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Holocene Vegetation and Climate Change from a Lake Sediment Record 13 in the Tengger Sandy Desert, Northwest China

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Holocene Vegetation and Climate Change from a Lake Sediment Record 13 in the Tengger Sandy Desert, Northwest China YJARE : 2103 ARTICLE IN PRESS Journal of Arid Environments ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] 1 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect 3 Journal of Arid Environments 5 7 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jaridenv 9 11 Holocene vegetation and climate change from a lake sediment record 13 in the Tengger Sandy Desert, northwest China 15 Yan Zhao a,Ã, Zicheng Yu a,b, Fahu Chen a, Jiajia Li a 17 a MOE Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China b Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lehigh University, 31 Williams Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA 19 article info abstract 21 23 Article history: We present lithology and fossil pollen data from a 384 cm sediment section from Qingtu Received 18 December 2007 paleolake in arid northwest China and discuss their environmental interpretations. The Received in revised form chronology was controlled by four accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon 25 21 April 2008 dates on peat and bulk lake sediments. Lithology changes suggest a general sequence of Accepted 23 June 2008 local environment shifts from a non-lake environment before 7200 cal yr BP, through a 27 shallow lake during 7200–3500 cal yr BP and a marsh during 3500–3000 cal yr BP, to a Keywords: sandy desert after 3000 cal yr BP. Fossil pollen assemblages suggest a steppe desert 29 Arid China during 7200–5200 cal yr BP, a period of rapid switches between upland and lowland Fossil pollen pollen types from 5200 to 3000 cal yr BP, and a desert since 3000 cal yr BP. Both lithology Holocene climate change and pollen data indicate that in a generally arid context, climate was extremely dry in 31 Lithology Qingtu paleolake the early Holocene, relatively wet at 7200–5200 cal yr BP, highly variable during 33 5200–3000 cal yr BP, and dry again after 3000 cal yr BP. The climate change around Qingtu Lake was likely controlled by the interplay of the East Asian summer monsoon, the mid-latitude westerlies and local topography around the Tibetan Plateau. 35 & 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd. 37 39 1. Introduction 41 Northwest China, in the east margin of arid Central Asia, is located at the boundary between the East Asian summer 43 monsoon and the Northern Hemisphere’s westerly winds (Lehmkuhl and Haselein, 2000). As a result, the region is sensitive to changes in the large-scale westerly and monsoonal circulation systems. Some studies have indicated that Holocene 45 climatic changes in this region were mostly influenced by expansion and contraction of the summer monsoonal circulation (e.g. An et al., 2000; Jiang et al., 2006; Zhou et al., 2001). However, due to the interplay between the subtropical monsoon 47 system and the mid-latitude westerlies, the region might have experienced complex pattern of climate change during the Holocene, neither a direct response to the westerlies nor to summer monsoon. 49 The Tengger Sandy Desert immediately to the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau has an average elevation of 1300 m above sea level, while the Tibetan Plateau and bordering Qilian Mountains have elevations ranging from 3500 to 5000 m. This 51 drastic difference in topography within a few hundred kilometers could have a large impact on regional climate change by affecting uplifting/subsiding air masses (Broccoli and Manabe, 1992). At the present, the region lies near the northern 53 margin of the influence of the East Asian summer monsoon. These physiographic settings of the study region suggest that sedimentary records should provide sensitive records of regional climate, in responding to the interactions of these factors. 55 57 Ã Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 9318912337; fax: +86 9318912330. 59 E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Zhao). 0140-1963/$ - see front matter & 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd. 61 doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.06.016 Please cite this article as: Zhao, Y., et al., Holocene vegetation and climate change from a lake sediment record in the Tengger Sandy Desert, northwest China. Journal of Arid Environments (2008), doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.06.016 YJARE : 2103 ARTICLE IN PRESS 2 Y. Zhao et al. / Journal of Arid Environments ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] 1 3 EJL 50°N 5 41N° 7 WL BadanJaran 40° BL BYC Hei River Desert 9 Tibetan MDW QTL 11 39N° SJC Plateau DDW 30° 5▲ Tengger 13 HS DGC 2 Qilian MoutainsBDK Desert ▲ ▲ 1 4 Shiyang River 15 ▲ ▲ 20° 1000km Qinghai 3 17 37N° Lake 100km 80°E 90° 100° 110° 120° 100°E 102°E 104°E 19 Fig. 1. Location of the study region and site. (A) Map showing the location of the study region (open square) in China. Six other paleoclimate sites 21 mentioned in the text: WL, Wulun Lake; BL, Bosten Lake; DDW, Dadiwan; MDW, Midiwan; BYC, Bayanchagan; and DGC, Dongge Cave. (B) Satellite image showing the location of the study site (solid square) at Qingtu Lake (QTL) in Gansu, China and other paleoclimate sites (solid circles) in the region discussed in the text (SJC, Sanjiaocheng section; HS, Hongshui River section; BDK, Biandukou; EJL, Eastern Juyan Lake) and five nearby climate stations 23 (white triangles; 1: Wushaoling at 3045 m a.s.l.; 2: Qilian at 2787 m; 3: Gulang at 2072 m; 4: Wuwei at 1531 m; and 5: Minqin at 1367 m). 