Impacto De Los Deterioros Neuropsicológicos Asociados Al Consumo De Sustancias Sobre La Práctica Clínica Con Drogodependientes

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Impacto De Los Deterioros Neuropsicológicos Asociados Al Consumo De Sustancias Sobre La Práctica Clínica Con Drogodependientes original Impacto de los deterioros neuropsicológicos asociados al consumo de sustancias sobre la práctica clínica con drogodependientes VERDEJO GARCÍA, A.; LÓPEZ-TORRECILLAS, F.; OROZCO GIMÉNEZ, C.; PÉREZ GARCÍA, M. Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológico. Facultad de Psicología. Universidad de Granada. Enviar correspondencia: Miguel Pérez García. Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológico. Facultad de Psicología. Universidad de Granada. 18071 Granada. [email protected] RESUMEN ABSTRACT El consumo crónico de diversas drogas (cannabis, heroína, Chronic consumption of several drugs of abuse (cannabis, estimulantes) ha sido consistentemente asociado a la presencia heroin, stimulants) has been clearly associated with the de deterioros neuropsicológicos en un amplio espectro de fun- presence of neuropsychological impairments in a wide range of ciones, principalmente: memoria, aprendizaje, atención, con- functions, mainly: memory, learning, attention, concentration centración y razonamiento. Sin embargo, en los últimos años, la and reasoning. Nevertheless, in the last years, investigación neuropsicológica relacionada con el abuso de sus- neuropsychological research related to substance abuse, tancias, apoyada en la aparición de tecnologías de nueva gene- supported by the development of new technologies (functional ración (neuroimagen funcional, análisis de metabolitos) se ha neuroimaging, metabolite studies) has been focused on the focalizado en el estudio de posibles alteraciones en las funcio- study of possible impairments in the executive functions nes ejecutivas de los lóbulos prefrontales de la corteza, así localized in the cortex prefrontal lobes, and their influence on como su influencia sobre la personalidad, cogniciones y con- the substance abuser’s personality, cognitions and behaviours. ductas del drogodependiente. El objetivo de nuestra revisión The objective of our review is, first, to summarize the main es, por una parte, repasar los principales deterioros neuropsico- neuropsychological impairments showed by classic studies and lógicos constatados por los estudios clásicos, así como estos these new discoveries in executive functions, and second, to nuevos hallazgos en funciones ejecutivas (planificación, toma consider the mediating role of neuropsychological status on de decisiones, control de impulsos), y por otra parte, dado que treatment outcomes, analyse the usefulness and impact of el estatus neuropsicológico parece tener un papel mediador these impairments on clinical practice with drug addicts, taking sobre los resultados del tratamiento, analizar la utilidad e impac- into account such particularly relevant factors as the potential to de estos deterioros sobre la práctica clínica con sujetos dro- recoverability of the impairments, the co-morbidity with godependientes, considerando factores de especial relevancia, personality and mood disorders and the existence of como la potencial reversibilidad de los déficits, la comorbilidad unawareness and specific alterations in impulsivity. We also con trastornos de la personalidad y del estado de ánimo y la highlight the convenience of intervening specifically in those existencia de anosognosia y déficits específicos de impulsivi- functions more relevant to the abuser’s ordinary life, his dad. Resaltamos, asimismo, la conveniencia de intervenir espe- persistence in consumption and the high risk of relapse that cíficamente sobre aquellas funciones más directamente could be explained, at least partially, as resulting from the asociadas al funcionamiento diario de los drogodependientes, a executive impairment. su perseveración en el consumo y al alto riesgo de recaídas, que podrían ser explicados, al menos parcialmente, por la exis- Key words: substance abuse, neuropsychological impairment, tencia de alteraciones ejecutivas. neuroimage, executive functions, recoverability. Palabras clave: consumo de drogas, deterioro neuropsicológi- co, neuroimagen, funciones ejecutivas, reversibilidad. l consumo de drogas constituye un fenómeno tencia de una relación bidireccional entre el consumo de complejo susceptible de ser abordado desde múl- drogas y la existencia de deterioros neuropsicológicos. Etiples enfoques dentro de la Psicología. Desde una Por una parte, diversos estudios sugieren que la presen- perspectiva neuropsicológica, podemos asumir la exis- cia de alteraciones neuropsicológicas subyacentes pue- ADICCIONES, 2002 • VOL.14 NÚM.3 • PÁGS. ¿¿¿/¿¿¿ 1 den predisponer al sujeto hacia el consumo; por otra El consumo crónico de drogas adictivas parece parte, existe una gran cantidad de literatura