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DEMAND REDUCTION a Glossary of Terms
UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.00.XI.9 ISBN: 92-1-148129-5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This document was prepared by the: United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP), Vienna, Austria, in consultation with the Commonwealth of Health and Aged Care, Australia, and the informal international reference group. ii Contents Page Foreword . xi Demand reduction: A glossary of terms . 1 Abstinence . 1 Abuse . 1 Abuse liability . 2 Action research . 2 Addiction, addict . 2 Administration (method of) . 3 Adverse drug reaction . 4 Advice services . 4 Advocacy . 4 Agonist . 4 AIDS . 5 Al-Anon . 5 Alcohol . 5 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) . 6 Alternatives to drug use . 6 Amfetamine . 6 Amotivational syndrome . 6 Amphetamine . 6 Amyl nitrate . 8 Analgesic . 8 iii Page Antagonist . 8 Anti-anxiety drug . 8 Antidepressant . 8 Backloading . 9 Bad trip . 9 Barbiturate . 9 Benzodiazepine . 10 Blood-borne virus . 10 Brief intervention . 11 Buprenorphine . 11 Caffeine . 12 Cannabis . 12 Chasing . 13 Cocaine . 13 Coca leaves . 14 Coca paste . 14 Cold turkey . 14 Community empowerment . 15 Co-morbidity . 15 Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Outline of Future Activities in Drug Abuse Control (CMO) . 15 Controlled substance . 15 Counselling and psychotherapy . 16 Court diversion . 16 Crash . 16 Cross-dependence . 17 Cross-tolerance . 17 Custody diversion . 17 Dance drug . 18 Decriminalization or depenalization . 18 Demand . 18 iv Page Demand reduction . 19 Dependence, dependence syndrome . 19 Dependence liability . 20 Depressant . 20 Designer drug . 20 Detoxification . 20 Diacetylmorphine/Diamorphine . 21 Diuretic . 21 Drug . 21 Drug abuse . 22 Drug abuse-related harm . 22 Drug abuse-related problem . 22 Drug policy . 23 Drug seeking . 23 Drug substitution . 23 Drug testing . 24 Drug use . -
Title 16. Crimes and Offenses Chapter 13. Controlled Substances Article 1
TITLE 16. CRIMES AND OFFENSES CHAPTER 13. CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ARTICLE 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS § 16-13-1. Drug related objects (a) As used in this Code section, the term: (1) "Controlled substance" shall have the same meaning as defined in Article 2 of this chapter, relating to controlled substances. For the purposes of this Code section, the term "controlled substance" shall include marijuana as defined by paragraph (16) of Code Section 16-13-21. (2) "Dangerous drug" shall have the same meaning as defined in Article 3 of this chapter, relating to dangerous drugs. (3) "Drug related object" means any machine, instrument, tool, equipment, contrivance, or device which an average person would reasonably conclude is intended to be used for one or more of the following purposes: (A) To introduce into the human body any dangerous drug or controlled substance under circumstances in violation of the laws of this state; (B) To enhance the effect on the human body of any dangerous drug or controlled substance under circumstances in violation of the laws of this state; (C) To conceal any quantity of any dangerous drug or controlled substance under circumstances in violation of the laws of this state; or (D) To test the strength, effectiveness, or purity of any dangerous drug or controlled substance under circumstances in violation of the laws of this state. (4) "Knowingly" means having general knowledge that a machine, instrument, tool, item of equipment, contrivance, or device is a drug related object or having reasonable grounds to believe that any such object is or may, to an average person, appear to be a drug related object. -
Meth/Amphetamine Use and Associated HIV: Implications for Global Policy and Public Health
International Journal of Drug Policy 21 (2010) 347–358 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Drug Policy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/drugpo Review Meth/amphetamine use and associated HIV: Implications for global policy and public health Louisa Degenhardt ∗,1, Bradley Mathers 2, Mauro Guarinieri 3, Samiran Panda 4, Benjamin Phillips 5, Steffanie A. Strathdee 6, Mark Tyndall 7, Lucas Wiessing 8, Alex Wodak 9, John Howard 10, the Reference Group to the United Nations on HIV and injecting drug use National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia article info abstract Article history: Amphetamine type stimulants (ATS) have become the focus of increasing attention worldwide. There