèÿ, ÷èñëåííîñòü, ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ åù¸ ëåæèò ñíåã, âûãëÿ- îõðàíà). Ò. 1. Íåâîðîáüèíûå ïòèöû. Ì., 2005. äèò åù¸ áîëåå ñòðàííûì. 320 ñ.

TheAsynchronityintheDatesoftheWhite-TailedEagleBreeding intheNationalPark“NizhnyayaKama”andFactorsInfluencingIt, Russia АСИНХРОННОСТЬ СРОКОВ РАЗМНОЖЕНИЯ ОРЛАНА- БЕЛОХВОСТА В НАЦИОНАЛЬНОМ ПАРКЕ «НИЖНЯЯ КАМА» И ФАКТОРЫ, ВЛИЯЮЩИЕ НА ЭТО, РОССИЯ Bekmansurov R.H. (NP “Nizhnyaya Kama”, Elabuga, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia) Бекмансуров Р.Х. (Национальный парк «Нижняя Кама», Республика Татарстан, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla) ÿâëÿ- The White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albi- Ðèíóð Áåêìàíñóðîâ åòñÿ ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ âèäîì íà òåððèòîðèè íà- cilla) is a breeding species of the National Íàöèîíàëüíûé ïàðê öèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà «Íèæíÿÿ Êàìà» (äàëåå Park “Nizhnyaya Kama” (below referred to «Íèæíÿÿ Êàìà» 423600, Ðîññèÿ, ïàðêà). ×èñëåííîñòü ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ îñîáåé â as “Park”). The number of breeding pairs Òàòàðñòàí, ã. Åëàáóãà, ïðåäåëàõ òåððèòîðèè íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàð- throughout the territory of the Park is esti- ïð. Íåôòÿíèêîâ, 175 êà îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 6–8 ïàð. Îòäåëüíûå îñî- mated as 6–8 pairs. Separate birds stay for òåë.: +7 85557 795 87 áè çèìóþò (Áåêìàíñóðîâ, 2008). wintering (Bekmansurov, 2008). [email protected] Â 2010 ã. 22 è 24 ìàÿ áûëè îñìîòðåíû On May 22 and May 24, 2010, we ex- ãí¸çäà íà 3-õ èç 4-õ, ìàêñèìàëüíî áëèçêî amined the nests on three eyries of the Contact: ðàñïîëîæåííûõ äðóã ê äðóãó, ãíåçäîâûõ White-Tailed Eagle out of four eyries that Rinur Bekmansurov National Park ó÷àñòêàõ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà íà òåððèòîðèè were maximally close to each other on the “Nizhnyaya Kama” ïàðêà (ðèñ. 1). Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó çàíÿòûìè territory of the Park (fig. 1). The distance Neftyanikov str., 175, ãí¸çäàìè ñîñòàâëÿåò 6, 4 è 6 êì (äî 2010 ã. between the occupied nests is 6, 4, and 6 Elabuga, ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó çàíÿòûìè ãí¸çäàìè ýòèõ km (prior to 2010, the distance between Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, 423600 ïàð ñîñòàâëÿëî 6, 5,3 è 6,2 êì). Íà äâóõ the occupied nests of these pairs was 6, tel.: +7 85557 795 87 ó÷àñòêàõ â ãí¸çäàõ áûëè îáíàðóæåíû ðàç- 5.3, and 6.2 km, respectively). In eyries, [email protected] íîâîçðàñòíûå ïòåíöû, à íà òðåòüåì – äîñòà- the nestlings of different ages were found in òî÷íî ñâåæàÿ ïîãèáøàÿ êëàäêà. the nests; in the third eyrie, an appreciably Ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ¹1 ðàñïîëîæåí â freshly lost clutch was detected. óð. Áîëüøîé Áîð. Çäåñü èìåþòñÿ 2 ìíîãî- Why is such great asynchronity in breed- ëåòíèõ ãíåçäà âáëèçè îïóøêè áîðà, ðàñ- ing dates of the White-Tailed Eagle ob- 184 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

ïîëîæåííûå â âåðõíèõ ÷àñòÿõ ñòàðîâîç- served over such a small area? The follow- ðàñòíûõ ìàÿ÷íûõ ñîñåí. Ãí¸çäà õîðîøî ing interrelated explanations can be found ïðîñìàòðèâàþòñÿ ñ ïîëÿ, ãðàíè÷àùåãî ñ to this fact. ëåñíûì ìàññèâîì. Ðàçìíîæåíèå îðëàíîâ 1. Regardless of the fact that all the breed- íà ýòîì ó÷àñòêå íåðåãóëÿðíîå. Â 2005 ã. ing territories of eagles are confined to the ðàçìíîæåíèå áûëî ïðåðâàíî, â 2006 ã. Kama River, which means that the feeding – îòñóòñòâîâàëî, â 2007 ã. íàáëþäàëèñü conditions on these sites are the same, ïòèöû, íî ôàêò ðàçìíîæåíèÿ îñòàëñÿ íå- the protection conditions of the eyries are âûÿñíåííûì, â 2008 ã. 20 èþíÿ 1 ïîëíî- completely different. It may be assumed ñòüþ îïåð¸ííûé ïòåíåö âîçðàñòîì îêîëî that the key reason for the asynchronous 45–50 äíåé õîðîøî áûë âèäåí ñ çåìëè, â breeding of the White-Tailed Eagle in the 2009 ã. óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå îòñóòñòâî- Park is the factor of human disturbance; âàëî. Â 2010 ã. 22 ìàÿ â ãíåçäå íàõîäèëèñü the pairs have to adapt to it individually äâà ïòåíöà âîçðàñòîì îêîëî 27–30 äíåé and refer the period of egg laying to the âî âòîðîì ïóõîâîì íàðÿäå ñ ðàñêðûâàþ- time of its minimum impact. This probably ùèìèñÿ ìàõîâûìè ïåðüÿìè è ïîÿâèâøè- is the reason why the pair that is nesting ìèñÿ ïåðâûìè êðîþùèìè ïåðüÿìè. deep in the pine forest (fig. 1–3) starts Ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ¹2 ðàñïîëîæåí â breeding before the other pairs do; while Åëàáóæñêèõ ëóãàõ. Íà äàííîì ó÷àñòêå the pair nesting on a poplar tree near the ãíåçäîâàÿ ïîñòðîéêà áûëà îáíàðóæåíà river (fig. 1–2), starts breeding later, during 27 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2009 ã. íà òîïîëå, â ãðóïïå the period, which is maximally close to the îòäåëüíî ñòîÿùèõ äåðåâüåâ, ìåæäó ïðè- beginning of emerging of foliage that will ðóñëîâîé ÷àñòüþ ïîéìû è öåíòðàëüíîé. Â disguise the nest. äåíü îáíàðóæåíèÿ âáëèçè ãíåçäà íàáëþ- 2. The second explanation to the strong äàëàñü ïàðà âçðîñëûõ ïòèö. Ïðèçíàêîâ asynchronity in the breeding dates for the óñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íà äàííîì ãíåç- nearest neighbors of eagles in the Park may äå íå áûëî îáíàðóæåíî. Ãíåçäîâûõ ïî- be explained by the existence of intense ñòðîåê îðëàíà íà äàííîì ó÷àñòêå íå áûëî competition between the pairs for prey. In èçâåñòíî, êàê ìèíèìóì, 8 ëåò. Ïî ñîîáùå- order to scatter in time the intensity of hunt- íèÿì èíñïåêòîðîâ ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé îõðà- ing pressure at the relatively small territory íû ïðèðîäû, ðàíåå çäåñü ãíåçäèëàñü ïàðà of Kama between the eyries and avoid acute Ðèñ. 1. Ãíåçäîâûå îðëàíîâ. Óæå ïðè îñìîòðå äàííîãî ó÷àñò- conflicts between each other, White-Tailed ó÷àñòêè îðëàíà- áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus êà 22 ìàÿ 2010 ã., ãíåçäà íà ñòàðîì ìåñòå Eagles have to feed their rising nestlings albicilla) â Íàöèîíàëü- íå îêàçàëîñü. Íîâàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ïîñòðîéêà most intensely at different time; therefore, íîì ïàðêå «Íèæíÿÿ áûëà îáíàðóæåíà â íåêîòîðîì óäàëåíèè they are to proceed to breeding at different Êàìà». îò ñòàðîãî ãíåçäà (2,3 êì), òàêæå íà òî- time, as well. Fig. 1. Breeding ter- ïîëå â ïðèðóñëîâîé ÷àñòè ïîéìû. Â äåíü The situation, when some pairs of the ritories of the White- Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus îñìîòðà ó ãíåçäà íàõîäèëèñü 2 âçðîñëûå White-Tailed Eagle are forced to nest under albicilla) in the National ïòèöû, à â ãíåçäå – ñâåæàÿ ïîãèáøàÿ êëàä- such conditions, when they need to adapt Park “Nizhnyaya Kama”. êà èç 2-õ ÿèö (îäíî ÿéöî áûëî ðàçáèòî). to the factor of human disturbance and/or compete for food has definitely emerged as a result of the rise in the number of this species. When the White-Tailed Eagle had occupied all territories that were optimal for breeding (pine forests on the Kama ter- race far away from settlements and places permanently visited by people), separate pairs started moving to suboptimal habitats (marginal sites and open floodplains), thus making the breeding cluster denser. The system of dominating by some pairs within the cluster over the other ones is likely to underlie the moving of separate pairs to suboptimal habitats. The strongest pair occupies the site that is the most favorable in terms of its protective and feeding param- eters and is forced to hold it for the whole year. Therefore, they start displaying earlier, thus demonstrating its dominance to the Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 185

Ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ¹3 ðàñïîëîæåí â Òà- neighbors. In turn, the neighbors are guid- íàåâñêîì ëåñó. Íà äàííîì ó÷àñòêå íàáëþ- ed by this pair and join the process later; äàåòñÿ óñïåøíîå ãíåçäîâàíèå ñ 2006 ã. áåç thus increasing the interval in their breeding ïåðåðûâà. Â 2010 ã. ñòàðàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ïî- dates. Due to this fact, the pair of White- ñòðîéêà áûëà îñòàâëåíà îðëàíàìè è ïàðà Tailed Eagles that nests in the Tanai forest ïîñòðîèëà íîâîå ãíåçäî, íà ðàññòîÿíèè and is the first to breed is likely to dominate îò ïðåäûäóùåãî îêîëî 100 ì. Âåðîÿòíî, in this cluster. Therefore, it occupies the site ïàðà çèìîâàëà è ïîñòðîèëà ãíåçäî â çèì- that is least visited by people, winters on it, íåå âðåìÿ. Íà äàííîì ó÷àñòêå íàáëþäà- start to breed earlier than the other pairs of åòñÿ ñàìîå ðàííåå ðàçìíîæåíèå. Òàê, â the species, and breeds regularly. 2009 ã. íàñèæèâàþùàÿ ïòèöà íàáëþäàëàñü íà ãíåçäå óæå 4 ìàðòà. Ïðè îñìîòðå íîâîãî ãíåçäà íà äàííîì ó÷àñòêå 24 ìàÿ 2010 ã. íà í¸ì áûëî äâà îïåð¸ííûõ ïòåíöà âîçðàñòîì 40–45 äíåé, ÷òî ñâèäåòåëü- ñòâóåò î áîëåå ðàííåì ñðîêå êëàäêè, ÷åì íà ó÷àñòêå ¹1, è òåì áîëåå – íà ó÷àñòêå ¹2. Îò ÷åãî æå íà ñòîëü ëîêàëü- íîé òåððèòîðèè íàáëþäàåòñÿ ñòîëü áîëüøàÿ àñèíõðîííîñòü ñðîêîâ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëàíà? Ýòîìó ìîæíî íàéòè ñëåäóþ- ùèå âçàèìîñâÿçàííûå îáúÿñ- íåíèÿ. 1. Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî âñå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè îðëàíîâ ïðèóðî÷åíû ê Êàìå, à çíà÷èò êîðìîâûå óñëîâèÿ íà íèõ îäè- íàêîâûå, çàùèòíûå óñëîâèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñîâåð- øåííî ðàçíûå. Åñëè íàèáî- ëåå ðàíî ãíåçäÿùàÿñÿ ïàðà íà ó÷àñòêå ¹3 ãíåçäèòñÿ â ãëó- áèíå áîðà, äàëåêî îò îïóøêè ëåñà è ïðîåçæèõ äîðîã è èñ- ïûòûâàåò ìèíèìàëüíîå áåñ- ïîêîéñòâî ñî ñòîðîíû ëþäåé, êàê ëåòîì, òàê è çèìîé (çäåñü â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ íå ïðî- õîäèò äàæå ëûæíûõ ìàðøðó- òîâ), òî íà ó÷àñòêå ïàðû ¹1, ãíåçäÿùåéñÿ Ãíåçäî îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà íà ó÷àñòêå ¹2 â 2010 ã. â ñðåäíèå ñðîêè, ãíåçäî ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ ñî- Ôîòî Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà. âåðøåííî îòêðûòî íà îïóøêå áîðà è ïòè- Active nest of the White-Tailed Eagle on the breeding öû çäåñü èñïûòûâàþò ðåãóëÿðíûé ôàêòîð territory ¹2 in 2010. Photos by R. Bekmansurov. áåñïîêîéñòâà. Îïóøêà ñ ãíåçäîì ãðàíè÷èò ñ âîçäåëûâàåìûì ïîëåì, íà êîòîðîì ðåãó- ñëîâëåíà è ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé ãèáåëüþ ïòèö ëÿðíî îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ ðàñïàøêà, âûæèãà- íà ïòèöåîïàñíîé ëèíèè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è íèå ñòåðíè è îñòàòêîâ ñîëîìû â âåñåííåå 10 êÂ, íå îñíàù¸ííîé ïòèöåçàùèòíûìè âðåìÿ; âáëèçè ãíåçäà ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ ïðî- óñòðîéñòâàìè, êîòîðàÿ ïðîõîäèò â íå- åçæàÿ ïîëåâàÿ äîðîãà ñ èíòåíñèâíîñòüþ ñêîëüêèõ äåñÿòêàõ ìåòðîâ îò îïóøêè áîðà. äâèæåíèÿ îêîëî 3–10 ìàøèí â ÷àñ â äíåâ- Íåîáõîäèìî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî â 2010 ã. ïîëå íîå âðåìÿ ñ ìàÿ ïî ñåíòÿáðü; ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå âîçäåëûâàëîñü è îòñóòñòâîâàëè âåñåí- ïðÿìî ïîä ãíåçäîì ðåãóëÿðíî âåä¸òñÿ â íèå ïàëû, ÷òî ñïîñîáñòâîâàëî óñïåøíîìó âåñåííåå âðåìÿ ïðîòèâîïîæàðíàÿ îïàøêà ðàçìíîæåíèþ îðëàíîâ íà äàííîì ó÷àñò- ëåñà. Íåðåãóëÿðíîñòü ðàçìíîæåíèÿ îð- êå. Íàèáîëåå ïîçäíî ðàçìíîæàþùàÿñÿ ëàíîâ íà äàííîì ó÷àñòêå, âîçìîæíî, îáó- ïàðà ¹2 ãíåçäèòñÿ ñîâåðøåííî îòêðûòî 186 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

Æèëîå ãíåçäî îðëàíà- áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) íà ó÷àñòêå ¹1 â 2008 ã. (ñëåâà) è ãí¸ç- äà îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â 2010 ã. (ñïðàâà): ó÷àñòîê ¹1 – ââåðõó, ¹2 – â öåíòðå, ¹3 – âíèçó. Ôîòî Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà. Living nest of the White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) on the breeding territory ¹1 in 2008 (left) and active nests of the White-Tailed Eagle in 2010 (right): breeding territory ¹1 – upper, ¹2 – central, ¹3 – bottom. Photos by R. Bekmansurov.

íà òîïîëå, èõ ãíåçäî ìàêñèìàëüíî çàìåò- â ïåðèîä åãî ìèíèìàëüíîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ. íî èçäàëåêà, â îòëè÷èå îò ãí¸çä îðëàíà, Âîçìîæíî ïîýòîìó ïàðà, ãíåçäÿùàÿñÿ â óñòðîåííûõ íà ñîñíàõ, ôàêòîð áåñïîêîé- ãëóáèíå áîðà, ïðèñòóïàåò ê ðàçìíîæåíèþ ñòâà ëþäüìè íà äàííîì ó÷àñòêå íàèáîëåå ðàíüøå äðóãèõ, à ïàðà, ãíåçäÿùàÿñÿ íà òî- îùóòèì èç-çà åãî ðåãóëÿðíîãî ïîñåùåíèÿ ïîëå ó ðåêè – ïîçæå, ñòðåìÿñü íà÷àòü ðàç- ðûáàêàìè, à ëåòîì è ñåíîêîñöàìè, ñóõàÿ ìíîæåíèå â ñðîêè, ìàêñèìàëüíî áëèçêèå òðàâà íà ó÷àñòêå âåñíîé ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïî- ê íà÷àëó ïîÿâëåíèÿ ëèñòâû, êîòîðàÿ ñêðî- ñòîÿííî âûæèãàåòñÿ. Ôàêòîðû áåñïîêîé- åò ãíåçäî. ñòâà íà äàííîì ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå: âåñåí- 2. Âòîðîå îáúÿñíåíèå áîëüøîé àñèí- íèå ïàëû, ïîëåâàÿ äîðîãà, èñïîëüçóåìàÿ õðîííîñòè ñðîêîâ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ó áëèæàé- ðûáàêàìè, ñåíîêîøåíèå â êîíöå ãíåçäîâî- øèõ ñîñåäíèõ ïàð îðëàíîâ â ïàðêå ìîæíî ãî ïåðèîäà. Âåðîÿòíî, èìåííî ïî ïðè÷èíå íàéòè â íàëè÷èè ìåæäó ïàðàìè îñòðîé ïîñòîÿííîãî áåñïîêîéñòâà ïàðà åæåãîäíî êîíêóðåíöèè çà êîðìîâîé ðåñóðñ. ×òîáû ïåðåíîñèò ãíåçäî, çàíèìàÿñü ñòðîèòåëü- ðàçíåñòè âî âðåìåíè âîçäåéñòâèå ïðåññà ñòâîì âåñíîé, ïîýòîìó è ïîçäíî ïðèñòóïà- îõîòû íà äîñòàòî÷íî ëîêàëüíîé òåððèòî- åò ê ðàçìíîæåíèþ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæ- ðèè Êàìû ìåæäó ó÷àñòêàìè, âî èçáåæàíèå íî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî îñíîâíîé ïðè÷èíîé îñòðûõ êîíôëèêòîâ äðóã ñ äðóãîì, îðëàíû àñèíõðîííîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ îðëàíà â ïàð- âûíóæäåíû â ðàçíîå âðåìÿ íàèáîëåå èí- êå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ôàêòîð áåñïîêîéñòâà, ê êîòî- òåíñèâíî êîðìèòü ïîäðàñòàþùèõ ïòåíöîâ, ðîìó ïàðû âûíóæäåíû àäàïòèðîâàòüñÿ èí- à, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, â ðàçíîå âðåìÿ ïðèñòó- äèâèäóàëüíî è ïðèñòóïàòü ê îòêëàäêå ÿèö ïàòü ê ðàçìíîæåíèþ. Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 187

÷òî ÿâëåíèå óâåëè÷åíèÿ ðàçíèöû â ñðî- ëåæèò ñèñòåìà äîìèíèðîâàíèÿ îäíèõ ïàð êàõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñîñåäíèõ ïàð îäíîãî è íàä äðóãèìè. Íàèáîëåå ñèëüíàÿ ïàðà çà- òîãî æå âèäà ïðè óïëîòíåíèè èõ ãíåçäî- íèìàåò íàèáîëåå áëàãîïðèÿòíûé ïî ñâîèì âûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî äëÿ çàùèòíûì è êîðìîâûì õàðàêòåðèñòèêàì äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè (Strix uralensis) â ó÷àñòîê è âûíóæäåíà äåðæàòü åãî êðó- Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009), ãëîãîäè÷íî. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, îíà íà÷èíàåò êàíþêà (Buteo buteo) â Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè ðàíüøå òîêîâàòü, ïîêàçûâàÿ ñîñåäÿì ñâî¸ (À.Â. Ìîøêèí, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå) è ìîõ- äîìèíèðîâàíèå. Ñîñåäè, â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü, íîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà (Buteo hemilasius) â óæå îðèåíòèðóÿñü íà íå¸, âêëþ÷àþòñÿ â Òóâå (È.Â. Êàðÿêèí, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). ïðîöåññ òîêîâàíèÿ ïîçæå, òåì ñàìûì óâå- Ñèòóàöèÿ, â êîòîðîé ÷àñòü ïàð îðëàíîâ ëè÷èâàÿ ðàçðûâ â ñðîêàõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ. âûíóæäåíà ãíåçäèòüñÿ â óñëîâèÿõ, â êîòî- Èìåííî ïîýòîìó íàèáîëåå ðàíî ãíåçäÿ- ðûõ íåîáõîäèìî àäàïòèðîâàòüñÿ ê ôàêòî- ùàÿñÿ ïàðà îðëàíîâ, ãíåçäÿùàÿñÿ â Òàíà- ðó áåñïîêîéñòâà è/èëè êîíêóðèðîâàòü çà åâñêîì ëåñó, âåðîÿòíî, äîìèíèðóþùàÿ â êîðìà, îïðåäåë¸ííî ñëîæèëàñü â ðåçóëü- äàííîé ãðóïïèðîâêå, çàíèìàåò íàèìåíåå òàòå ðîñòà ÷èñëåííîñòè ýòîãî âèäà. Ïîñëå ïîñåùàåìûé ëþäüìè ó÷àñòîê, çèìóåò íà òîãî êàê îðëàí çàíÿë âñå îïòèìàëüíûå äëÿ í¸ì, ïðèñòóïàåò ðàíüøå ê ðàçìíîæåíèþ è ãíåçäîâàíèÿ òåððèòîðèè – ó÷àñòêè áîðîâ ðàçìíîæàåòñÿ ðåãóëÿðíî. íà Êàìñêîé òåððàñå â óäàëåíèè îò íàñå- ë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ è ìåñò ïîñòîÿííîãî ïðå- Ëèòåðàòóðà áûâàíèÿ ëþäåé, îòäåëüíûå ïàðû ñòàëè Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ. Õèùíûå ïòèöû íàöèîíàëü- âûñåëÿòüñÿ â ñóáîïòèìàëüíûå áèîòîïû, êî- íîãî ïàðêà «Íèæíÿÿ Êàìà». – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíè- òîðûìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ îïóøå÷íûå ó÷àñòêè è îò- êè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹13. Ñ. 41–47. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ., êðûòûå ïîéìû, òåì ñàìûì, óïëîòíÿÿ ãíåç- Êîðæåâ Ä.À. Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ íåÿñûòåé äîâóþ ãðóïïèðîâêó. Âåðîÿòíî, â óñëîâèÿõ â èñêóññòâåííûå ãí¸çäà â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, ðîñòà ÷èñëåííîñòè, â îñíîâå âûñåëåíèÿ Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2009. îòäåëüíûõ ïàð â ñóáîïòèìàëüíûå áèîòîïû ¹16. Ñ. 25–41.

