NEOPTERA = exopterygotes and Endopterygota Plecoptera = Stoneflies (plectos = pleated; pteron = a wing)
• Metamorphosis = hemimetabolous • Key features: – Wings fold over back =Neoptera – Aquatic larvae – Often used as bio-indicators for stream pollution
= “outside” and “inside” wings
Blattodea = Isoptera = Termites Cockroaches (iso = equal, like; (blatta = cockroach) pteron = a wing) • Metamorphosis = hemimetabolous • Key features: • Metamorphosis = hemimetabolous – Flattened body • Key features: – Front wings toughened as – Social insects with different protective cover hind wings castes – Eggs often laid in toughened – Symbionts convert wood etc to ootheca nutrients – Only about 40 species (1%) of cockroach are considered pests.
Orthoptera = grasshoppers, crickets, Orthoptera = grasshoppers, katydids crickets, katydids (orthos = straight; pteron = a wing) (orthos = straight; pteron = a wing)
• Metamorphosis = hemimetabolous • Swarms of the migratory • Known species = 20,000 grasshoppers can • Key features: number in the billions, – Hind legs for jumping causing severe crop – Sound production using hind legs or front wings damage along the way.
1 Mantodea = Mantids Phasmatodea = stick and leaf (mantis = diviner, prophet) insects (phasma = apparition, spectre) • Metamorphosis = hemimetabolous • Key features: • Metamorphosis = hemimetabolous – Mobile triangular head • Key features: – Raptorial front legs – Slow-moving, herbivorous – Eggs laid in papery, foam-like egg – Leaf-like or stick-like body cases (ootheca) – Eggs often ant-dispersed
Dermaptera = Earwigs alternate: Embiidina (dermatos = skin; Embioptera = web spinners pteron = a wing) (embios = lively; pteron = a wing) • Metamorphosis = hemimetabolous ♂ • Metamorphosis = hemimetabolous • Key features: • Key features: – Forceps-like cerci, male combat – Gregarious in silk galleries – Leathery front wings – Swollen first tarsal segment – Semicircular hind wings containing silk glands – Maternal care common – Females wingless, males winged – Escape behavior is to move backward ♀
Hemiptera = bugs, aphids, hoppers Hemiptera, 3 suborders (hemi = half; pteron = a wing)
• Metamorphosis = hemimetabolous 1. Heteroptera = true • Known species = 82,000 bugs • Key features: 2. Auchenorrhyncha = the – Fifth largest order hoppers – Mouthparts forming a sucking/piercing beak or rostrum 3. Sternorrhyncha = plant – Stink glands and sound lice, whiteflies, aphids, producing organs sometimes scale insects present
2 Phthiraptera = Parasitic lice • Hemipterans of note: (phtheiros = louse; – Oncopeltus fasciatus a+pteron = wingless) (milkweed bug) • Metamorphosis = hemimetabolous – Kerria lacca (lac insect) • Key features: – Small, wingless ectoparasites living – Magicicada spp. permanently on vertebrate hosts (Periodic cicadas) – Legs modified for clinging – Dactylopius coccus (cochineal insect) – Cimex lectularius (bed bug) – Triatoma infestans (Kissing bug) – Many others...
