Correlations Between Soil Microbial Flora, Plants And

Scientific Papers. Series D. Animal Science. Vol. LXI, Number 2, 2018 ISSN 2285-5750; ISSN CD-ROM 2285-5769; ISSN Online 2393-2260; ISSN-L 2285-5750 plot belonging to Vulcan village, and the fourth aurescens, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SOIL MICROBIAL FLORA, PLANTS in the region of the Precarpathian hills in the coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Thiobacillus Breaza area. Corn fodder and wheat have been thiooxidans, Thiobacillus denitrificans, AND FARM ANIMALS HEALTH IN ORGANIC FARMING grown in the meadow or in the plain areas. In Chromatium okenii, Frankia asymbiotica,

the hilly region the basic crop was that of Methanobrevibacter smithii adhaesiva, Alexandru POPESCU vegetables. Each ranch, with the exception of Rhizobium aggregatum, Methylobacterium the vegetable one, owns a beef and/or a dairy organophilum, Nitrobacter vulgaris, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, farm. Soil samples were collected from each Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Rhodobacter 59 Marasti Blvd, District 1, Bucharest, Romania farm after protocols agreed by statisticians. sphaeroides, Xanthomonas perforans (Table 1, Twenty dominant bacterial species and five Table 2 and Table 3). Corresponding author email: [email protected] mushroom species were identified. Laboratory The identified mushroom families were: examinations were done in the pedology Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Trichoderma, Abstract laboratory in Pécs. In addition to qualitative Penicillium, Fusarium.