relacionada estar asociado con un perfil de deterioro neuropsico- con los posibles deterioros neuropsicológicos, asocia- lógico común bastante generalizado, sin embargo, dos a alteraciones conductuales, cognitivas, emociona- debido a la existencia de diferencias significativas en les y de personalidad, que pueden derivarse del los patrones de enervación, mecanismos de conecti- consumo crónico de drogas. En nuestra revisión, nos vidad sináptica y posibles focos de deterioro en fun- centraremos en primer lugar en el estudio de aquellos ción del tipo de sustancia, organizaremos los deterioros neuropsicológicos que se han mostrado más hallazgos neuropsicológicos registrados por los diver- consistentemente asociados al consumo de diversas sos estudios en función del tipo de droga consumida. drogas que actualmente presentan altas tasas de preva- Excluimos de nuestro estudio aquellas investigaciones lencia en las estadísticas de pautas de consumo: canna- referidas a los deterioros neuropsicológicos derivados bis, estimulantes y opiáceos (Informe anual 2000 sobre del consumo de alcohol, por presentar estos consu- el problema de la drogodependencia en la Unión Euro- midores un perfil de deterioro ampliamente constata- pea), y en segundo lugar, analizaremos el impacto y las do, bien delimitado y asociado a mecanismos posibles implicaciones que pueden derivarse del estudio cerebrales que difieren de aquellos que intervienen en de los correlatos neuropsicológicos del consumo para la el deterioro provocado por otras drogas de consumo práctica clínica con sujetos drogodependientes. que actualmente generan mayor desconocimiento, incertidumbre y alarma social. Lo que presentamos a continuación es, por tanto, 1. ALTERACIONES NEUROPSICOLÓGICAS ASO- una revisión de aquellas funciones que se han mostra- CIADAS AL CONSUMO DE SUSTANCIAS: ESTA- do más consistentemente afectadas por el abuso de DO ACTUAL. diversas drogas ilegales de consumo más o menos generalizado: cannabis, estimulantes (cocaína, éxta- sis) y opiáceos. Los estudios clásicos más influyentes sobre altera- ciones neuropsicológicas asociadas al consumo de sustancias han mostrado consistentemente la presen- Cannabis (THC) cia de déficits neuropsicológicos que pueden produ- La investigación de los deterioros neuropsicológi- cirse como consecuencia del consumo de diversas cos asociados al consumo de cannabis (THC) se inició drogas, y que parecen afectar a un amplio espectro de durante la década de los 70. Estos primeros estudios funciones. Sin embargo, las tendencias más actuales carecían de un control metodológico adecuado y die- de investigación en neuropsicología se han orientado ron lugar a resultados contradictorios. A partir de los al estudio de posibles deterioros focalizados en las años 80, el incremento del rigor metodológico y el funciones ejecutivas de los lóbulos prefrontales y a la progresivo refinamiento de los diseños experimenta- aplicación de diversas técnicas de nueva generación les proporcionaron una delimitación mucho más ajus- (análisis de metabolitos, neuroimagen funcional) con tada de los posibles déficits neuropsicológicos que el objetivo de determinar cómo y dónde ejercen las podían derivarse de su consumo. drogas su influencia neurotóxica en el cerebro. La investigación de los correlatos neuropsicológi- cos del consumo de cannabis se ha articulado tradi- 1.1. Déficits neuropsicológicos que se han mostra- cionalmente en torno a dos tipos de estudios: do consistentemente correlacionados con el (1) aquellos en los que dosis controladas de canna- consumo de drogas. bis son administradas a voluntarios con una historia leve de consumo previo, y (2) estudios naturalistas La detección de déficits neuropsicológicos nítida- que analizan el funcionamiento neuropsicológico de mente asociados al consumo de drogas adictivas consumidores crónicos. Muchos de estos estudios supone una tarea muy complicada, debido a la gran fueron inicialmente llevados a cabo en poblaciones de cantidad de variables que deben ser consideradas y a países en los que el consumo de cannabis estaba las dificultades metodológicas que conlleva su control. ampliamente extendido (India, Egipto y Costa Rica), La tendencia predominante en la literatura existente para después generalizarse a la población de países es una marcada variabilidad interindividual y temporal, desarrollados. debidas en gran parte a estas consideraciones meto- Cualquier estudio orientado a detectar posibles dológicas, que incluyen: el tipo de pruebas neuropsi- déficits neuropsicológicos que pueden derivarse del cológicas utilizadas, el control de la cronicidad y la consumo de cannabis debe discriminar entre (a) aque- severidad del consumo, la supervisión del periodo de llos déficits debidos a los residuos psicoactivos de la abstinencia, los posibles efectos del policonsumo, la sustancia sobre el Sistema Nervioso Central (SNC) amplitud del
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