are Received 29 May 2009 understandable concerns over potential harms including the transmission of HIV. However, there have Received in revised form 30 October 2009 been no previous global reviews of the extent to which these drugs are injected or levels of HIV among Accepted 24 November 2009 users. A comprehensive search of the international peer-reviewed and grey literature was undertaken. Multiple electronic databases were searched and documents and datasets were provided by UN agencies and key experts from around the world in response to requests for information on the epidemiology of use. Keywords: Amphetamine or methamphetamine (meth/amphetamine, M/A) use was documented in 110 countries, Methamphetamine Amphetamine and injection in 60 of those. Use may be more prevalent in East and South East Asia, North America, South HIV Africa, New Zealand, Australia and a number of European countries. In countries where the crystalline Injecting form is available, evidence suggests users are more likely to smoke or inject the drug; in such countries, Epidemiology higher levels of dependence may be occurring. -
Amphetamine-Type Stimulant Use Asia Region in the Southeast Blood-Borne Viruses Andof HIV Other and the Transmission Linkthe Between
25 The link between paper ANCD research amphetamine-type stimulant use and the transmission of HIV and other blood-borne viruses in the Southeast Asia region 25 The link between paper ANCD research amphetamine-type stimulant use and the transmission of HIV and other blood-borne viruses in the Southeast Asia region Andrea Fischer, Susan Curruthers, Robert Power, Steve Allsop and Louisa Degenhardt Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health in partnership with the National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University A report prepared for the Australian National Council on Drugs, June 2012 © Australian National Council on Drugs 2013 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without the written permission of the publisher. Published by the Australian National Council on Drugs PO Box 205, Civic Square ACT 2608 Telephone: 02 6166 9600 Fax: 02 6162 2611 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ancd.org.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data The link between amphetamine-type stimulant use and the transmission of HIV and other blood-borne viruses in the Southeast Asia region / Andrea Fischer … [et al.] ISBN: 9788770182799 ANCD research paper; 25. Includes bibliographic references. HIV (Viruses) — Southeast Asia — Transmission. HIV infections — Epidemiology — Southeast Asia. Intravenous drug abusers — Diseases — Southeast Asia. Intravenous drug abuse — Southeast Asia. Fischer, Andrea. Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health (Melbourne, Vic.) National Drug Research Institute (Australia). Australian National Council on Drugs. 614.5993095 Editor: Julie Stokes Design: Starkis Design Acknowledgement: This work has been supported by funding from the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. -
Use of Sympathomimetic Drugs Leads to Increased Risk of Hospitalization for Arrhythmias in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure
ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION Use of Sympathomimetic Drugs Leads to Increased Risk of Hospitalization for Arrhythmias in Patients With Congestive Heart Failure Marcel L. Bouvy, PharmD; Eibert R. Heerdink, PhD; Marie L. De Bruin, PharmD; Ron M. C. Herings, PhD; Hubert G. M. Leufkens, PhD; Arno W. Hoes, PhD Background: Sympathomimetic agents have a direct exposure to sympathomimetic agents, expressed as positive chronotropic effect on heart rate and may cause odds ratios. hypokalemia, even when administered by inhalation. In selected patients (eg, patients with congestive heart fail- Results: Of 149 case patients, a total of 33 (22.1%) were ure [CHF]) this can lead to arrhythmias. Despite the po- treated with any sympathomimetic agent, and 6 pa- tential adverse effects of these agents, they are used fre- tients (4.0%) were treated with systemic sympathomi- quently in patients with CHF, due to a high incidence of metics. The use of any sympathomimetic drug was as- respiratory comorbidity. This study investigates the ef- sociated with an increased risk of admission for arrhythmia fects of sympathomimetics on the incidence of hospital- (odds ratio, 4.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-15.1). For izations for arrhythmias in patients with CHF. systemic sympathomimetic drugs, the corresponding odds ratio was 15.7 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-228.0). Methods: In a cohort of 1208 patients with a validated hospital discharge diagnosis of CHF, we identified 149 Conclusions: The results of this study strongly suggest cases with a readmission for arrhythmias, and com- an increased risk of hospitalization for arrhythmias in pa- pared these in a nested matched case-control design tients with CHF treated with sympathomimetic drugs. -