Psocoptera = barklice and booklice Thysanoptera = Thrips (psokos = gnawed; pteron = a wing) (thysanos = fringed; pteron = a wing)
• Metamorphosis = hemimetabolous • Metamorphosis = • Key features: hemimetabolous – Common on trees, vegetation, • Key features: and litter – Mainly liquid feeders – Parthenogenesis (females give – Hair-fringed wings rise to females) is common – Some species have maternal care, social behaviors
Neuroptera = The Endopterygota Lacewings & antlions
• Metamorphosis = holometabolous • Key features: – Prominent eyes – Wing venation complex and net-like
3 Megaloptera Raphidioptera -Snakeflies Alderflies & Dobsonflies • Metamorphosis = holometabolous • Metamorphosis = • Elongated pronotum holometabolous • Ovipositor (females • Key features: only) – Aquatic larva – Adults do not feed – Male mandibles used for combat
Coleoptera = Beetles (koleos = sheath; pteron = a Coleoptera wing) • Metamorphosis = • Four suborders holometabolous 1. Archostemata (3 primitive families) 2. Myxophaga (aquatic or associated with • Known species = 370,000 water) (37.0% of all insect species) • Key features: 3. Adephaga (terrestrial – Front wings modified as rigid and aquatic; mostly elytra covering hind wings predacious) – Pronotum large and distinct 4. Polyphaga (variable; some 149 families)
Strepsiptera = Twisted-winged insects Diptera = Flies, mosquitoes (streptos = twisted; pteron = wing) ♂ (di = two; pteron = wing) • Metamorphosis = holometabolous • Key features: – Endoparasites of insects • Metamorphosis = holometabolous • Known species = 122,000 (12.2%) – Sexually dimorphic • Key features: – Adult females typically neotenous – One pair of functional wings (retaining immature features) = no eyes, legs, wings, external – Halteres (balancing organs) genitalia – Phylogenetic placement under debate (either with Coleoptera or ♀ Diptera)
4 Diptera = Flies, mosquitoes Mecoptera = Scorpionflies (di = two; pteron = a wing) (mekos = long; pteron = a wing) • Two diverse suborders – Nematocera & Brachycera • Metamorphosis = holometabolous • Some families parasitic • Key features: • Dipterans of note: – Distinctive elongated face – Phaenicia sericata – green blow fly – Mostly in damp wooded areas (medical use) – Aedes aegypti (dengue fever, yellow – Males present females with fever, encephalitis) nuptial gifts – Culex spp. (Many diseases) – Glossina spp. – tsetse fly (Sleeping sickness) – Anopholes gambia (Malaria): the deadliest insect... – Drosophila melanogaster (model organism)
Siphonaptera = Fleas Trichoptera = Caddisflies (siphon = pipe, tube; (trichos = hair; pteron = a wing) a+pteron = wingless) • Metamorphosis = • Metamorphosis = holometabolous holometabolous • Key features: • Key features: – Small, wingless – Aquatic larvae, typically in ectoparasites on mammals self-constructed cases or and birds shelters, or nets – Adults are blood feeders – Nocturnal and moth-like – Characteristic jumping – Weakly developed ability mouthparts (nectar feeding) – Used as a bio-indicator for stream pollution
Lepidoptera = Butterflies, moths Lepidoptera (lepidos = scale; pteron = a wing) Lepidoptera of note: • Metamorphosis = holometabolous – Manduca sexta (tobacco • Distribution = worldwide hornworm) – popular • Known species = 165,000 (16.5%) experimental animal • Key features: – Lymantria dispar (Gypsy moth) and many pests – Entire body and wings covered (Clover Cutworm, with overlapping tiny scales Soybean Looper, Corn – Usually have sucking mouthparts Earworm, Alfalfa Looper, Celery Looper, Tobacco budworm, Wheat armyworm, Lawn armyworm, etc.) – Many gorgeous creatures
5 Hymenoptera = Bees, wasps, ants Hymenoptera (hymen = membrane; pteron = a wing) • Metamorphosis = holometabolous • Key features: • Two suborders – Second largest order: Abundant – Symphyta and ubiquitous – Body usually with constricted waist (sawflies), – Some species are social – Apocrita – Ovipositor may be modified as a (parasitoid group, stinger stinging group .
Insecta includes 3 divisions: Archaeognatha, Thysanura, Pterygota (mandible articulation, wings +/-)
Pterygota comprised of 3 divisions: Ephemeroptera, Odonata, and Neoptera (wing folding)
Neoptera divided into two basic groups; “exopterygote” orders and Endopterygota (where wings develop)
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