25 2. Study region and study site 27 The Shiyang River originates from the Qilian Mountains to the south, runs through the northwest end of the Tengger 29 Sandy Desert, and has a catchment area of 41,163 km2 (lat. 371020–391170N, long. 1001570–1041570E). The Tengger Sandy Desert is one of the major deserts with active sand dunes in northwest China (Fig. 1). Qingtu Lake (lat. 3910401500N, long. 31 10313604300E, elevation 1302 m a.s.l.) was a terminal lake in the Shiyang River Basin, which is totally dried up at the present. Mean annual precipitation at nearby Minqin meteorological station (at 1367 m a.s.l., 110 km southwest of the study site) 33 is about 115 mm and is highly variable seasonally, most of which falls as rain during the summer months (Fig. 2A); the mean annual temperature is 7.8 1C; and the potential evaporation is about 2640 mm. In the Shiyang River Basin, 35 precipitation increases with elevation (Fig. 2B). The distribution of modern vegetation in this region (Hou, 2001; Huang, 1997) is strongly related to precipitation and to elevation: forest at 42500 m, alpine meadow at 2350–2500 m, desert 37 steppe at 2000–2350 m and desert at o2000 m. The vegetation surrounding Qingtu Lake is dominated by desert plants, e.g. Chenopodiaceae (including Salsola abrotanoides, Kalidium gracile, Haloxylon ammodendion, and Ceratoides compacta), 39 Ephedra przewalskii, Nitraria spp., Tamarix chinensis, Ajania fruticulosa and Kerelinia caspica. Several studies on Late Quaternary paleoenvironments in the Tengger Desert have been published (e.g. Pachur et al., 41 1995; Zhang et al., 2004a). Evidence from sediment structure, geochemical composition, and ostracods suggest that there might be a mega-paleolake at 39,000–23,000 14C year BP in the Tengger Desert (Pachur et al., 1995). The stratigraphic 43 evidence shows that no lakes existed in the Tengger Desert during the last glacial maximum (LGM) centered around 18,000 14C yr BP (Zhang et al., 2004a). The paleolakes started to develop again around 12,000 14C yr BP. The extent of the 45 Holocene paleolakes, primarily migratory lakes, was smaller than that of the Late Pleistocene paleolakes represented by stratified lake deposits, alternating with fluvial and eolian deposits, indicating a long-term oscillation trend toward arid 47 conditions (Pachur et al., 1995; Zhang et al., 2004a). However, the detailed climate history in this region is still poorly documented and understood, as these records are mostly based on geomorphic evidence from terrace deposits that may 49 have dating controls and discontinuous deposition problems. Three papers focusing on climate change in the Shiyang River drainage along the northwestern edge of the Tengger 51 Desert have been published in recent years (Chen et al., 2006; Ma et al., 2004; Shi et al., 2002), but these authors presented different interpretations of climate changes. Shi et al. (2002) reconstructed the lake evolution of the terminal area of the 53 Shiyang River drainage based on the investigations of geomorphology and sedimentology, and radiocarbon dates, grain size and carbonate of the sediments from nine sections. The chronologies were based on conventional radiocarbon dates from 55 bulk carbonate-rich organic and carbonate. They interpreted high carbonate as low lake level and dry climate. The results suggested a coalescent open lake in the terminal area, indicating moist early Holocene; and closed shallow carbonate lakes 57 and swamps during the middle and Late Holocene, showing an aridification trend. Previously published pollen records from two sections in this region were from near river and tributary channel (Chen et al., 2006; Ma et al., 2004; Zhang et al., 59 2000; Zhu et al., 2003). A pollen record from Hongshui section (see location in Fig. 1) suggested that the climate was the warmest and wettest during 7400–5650 cal yr BP, fluctuated during 5650–4450 cal yr BP, and humid during 4450–3500 cal 61 Please cite this article as: Zhao, Y., et al., Holocene vegetation and climate change from a lake sediment record in the Tengger Sandy Desert, northwest China. Journal of Arid Environments (2008), doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.06.016 YJARE : 2103 ARTICLE IN PRESS Y. Zhao et al. / Journal of Arid Environments ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] 3 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 Fig. 2. Regional climate data.
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