Adrenergic Drugs
Adrenergic Drugs Overview Overview -- Adrenergic drugs exert their principal pharmacological and • therapeutic effects by either enhancing or reducing the activity of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Substances (drugs)that produce effects similar to stimulation of sympathetic nervous activity are known as sympathomimetics or adrenergic stimulants. Those that decrease sympathetic activity are referred to as sympatholyti- cs, antiadrenergics, or adrenergic-blocking agents. Overview -- Adrenergic agents either act on adrenergic • receptors (adrenoceptors, ARs) or affect the life cycle of adrenergic neurotransmitters (NTs), including norepinephrine (NE, noradrenaline), epinephrine (E, adrenaline), and dopamine (DA). Normally these NTs modulate many vital functions, such as the rate and force of cardiac contraction, constriction and dilation of blood vessels and bronchioles, the release of insulin, and the breakdown of fat (table 16.1). Overview Adrenergic NTs(structure and physicochemical properties) -- NE, E, and DA are chemically catecholamines (CAs), which • refer generally to all organic compounds that contain a catechol nucleus (ortho-dihydroxybenzene) and an ethylamine group • (Fig. 16.1). In a physiological context, the term usually means DA and its metabolites NE and E. E contains one secondary amino group and three hydroxyl groups. Using calculated log p(-0.63) of E, one would expect the molecule is polar and soluble in water. NTs NTs -- E is a weak base (pKa = 9.9) because of its aliphatic • amino group. It is also a weak acid (pKa =8.7) because of its phenolic hydroxyl groups. It can be predicted that ionized species (the cation form) of E at physiological pH is predominant (log D at pH 7 = -2.75). -
GPCR/G Protein
Inhibitors, Agonists, Screening Libraries www.MedChemExpress.com GPCR/G Protein G Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) perceive many extracellular signals and transduce them to heterotrimeric G proteins, which further transduce these signals intracellular to appropriate downstream effectors and thereby play an important role in various signaling pathways. G proteins are specialized proteins with the ability to bind the nucleotides guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and guanosine diphosphate (GDP). In unstimulated cells, the state of G alpha is defined by its interaction with GDP, G beta-gamma, and a GPCR. Upon receptor stimulation by a ligand, G alpha dissociates from the receptor and G beta-gamma, and GTP is exchanged for the bound GDP, which leads to G alpha activation. G alpha then goes on to activate other molecules in the cell. These effects include activating the MAPK and PI3K pathways, as well as inhibition of the Na+/H+ exchanger in the plasma membrane, and the lowering of intracellular Ca2+ levels. Most human GPCRs can be grouped into five main families named; Glutamate, Rhodopsin, Adhesion, Frizzled/Taste2, and Secretin, forming the GRAFS classification system. A series of studies showed that aberrant GPCR Signaling including those for GPCR-PCa, PSGR2, CaSR, GPR30, and GPR39 are associated with tumorigenesis or metastasis, thus interfering with these receptors and their downstream targets might provide an opportunity for the development of new strategies for cancer diagnosis, prevention and treatment. At present, modulators of GPCRs form a key area for the pharmaceutical industry, representing approximately 27% of all FDA-approved drugs. References: [1] Moreira IS. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014 Jan;1840(1):16-33. -
Idiopathic Orthostatic Hypotension from Failure of Noradrenaline Release in a Patient with Vasomotor Innervation