This study regards organic and biodynamic agriculture as forms of nature expression without interference with tests, two simple and inexpensive methods synthetic substances. The work is about the soil microbiology, feed plants health and the quality parameters of animal were used to measure microbial activity in the Table 1. Bacterial species ratio in farm 1 products. The author had made a parallel between the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in humans and animals and soil: the respirometry method and the cotton Bacterial species 2016 (%) 2017 (%) those that generate: soil microbial disorders, plant vulnerability to pest attack and the receptivity of farm animals to strip test method (image analysis and 1. Acidobacterium capsulatum 5.5 9.5 2. Azotobacter agilis 0.1 0.3 infectious diseases. The factors involved in these phenomena were herbicides, pesticides and synthetic fertilizers. Using tensometer) (Gunasekhar et al., 2007). the principles of homeopathic treatments, associated with the biodynamic farming doctrines for the rehabilitation of 3. Azotobacter salinestris 10.1 5.4 denatured soils, on new scientific basis, the study demonstrated the possibility of recovering degraded land from human In November 2015 samples of compost soil 4. Azotobacter chroococcum 1.7 2 actions. with cow dung were collected and were placed 5. Arthrobacter aurescens 1 0.5 in a cow horn. The horn was buried in the 6. Bacillus thuringiensis 14.7 5.8 Key words: animal health, biodynamic agriculture, soil microorganisms. 7. Bacillus coagulans 5.1 8.1 ground with the bottom down to about 20 cm 8. Bacillus subtilis 2.8 1.8 deep. The central area of the plot was chosen as 9. Thiobacillus thiooxidans 5.3 9.4 INTRODUCTION rhizomicrobiome and nanotechnology, these the place of choice for soil sampling and horn 10. Thiobacillus denitrificans 3.6 8.3 practices have begun to be reconsidered (Teruo burial. In April each horn was dug out and the 11. Chromatium okenii 2.8 1.3 Despite the fact that world agricultural produc- and Parr, 1994). This study has demonstrated 12. Frankia asymbiotica 0.9 0.4 content was placed in a container of five 13. Methanobrevibacter smithii 4.8 3.1 tion is steadily increasing, as a consequence of that biodiversity is the essence of balance in hundred liters of water. The liquid was mixed adhaesiva the increase in the world's population, more and nature (Chhabra, 2017). Interaction between continuously for an hour, using the Hanemann 14. Rhizobium aggregatum 1.5 2.1 more signals announce a collapse of the microbial flora populations often determines 15. Methylobacterium organophilum 2.3 3.4 method, in order to obtain a dynamization 16. Nitrobacter vulgaris 6.1 10.8 productive capacity of the soil with dramatic the biodiversity of plants. dilution (Bellavite, 2005). With the help of 17. Rhodopseudomonas palustris 8.8 14.3 consequences for the future. Faced with these Any human action designed to eliminate certain sprinklers, the solution was sprinkled on three 18. Rhodobacter sphaeroides 4.7 3.5 challenges, many companies have tried in species considered harmful, both microsco- hectares of cereal crop for each cattle farm (six 19. Xanthomonas perforans 6.1 3.8 20. Holophaga foetida 12.1 6.2 recent decades to find solutions for avoiding a pically and macroscopically, inevitably leads to containers per hectare) and on 1000 m2 of food catastrophe. a global dysfunction of the biotope with vegetable farm. A second identification of the Table 2. Bacterial species ratio in farm 2 The variables are the following: soil health, adverse consequences already known in microbial flora was performed one year after fodder plant diseases, animal diseases and agriculture (Sohag et al., 2010). Recent data Bacterial species 2016 (%) 2017 (%) the first harvest. At the same time, the 1. Acidobacterium capsulatum 6.1 7.2 ultimately public health. Methods of control show that up to 10 billion bacteria and 10 productive characteristics of the parcels were 2. Azotobacter agilis 0.3 0.5 used up to now: pesticides, herbicides, antipa- million fungi (de Vrieze, 2015) can be found in determined, following the quality of the vegetal 3. Azotobacter salinestris 8.7 7.2 rasitics, antibiotics, pH and GMOs reduce their the soil around each rhizosphere. Microbes 4. Azotobacter chroococcum 2.2 1.3 material, the degree of parasitic attack, the 5. Arthrobacter aurescens 1 1.5 efficiency from year to year. As a result, have multiple functions in the soil: they can health status of the animals fed with these 6. Bacillus thuringiensis 15 11 scientists are trying to find solutions to develop provide plants with nutrients and minerals from fodders and the quality of the products obtained 7. Bacillus coagulans 7.8 5.8 healthy and renewable farming methods, while the soil, produce growth stimulating hormones, from them (Miller-Ensminger, 2018). 8. Bacillus subtilis 4.3 4.1 pursuing the recovery of land compromised by stimulate the immune system of plants, and 9. Thiobacillus thiooxidans 3.1 2.8 10. Thiobacillus denitrificans 2.4 8.6 conventional practices used in the past. trigger or mitigate stress responses. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 11. Chromatium okenii 4 3.3 Starting from the concept of biodynamic 12. Frankia asymbiotica 0.1 0.2 agriculture (Steiner, 2012) enunciated by MATERIALS AND METHODS The bacterial species identified in the previous 13. Methanobrevibacter smithii 6.2 7.9 Rudolf Steiner in 1924 and subsequently adhaesiva year were also found in the following year, 14. Rhizobium aggregatum 3.9 3.6 applied in practice both in Europe and the Four farms from different pedoclimatic areas with the difference in population proliferation 15. Methylobacterium 1.8 1.1 USA, more and more farmers approached were selected to track the soil, plant, animal or that changed sensitively. The species found in organophilum agricultural sciences at an unconventional human route. The first location was in the 16. Nitrobacter vulgaris 8.4 12.4 the soil were: Acidobacterium capsulatum, 17. Rhodopseudomonas palustris 5.2 7.2 angle, considered for decades to be a pseudo- Burnaz Plain on the Teleorman River bank, the Azotobacter agilis, Azotobacter salinestris, 18. Rhodobacter sphaeroides 3 9.3 science. In recent years, due to the advances second in Bărăgan Lehliu – Dor Mărunt area, Azotobacter chroococcum, Arthrobacter 19. Xanthomonas perforans 2.5 2.6 made in the study of human microbiome, the third on the bank of the Bârsa brook, on a 20. Holophaga foetida 14 2.4 206

plot belonging to Vulcan village, and the fourth aurescens, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SOIL MICROBIAL FLORA, PLANTS in the region of the Precarpathian hills in the coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Thiobacillus Breaza area. Corn fodder and wheat have been thiooxidans, Thiobacillus denitrificans, AND FARM ANIMALS HEALTH IN ORGANIC FARMING grown in the meadow or in the plain areas. In Chromatium okenii, Frankia asymbiotica,