WinteringoftheWhite-TailedEagleintheUlyanovskDistrict,Russia ЗИМОВКА ОРЛАНОВ-БЕЛОХВОСТОВ В УЛЬЯНОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, РОССИЯ AdamovS.G.(BirdwatchingCluboftheMiddleVolgaRegion,Dimitrovgrad,Russia) KorepovM.V.(“Povolzhie”ResearchCentre,UlyanovskStatePedagogicalUniversity, Ulyanovsk,Russia) KorolkovM.A.(RegionalChildren'sEcologicalCenter,Ulyanovsk,Russia) ShashkinM.M.(RegionalStationofYoungNaturalists,UlyanovskStateUniversity, Ulyanovsk,Russia) Адамов С.Г. (Средневолжский клуб любителей птиц, Димитровград, Россия) Корепов М.В. (Научно-исследовательский центр «Поволжье», кафедра зоологии УлГПУ имени И.Н. Ульянова, Ульяновск, Россия) Корольков М.А. (Областной детский экологический центр, Ульяновск, Россия) Шашкин М.М. (Областная станция юных натуралистов, кафедра природопользования УлГУ, Ульяновск, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla) – The White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus al- Ñåðãåé Àäàìîâ ðåäêèé çèìóþùèé âèä íà òåððèòîðèè bicilla) is a rare wintering species of the Ñðåäíåâîëæñêèé êëóá Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè (Áîðîäèí, 2008). Äî Ulyanovsk district (Borodin, 2008). By re- ëþáèòåëåé ïòèö Ðîññèÿ, Äèìèòðîâãðàä íåäàâíåãî âðåìåíè áûëè èçâåñòíû ñëó÷àè cent time, winter records of White-Tailed [email protected] òîëüêî åäèíè÷íûõ çèìíèõ âñòðå÷ îðëàíîâ Eagles in the Ulyanovsk district have been â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè, â îñíîâíîì âîçëå occasional. However the data of question- ðûáîëîâåöêèõ áðèãàä, âåäóùèõ ïîäë¸äíûé naire about the wintering accumulation, ëîâ ðûáû íà âîëæñêèõ âîäîõðàíèëèùàõ, è consisting of up to 50 individuals, on the âîçëå ìàññîâûõ ñêîïëåíèé âðàíîâûõ ïòèö Cheremshan bay of the Kuibyshev water 188 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

Ìèõàèë Êîðåïîâ Íàó÷íî- èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé öåíòð «Ïîâîëæüå» Ðîññèÿ, Óëüÿíîâñê [email protected]

Ìàêñèì Êîðîëüêîâ Îáëàñòíîé äåòñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð Ðîññèÿ, Óëüÿíîâñê [email protected]

Ìèõàèë Øàøêèí Îáëàñòíàÿ ñòàíöèÿ þíûõ íàòóðàëèñòîâ, Êàôåäðà ïðèðîäîïîëü- çîâàíèÿ ÓëÃÓ, Ðîññèÿ, Óëüÿíîâñê [email protected] Äðàêà äâóõ ìîëîäûõ è òð¸õ âçðîñëûõ îðëàíîâ-áåëîõâîñòîâ (Haliaeetus albicilla). Ôîòî Ì. Êîðåïîâà. A fight between two young and 3 adult White-Tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla). Photo by M. Korepov.

Contact: Sergey Adamov íà ñâàëêàõ áûòîâûõ îòõîäîâ. Â ïîñëåäíåå reservoir have been obtained (Karatsuba Srednevolzhskiy âðåìÿ ïîÿâèëàñü îïðîñíàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î et al., 2009). Birdwatching Club çèìîâî÷íîì ñêîïëåíèè äî 50 îñîáåé íà A new accumulation of wintering White- Dimitrovgrad, Russia ×åðåìøàíñêîì çàëèâå Êóéáûøåâñêîãî âî- Tailed Eagles has been recorded in the Me- [email protected] äîõðàíèëèùà (Êàðàöóáà è äð., 2009). lekes region of the Ulyanovsk district (fig. 1 Mikhail Korepov Íîâîå ìàññîâîå ñêîïëåíèå çèìóþùèõ – north point). This accumulation has devel- “Povolzhie” Research áåëîõâîñòîâ îòìå÷åíî â Ìåëåêåññêîì oped between the largest disposal tips and Centre ðàéîíå Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè â 25 êì îò ×å- two fish farms. The general accumulation Ulyanovsk, Russia [email protected] ðåìøàíñêîãî çàëèâà Êóéáûøåâñêîãî âîäî- of eagles is related with the open dump of õðàíèëèùà ñðåäè àãðîëàíäøàôòîâ (ðèñ. 1). the slaughterhouse. Carrying out the census Maxim Korolkov «Ìåëåêåññêîå» ñêîïëåíèå ñôîðìèðîâà- on January, 12, February, 3 and 14, 2011, Regional Children's ëîñü ìåæäó êðóïíåéøèì ïîëèãîíîì áûòî- we have recorded a number of birds rang- Ecological Center Ulyanovsk, Russia âûõ îòõîäîâ è äâóìÿ ðûáõîçàìè. Îñíîâíàÿ ing between 50 and 70. The share of young [email protected] êîíöåíòðàöèÿ îðëàíîâ ïðèóðî÷åíà ê îò- birds (1–2 years) was about 50%. êðûòîé ñâàëêå îòõîäîâ ñêîòîáîéíè, ê êîòî- This accumulation discovered is the sec- Mikhail Shashkin ðîé ïòèöû èìåþò ñâîáîäíûé äîñòóï. ond on its number after the Zhyguli accumu- Regional Station of Young Naturalists Ïðè ïðîâåäåíèè àáñîëþòíûõ ó÷¸òîâ 12 lation, which is located in the Samara district Ulyanovsk, Russia ÿíâàðÿ, 3 è 14 ôåâðàëÿ 2011 ã., çäåñü îòìå- (Karyakin et al., 2008; Lebedeva et al., 2009). [email protected] ÷àëîñü îò 50 äî 70 îñîáåé. Ìîëîäûå ïòèöû Probably there is some changing of birds be- 1–2-õ ëåò ñîñòàâèëè îêîëî 50%, îò 3 äî 5 tween those clusters during the winter.

Ðèñ. 1. Çèìîâî÷íûå ñêîïëåíèÿ îðëàíîâ-áåëîõâîñòîâ (Haliaeetus albicilla). Âçðîñëûå îðëàíû-áåëîõâîñòû. Ôîòî Ì. Êîðåïîâà. Fig. 1. Wintering accumulations of the White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla). Adult White-Tailed Eagles. Photo by M. Korepov. Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 189

ëåò – 25%, ñòàðøå 5 ëåò – 25%. Íî÷óþò è â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Âîçìîæíî, ìåæäó îòäûõàþò ïòèöû â áëèæàéøèõ ëåñîïîëîñàõ, íèìè â òå÷åíèå çèìû ïðîèñõîäèò îïðåäå- ïðèìûêàþùèõ ê ñêîòîáîéíå. Îòäåëüíûå ë¸ííûé îáìåí îñîáÿìè. Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, ïòèöû âñòðå÷àþòñÿ íà äîñòàòî÷íî áîëüøîì åäèíîâðåìåííîãî ìîíèòîðèíãà íà îáîèõ (äî 10–15 êì) îòäàëåíèè îò îñíîâíîãî ìå- ñêîïëåíèÿõ îðëàíîâ íå ïðîâîäèëîñü. ñòà ñêîïëåíèÿ, ãäå òàêæå ïðèäåðæèâàþòñÿ ïîëåçàùèòíûõ ëåñîïîëîñ. Ëèòåðàòóðà Ïðèìå÷àòåëåí òîò ôàêò, ÷òî ñâîåîáðàç- Áîðîäèí Î.Â. Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò. – Êðàñíàÿ íàÿ «ïîäêîðìêà» õèùíèêîâ îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ êíèãà Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Óëüÿíîâñê, 2008. òîëüêî íà äàííîé ñâàëêå, âñåãî æå â ðàéî- Ñ. 408–410. íå ôóíêöèîíèðóåò âîñåìü ñêîòîìîãèëüíè- Êàðàöóáà Ä.Þ., Øàøêèí Ì.Ì., Êîðåïîâ Ì.Â., Ìèõååâ Â.À., Âàãàíîâ À.Ñ., Êîðîëüêîâ Ì.À., êîâ è äâå ÿìû «Áåêêàðè». Êèðÿøèí Â.Â., Ìîñêâè÷åâ À.Í., Áîðîäèí Î.Â. Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî «Ìåëåêåññêîå» Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò Haliaeetus albicilla. – Ðåäêèå ñêîïëåíèå çèìóþùèõ áåëîõâîñòîâ âòîðîå âèäû ïîçâîíî÷íûõ æèâîòíûõ Óëüÿíîâñêîé îá- ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè íà Ñðåäíåé Âîëãå, ïîñëå ëàñòè, çàíåñ¸ííûå â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ. Ìà- «Æèãóë¸âñêîãî», ñîñðåäîòî÷åííîãî ìåæäó òåðèàëû èññëåäîâàíèé 2009 ãîäà. Óëüÿíîâñê, ïîëèãîíîì áûòîâûõ îòõîäîâ è ïëîòèíîé 2009. Ñ. 21–22. Âîëæñêîé ÃÝÑ, ãäå îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà çèìó- Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ., Êîðæåâ Ä.À. þùèõ ïòèö ïðèâÿçàíà ê ñâàëêå ïòèöåôà- Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. áðèêè. Íà æèãóë¸âñêîì ñêîïëåíèè ìàê- – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹13. Ñ. 31–40. ñèìàëüíàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü çèìóþùèõ ïòèö Ëåáåäåâà Ã.Ï., Ïàâëîâ Ñ.È., Øàïîøíèêîâ Â.Ì., âàðüèðóåò îò 50 (Ëåáåäåâà è äð., 2009) Ïàíòåëååâ È.Â., Ïàâëîâ È.Ñ. Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò äî 110 îñîáåé (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2008). Ýòî Haliaeetus albicilla (Linnaeus, 1758). – Êðàñíàÿ ñêîïëåíèå çèìóþùèõ áåëîõâîñòîâ ðàñ- êíèãà Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Ò. 2. Ðåäêèå âèäû æè- ïîëîæåíî â 50 êì ê þãó îò âûÿâëåííîãî âîòíûõ. Òîëüÿòòè, 2009. Ñ. 263.

RecordsofSomeRareRaptorSpeciesintheAltaiKray in2009–2010,Russia О ВСТРЕЧАХ НЕКОТОРЫХ ВИДОВ РЕДКИХ ХИЩНЫХ ПТИЦ В АЛТАЙСКОМ КРАЕ В 2009–2010 ГОДАХ, РОССИЯ EbelA.L. *H EOHUVEcologicalSociety,Barnaul,Russia) Эбель А.Л. (АКОО «Геблеровское экологическое общество», Барнаул, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Â õîäå ïåðèîäè÷åñêèõ ýêñêóðñèé ïî òåð- There are short records of rare raptor spe- Àëåêñåé Ýáåëü ðèòîðèè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ â 2009–2010 ãã., cies that were made in the Altai Kray in [email protected] â îñíîâíîì íà Áèå-×óìûøñêîé âîçâûøåí- 2009–2010. íîñòè, â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Áàðíàóëà, â äîëèíå Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) Contact: Êàòóíè âûøå óñòüÿ ð. Áèÿ, â àëòàéñêèõ A single bird was observed in the vicini- Alexei Ebel ëåíòî÷íûõ áîðàõ è ïðåäãîðüÿõ Êîëûâàí- ties of Barnaul on September, 21, 2010. [email protected] ñêîãî õðåáòà, ñäåëàí ðÿä íàáëþäåíèé Short-Toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus) ðåäêèõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Â áîëüøèí- A pair of adults was encountered in an ar- ñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ïðîâîäèëîñü èõ ôîòîãðà- tificial forest line in the abandoned garden ôèðîâàíèå äëÿ áîëåå òî÷íîãî îïðåäå- on July, 25, 2010 (ðèñ. 1–1). ëåíèÿ âèäà. Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) Ñêîïà (Pandion haliaetus) Adults were encountered several times in Îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòèöà, ëåòåâøàÿ â çàïàäíîì the Biya-Chumysh upland to the west of the íàïðàâëåíèè, íàáëþäàëàñü 21 ñåíòÿáðÿ Novaya Taraba settlement (Kytmanovskiy 2010 ã. îêîëî Áàðíàóëà. region) during the breeding season in 2009 Çìååÿä (Circaetus gallicus) (fig. 1–2). Ïàðà ïòèö âñïóãíóòà 25 èþëÿ 2010 ã. â Adults were recorded twice near Barnaul ëåñîïîëîñå â ïîëóçàáðîøåííîì ïðîìûø- during the autumn migration (September, 5 ëåííîì ñàäó. Îáå ïòèöû ñ êðèêîì óëåòåëè and 12) in 2009. â ñòîðîíó áåçëåñíîé ñîïêè. Äàëüíåéøèé Also eagles were recorded in the vicini- ïîèñê ïòèö íå ïðîèçâîäèëñÿ (ðèñ. 1–1). ties of Barnaul during the spring migration 190 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