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.40.1.11 on 1 January 1977. Downloaded from Journal ofNeurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 1977, 40, 11-19 Idiopathic orthostatic hypotension from failure of noradrenaline release in a patient with vasomotor innervation R. N. NANDA,1 F. C. BOYLE, J. S. GILLESPIE, R. H. JOHNSON,2 AND H. J. KEOGH From the University Department ofNeurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, and the University Department ofPharmacology, Glasgow SUMMARY A 26 year old man is described with life-long orthostatic hypotension unrelated to autonomic nerve degeneration and apparently due to failure ofperipheral noradrenaline release. Tests of parasympathetic and sympathetic cholinergic nerve function were normal, but sympathetic adren- ergic activity was defective. Thus blood pressure regulation was abnormal. There was no pressor response to tyramine, an indirect sympathomimetic drug, but a marked pressor response to the directly acting sympathomimetic drugs phenylephrine and noradrenaline. On standing there was a guest. Protected by copyright. progressive fall rather than a rise in circulating noradrenaline concentrations, although adrenaline levels rose normally. The pupils showed diminished responses to ephedrine and cocaine, and a normal response to phenylephrine. Fluorescence microscopy of blood vessels showed that they were in- nervated with adrenergic nerves. His orthostatic hypotension responded well to oral phenylephrine (50 mg five times daily) but not to other forms of therapy. It is suggested that this patient's symptoms were due to failure of noradrenaline release even though sympathetic adrenergic nerves were present. We therefore wish to draw attention to a further cause oforthostatic hypotension, failure ofperipheral noradrenaline release without autonomic neuropathy. -
(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2015/0119330 A1 Mcgee Et Al
US 2015O1 19330A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2015/0119330 A1 McGee et al. (43) Pub. Date: Apr. 30, 2015 (54) SUBSTRATES AND INHIBITORS OF PROLYL Publication Classification OLGOPEPTIDASE AND FIBROBLAST ACTIVATION PROTEIN AND METHODS OF (51) Int. Cl. USE C07K 7/06 (2006.01) (71) Applicant: The Board of Regents of the University C07K5/II (2006.01) of Oklahoma, Norman, OK (US) C07K5/09 (2006.01) (52) U.S. Cl. (72) Inventors: Patrick A. McGee, Oklahoma City, OK CPC ................. C07K 7/06 (2013.01); C07K5/0817 (US); Kenneth W. Jackson, Edmond, OK (US); Victoria J. Christiansen, (2013.01); C07K5/1019 (2013.01) Oklahoma City, OK (US) (21) Appl. No.: 14/398,886 (57) ABSTRACT (22) PCT Filed: May 3, 2013 Inhibitors of fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP) and (86). PCT No.: PCT/US2013/0395.43 Prolyl Oligopeptidase (POP) are disclosed, along with their S371 (c)(1), use in various therapies related to conditions, diseases, and (2) Date: Nov. 4, 2014 disorders involving abnormal cell proliferation Such as malig nancies and angiogenesis, and in neural disorders such as Related U.S. Application Data Alzheimer's disease. Stalk portions of the inhibitor mol (60) Provisional application No. 61/643,001, filed on May ecules, and substrates of FAP and POP, are also disclosed and 4, 2012, provisional application No. 61/793,183, filed may be used, for example, in screening methods for identify on Mar. 15, 2013. ing Such inhibitors. US 201S/O119330 A1 Iaun3]+. ;0zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz… Patent Application Publication Apr. 30, 2015 Sheet 2 of 11 US 201S/O119330 A1 §§§§§§§§§§§ §§§§§§§§§§§§)§§§§§3 §§§§§§§§§§¶¡¿$¢$$$$$$§§§§§ $$$ §28, $$¢£€$£§§§§§§§§ §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ ? §§?ae, § § §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§??$$§§§§§§§§§§§§ $ §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ a. -
4-Fluoroamphetamine (4-FA) Critical Review Report Agenda Item 4.3
4-Fluoroamphetamine (4-FA) Critical Review Report Agenda Item 4.3 Expert Committee on Drug Dependence Thirty-ninth Meeting Geneva, 6-10 November 2017 39th ECDD (2017) Agenda item 4.3 4-FA Contents Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................................. 4 Summary...................................................................................................................................................... 5 1. Substance identification ....................................................................................................................... 6 A. International Nonproprietary Name (INN).......................................................................................................... 6 B. Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry Number .......................................................................................... 6 C. Other Chemical Names ................................................................................................................................................... 6 D. Trade Names ....................................................................................................................................................................... 6 E. Street Names ....................................................................................................................................................................... 6 F. Physical Appearance ...................................................................................................................................................... -
Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicological Studies
e-ISSN:2322-0139 p-ISSN:2322-0120 RESEARCH AND REVIEWS: JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES Exploration of Mechanism of Action of Ephedrine on Rat Blood Pressure. Paresh Solanki1, Preeti Praveen Yadav2*, Naresh D Kantharia2. 1Lambda Therapeutic Research LTD, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. 2Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College, Surat, Gujarat, India. Research Article Received: 19/05/2014 ABSTRACT Revised: 20/06/2014 Accepted: 24/06/2014 The aim of the study is to study mechanism of action (direct, indirect or mixed) of ephedrine on rat blood pressure by *For Correspondence using agents affecting synthesis, storage and release of noradrenaline. 30 male Wistar albino rats divided into 6 groups Department of Pharmacology, (n=5). A: ephedrine control, B: tyramine control, C: reserpine + Government Medical College, metyrosine + ephedrine, D: reserpine + metyrosine + tyramine, E: Surat, Gujarat, India. desipramine + ephedrine, F: desipramine + tyramine. In A and B: Mobile: +91 9408670190 blood pressure responses of ephedrine and tyramine were taken for control, C and D: reserpine was injected 18 hrs. before and Keywords: Reserpine, metyrosine was injected 2 hrs before taking responses of ephedrine Metyrosine, Tyramine, or tyramine respectively. For E and F: desipramine w a s given 10 desipramine min. before taking response of ephedrine or tyramine respectively. Rat mean blood pressure was measured by using student’s physiograph. Reserpine and metyrosine, inhibits the vesicular uptake and synthesis of noradrenaline respectively decrease the pressor responses of tyramine significantly (p=0.000) but not of ephedrine (p=0.893).Prior administration of desipramine which inhibits axonal uptake of noradrenaline also significantly decreases the effect of tyramine (p=0.000) but do not affect the effect of ephedrine significantly (p=0.893).Study concludes the pressor effect of ephedrine is not mediated by release of noradrenaline from neurons, indicating that ephedrine act directly on adrenergic receptors. -
Fluticasone Furoate; Umeclidinium Bromide; Vilanterol Trifenatate May 2021
Contains Nonbinding Recommendations Draft – Not for Implementation Draft Guidance on Fluticasone Furoate; Umeclidinium Bromide; Vilanterol Trifenatate May 2021 This draft guidance, when finalized, will represent the current thinking of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA, or the Agency) on this topic. It does not establish any rights for any person and is not binding on FDA or the public. You can use an alternative approach if it satisfies the requirements of the applicable statutes and regulations. To discuss an alternative approach, contact the Office of Generic Drugs. This guidance, which interprets the Agency’s regulations on bioequivalence at 21 CFR part 320, provides product-specific recommendations on, among other things, the design of bioequivalence studies to support abbreviated new drug applications (ANDAs) for the referenced drug product. FDA is publishing this guidance to further facilitate generic drug product availability and to assist the generic pharmaceutical industry with identifying the most appropriate methodology for developing drugs and generating evidence needed to support ANDA approval for generic versions of this product. The contents of this document do not have the force and effect of law and are not meant to bind the public in any way, unless specifically incorporated into a contract. This document is intended only to provide clarity to the public regarding existing requirements under the law. FDA guidance documents, including this guidance, should be viewed only as recommendations, unless specific regulatory or statutory requirements are cited. The use of the word should in FDA guidances means that something is suggested or recommended, but not required. This is a new draft product-specific guidance for industry on generic fluticasone furoate; umeclidinium bromide; vilanterol trifenatate.