Table 3 – Bacterial species ratio in farm 3 Agriculture can destroy soil rhizobioma REFERENCES Bacterial species 2016 2017 3000 (microbial ecosystem) by using soil 1. Acidobacterium capsulatum 7.5 2.9 2500 modifications, such as fertilizers and pesticides, Bellavite P., Conforti Anita, Piasere Valeria, Ortolani 2. Azotobacter agilis 0.5 4.1 R., 2005. Immunology and homeopathy. 1. Historical 2000 without compensating for their effects. On the 3. Azotobacter salinestris 8 6.3 background. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med., 4. Azotobacter chroococcum 3.9 2.2 1500 contrary, healthy soil can increase fertility in a 2(4), 441-452. 5. Arthrobacter aurescens 1.2 1.9 1000 number of ways, including supplying nutrients Chhabra E, 2017. Biodynamic farming is on the rise – 6. Bacillus thuringiensis 12.5 6.4 such as nitrogen and also protecting against but how effective is this alternative agricultural 7. Bacillus coagulans 9.1 11.7 500 practice? In: The Guardian 5 March 2017. 8. Bacillus subtilis 5.6 6.1 pests and viral, bacterial or fungal diseases. 0 Gunasekhar N., King K., Kristiansen P., Lockwood P., 9. Thiobacillus thiooxidans 0.7 5.4 FARM 1 FARM 2 FARM 3 2016 Guppy C., 2007. Comparison of methods for 10. Thiobacillus denitrificans 1.2 8.9 2017 CONCLUSIONS 11. Chromatium okenii 3 4 measuring soil microbial activity using cotton strips Figure 1. Evolution of milk production 12. Frankia asymbiotica 1 0.5 and a respirometer. Journal of Microbiological 13. Methanobrevibacter smithii adhaesiva 11 7 2016 – FARM 1: 105 dairy cows *23 l/day The composition of rhizobiome can change Methods, 69(2), 322-329. 14. Rhizobium aggregatum 7.8 6.7 FARM 2: 86 dairy cows *24 l/day rapidly in response to changes in the Miller-Ensminger T., Garretto A., Brenner J., Thomas- FARM 3: 69 dairy cows *28 l/day 15. Methylobacterium organophilum 0.6 1.1 environment. By Hanemannian, dinamization White K., Zambom A., Wolfe A.J., Putonti C., 2018. 16. Nitrobacter vulgaris 0.8 0.4 2017 – FARM 1: amount of milk higher 10% Bacteriophages of the urinary microbiome. Journal of 17. Rhodopseudomonas palustris 18 9 FARM 2: amount of milk higher 9% of the compost solution, opportunist organisms Bacteriology. JB.00738-17 DOI:10.1128/JB.00738- 18. Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.8 5.8 FARM 3: amount of milk higher 8% join the positive action helping to recover 17. 19. Xanthomonas perforans 1.2 5.2 compromised soils. Sohag M., Soma D., Sirajul Haque S.M., 2010. Shifting 20. Holophaga foetida 3.6 4.4 7000 Even minor changes in the amount of certain cultivation effects on soil fungi and bacteria 6800 bacteria can have a major effect on plant population in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. By the respirometry method, microbial biomass 6600 Journal of Forestry Research, 21(3), 311−318. defense and physiology. Steiner R., 2012. Bazele naturale ale alimentației. Editura was determined in the soil on the twelve day of 6400 On the contrary, healthy soil can increase 6200 Univers Enciclopedic Gold/Triade, Bucureşti, 74-81. incubation. On soils treated with dynamized fertility in several ways: providing nutrients Teruo H., Parr J.F., 1994. Beneficial and effective 6000 solution, microbial biomass increased microorganisms for a sustainable agriculture and 5800 such as nitrogen and protecting against pest and significantly between 200% and 250%. Testing viral, bacterial or fungal diseases. environment, Atami, Japan: International Nature 5600 Farming Research Center., p.7. the resistance of cotton tape on buried fibers for FARM 1 FARM 2 FARM 3 2016 A more diversified soil microbe stimulates Vrieze de J., 2015. The littlest farmhands. Science, 35 days with the tensometer, as well as image 2017 plant biodiversity and results in increased 349(6249), 680-683. analysis by the color intensity measurement Figure 2. Evolution of the carcasses quality yields and reduced animal disease. technique, confirmed an increased enzyme 2016 – FARM 1: 20 Angus cows *318 kg/carcass FARM 2: 20 Angus cows *312 kg/carcass activity in experimental plots. FARM 3: 20 Angus cows *302 kg/carcass The primary production obtained on the tested 2017 – FARM 1: quality of carcasses higher 8% land parcels as compared to the witness one FARM 2: quality of carcasses higher 6% showed superior quality of the plant material FARM 3: quality of carcasses higher 5% used for silos with better consistency and an increase in the amount of gluten from the seeds. The third one has a neutral but also oppor- The palatability of the silo improved, the tunistic manifestation. It join the first group or animals showing a higher appetite than those in the second group according to small changes in the witness group. As far as the secondary the environment. By multiplying these production is concerned, the quality of the microorganisms we can potentiate the effect of carcasses in Angus cows was higher by 5 - 8% the first or of the second. Conventional agri- compared to those fed with the feed on the culture can destroy soil rhizobioma (microbial witness group (Figure 2). The morbidity of ecosystem) by using foreign substances, such juveniles was 0 whereas in the witness group as fertilizers and pesticides, without there were 5 cases of illness (group of 25 compensating for these effects. heads). The amount of milk harvested from the Although the studies are still in a preliminary experimental plots was 8 -10% higher than the stage, many variables needing to be controlled, witness one (Figure 1), the microbial load and we can say that by the "potentialization" of the the number of somatic cells, lower. matter by dynamization, the soil microor- In terms of soil fertility, three large groups of ganisms populations transfer positive properties microorganisms have been identified, that live to the inorganic substrate, affecting the in different proportions. The first is that of structure and fertility of the soil. During plant positive microorganisms involved in soil domestication, they were selected for crop- regeneration. The second is that of negative related attributes, but not for plant-friendly organisms that contribute to soil degeneration. associations with a beneficial microbiome. 208