on April, 17, 2010. Single adult birds (may it was the same bird) were encountered on June, 19, 2010: one was perching on a tree beside the road at the morning (fig. 1–3) and another was flying at 3 km to the west of the same place in the evening of the same day. Also an adult evidently migrating eagle was recorded near Barnaul on September, 22, 2010: the bird was perching in a birch forest surrounded by fields. Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) An adult was being observed on the Gorkogo island during 2 days (July, 16–17, 2009) (fig. 1–4). Also an adult flying to the north-west was recorded on July, 25, 2010. (fig. 1–5). A young bird, flying round a field harvested, was recorded in the outskirts of Barnaul on September, 22, 2010. Ðèñ. 1. Âñòðå÷è ðåäêèõ Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê (Aquila clanga) Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö Â 2009 ã. íåîäíîêðàòíî îòìå÷àëñÿ â A young obviously vagrant bird was en- â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå â 2009–2010 ãã. ãíåçäîâîå âðåìÿ íà Áèå-×óìûøñêîé âîç- countered near Barnaul on November, 25, âûøåííîñòè, çàïàäíåå ñ. Íîâàÿ Òàðàáà 2010. Fig. 1. Records of rare raptors in the Altai Kray Êûòìàíîâñêîãî ðàéîíà. Ïîèñê ãíåçäà íå in 2009–2010. ïðîâîäèëñÿ (ðèñ. 1–2). Äâàæäû â 2009 ã. (5 è 12 ñåíòÿáðÿ) âçðîñëûå îñîáè îòìå÷åíû ó Áàðíàóëà íà îñåííåì ïðîë¸òå – ëåòåëè â çàïàäíîì íà- ïðàâëåíèè. Íà îêðàèíå Áàðíàóëà ïîäîðëèê íàáëþ- äàëñÿ íà âåñåííåì ïðîë¸òå. 17 àïðåëÿ 2010 ã. – ïòèöà ïåðåìåùàëàñü â âîñòî÷íîì íàïðàâëåíèè. Îäèíî÷íûå âçðîñëûå ïòèöû (âîçìîæíî, îäíà è òà æå ïòèöà) íàáëþäà- ëèñü 19 èþíÿ 2010 ã.: óòðîì îäíà ñèäåëà íà äåðåâå ó äîðîãè (ðèñ. 1–3) è âå÷åðîì òîãî æå äíÿ, â 3 êì çàïàäíåå ýòîãî ìåñòà, íàáëþäàëàñü äðóãàÿ â íåáå. Îêîëî Áàðíà- óëà 22 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2010 ã. îòìå÷åí âçðîñëûé Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê (Aquila clanga). 22.09.2010. Ôîòî À. Ýáåëÿ. ïîäîðëèê, ÿâíî ïðîë¸òíûé, – ïòèöà îòäû- õàëà â áåð¸çîâîì êîëêå ñðåäè ïîëåé. Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga). 22/09/2010. Photo by A. Ebel. Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) Âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà 2 äíÿ (16 è 17 èþëÿ 2009 ã.) äåðæàëàñü íà îñòðîâå îç. Ãîðüêî- White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) ãî (ðèñ. 1–4), ïîèñê ãíåçäà íå ïðîâîäèëñÿ. A pair of eagles was observed on non- Âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà âñòðå÷åíà 25 èþëÿ 2010 ã. frozen lakes near Urozhaynoe settlement (ðèñ. 1–5) – ëåòåëà â ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîì íà- (Sovetskiy region) on December, 15, 2010. ïðàâëåíèè, íà äîñòàòî÷íî áîëüøîé âûñîòå. One of birds encountered was attacking flocks of ducks at the moment of their flush- Ìîëîäîé ìîãèëü- ing from the water (fig. 1–6). íèê (Aquila heliaca). 22.09.2010. Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) Ôîòî À. Ýáåëÿ. Adults flying across Barnaul were record- Juvenile Imperial ed twice on February, 7 and December, 13 Eagle (Aquila heliaca). 2010. 22/09/2010. Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) Photo by A. Ebel. An adult was encountered to the east of the Novaya Taraba settlement (Kyt- manovskiy region) on September, 30, 2010 (fig. 1–7). Another adult bird was recorded Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 191

Íà îêðàèíå Áàðíàóëà 22 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2010 ã. íàáëþäàëñÿ ìîëîäîé ìîãèëüíèê – êðóæèë íàä óáðàííûì ïîëåì. Áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos) Ìîëîäàÿ, ÿâíî êî÷óþùàÿ ïòèöà, ëåòåâ- øàÿ â çàïàäíîì íàïðàâëåíèè, âñòðå÷åíà 25 íîÿáðÿ 2010 ã. íåäàëåêî îò Áàðíàóëà. Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla) Ïàðà îðëàíîâ íà íåçàìåðçàþùèõ îç¸- ðàõ ó ïîñ. Óðîæàéíîå Ñîâåòñêîãî ðàéîíà íàáëþäàëàñü 15 äåêàáðÿ 2010 ã. Îäíà èç ïòèö ïîñòîÿííî ïàòðóëèðîâàëà ñêîïëåíèÿ óòîê, ïûòàëàñü ïðåñëåäîâàòü âçëåòàþùèõ â ìîìåíò îòðûâà îò âîäû (ðèñ. 1–6). Êðå÷åò (Falco rusticolus) Â 2010 ã. äâàæäû îòìå÷àëñÿ íàä Áàðíàó- ëîì: 7 ôåâðàëÿ è 13 äåêàáðÿ. Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug). 21.11.2010. Ôîòî À. Ýáåëÿ. Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug) Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug). 21/11/2010. Âçðîñëûé ñîêîë âñòðå÷åí 30 ñåíòÿáðÿ Photo by A. Ebel. 2010 ã. âîñòî÷íåå ñ. Íîâàÿ Òàðàáà Êûòìà- íîâñêîãî ðàéîíà (ðèñ. 1–7). Äðóãàÿ ïòèöà to the north of Barnaul on October, 13, âñòðå÷åíà 13 îêòÿáðÿ 2010 ã. íåìíîãî 2010. Also Sakers were observed in this re- ñåâåðíåå Áàðíàóëà. Ïðèìåðíî â ýòîì æå gion on November, 21 and 28, 2010. ðàéîíå áàëîáàíû íàáëþäàëèñü 21 è 28 Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) íîÿáðÿ 2010 ã. An adult, perching on the electric pole, Ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus) was recorded in the Ob river flood-lands Îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòèöà, ñèäåâøàÿ íà îïî- near Barnaul on June, 16, 2009 (fig. 1–8). ðå ËÝÏ, íàáëþäàëàñü 16 èþíÿ 2009 ã. â Also falcons were being observed on the fil- ïîéìå Îáè îêîëî Áàðíàóëà (ðèñ. 1–8). Â tration fields (wastewater treatment works) 2010 ã. â ïåðèîä ìèãðàöèè êóëèêîâ, ñàï- of Barnaul of during the migration of shore- ñàíû íàáëþäàëèñü íà ïîëÿõ ôèëüòðàöèè birds in 2010 (fig. 1–9): a bird – on July, 10, Áàðíàóëà (ðèñ. 1–9): 10 èþëÿ – îäèíî÷- two birds – on September, 12 with the time íûé, 12 ñåíòÿáðÿ – äâå îñîáè ñ ðàçíè- difference in the half-hour. In the first case öåé â ïîë÷àñà. Â ïåðâîì ñëó÷àå áûëà îò- the bird recorded was attacking a flock of ìå÷åíà àòàêà íà ñòàþ ñêâîðöîâ (Sturnus European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), in vulgaris), à âî âòîðîì – íà ñòàþ òóðóõòà- the second – birds were attacking a flock of íîâ (Phylomachus pugnax). Ruffs (Phylomachus pugnax).

RecordsofRaptorsDuringWinter,EarlySpringandLateAutumn inAltai,Russia ЗИМНИЕ, РАННЕВЕСЕННИЕ И ПОЗДНЕОСЕННИЕ ВСТРЕЧИ ХИЩНЫХ ПТИЦ НА АЛТАЕ, РОССИЯ BarashkovaA.N.,SmelanskyI.E.,TomilenkoA.A.(SiberianEnvironmentalCenter, Novosibirsk,Russia) Барашкова А.Н., Смелянский И.Э., Томиленко А.А. (Сибирский экологический центр, Новосибирск, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Ïðåáûâàíèå õèùíûõ ïòèö â Þãî- The South-Eastern Altai as wintering Àííà Áàðàøêîâà Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå çèìîé, à òàêæå ñðîêè grounds of some species of raptors is ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» ïðèë¸òà è îòë¸òà ìíîãèõ âèäîâ èçó÷å- studied insufficiently and thus could be 630090, Ðîññèÿ, íû íåäîñòàòî÷íî, ïîýòîìó èíôîðìàöèÿ interesting. We were observing raptors Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 î âñòðå÷àõ â çèìíèé, ðàííåâåñåííèé è during winters of 2005–2009, when vis- òåë./ôàêñ: +7 383 328 30 26 ïîçäíåîñåííèé ïåðèîäû ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ited the region for surveys of some other [email protected] èíòåðåñ. Ðÿä íàáëþäåíèé õèùíûõ ïòèö animals (Pallas’s Cat Otocolobus manul, 192 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

Èëüÿ Ñìåëÿíñêèé â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå ñäåëàí íàìè â and Altai Argali Ovis ammon ammon) or [email protected] 2005–2009 ãã. ïîïóòíî ñ èçó÷åíèåì äðó- other purposes. Àíäðåé Òîìèëåíêî ãèõ æèâîòíûõ (ìàíóëà Otocolobus manul, [email protected] àðãàëè Ovis ammon ammon) è â õîäå èíûõ Upland Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius) ïîåçäîê ïî ðåãèîíó. A pair of birds was recorded on the electric poles going along the road between Contact: Anna Barashkova Ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê Kosh-Agach and Tashanta villages on De- NGO Siberian (Buteo hemilasius) cember, 14, 2006. Environmental Center Ïàðà ïòèö áûëà îòìå÷åíà 14 äåêàáðÿ A dead bird was found near the inhabit- P.O. Box 547, 2006 ã. íà ñòîëáàõ âäîëü òðàññû ìåæäó ed nest in the vicinity of the Keregetas mt. Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090 Êîø-Àãà÷åì è Òàøàíòîé (íàõîäèëèñü ïðè- (Sailughem ridge) on December, 21 2006. tel./fax: ìåðíî â 300 ì äðóã îò äðóãà). Evidently the bird died in the winter period. +7383 328 30 26 Òðóï ïòèöû îáíàðóæåí 21 äåêàáðÿ Also some birds were recorded on the [email protected] 2006 ã. ðÿäîì ñ æèëûì ãíåçäîì â óñòüå Kurai ridge and on the hills to the north from Ilya Smelansky ëîãà ê ñåâåðó îò ã. Êåðåãåòàñ (ïîäíîæèå the Sailughem ridge in the December 2009. [email protected] Ñàéëþãåìà). Ïòèöà ïîãèáëà, î÷åâèäíî, â There was a clutch with 4 eggs in the nest òå÷åíèå çèìû. on the rocks of the Jalgyztobe mt. on April, Andrey Tomilenko Â äåêàáðå 2009 ã. ïòèöû îòìå÷àëèñü íà 7, 2009 (snow had not melted yet). [email protected] Êóðàéñêîì õðåáòå – â âåðõîâüÿõ Áàëàõà- íà, â óðî÷èùå Ñîðîãîø, â äîëèíå ðð. Êîø- Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) òàë, Êîêîðÿ, à òàêæå â íåâûñîêèõ ñîïêàõ Birds were recorded in the Ulandryk riv- ïî ñåâåðíîìó ôàñó Ñàéëþãåìà – âáëèçè er valley and on the northern slope of the äâóõ èçâåñòíûõ æèëûõ ãí¸çä. Sailughem ridge near this valley mouth on Â ãíåçäå ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ íà December, 17, 2006. Also we observed ã. Äæàëãèçòîáå (ïîäíîæèå Ñàéëþãåìà) 7 Golden Eagles in the Sarjematy, Kalanegir, àïðåëÿ 2009 ã. áûëà êëàäêà èç 4 ÿèö. and Bayan-Chaghan valleys in the January 2003 and in the end of November 2005. Ìîõíîíîãèå êóðãàííè- In the April 2009, some pairs of the eagles êè (Buteo hemilasius) were observed near their nests. ñâåòëîé (ââåðõó) è ò¸ì- íîé (âíèçó) ìîðô áëèç Òîáåëåðà. 15.12.2009. Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) Ôîòî À. Áàðàøêîâîé è Imperial Eagle is not wintering in the Altai À. Äàìáàèíà. mountains. (Karyakin et al., 2009a). But we Pale and dark morph had a chance to survey the dates of season Upland Buzzards arriving and departing. (Buteo hemilasius) near Tobeler. 15/12/2009. A pair of birds was recorded in the breed- Photos by ing grounds in the Kalbak-Tash nature A. Barashkova and boundary (Chuya river valley) on April, 9, A. Dambain. 2009. In spite of high density of the summer population of this eagle in the Chuya valley and the middle reach of the Katun river (Karyakin, 2009a, 2009b) we recorded only pair. The eagles were not recorded also earlier – on April, 2, 2009. Thus we suppose the bird arriving began in those days of April 2009. Usually the Long-Tailed Souslik (Sper- mophilus undulatus), main eagle’s prey fin- ishes its hibernation period that time. We observed Imperial Eagles in 4 points on April, 18–20, 2010, when the spring was unusually late. The area was densely cov- Áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos) ered with snow except the sites that are still Îòìå÷àëñÿ 17 äåêàáðÿ 2006 ã. â äîëèíå snowless during winter season. ð. Óëàíäðûê è ïî ôàñó õð. Ñàéëþãåì ó The latest autumn findings were recorded âûõîäà Óëàíäðûêà â ×óéñêóþ êîòëîâèíó. at the end of October. We repeatedly re- Â êîíöå íîÿáðÿ 2005 ã. áåðêóò íàáëþäàë- corded the eagles along the Chuisky Road ñÿ â äîëèíàõ ðð. Ñàðæåìàòû, Êàëàíåãèð, in the area of the middle reach of the Katun Áàÿí-×àãàí. Òàì æå áåðêóòîâ îòìå÷àëè â and Chuya rivers on October, 19, 2008. No ÿíâàðå 2003 ã. Â íà÷àëå àïðåëÿ 2009 ã. íà- eagles were found there 3 days later and Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 193

during other surveys across this area in No- vember. Obviously the departure for migration was between 19 and 22 of October. Wide snowfalls were in some parts of the area in those dates.

Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) A bird of pale form was recorded in the known breeding territory in the Chuya river valley near the Tajelu river mouth on April, 18, 2010. The same day we recorded a bird of dark form near the Kurai ridge about 1 km from the riparian forests in the Chuya river valley (newly found breeding territory). Both territories still covered with snow only starting to melt.

Lammergeyer (Gypaetus barbatus) One bird was recorded near the Tashan- ta village on February, 29, 2008. Another record was in the Tobozhok canyon on De- cember, 13, 2009. Also we repeatedly recorded the Lammergeyer in the Sarjematy river valley in November 2005 (at the known breeding territory).

Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) Birds were observed in the Ulandryk and Malaya Shibety valleys at known breeding Áåðêóòû (Aquila chrysaetos) íàä äîëèíîé Óëàíäðûêà (ââåðõó) è íà territories in December 2006. Two birds ïàäàëè â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè (âíèçó). 17.12.2006. Ôîòî À. Áàðàøêîâîé. were sitting on an electric pole near the Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in the Ulandryk river valley (upper) Tobeler village. Some birds were recorded and on a carrion in the Chuya Steppe. 17/12/2006. also on the south slopes of the Kurai ridge Photos by A. Barashkova. in December 2009. Two Sakers hunting for Pika (Ochotona sp.) were recorded on áëþäàëèñü ïàðû ïòèö, ïî-âèäèìîìó, âñå ó December, 16, 2009 in the Kokorya river ñâîèõ ãí¸çä. valley; we observed a rapid fight between them for a Pika caught. One bird was ob- Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) served repeatedly at known breeding ter- Ìîãèëüíèê íå îñòà¸òñÿ íà çèìó â ãîðàõ ritory in the Sarjematy river valley in mid Àëòàÿ (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009à), ïîýòîìó èí- November 2005. òåðåñíî ïðîñëåäèòü ñðîêè åãî ïðèë¸òà è îòë¸òà. Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) Âåñíîé 2009 ã. ïàðà ïòèö áûëà îòìå÷å- A male was observed near the Keregetas íà íà ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå â äîëèíå ð. ×óÿ mt. on December, 21, 2006. â óðî÷èùå Êàëáàê-Òàø 9 àïðåëÿ. Íåñìî- òðÿ íà âûñîêóþ ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) ìîãèëüíèêîâ â äîëèíå ×óè è ñðåäíåé As early author as Sushkin (1938) had Êàòóíè (Êàðÿêèí, 2009à, 2009á) è îáû÷- noted that the Eagle Owl was observed íóþ èõ âñòðå÷àåìîñòü â äîëèíàõ ëåòîì, more often in winters and it could be easily âñòðå÷à 9 àïðåëÿ áûëà åäèíñòâåííîé, caught in this season. We recorded an adult ýòè îðëû íå áûëè îòìå÷åíû è ÷óòü ðà- eating the Tolai Hare (Lepus tolai) in the íåå – 2 àïðåëÿ 2009 ã. Ïî-âèäèìîìó, â mouth of Malaya Shibety river on Decem- 2009 ã. íà÷àëî ïðèë¸òà ïòèö ïðèøëîñü ber, 22, 2006. Pellets of the Eagle Owl were íà êîíåö ïåðâîé – íà÷àëî âòîðîé äåêà- found in the rocks to the south-west from äû àïðåëÿ, ÷òî íå ïðîòèâîðå÷èò äðóãèì the Tashanta village on March, 1, 2008. An- äàííûì – èìåííî â ýòîò ïåðèîä îáû÷íî other bird was observed near the Demissin äëèííîõâîñòûå ñóñëèêè (Spermophilus mt. (north slopes of the Sailughem ridge) on undulatus), ÿâëÿþùèåñÿ îñíîâíûìè îáú- December, 15, 2009. 194 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

ñêîãî ïåðåâàëà (îêðåñòíîñòè Çàéñàíñêîé Åëàíè), íà ËÝÏ ó èçâåñòíîãî æèëîãî ãíåç- äà âîçëå ÑÏÕ «Ãîðíîàëòàéñêîå» (îêðåñò- íîñòè ñ. Êàðàêîë) è íàä ãîðîé íàïðîòèâ ñ. Óëþòà (îêðåñòíîñòè ñ. Îíãóäàé). Ïðè ïðîåçäå ýòèì ìàðøðóòîì òðè äíÿ ñïó- ñòÿ, à òàêæå ïðè ïîñëåäóþùèõ ïîåçäêàõ ïî ýòîé òðàññå â íîÿáðå òîãî æå ãîäà ìîãèëüíèêè íå áûëè âñòðå÷åíû íè ðàçó. Î÷åâèäíî, îòë¸ò ìîãèëüíèêîâ ïðîèçîø¸ë â ïåðèîä 19–22 îêòÿáðÿ. Çà ýòî âðåìÿ íà íåêîòîðûõ îòðåçêàõ òðàññû ïðîø¸ë îá- øèðíûé ñíåãîïàä.

Îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pennatus) Ïòèöà ñâåòëîé ìîðôû îòìå÷åíà 18 àïðå- ëÿ 2010 ã. íà èçâåñòíîì ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå â ïîéìåííîì ëåñó ïî äîëèíå ð. ×óè, âáëè- çè óñòüÿ ð. Òàäæåëó. Â òîò æå äåíü – ïòèöà Ðèñ. 1. Âñòðå÷è åêòàìè ïèòàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà íà Àëòàå, ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû ó ñêëîíà Êóðàéñêîãî õðåá- ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â âûõîäÿò èç íîð ïîñëå çèìíåé ñïÿ÷êè. òà, â 1 êì îò øèðîêîé îáëåñåííîé ïîéìû Öåíòðàëüíîì Àëòàå. Íåîáû÷íî ïîçäíåé âåñíîé 2010 ã. ìî- ×óè â âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè Êóðàéñêîé êîòëîâè- Fif. 1. Records of ãèëüíèê îòìå÷åí â ÷åòûð¸õ òî÷êàõ ïî íû (ðàíåå íåèçâåñòíûé ó÷àñòîê). Íà îáåèõ raptors in the Central Altai. ×óéñêîìó òðàêòó: 18–20 àïðåëÿ – ó ñ¸ë òåððèòîðèÿõ â ýòî âðåìÿ åù¸ ëåæàë ñíåã, Êóìûëàð, Øàøèêìàí, Èíÿ è íà âûõîäå ñíåãîòàÿíèå òîëüêî íà÷èíàëîñü. èç Êóðàéñêîé êîòëîâèíû. Â äâóõ ïåðâûõ ñëó÷àÿõ âñòðå÷åíû ïàðû ïòèö, â äðóãèõ íàáëþäàëîñü ïî îäíîé ïòèöå, â òîì ÷èñ- ëå â ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå – ïòèöà, ñèäÿùàÿ ó ãíåçäà íà ëèñòâåííèöå. Òðè èç ýòèõ òî÷åê îòíîñÿòñÿ ê èçâåñòíûì ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì (êðîìå òî÷êè ó ñ. Èíÿ). Âî âðå- ìÿ ïîñåùåíèÿ íà âñåõ òåððèòîðèÿõ åù¸ îñòàâàëñÿ ïî÷òè íåòðîíóòûé ñíåãîâîé ïîêðîâ, êðîìå òåõ ó÷àñòêîâ, êîòîðûå îáû÷íî îñòàþòñÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè áåññíåæ- Ðèñ. 2. Âñòðå÷è ïåðíà- íûìè â òå÷åíèå âñåé çèìû. òûõ õèùíèêîâ â Þãî- Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå. Íàèáîëåå ïîçäíèå îñåííèå âñòðå÷è ïðè- õîäÿòñÿ íà êîíåö îêòÿáðÿ. Ìîãèëüíèêè íå- Áîðîäà÷ (Gypaetus barbatus). Êóðàé- Fif. 2. Records of ñêèé õðåáåò, ð. Òîáîæîê. 13.12.2009 ã. raptors in the South- îäíîêðàòíî îòìå÷àëèñü íàìè ïî ×óéñêîìó Ôîòî À. Áàðàøêîâîé. Eastern Altai. òðàêòó 19 îêòÿáðÿ 2008 ã.: âáëèçè Ñåìèí- Lammergeyer (Gypaetus barbatus). Kurai ridge, Tobozhok river. 13/12/2009. Photo by A. Barashkova.

Áîðîäà÷ (Gypaetus barbatus) Ïòèöà îòìå÷àëàñü 29 ôåâðàëÿ 2008 ã. â ïîë¸òå ó ñêàë íàä ïîñ. Òàøàíòà. 13 äåêàáðÿ 2009 ã. íàáëþäàëè áîðîäà÷à íàä óùåëüåì Òîáîæîê. Â íîÿáðå 2005 ã. áîðîäà÷ íå- îäíîêðàòíî îòìå÷àëñÿ â äîëèíå ð. Ñàðæå- ìàòû (èçâåñòíûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê).

Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug) Ïòèöû îòìå÷àëèñü â äåêàáðå 2006 ã. â äîëèíå ð. Óëàíäðûê è â äîëèíå åãî ëåâî- ãî ïðèòîêà Ì. Øèáåòû íà ñâîèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Äâå ïòèöû ñèäåëè íà ñòîëáàõ ËÝÏ Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 195

âäîëü òðàññû âáëèçè Òîáåëåðà íàïðîòèâ èç- âåñòíîãî ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà. Â äåêàáðå 2009 ã. ïòèöû òàêæå íàáëþäàëèñü íà þæ- íîì ìàêðîñêëîíå Êóðàéñêîãî õðåáòà – â ðàéîíå ðð. ßíòåðåê, Òîáîæîê, Êîêîðÿ. Â äîëèíå ð. Êîêîðÿ 16 äåêàáðÿ 2009 ã. íà- áëþäàëè, êàê îäíà ïàðà îõîòèëàñü íà ïè- ùóõ (Ochotona sp.). Êîãäà îäíà èç ïòèö ñõâàòèëà ïèùóõó, âòîðàÿ ïîì÷àëàñü çà íåé, äîãíàëà, â èòîãå îíè ñöåïèëèñü êîãòÿìè è îáå ðóõíóëè â ñíåã, ïîòåðÿâ äîáû÷ó. Â 20-õ ÷èñëàõ íîÿáðÿ 2005 ã. áàëîáàí íà- áëþäàëñÿ íà èçâåñòíîì ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå â äîëèíå Ñàðæåìàòû.

Îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus) Ñàìåö îòìå÷åí â ëîãó ê ñåâåðó îò ã. Êå- ðåãåòàñ 21 äåêàáðÿ 2006 ã.

Ôèëèí (Bubo bubo) Åù¸ Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1938) çàìåòèë, ÷òî çèìîé íà Àëòàå ôèëèí ïîïàäàåòñÿ íà ãëàçà ÷àùå è åãî ëåãêî äîáûòü. Íàìè ôèëèí íàáëþäàëñÿ 22 äåêàáðÿ 2006 ã. â óñòüå ð. Ì. Øèáåòû – äîåäàë íà ñêëîíå çàéöà-òîëàÿ (Lepus tolai). Ñëåäû ïðåáû- âàíèÿ ïòèöû (ïîãàäêè) áûëè îáíàðóæåíû 1 ìàðòà 2008 ã. ó ñêàëüíèêà ê ñåâåðî- çàïàäó îò ïîñ. Òàøàíòà. Â 4 êì îò ã. Äå- ìèñèí, ïî ñåâåðíîìó ôàñó Ñàéëþãåìà, 15 äåêàáðÿ 2009 ã. ôèëèíà íàáëþäàëè íà ïðèñàäå, íà íåáîëüøîì ñêàëüíîì âû- õîäå ñêëîíà, âîçëå êîëîíèè ïèùóõè â ëîãó (ñâåæàÿ ïîãàäêà ñîñòîÿëà öåëèêîì èç øåðñòè è êîñòåé ïèùóõ).

Ëèòåðàòóðà Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Áåêìàíñó- ðîâ Ð.Õ. Ìîãèëüíèê â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ. – Ïåð- íàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2009à. ¹15. Ñ. 66–79. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ. Ìîãèëüíèê â ãîðàõ Àëòàÿ: ðåçóëüòàòû 2009 ãîäà, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèù- íèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2009á. ¹16. C. 129–138. Ñóøêèí Ï.Ï. Ïòèöû Ñîâåòñêîãî Àëòàÿ è ïðè- ëåæàùèõ ÷àñòåé Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîé Ìîíãîëèè. Ì.–Ë., 1938. Ò. 1. 316 ñ., Ò. 2. 434 ñ.

Çèìíèå ïåéçàæè Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ. Ââåðõó – òåððàñû ð. Þñòûò â òå÷åíèå âñåé çèìû ìîãóò áûòü ëèøåíû óñòîé÷èâîãî ñïëîøíîãî ñíåæíîãî ïîêðîâà è ïîòîìó óäîáíû äëÿ îõîòû õèùíèêîâ. Â öåíòðå – äîëèíà ð. Óëàíäðûê íà õð. Ñàéëþãåì òàêæå îòíîñèòñÿ ê íàèáîëåå ìàëîñíåæíûì ìåñòàì Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ; çäåñü äåðæàòñÿ çèìîé áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug), ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê è áåðêóò. Âíèçó – Êóðàéñêîìó õðåáòó ñâîéñòâåíåí îòíîñèòåëüíî ãëóáîêèé ñíåæíûé ïîêðîâ, ñâîáîäíû îò êîòîðîãî òîëüêî âûõîäû ñêàë; â çàñíåæåííûõ äîëèíàõ îáèëüíû ïèùóõè (Ochotona sp.), êîòîðûìè êîðìÿòñÿ ïî÷òè âñå çèìóþùèå ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè (íà ôîòî – âèä íà äîëèíó Êîêîðÿ ñ ïåðåâàëà Êûçûëòàø). 02.03.2008, 15.12.2006, 16.12.2009. Ôîòî È. Ñìåëÿíñêîãî. Winter landscapes of South-Eastern Altai: upper – terraces of the Yustyt river, which can be uncovered with snow and be suitable for raptors hunting; center – the Ulandryk river valley in the Sailughem mountains, being one of the territories of South-Eastern Altai with poor developed snow cover, the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug), Upland Buzzard and Golden Eagles are wintering there; bottom– Kurai ridge, characterizing with well developed snow cover, only rock outcrops are uncovered with snow; its valleys are abundant of Pikas (Ochotona sp.), which is the main prey of wintering raptors (in the image – view of the Kokorya river valley from the Kyzyltash mountain pass). 02/03/2008, 15/12/2006, 16/12/2009. Photos by I. Smelansky. 196 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

TheFirstRecordofthePallidHarrierWithintheBreedingRangein theWinter,AltaiKray,Russia ПЕРВЫЙ СЛУЧАЙ РЕГИСТРАЦИИ СТЕПНОГО ЛУНЯ В ГНЕЗДОВОМ АРЕАЛЕ ЗИМОЙ, АЛТАЙСКИЙ КРАЙ, РОССИЯ BachtinR.F.(AltaiStateUniversity,Barnaul,Russia) Бахтин Р.Ф. (Алтайский государственный университет, Барнаул, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Ñòåïíîé ëóíü (Circus macrourus) – ðåäêèé A male Pallid Harrier (Circus macrourus) Ðîìàí Áàõòèí ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ õèùíèê, çàíåñ¸ííûé â Êðàñ- has been observed on February 19, 2011 òåë.: +7 3854 47 32 27 [email protected] íóþ êíèãó Ðîññèè (êàòåãîðèÿ 2 – âèä ñ ñî- in Biysk (Altai Kray). The raptor was flying êðàùàþùåéñÿ ÷èñëåííîñòüþ), Êðàñíûé ëèñò through the city in southwestern direction ÌÑÎÏ (êàòåãîðèÿ NT – áëèçêèé ê óãðîæàå- towards the riverine pine forest, at a height Contact: Roman Bachtin ìîìó), ýíäåìèê ñòåïåé Åâðàçèè. Íà òåððè- of approximately 60 m (an image was tak- [email protected] òîðèþ Ðîññèè ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ en). It was the first observation of the spe- ÷àñòü ñåâåðíîé ïîëîâèíû àðåàëà âèäà. Â cies within the breeding range in winter. àçèàòñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè ãíåçäîâàíèå â ñî- âðåìåííûé ïåðèîä èçâåñòíî íà þãå Çàïàä- íîé Ñèáèðè. Äàëåå íà âîñòîê âèä ïðîíèêà- åò äî Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû, íî ïî âñåìó þãó Ñðåäíåé Ñèáèðè âñòðå÷àåòñÿ êðàéíå ðåäêî è íåðåãóëÿðíî (Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Ðîñ- ñèè, 2001; BirdLife International, 2011). Â ðàâíèííóþ ñòåïü è ëåñîñòåïü Àëòàé- ñêîãî êðàÿ ýòîò õèùíèê âîçâðàùàåòñÿ ñ çè- ìîâîê âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå àïðåëÿ, â ãîðû Àëòàÿ – â íà÷àëå ìàÿ. Îñåííèé îòë¸ò íà- ÷èíàåòñÿ óæå âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå àâãóñòà è çàêàí÷èâàåòñÿ â ñåíòÿáðå (Êó÷èí, 2004). Â ëèòåðàòóðíûõ èñòî÷íèêàõ ñâåäåíèÿ î íàõîæäåíèè ñòåïíîãî ëóíÿ â ãíåçäî- âîì àðåàëå â çèìíèé ïåðèîä îòñóòñòâóþò (Øòåãìàí, 1937; Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951; Fergu- son-Lees, Christie, 2001). Â áîëüøèíñòâå ïóáëèêàöèé ñðîêè íà÷àëà ìèãðàöèè äëÿ ïî- ïóëÿöèé ñòåïíîãî ëóíÿ, çèìóþùèõ â Àôðè- Ðèñ. 1. Çèìíÿÿ ðåãèñòðàöèÿ ñòåïíîãî ëóíÿ êå, äàòèðóþòñÿ ìàðòîì (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951; (Circus macrourus). Ferguson-Lees, Christie, 2001). Èìååòñÿ Fig. 1. Winter registration of the Pallid Harrier èíôîðìàöèÿ î ïðîë¸òå ñòåïíûõ ëóíåé ñ (Circus macrourus). àôðèêàíñêèõ çèìîâîê â Ñðåäèçåìíîìîðüå â ïîñëåäíèõ ÷èñëàõ ôåâðàëÿ (ïðè ñèëüíî ãîâîðèòü, ÷òî ýòîò õèùíèê èíîãäà âñòðå÷à- ðàñòÿíóòûõ ñðîêàõ ìèãðàöèè âïëîòü äî íà- åòñÿ â ãíåçäîâîì àðåàëå è çèìîé. ÷àëà ìàÿ), îäíàêî ñòîëü ðàííèå ñðîêè íà- ÷àëà ìèãðàöèè ëóíåé ñ èíäèéñêèõ çèìîâîê Ëèòåðàòóðà íåèçâåñòíû (Ferguson-Lees, Christie, 2001). Äåìåíòüåâ Ã.Ï. Îòðÿä õèùíûå ïòèöû. – Ïòè- Ïîýòîìó ñëåäóþùèå íàáëþäåíèÿ ïðåäñòàâ- öû Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà. Ò. 1. Ì.: Ñîâåòñêàÿ íàóêà, 1951. Ñ. 70–341. ëÿþò îãðîìíûé èíòåðåñ. Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè (æè- Ñàìåö ñòåïíîãî ëóíÿ âñòðå÷åí 19 âîòíûå). Ì., 2001. 863 ñ. ôåâðàëÿ 2011 ã. â Áèéñêå (Àëòàéñêèé Êó÷èí À.Ï. Ïòèöû Àëòàÿ. Ãîðíî-Àëòàéñê, êðàé). Õèùíèê ëåòåë ÷åðåç ãîðîä â þãî- 2004. 778 ñ. çàïàäíîì íàïðàâëåíèè â ñòîðîíó ïðè- Øòåãìàí Á.Ê. Äíåâíûå õèùíèêè. Ë., 1937 ðå÷íîãî áîðà, íà âûñîòå îêîëî 60 ì (ôàóíà ÑÑÑÐ. Ïòèöû, ò. 1, â. 5). 168 ñ. BirdLife International (2011) Species factsheet: (èìååòñÿ ôîòîãðàôèÿ). Circus macrourus. Downloaded from http:// Åñòåñòâåííî, ýòîò ôàêò çèìíåé âñòðå÷è www.birdlife.org on 06/03/2011. ñòåïíîãî ëóíÿ íîñèò ñëó÷àéíûé õàðàêòåð Ferguson-Lees J.I., Christie D.A. Raptors of the è ïðè÷èíû åãî íåÿñíû, íî òåïåðü ìîæíî World. A & C Black, 2001. 992 p. New Publications and Videos Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 197

NewPublicationsandVideos НОВЫЕПУБЛИКАЦИИИФИЛЬМЫ Books КНИГИ

Â 2010 ã. ïðîåêòîì ÏÐÎÎÍ/ÃÝÔ «Ñîõðà- Two books summarizing the results of íåíèå áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ â ðîññèéñêîé general perennial projects of the Siberian ÷àñòè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ýêîðåãèîíà» èç- Environmental Center have been pub- äàíû 2 áðîøþðû, îáîáùàþùèå ðåçóëü- lished under a project of UNDP/GEF “Bio- òàòû îñíîâíûõ ìíîãîëåòíèõ ïðîåêòîâ diversity conservation in the Russian part Ñèáèðñêîãî ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî öåíòðà. of the Altai-Sayan Ecoregion” in 2010.

Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. Àíà- Smelansky I.E, Nikolenko E.G. Analysis ëèç ðûíêà äèêèõ æèâîòíûõ è èõ äåðè- of the trade in wildlife species and its âàòîâ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ýêîðåãèîíå – derivates in the Altai-Sayan Ecoregion – 2005–2008 ãã. Êðàñíîÿðñê, 2010. 150 ñ. 2005–2008 ãã. Krasnoyarsk, 2010. 150 p. (ISBN 978-5-904314-22-4). (ISBN 978-5-904314-22-4). Äàííàÿ êíèãà îáîáùàåò ðåçóëüòàòû èñ- This book summarizes the results of inves- ñëåäîâàíèÿ ðåãèîíàëüíîãî ðûíêà äèêèõ tigations of the regional trade in wildlife spe- æèâîòíûõ è èõ äåðèâàòîâ, ïðîâåä¸ííîå cies and its derivates, carried out on open ïî îòêðûòûì èíôîðìàöèîííûì èñòî÷íè- information sources. The Russian part of the êàì. Â ôîêóñå èññëåäîâàíèÿ – ðîññèé- Altai-Sayan ecoregion was focused at the in- ñêàÿ ÷àñòü Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ýêîðåãèîíà, vestigation: it is the unique territory, which óíèêàëüíàÿ ïðèðîäíàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ, ãäå has been yet inhabited by such rare species äî ñèõ ïîð îáèòàþò òàêèå ðåäêèå âèäû, as the Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia), Altai êàê ñíåæíûé áàðñ (Panthera uncia), àëòàé- Argali (Ovis ammon ammon), Saker Falcon ñêèé ãîðíûé áàðàí (Ovis ammon ammon), (Falco cherrug) and others. The separate chap- ñîêîë-áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug) è ìíîãèå ter of the book is focused to investigating the äðóãèå. Îòäåëüíàÿ ãëàâà â êíèãå ïîñâÿùåíà trade in raptors, including large falcons. èçó÷åíèþ ðûíêà õèùíûõ ïòèö, â òîì ÷èñëå The investigation was carried out under êðóïíûõ ñîêîëîâ. the projects of WWF Russia and UNDP/GEF Èññëåäîâàíèå áûëî âûïîëíåíî â ðàì- in 2006 and 2008. êàõ ïðîåêòîâ ÂÂÔ Ðîññèè è ÏÐÎÎÍ/ÃÝÔ The book is oriented to a wide range of â 2006 è 2008 ãã. specialists: ecologists, environmentalists, Êíèãà ïðåäíàçíà÷åíà äëÿ øèðîêîãî êðó- hunting managers, marketers, government ãà ñïåöèàëèñòîâ – êàê äëÿ ðàáîòàþùèõ â officials, officers of the Ministry of Inter- îáëàñòè îõðàíû ïðèðîäû, òàê è äëÿ èññëå- nal Affairs, Customs, and Departments for äîâàòåëåé, àñïèðàíòîâ, ñòóäåíòîâ è ëþáè- Combating Economic Crimes, as well as for òåëåé ïðèðîäû. researchers, ornithologists and students. Ýëåêòðîííàÿ âåðñèÿ êíèãè â ôîðìàòå The book is available on-line in PDF on the PDF äîñòóïíà íà ñàéòå Ñèáýêîöåíòðà8. site of the Siberian Environmental Center8.

Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ìåòîäè÷åñêèå ðåêîìåí- Karyakin I.V. Manuals for organizing the äàöèè ïî îðãàíèçàöèè ìîíèòîðèíãà monitoring of the Saker Falcon popu- ñîêîëà-áàëîáàíà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì lations in the Altai-Sayan Ecoregion. ýêîðåãèîíå. Êðàñíîÿðñê, 2010. 122 ñ. Krasnoyarsk, 2010. 122 p. (ISBN 978-5- (ISBN 978-5-904314-27-9). Ðåöåíçåíò: 904314-27-9). Prof., Dr. V.M. Galushin Â.Ì. Ãàëóøèí, ä.á.í., ïðîôåññîð êàôåäðû (president of the Working Group on Falconi- çîîëîãèè è ýêîëîãèè Ìîñêîâñêîãî ïåäàãî- formes and Strigiformes of Northern Eura- ãè÷åñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà, ïðåäñåäàòåëü ðà- sia) is the reviewer of this book. áî÷åé ãðóïïû ïî ñîêîëîîáðàçíûì è ñîâàì There are recommendations on organiz- Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. ing and managing the monitoring of breed-

8 http://www.sibecocenter.ru/var/fck/File/publications/analiz_rynka.pdf 198 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Íîâûå ïóáëèêàöèè è ôèëüìû

(8) Êîíòàêò Â íàñòîÿùåì ïîñîáèè èçëîæåíû ìåòî- ing populations of the Saker Falcon (Falco Ìàðèíà Íîâãîðîäöåâà äè÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî îðãàíèçàöèè cherrug), inhabiting the Altai-Sayan Ecore- ïðåññ-ñåêðåòàðü ïðîåêòà, ñïåöèàëèñò è âåäåíèþ ìîíèòîðèíãà ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóï- gion, also the methods of bird accounts ïî ñâÿçÿì ñ ïèðîâîê ñîêîëà-áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug), are described, the models of database on îáùåñòâåííîñòüþ îáèòàþùèõ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ýêîðåãèîíå, breeding territories are proposed. The book 660062, Ðîññèÿ, îïèñàíû ìåòîäèêè ó÷¸òà ïòèö, ïðåäëîæå- contains the tables for identification of the Êðàñíîÿðñê, óë. Êðóïñêîé, 42–514 íû ôîðìû âåäåíèÿ áàçû äàííûõ ïî ãíåç- Saker nestlings of different ages, adult Sak- òåë./ôàêñ: äîâûì ó÷àñòêàì. Â ïîñîáèè ñîäåðæàòñÿ ers of different phenotypes, the tables for +7 3912 479 112 îïðåäåëèòåëüíûå òàáëèöû ïòåíöîâ áàëî- identification of confusion species – the [email protected] áàíà ðàçíûõ âîçðàñòíûõ ãðóïï, âçðîñëûõ Gyrfalcon (F. rusticolus) and Peregrine Fal- áàëîáàíîâ, ðàçëè÷íûõ ôåíîòèïîâ, îïðå- con (F. peregrinus), images of habitats of (8) Contact äåëèòåëüíûå òàáëèöû áàëîáàíîâ è ñõîæèõ the Saker Falcon and its typical nests. Marina Novgorodtseva ñ íèìè êðå÷åòîâ (F. rusticolus) è ñàïñàíîâ The manuals are the result of surveys Press-secretary (F. peregrinus), ôîòîãðàôèè îñíîâíûõ ìå- carried out during many years and sum- Krupskoy str., 42–514, Krasnoyarsk, ñòîîáèòàíèé áàëîáàíà è òèïè÷íûõ ãí¸çä marize the experience, which have been Russia, 660062 ýòîãî âèäà. accumulated in the region concerning the tel./fax: Ìåòîäè÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ÿâëÿþòñÿ Saker Falcon research and conservation for +7 3912 479 112 ðåçóëüòàòîì ìíîãîëåòíèõ èññëåäîâàíèé 1999–2010. [email protected] è îáîáùàþò âåñü íàêîïëåííûé â ðåãèîíå The book is oriented to employees of na- îïûò ïî èçó÷åíèþ è ñîõðàíåíèþ áàëîáà- ture reserves, and environmentalists and íà â 1999–2010 ãã. conservationists of NGOs, as well as em- Ìåòîäè÷åñêîå ïîñîáèå ïðåäíàçíà÷åíî ployees of federal and regional governmen- äëÿ ñïåöèàëèñòîâ â îáëàñòè îõðàíû ïðè- tal departments concerning to protection ðîäû, îòâåòñòâåííûõ çà ìîíèòîðèíã ðåä- and management of species listed in the êèõ âèäîâ, è îðíèòîëîãîâ. Red Data Book of Russia. Ýëåêòðîííàÿ âåðñèÿ êíèãè â ôîðìàòå The book is available on-line in PDF on the PDF äîñòóïíà íà ñàéòå Ñèáýêîöåíòðà9. site of the Siberian Environmental Center9.

Îáå êíèãè ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþòñÿ áåñïëàòíî Both books are distributed to interested ñðåäè çàèíòåðåñîâàííîé àóäèòîðèè. people free of charge. Êîíòàêò (8). Contact (8).

Â ìàðòå 2011 ã. èçäàòåëüñòâîì «Westarp The “Westarp Wissenschaften” has pub- Wissenschaften» âûïóùåíà â ñâåò êíèãà lished a book of Klaus Dietrich Fiuczynski Êëàóñà Ôüþ÷æèíñêîãî è Ïàóëÿ Çîììå- and Paul Sömmer “Hobby” in spring 2011 ðà «×åãëîê» (Fiuczynski K.D., Sömmer P. (Fiuczynski K.D., Sömmer P. Der Baum- Der Baumfalke Falco subbuteo. Die Neue falke Falco subbuteo. Die Neue Brehm- Brehm-Bücherei. Band 575. 5., überarb. Bücherei. Band 575. 5., überarb. u. erw. u. erw. Aufl. von 2011. ca. 400 S., zahlr. Aufl. von 2011. ca. 400 S., zahlr. Farb- und Farb- und S/W-Abb., Pb. ISBN 3-89432- S/W-Abb., Pb. ISBN 3-89432-229-2). 229-2). This volume evaluates the results of many Ýòîò òðóä – ðåçóëüòàò ìíîãîëåòíèõ èñ- years of observations on Hobbies in Berlin ñëåäîâàíèé àâòîðàìè ÷åãëîêà â Áåðëèíå and Brandenburg. Many issues such as phi- è Áðàíäåíáóðãå. Êíèãà ñîäåðæèò äàííûå lopatria, sex ratio, European migration routes î ôèëîïàòðèè, âçàèìîîòíîøåíèè ïîëîâ è and their risks could be investigated. With (9) Contact ðèñêàõ ïòèö. Áëàãîäàðÿ ñàìûì ìàëåíüêèì the smallest satellite transmitter produced Westarp Wissenschaf- ñîâðåìåííûì ñïóòíèêîâûì ïåðåäàò÷èêàì to date (weighing only 5 g), completely new ten-Verlagsgesellschaft (ìàññîé 5 ã), áûëè ïîëó÷åíû íîâûå äàííûå insights into African migration routes and mbH Kirchstraße, 5 î ìèãðàöèîííûõ ïåðåìåùåíèÿõ ÷åãëîêîâ wintering areas could be obtained, which are D 39326 è ýòè ðåçóëüòàòû ïðåäñòàâëåíû â 5-ì èçäà- presented in this revised 5th edition. Today, Hohenwarsleben íèè êíèãè. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïîïóëÿöèè the population of the Hobby in Central Eu- tel.: +49 039204 8500 ÷åãëîêà â Öåíòðàëüíîé Åâðîïå íåáëàãîïî- rope is threatened, and so this monograph [email protected] www.neuebrehm.de ëó÷íû, è ýòà ìîíîãðàôèÿ ïîìîæåò èñïîëü- provides knowledge which is fundamental çîâàòü ôóíäàìåíòàëüíûå çíàíèÿ äëÿ èõ ëó÷- for an effective protection. Language: Ger- øåé îõðàíû â Åâðîïå. Êíèãà áóäåò èçäàíà man. Price: 49.95 €. Orders for the book íà íåìåöêîì ÿçûêå. Öåíà êíèãè – 49,95 €. have already been taken. Çàêàçû íà êíèãó óæå ïðèíèìàþòñÿ. Contact (9). Êîíòàêò (9).