211 INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACT OF BIOCHAR ON THE NECTARIFEROUS QUALITIES OF THE ZUCCHINI (Cucurbita pepo var. giraumontia Filov)

Tsvetelina NIKOLOVA, Vera PETROVA, Milena YORDANOVA, Asia PETROVA

University of Forestry, Faculty of Agronomy, 10KlimentOhridski Blvd, 1797, Sofia, Bulgaria,

Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of biochar, incorporated as a soilmeliorant in the cultivation of zucchini, on the nectariferous qualities of their flowers. The experiment was carried out in 2017 on the experimental field of the University of Forestry – Sofia. In the spring cultivation of the soil were incorporated biocar and manure, and were developed different variants: 1) control - no biochar and manure; 2) only with manure – 4 t/ha-1; 3) biochar - 500 kg/ha-1; 4) manure + reduced amount of biochar (250 kg/ha-1); 5) manure + optimal amount of bio char; 6) manure + increased amount of biochar (750 kg/ha-1).Forthepurpose of thestudyit wasfollowed: the development of the plants, the flowering duration, the number of flowers per plant and the amount of separate nectar and pollen. It was recorded the visit of bees on flowers of the studied plants. This determines the nectariferous potential of zucchini. The increase of nectar productivity by the flowers was observed in the variants with combination of biochar and manure.

Key words: bio char, Cucurbita pepo var. giraumontia Filov, honeybee, nectar productivity, zucchini.

INTRODUCTION well by bees. Female flowers produce large amounts of nectar, and males - mostly pollen Some of the vegetable plants are of no and less nectar. They bloom for a long time and importance to bees, and some of the more provide good grazing for bees. valuable honey plants. Grown throughout the Biochar not only enriches the soil with nutrients country, asseparate area in mixed plantings but also reduces acidity. It also creates more which is why they are of interest to bees. These favorable conditions for the development of crops provide food for people and some of them useful microflora and leads to increased yields. are juicy fodder for domestic animals (Bizhev, Inaccessible to the microorganisms compounds 2003). are embers of wood, which are carbonated Cucurbita pepo is an one yearl dicotyledonous materials, a product of incomplete combustion plant of the family Cucurbitaceae and constitute of different organic materials. The studies of a separate variety group there to ser. var. Glaser et al. (2002) prove that charcoal is Giromontia. They come from Asia Minor. The suitable for maintaining a high level of soil valuable biological and economic qualities of organic matter. courgettes have given rise, they are rapidly Biochar resulting from pyrolysis of plant spreading to southern Europe and the materials are called bio-coal and are subject to Mediterranean. In our country they are grown in research in some countries as a means of almost the whole country.The species from improving the structure and fertility of soils. family Cucurbitaceae depend on the pollination This direction of their application dates back to of honeybees for fruit production. at least 2500 years ago, as is the case for areas Representatives of this family have large close to the Amazon river (Woods et al., 1999; yellow-colored colors, which emit a large Maris, 2006; Glaser, 2007). amount of nectar and pollen and are visited very 212