9 http://docs.sibecocenter.ru/programs/raptors/Publ/baloban.pdf Contents Raptors Conservation 2011, 21 199

Ñîäåðæàíèå Contents

Ñîáûòèÿ ...... 6 Events ...... 6 Îáçîðû è êîììåíòàðèè ...... 10 Reviews and Comments ...... 10 Êîíôåðåíöèÿ ïî êðå÷åòó è êóðîïàòêàì ðîäà Gyrfalcon and Ptarmigan Conference, Boise, Idaho, Lagopus, Áîéçå, Àéäàõî, ÑØÀ, USA, 1–3 February, 2011. Potapov E.R...... 10 1–3 ôåâðàëÿ 2011. Ïîòàïîâ Å.Ð...... 10 Raptor Conservation...... 14 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ...... 14 Results of the Project for Restoration Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðîåêòà ïî âîññòàíîâëåíèþ ìåñò of Nesting Places of the Birds of Prey in the ãíåçäîâàíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà, Republic of Tyva, Russia. Ðîññèÿ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã...... 14 Karyakin I.V., Nikolenko E.G...... 14 Ãèáåëü ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â Äàóðñêîé ñòåïè Bird Electrocution in the Daurian Steppe (Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîå Çàáàéêàëüå), Ðîññèÿ. (South-Eastern Trans-Baikal Region), Russia. Ãîðîøêî Î.À...... 84 Goroshko O.A...... 84 Íîâûå äàííûå î ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ The New Data on Bird Electrocution on Power Lines ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è 6–10 êÂ â Êàëìûêèè, Ðîññèÿ. 6–10 kV in Kalmykia, Russia. Matsyna A.I., Ìàöûíà À.È., Ìàöûíà Å.Ë., Ïåñòîâ Ì.Â., Matsyna E.L., Pestov M.V., Ivanenko A.M., Èâàíåíêî À.Ì., Êîðîëüêîâ Ì.À...... 100 Korolkov M.A...... 100 Ðåçóëüòàòû äâóêðàòíûõ ó÷¸òîâ ãèáåëè õèùíûõ The Results of Counts of Raptors Died through ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è â þæíîé ÷àñòè Electrocution Carried out Twice in the South Óðàëî-Ýìáèíñêîãî ìåæäóðå÷üÿ âåñíîé è Part of Ural-Emba Interfluve in Spring and îñåíüþ 2010 ãîäà, Êàçàõñòàí. Autumn on 2010, Kazakhstan. Ñàðàåâ Ô.À., Ïåñòîâ Ì.Â...... 106 Saraev F.A., Pestov M.V...... 106 Ìåòîäû èññëåäîâàíèé ...... 111 Techniques and Methods ...... 111 Èçó÷åíèå è îòëîâ ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ äëèííîõâîñòûõ Studying and Trapping the Breeding Ural Owls íåÿñûòåé íà çàïàäå Ôèíëÿíäèè. Þ. Êèâåëÿ ...... 111 in the Western Part of Finland. J. Kivelä ...... 111 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ...... 116 Raptor Research ...... 116 Ïîïóëÿöèîííî-ïîäâèäîâàÿ ñòðóêòóðà àðåàëà Subspecies Population Structure of the Saker Falcon áàëîáàíà. Êàðÿêèí È.Â...... 116 Range. Karyakin I.V...... 116 Î ïèòàíèè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â Ìîðäîâñêîì The Diet of the White-Tailed Eagle in the Mordovsky çàïîâåäíèêå, Ðîññèÿ. Ñïèðèäîíîâ Ñ.Í., State Nature Reserve, Russia. Spiridonov S.N., Ãðèøóòêèí Ã.Ô., Ëàïøèí À.Ñ., Ðó÷èí À.Á...... 172 Grishutkin G.F., Lapshin A.S., Ruchin A.B...... 172 Ïèòàíèå óøàñòîé ñîâû â àãðàðíûõ ðàéîíàõ Diet of the Long-Eared Owl in the Agricultural Íèæåãîðîäñêîãî Ïðåäâîëæüÿ, Ðîññèÿ. Administrative Regions of the N. Novgorog Ãîëîâà Ñ.Â...... 176 Cis-Volga region, Russia. Golova S.V...... 176 Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ ...... 181 Short Reports...... 181 Ñëó÷àé ïîçäíåãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà The Record of Late Breeding of the White-Tailed Eagle â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. Áàêêà Ñ.Â., in the N. Novgorod District, Russia. Bakka S.V., Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ëàïøèí Ð.Ä...... 181 Karyakin I.V., Lapshin R.D...... 181 Àñèíõðîííîñòü ñðîêîâ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ îðëàíà- The Asynchronity in the Dates of the White-Tailed áåëîõâîñòà â íàöèîíàëüíîì ïàðêå «Íèæíÿÿ Eagle Breeding in the National Park “Nizhnyaya Êàìà» è ôàêòîðû, âëèÿþùèå íà ýòî, Ðîññèÿ. Kama” and Factors Influencing It, Russia. Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ...... 183 Bekmansurov R.H...... 183 Çèìîâêà îðëàíîâ-áåëîõâîñòîâ â Óëüÿíîâñêîé Wintering of the White-Tailed Eagle in the Ulyanovsk îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. Àäàìîâ Ñ.Ã., Êîðåïîâ Ì.Â., District, Russia. Adamov S.G., Korepov M.V., Êîðîëüêîâ Ì.À., Øàøêèí Ì.Ì...... 187 Korolkov Ì.À., Shashkin Ì.Ì...... 187 200 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2011, 21 Ñîäåðæàíèå

Î âñòðå÷àõ íåêîòîðûõ âèäîâ ðåäêèõ õèùíûõ ïòèö Records of Some Rare Raptor Species in the Altai â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå â 2009–2010 ãîäàõ, Ðîññèÿ. Kray in 2009–2010, Russia. Ebel A.L...... 189 Ýáåëü À.Ë ...... 189 Records of Raptors During Winter, Early Spring and Çèìíèå, ðàííåâåñåííèå è ïîçäíåîñåííèå âñòðå÷è Late Autumn in Altai, Russia. Barashkova A.N., õèùíûõ ïòèö íà Àëòàå, Ðîññèÿ. Áàðàøêîâà À.Í., Smelansky I.E., Tomilenko À.À...... 191 Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Òîìèëåíêî À.À...... 191 The First Record of the Pallid Harrier Within the Ïåðâûé ñëó÷àé ðåãèñòðàöèè ñòåïíîãî ëóíÿ â Breeding Range in the Winter, Altai Kray, Russia. ãíåçäîâîì àðåàëå çèìîé, Àëòàéñêèé êðàé, Ðîññèÿ. Bachtin R.F...... 196 Áàõòèí Ð.Ô...... 196 New Publications and Videos ...... 197 Íîâûå ïóáëèêàöèè è ôèëüìû ...... 197

Ðåäàêöèÿ áþëëåòåíÿ «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà» ïðèíèìàåò áëàãîòâîðèòåëüíûå ïîæåðòâîâàíèÿ îò îðãàíèçàöèé è îò ÷àñòíûõ ëèö. Íèæå óêàçàíû ðåêâèçèòû äëÿ ïîæåðòâîâàíèé. Îáÿçàòåëüíî óêàçûâàéòå òî÷íîå íàçíà÷åíèå ïëàòåæà, êàê ýòî ñäåëàíî â îáðàçöå!

Editors of “Raptors Conservation” accept charitable donations from the organizations and private per- sons. Requisites for donations are given below. Please note exact purpose of payment as it is made in the sample!

Ðåêâèçèòû äëÿ ïîæåðòâîâàíèé Requisites for donations in Requisites for donations in â ðóáëÿõ: USD: EURO: Ïîëó÷àòåëü: ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé Beneficiary: NGO Siberian Beneficiary: NGO Siberian ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» Environmental Center Environmental Center ÈÍÍ 5408166026 Account: 407 038 405 002 010 Account: 407 039 785 034 710 ÊÏÏ 540801001 026 32 026 32 Ðàñ÷åòíûé ñ÷¸ò ¹ 407 038 102 Beneficiary Bank: OJSC MDM Bank Beneficiary Bank: OJSC MDM Bank 000 300 113 37 Moscow, Russia Moscow, Russia Áàíê ïîëó÷àòåëÿ: Ôèëèàë SWIFT: MOBWRUMM SWIFT: MOBWRUMM «Çàïàäíî-Ñèáèðñêèé» ÎÀÎ Intermediary Bank: Intermediary Bank: «ÑÎÁÈÍÁÀÍÊ», ã. Íîâîñèáèðñê Standard Chartered Bank, “Deutsche Bank AG” ÁÈÊ 045003744 One Madison Ave, New York 12, Taunusanlage 60262 Frankfurt/ êîð. ñ÷¸ò ¹ 301 018 104 000 000 10010-3603, USA Main GERMANY 007 44 SWIFT: SCBLUS33 SWIFT: DEUTDEFF Íàçíà÷åíèå ïëàòåæà: «Äîáðîâîëü- Account: 3582-0398-76-002. Account: 100947414900 íîå áëàãîòâîðèòåëüíîå ïîæåðòâî- Purpose of payment: “Gratuitous Purpose of payment: “Gratuitous âàíèå íà óñòàâíûå öåëè îðãàíèçà- donation for implementation of the donation for implementation of the öèè (èçäàíèå «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè charitable goals of the organization charitable goals of the organization è èõ îõðàíà»)» (“Raptors Conservation” publishing)” (“Raptors Conservation” publishing)”

Îòïå÷àòàíî â òèïîãðàôèè ÎÎÎ «Ïîâîëæüå» ñ ãîòîâîãî îðèãèíàë-ìàêåòà 603006, ã. Í. Íîâãîðîä, óë. Àêàäåìèêà Áëîõèíîé È.Í., 4/43–4 Ðèñ. 8. Òèïè÷íûå ôåíîòèïû áàëîáàíîâ, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ïîäâèäàì: 1 – Îáûêíîâåííûé áàëîáàí (F. ch. cherrug), 2 – ×èíêîâûé áàëîáàí (F. ch. aralocaspius), 3 – Öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêèé áàëîáàí (F. ch. milvipes), 4 – Ìîíãîëüñêèé áàëîáàí (F. ch. progressus), 5 – Òèáåòñêèé áàëî- áàí (F. ch. hendersoni). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà (1, 2, 4), À. Ëåâèíà (3) è Å. Ïîòàïîâà (5). Fig. 8. Typical phenotypes of Sakers, according to subspecies: 1 – Common Saker Falcon (F. ch. cherrug), 2 – Chink Saker Falcon (F. ch. aralocaspius), 3 – Centralasian Saker Falcon (F. ch. milvipes), 4 – Mongolian Saler Falcon (F. ch. progressus), 5 – Tibetan Saker Falcon (F. ch. hendersoni). Photos by I. Karyakin (1, 2, 4), A. Levin (3) and E. Potapov (5).

Ðèñ. 9. Ïåðåõîäíàÿ ôîðìà îò çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ ê âîñòî÷íûì, íàñåëÿþùàÿ çîíó êîíòàêòà àðåàëîâ îáåèõ ôîðì: ñèáèðñêèé áàëîáàí (F. ch. saceroides). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Fig. 9. Transitional form between Western and Eastern Sakers, inhabiting the zone of intergradation of their ranges: Siberian Saker Falcon (F. ch. saceroides). Photos by I. Karyakin.